ACSM EP-C
osteoporosis
"silent disease". low bone density or bone mass. increases risk of fracture. largely preventable. Women are 3x more likely to develop it.
Exercise in high altitude
"thin air" same amount of oxygen in the air at ALL elevations. It is the change in barometric pressure that causes the PO2 to decrease. SV decreases and HR increases during first initial days. Safe to assume that there will need to be a significant reduction in intensity and duration of activities.
% Fat equation
% Fat = 495/BD - 450
Ex of admin law
(OHSA) which is the Occupational Safety and Health Administration
initial simple assessment of muscular strength and change in muscular strength between clients (calculation)
(kg) weight lifted / (kg) body weight
What is reciprocal inhibition?
*The antagonist muscle responds with reciprocal inhibition. Causes antagonist to contract less as the agonist contracts.
first thing you should do for RT in children and adolescents
- make sure its a safe environments and appropriate training instruction
what were the Primary physical activity recommendations of 2008
-Americans should participate in 150min a week of moderate aerobic PA, 75mon a week of vigorous PA or a combination -this is a DOSE RESPONSE relationship- more benefits with 300min week or more or moderate or 150min a week with vigorous PA -adults should participate in strength at moderate to high intensity 2 times a week
Moderate Risk for before exercise test/program
-Asymptomatic with greater than or = 2 risk factors -Med exam required for vig exercise but not mod -No exercise stress test required -No MD supervision
Low Risk for before exercise test/program
-Asymptomatic with less than 2 risk factors -No medical exam required -No exercise stress test required before mod or vig activity -No MD supervision
High Risk for before exercise test/program
-Symptomatic -Any known cardiovascular, pulmonary, renal or metabolic disease -Yes to everything else
Scope of practice
-conducting risk classification -physical fitness assessments -construct appropriate exercise prescriptions for healthy adults and individuals with controlled conditions released for independent physical activity -motivating people with medically controlled diseases to adopt and maintain healthy lifestyle behaviors -motivate people to begin and continue their healthy behavior
what are the goals of the ACSM exercise Rx health screening process
-identify individuals who should receive medical clearance before initiating an exercise program -identify individuals with clinically significant diseases who may benefit from supervised medical exercise -identify individuals with medical conditions that may require exclusion from exercise programs
A female client is 55 years old has high density lipoprotein of 70 mg x dL-1. Based on this profile, how many total risk factors does she have?
0
What is 1 MET? Why do we use METs?
1 MET = the relative oxygen consumption at rest. or, 3.5 mL per kg per minute. It is an easy way for the general public to gauge their exercise intensity. Also used to calculate energy expenditure over time.
How many calories in 1 gram of: carb protein fat alcohol
1 g carbs- 4 calories 1 g protein- 4 calories 1g fat- 9 calories 1g alcohol- 7 calories
in general... drink ____ for every ____lbs of fluid lost
1 pint for every 1 pound lost
general training session guidelines for child:
1 to 3 sets of 6-15 reps with combo of upper and lower body
what are the Positive CVD risk factors and their criteria (8)and negative factor(1)
1) Age= men 45&older, women 55&older 2)family history=Myocadial infarction,revascularization, or sudden death or fathers and 1st gen males before age 55, and women before 65 3)cigarett smokeing=current smokers or those who quite in the last 6 months 4)physical activity=not participating in 30min of moderate PA at least 3x a week for 3 months 5)obesity=both BMI of 30 or more/ men waist of 102cm/40in or more, women waist 88cm/35in or more 6)hypertension=systolic 140mm Hg or more/ diastolic 90mm Hg or more(measure2x) or on antihypertenson meds 7)Dyslipidemia= LDL 130mgdl or more/ HDL 40mgdo or less/ or on lipid meds/ or serum cholestrol of 200mgdl or more 8)diabetes= fasting plasma glucose 126mgdl or more/ or HbA1C of 6.5% or more 9)HDL-C 60mgdl or less
health screening are based on what factors
1)individuals level of PA 2)presence of signs and symptoms of CV, metabolic, or renal diseases 3)desired intensity
what are the proper steps for measuring BP
1)patient must sit for 5min before measuring 2)arm at hart level,align with brachial artery 3)wrap at least 80% of upper arm 4)place stethoscope below antecubital space over biracial artery 5)inflate cuff to 20mm above the first Korotcoff sound 6)SBP is the first of 2 or more korotcoff sounds and DBP is the last korotcoff sounds 7)take at least 2 measurements 1 min apart and average them
in submax testing what criteria make the predicted VO2max most accurate (5)
1)stedy state HR for each exercise work rate 2)linier relationship betwen HR an work rate 3) diff between actual and predicted Max HR are minimal 4)not on meds that would effect HR 5)subject does not use caffine, not ill, not in high temp,
nor recommended for an individual to consume less than ____ calories per day
1,200 calories
3 assesments for muscular endurance
1. Bench press 2. Curl up 3. push up
3 metabolic pathways the body uses to creates ATP
1. Creatine Phosphate 2. anaerobic glycolysis 3. 0xidative system
7 ways of determining exercise intensity
1. Heart rate reserve method. 2. Peak HR method 3. Peak VO2. method 4. Peak METs method 5. VO2 reserve method 6. Talk test method 7. RPE method
Two types of pre-participation self-guided screenings
1. PAR-Q (physical Activity Readiness Questionnaire) 2.Fitness Facility Pre-participation screening questionnaire
Transtheoretical Model of Change (TTM) (5 things)
1. Pre-contemplation 2. Contemplation 3. Preparation 4. Action 5. Maintenance
4 types of flexibility training
1. Static- most common. slow constant motion held to the point of mild discomfort. 2. Ballistic- rapid bouncing movements. Used by coaches for athletes to increase blood flow before competition. Contraindicated. 3. PNF (proprioceptive neuromuscular facilitation)- combining passive stretching combined with concentric and isometric. need partner. GTO plays an important role. 4. Dynamic flexibility- slow controlled movements, sport specific that increase core temperature- relate to type of activity.
4 compartments of the lower limb
1. Superficial posterior compartment (i.e. posterior tibial compartment on PrepU) (gastrocnemius, soleus, plantaris) 2. Deep posterior compartment (posterior tibialis, flexor hallucis longus, flexor digitorum longus) 3. Lateral compartment -- outside of the leg (peroneus longus, peroneus brevis) 4. Anterior compartment (anterior tibialis, extensor digitorum longus, extensor hallucis longus. 1, 2, 3 are plantarflexion 4 is dorsiflexion
name all of the skin fold sites (9 things)
1. abs 2. triceps 3. biceps 4. chest 5.medial calf 6. midaxillary 7. sub scapular 8. suprailiac 9. thigh
what are the 8?
1. age 2. family history 3. smoking 4. sedentary life 5. obesity 6. hypertension 7. dyslipidemia 8. pre-diabetes
Lewin's Leadership Styles (3 things)
1. autocratic 2. democratic 3. laissez-fair
OSHA concerns for the EP-C (3 things)
1. blood borne pathogens 2. cleaning agents 3. swimming pool chemicals
what are the 5 practices associated with transformational leadership?
1. challenging the process 2. inspiring a shared vision 3. enabling others to act 4. modeling the way 5. encouraging the heart
what are the 4 leadership models?
1. classical 2. transactional 3. visionary 4. organic
situational leadership theory says that development is based on the relationship between what two factors?
1. competence 2. commitment
what are the 3?
1. competence 2. relatedness 3. autonomy
what are those 3 psychological needs?
1. competence- feeling capable of mastering a task 2. relatedness- need to be connected and involved with the social world 3. autonomy- maintaining a perceived internal locus of control and a sense that behaviors are chosen freely.
Transtheoretical model (5 cognitive processes)
1. consciousness raising 2. dramatic relief 3. environmental re-evaluation 4. self-revolution 5. social liberation
primary sources of law (4 things)
1. constitutional law 2. statutory law 3. case law 4. administrative law
Transtheoretical Model - (5 Behavioral processes)
1. counter conditioning 2. helping relationships 3. reinforcement management 4. self-liberation 5. stimulus control
background checks include what? (3 things)
1. criminal records 2. commercial records 3. financial records
4 steps to providing evidence based information
1. develop a question 2. search for evidence -personal experience not always relevant for each client -academic preparation not always up to date -***research knowledge 3.evaluate the evidence*** holds the least amount of bias. 4.incorporate evidence into practice
4 examples of contracts within health fitness field
1. employment contract 2. informed consent 3. waivers 4. membership contracts
self-efficacy can be influenced by 4 sources of information:
1. enactive mastery experience- successful completion of target behavior 2. vicarious experience- seeing a similar person complete the behavior 3. verbal persuasion- others express faith in the individuals capabilities 4. psychological affective states- increase positive emotional state about the activity
what are the 5 major styles of management grid by blake and mouton?
1. improvised management 2. country-club management 3. authoritarian management 4. middle-of-the-road management 5. team or democratic management
self efficacy is a product of (4 things)
1. inactive mastery experience 2. vicarios experience (living vicariously) 3. verbal persuasion 4. physiological state
3 major causes of injury/death associated with PA
1. inherent (accident) 2. negligence: due to fault of defendant (EP-C) 3. extreme forms of negligence: reckless conduct of defendant
2 key behaviors critical to leadership:
1. initiating structure 2. consideration
3 categories of torts
1. intentional misconduct 2. negligent conduct 3. "no fault"
the layers include (5 things):
1. intra and interpersonal 2. community and organizational 3. institutional factors 4. environmental factors 5. public policies
Barriers to physical activity
1. lack of time 2. environmental changes 3. fear of injury 5. lack of enjoyable activities
4 principles motivational interviewing conversation
1. obervations, not evaluations 2. express feelings, not thoughts 3. identify needs, not strategies 4. make requests, not demands.
what are the general indications for stopping an exercise test (10 things)
1. onset of angina 2. drop in SBP > or = 10 w/ increase in WR 3. excessive rise in BP (SBP>250 and/or DBP>115) 4. shortness of breath/leg cramps 5. signs of dizziness etc. 6. HR doesn't increase when exercise increases 7. noticeable changes in heart rhythm 8. request to stop 9. severe fatigue (physical or verbal) 10. test equipment fails
9 major signs/symptoms that suggest cardiovascular, pulmonary and metabolic disease
1. pain in chest, neck, jaw or arms 2. shortness of breath at rest or mild exertion 3. dizziness or syncope 4. orthopnea 5. ankle edema 6. palpitations/tachycardia 7. intermittent claudication 8. known heart murmer 9. unusual fatigue/shortness of breath with usual activities
4 main components of the health belief model
1. perception of risk 2. perception of severity of threat 3. perception of benefits 4. perceptions of barriers to reduce health threat
5 stages of stage in the transtheoretical model
1. pre-contemplation 2. contemplation 3. preparation 4. action 5. maintenance
proper order or assessments for heath related physical fitness testing (7 things)
1. pre-screening/risk classification 2. take resting HR, BP, height, weight BMI and ECG (if appropriate) 3. body comp (waist and skin) 4. cardiorespiratory fitness (max or sub max test on bike or treadmill) 5. muscular strength 1 or more RM upper and lower body (bench press & leg press) 6.muscular endurance (curl up, push up, or bench press) 7. flexibility (sit and reach)
7 components of informed consent
1. purpose & explanation of test 2. attendant risks & discomforts 3. responsibilities of participant 4. benefits to be expected 5. inquires (Questions) 6. use of medal records 7. freedom of consent
the test should be terminated when... (5 things)
1. reaches 70% HR reserve (85% of age predicted HRmax) 2. fails to conform to the protocol 3. experiences adverse signs/symptoms 4. asks to stop 5. emergency situation
Absolute conditions for exercise testing
1. recent significant change in the resting EKG suggesting ischemia or heart attack 2. unstable angina 3. uncontrolled rhythms 4. symptomatic severe aortic stenosis 5. uncontrolled symptomatic heart failure 6. acute pulmonary infarction 7. acute myocarditis 8. suspected dissecting aneurysmm 9. acute systemic infection w/ fever, body aches, or swollen lymph glands
6 modifiable risk factors
1. smoking 2. obesity 3. sedentary lifestyle 4. pre-diabetes 5. hyperlipidemia 6. dyslipidemia
1RM or multiple RM test familiarization (5 steps)
1. subject should warm up with the exercise being tested 2. get 1-RM within 4 trials with 3-5 min rest in between 3. select initial weight (50%-70% of capacity) 4. resistance is increased by 2.5-20 until subject can't complete w/ good form 5. final weight lifted successfully is recorded as absolute 1-RM/mult. RM
3 main factors that influence behavior and behavioral choices
1. the environment 2. individual personality characteristics 3. behavioral factos
what 3 main factors influence behavior?
1. the environment (how close to a gym) 2. individual personality/experience 3. behavioral factors
An update from a 2007 ACSM/CDC joint statement indicates that physical activity bouts of at least how many minutes can be accumulated towards the recommended total amount of daily physical activity?
10 minutes
when ICD is present the HRpeak should be monitored _____min below programmed HR threshold for antitachycardia pacing and defibrilation
10-15min
when useing palpatation during exercise testing what are common time intervials to use for HR to reach stedy state
10-15sec
Risk Criteria for waist circumference MEN: high
100-120 cm (39.5-47 in)
Near optimal/above optimal LDL Cholesterol
100-129
how many RELATIVE conditions for Exercise testing
12
for curl up test what distance should the tape be at for people less than 45?
12 cm
accelerated periods of growth in childhood. When do they stop growing?
12 for girls and 14 for boys. girls stop growing in stature by 15, boys by 17.
An EP-C is designing a cardiovascular training program for a deconditioned, 40-year-old female client who has a resting heart rate of 80 bpm. Using the Karvonen method, what is the MOST appropriate target heart rate range?
120-130 (Karvonen method should be reviewed)
What is prehypertension?
120-139 SBP and/or 80-89 DBP
borderline high LDL Cholesterol
130-159
Stage 1 hypertension?
140-159 SBP and 90-99 DBP
What would be a good target heart rate range for a moderately trained female, age 42, with a resting heart rate of 60?
143 to 154 bpm Explanation: Moderately trained individuals may find that 70% to 80% VO2max provides a sufficient training stimulus. p. 403
The minimum number of minutes of vigorous-intensity aerobic activity needed 5 days each week is:
15 minutes (75 minutes a week)
Pregnant women need an additional ____ calories per day
150 cal per day then 300cal in the 3rd trimester
ACSM's weekly/daily physical activity recommendations
150 minutes Moderate PA per week (30 min or more most days of the week), 75 minutes of vigorous intensity
Stage 2 hypertension?
160 + SBP 100+ DBP
high LDL Cholesterol
160-189
In which year did HIPAA go into effect?
1996
What is the recommended work-to-rest ratio when performing depth jumps?
1:10
What is a 1RM? Multiple RM? What equipment should be used?
1RM is the heaviest weight that can be lifted in 1 rep. using proper form and technique. STANDARD muscular strength assessment. multiple RM can provide an index of change over time. Performance is significantly greater on weight machines than free weights. Allow 3 to 5 minutes between trials. Obtain 1RM within 4 sets.
recommended 1-2lbs/week weight loss in calories
1lb of weight loss is a calorie deficit of 3,500 calories. or 500 calories per day.
a specific protocol should consist of ___ - ___ min stages
2-3
how many min should be given for a warm up on the cycle?
2-3 min
standard error of estimate(SEE)
2.5%-4.0%
after dynamic warm up then how often should you initiate training program?
2/3 x week on nonconsecutive days w/ light RT
EQ for Gulati HRmax
206 - (age x .88)
EQ for Gellish HRmax
207 - (age x .7)
EQ for Tanaka HRmax
208 - (0.7 x age)
EQ for Astrand HRmax
216.6 - (0.84 x age)
EQ for HRmax
220-age
Peak HR method
220-age = max HR. (SD of 12-15 BPM) Target HR = max HR X % intensity desired
ACSM postion stand indicates that engaging in _____ minutes per week of MVPA would result in better weight management
250 min/week.
HR should be monitored at least ___ times during each stage, near the ___ of the ___ and ___ minutes of each stage
2; end; second; third
How many sets per exercise should a client perform for advanced resistance training benefits
3 to 6
Moderate PA is defined as
3 to <6 MET's
Upon return to sea level, acclimatization to altitude has been shown to last up to:
3 weeks
for most patients perscribed volume of METS per hr.wk is
3-7
Energy balance is important for body weight and body composition goals. In addition to performing exercises that will enlarge muscle mass, clients seeking to increase muscle mass should slightly increase daily energy intake by:
300 to 400 kcal. Clients wishing to increase muscle mass should perform exercises needed to enlarge muscle mass and slightly increase (by 300-400 kcal) daily caloric intake.
Which of the following is MOST appropriate for measuring anaerobic capacity in a basketball player?
300-yard shuttle run
Which of the following assesses anaerobic capacity?
300-yard shuttle run Explanation: Anaerobic capacity can be assessed with 300-yard shuttlerun and the line drill. p 501
those participateing in maintnance outpatient expend how many kcal per session
300kcal
Dietary cholesterol should be limited to:
300mg
in 1995 what did the CDC and ACSM say is the recommended physical activity for adults?
30min or more of PA on most days of the week
rochmis and blackburn reported what ratio of clinical exercis complicatins
34 to 10000 tests
what is the aerobic Frequency recommendation
3x a week of vigerous activity or 5x a week of moderate activiy or a mixture of 3-5x a week of moderate to vigerous intensity to achieve or maintain health benefits
calorie count in Protein, Carbs, Fats
4- carbs 4-protein 9-fat
How long should heavy eccentric training be performed?
4- to 6-week training cycles, 1 or 2 times per year)
energy intake for carbs, protein and fat
45 - 65% of daily energy intake; 70% for athletes; 4 cal/gram 10-15% of daily intake; .8 g/kg of body wt.; athletes may need 1.2 - 1.4 for endurance and 1.6-1.7 for strength; 4 cal/gram
pulmonary function testing with spirometry is recommended for smoking individuals ages ---- and all individuals with dyspnea
45 and older
1L = ?kcal
5
endurance exercise lowers resting SBP and DBP by____
5 -7 mm Hg
all physiologic observations should be continued for at least how many min?
5 min of recovery unless abnormal responses happen
Approximately 95% of adults who successfully lose weight regain their weight within:
5 years
the National Heart, Lung, and Blood institute recommend _____% weight loss reduction improves overall health
5-10%
what is recommended time/duration for most individuals in startking exercise sessions
5-10min every 1-2 weeks over the next 4-6 weeks
borge scale rates intensity from ___ to ___
6 to 20
patients with stable CVD may begin ECG monitoring after _____ sessions or sooner dependent of medical team
6-12
what s the normal fasting glucose, and impaired/prediabetic
60-99 normal/ 100-125 prediabetic
for 10 yr risk atherosclerotic cardiovascular disease (ASCVD) what indicates use of high intensity statin therapy and intermediate intensity statin therapy
7.5%(high risk) 5%-7.5%(intermediate risk)
resting mean arterial pressure should be controlled between
70 and 80 mmHG
what is a sufficient stimulus of VO2R in moderate trained athletes to increase VO2max
70-80%
Risk Criteria for waist circumference WOMEN: low
70-89 cm (28.5-35in)
According to the CDC, what percentage of adults are more likely to respond to physical activity marketing?
75%
Risk Criteria for waist circumference MEN: low
80-99 cm (31.5-39 in)
Which of the following percentages of one-repetition maximum (1 RM) is most appropriate for optimizing strength gains?
85%-90%
how many ABSOLUTE conditions for Exercise testing
9
Risk Criteria for waist circumference WOMEN: high
90-110 (35.5-43)
Normal BP?
<120 and <80
if HR is unknown use the RPE relationships to determin intensity
<12=light=<40% HRR 12-13=moderate= 40-59% HRR 14-16=hard= 60-80%HRR
Light PA is defined as
<3 MET's
Vigorous PA is defined as
>/=6 MET's
when triglycerides are grater than ___ it becomes the main target due to increased risk of pancreatitis
>500
30 minutes
A 1995 joint position of the ACSM and CDC recommended that every adult accumulate how many minutes of activity per day?
8 -12 reps
A 29-year-old male has a bench press weight ratio of 1.48. What rep range would you start him with?
Bilateral ankle edema
A characteristic sign of heart failure or bilateral chronic venous insufficiency is:
specificity of training principle
A client comes to you wishing to train for a half marathon. By prescribing to your client, you are adhering to which of the following principles?
Small changes model
A client is exercising once a week and slowly increase to twice a week over the course of a month. This is consistent with which theory of behavior change?
Stimulus control
A client packs his work clothes the night before and wears his workout clothes to bed so that he is ready to exercise first thing in the morning. This is an example of:
Nodding your head inquisitively.
A client reports that he has failed to exercise three times in the past week, although he agreed to that goal. An appropriate nonverbal response is:
Kinesthetic
A client who prefers to learn exercises by practicing them first is MOST likely a ____ learner
Increased resting and submaximal HR
A client with hypertension begins taking diuretics prescribed by his physician. The resulting increased water excretion may impact HR in which way?
Biofeedback
A cognitive manipulation method for gaining control over bodily processes in response to a stressor is:
"Live high, train low."
A common strategy of altitude training used by athletes to improve performance is known as:
Promote kinesthetic awareness
A distinct advantage of using free weights versus machines that they:
A squeezing pressure in the chest that can be mistaken for heartburn
A heart attack is characterized by which of the following signs and symptoms
What is the PAR-Q? Limitation?
A minimal standard for entry into Moderate-intensity exercise programs. allows individuals to gauge their own medical readiness to participate . does not screen well for those at low to moderate risk.
Contemplation, preparation, action
A new client tells you that he was an avid tennis player before hurting his back a year ago. He often reminisced about it while watching his son during tennis lessons for the past 5 months. He is ready to get in shape for tennis now that his back is better. According to the Transtheoretical Model, which of the following best describes his progression through the stages of change since his back injury?
Provide an initial positive exercise experience focusing on various modes.
A novice client who is here for the summer plans to work with you to get fit and lose weight. The MOST effective way to help her to become regularly active and work toward her goal would be to:
Myocardial ischemia
A partial impairment of coronary artery blood flow will MOST likely result in:
Decrease, decrease
A physiologic adaptation to aerobic conditioning in untrained individuals will result in a/an ______ in resting heart rate and a/an ______ in exercise heart rate at a submaximal effort
flexion; extension
A posterior pelvic tilt produces lumbar _____ and an anterior pelvic tilt produces lumbar _____
Action
A potential client has been walking 2 miles, several times a week, for the past 3 months and would like to continue progress toward her goals. You suggest that she train with you for several sessions to teach her things she can do on her own. According to the Transtheoretical Model, which stage of change is she currently in?
lactate
A proper cool-down allows the body to help remove
Contraindication
A reason or rationale NOT to perform exercise or testing
Delayed Onset Muscle Soreness (DOMS)
A sedentary overweight or obese person should expect which of the following after training?
Exercise; training
A single exercise session is referred to as resistance _____ , while the combination of many consecutive sessions over time is resistance ______
An ideal exercise to improve the activities of daily living for a client who has back pain would be:
A squat against the wall with a stability ball behind the back
Take the stairs instead of the elevator
A strategy that will help increase physical activity levels in novice clients would be to encourage them to:
Health Belief Model
A theory of health behaviors; the model predicts that whether a person practices a particular health habit can be understood by knowing the degree to which the person perceives a personal health threat and the perception that a particular health practice will be effective in reducing that threat.
Meet and direct paramedics to the scene.
A well-written and implemented medical emergency policy will dictate details as to which staff will:
Informed consent
A written document provided to the client sharing health and fitness information to achieve understanding of participation options is called a/an:
fat soluble vitamins
A, D, E, K
Non Soluble Vitamins
A,D,E,K
Which of the following medications have no primary effect on heart rate, but can lower blood pressure?
ACE inhibitors
Cardiopulmonary resuscitation
ACSM and most EP-C certifications require which of the following training?
Code of ethics
ACSM certified and registered professionals are guided by specific principles and standards set forth by which of the following?
40% to <60% VO2R.
ACSM risk classification defines moderate exercise as:
automated external defibrillator
AED stands for:
What is a kilocalorie? what is it also known as?
AKA: Calorie. estimate of energy cost that can be directly related to physical activity and exercise. Weight gain, loss and maintenance can be estimated remembering that 3,500kcal =1 lb of fat.
standard circumference sites
Abdomen Arm *Buttox/hip Calf Forearm Hips/thigh Mid-thigh *Waist
9 skinfold measurements. Principle behind skinfold measurements +- 3.5% error Tension set at ~12 g/mm-2
Abdominal Triceps Biceps Chest/pectoral Medial calf Midaxillary Subscapular Suprailiac Thigh *the amount of subcutaneous fat is proportional to the total amount of body fat.
Muscular strength
Ability of muscle to exert force
Absolute contraindications to exercise
Absolute cannot participate in andy PA program and/or assessment and should consult with their doctor first.
Self-selected by the client
According to goal setting theory research, the most effective type of health goals are:
A member submits payment for monthly dues and it is recorded on that same day. This type of transaction is known as:
Accrual Accounting
Use the higher pressure
After assessing blood pressure in both arms, you notice the reading is much higher in one arm. You should:
What are the ACSM Coronary Artery Risk factors?
Age (Men 45 and older women 55 and older), Family History (MI, coronary revascularization or sudden death before 55 in father and 65 in mother or first degree relative), Smoker (current or quit within the last 6 months), Sedentary (no PA in at least 30 minutes of MPA at least 3 days per week for the last 3 months), Obesity (BMI 30 or over, or waist girth >40in for men and >35in for women), Hypertension (SBP 140 or more and/or DBP 90 or more confirmed on 2 seperate occasions), Dyslipidemia (LDL 130 or more OR HDL <40. OR on lipid lowering meds), Prediabetes (Impaired FBG between 100 and 125.)
At what age are children physically and mentally ready for resistance training exercise?
Age 7 to 8
6 Skill (performance) related physical fitness components
Agility, coordination, balance, power, reaction time, and speed
Return to sedentary behavior
Almost all adults will encounter which of the following at some time during their participation in exercise?
What is a pre-participation screening questionnaire?
Also useful for clients to assess their health readiness. More comprehensive and recognizes signs and symptoms of CVD and other risk-factor thresholds.
known heart murmur
Although some may be innocent, heart murmurs may indicate valvular or other cardiovascular disease.
Depicts a behavior or situation hypothetically.
Although the terms "theory" and "model" are sometimes used interchangeably, they differ in that a model:
AACVPR stands for?
American Association of Cardiovascular and Pulmonary Rehabilitation
Motivating individuals to start and maintain healthy behaviors.
An ACSM Certified Exercise Physiologist is deemed proficient in writing exercise recommendations, leading and demonstrating safe and effective exercise, and:
Have her sign all the required forms and begin training.
An apparently healthy 57-year-old female client signs up to start training at your fitness facility. She has experience with exercise and has just moved into the area. Per the American Heart Association (AHA) risk stratification, you should:
Provide a copy of the report to the employee so he may challenge the veracity of the report if needed.
An employer decides to pass over an employee for a promotion based on the employee's credit report. As a result, the employer must:
Leg extension
An example of an open chain exercise is the:
Changeable
An individual is more likely to adopt a problem management coping strategy when the situation is appraised as:
Observation
An informal way to continually reevaluate the health status of clients would be:
During the dumbbell front raise exercise, which of the following muscles acts as an agonist and what action takes place at the shoulder joint?
Anterior deltoid; adduction
what are class 1 A drugs?
Antiarrhythmic agents: Disopyramide, Moricizine, Procainamide, Quinidine
Physical Activity
Any bodily movement produced by contracting skeletal muscles, with an increase in energy expenditure.
Resting and exercise heart rate
Appropriate assessments to measure client fitness level include:
More than twice the energy of a gram of carbohydrate
As a source of energy fat provides:
What is the Health Belief model?
As individuals take greater investment in their health they are more likely to make relevant and meaningful behavior changes. Must feel that the risks outweight the benefits.
Active listening
As the EP-C is conducting the initial interview, she identifies one of the client's statements that can be used for teaching and learning opportunities. In doing so, she is demonstrating:
Obtain client feedback
Asking the client questions such as, "Did you feel you worked out hard enough?" and "What was especially challenging today" is the best way to:
Functional ability
Assessments are tests and measurements used by the EP-C to evaluate physical and functional status; they indicate a client's:
What does the financial term capital refer to?
Assets
Stress-related changes to blood composition over the long term promote the development of:
Atherosclerosis
The PR interval represents
Atrioventricular node, His bundle, Purkinje fibers
Physical Fitness
Attributes or characteristics that individuals have achieved that related to their ability to perform physical activity
Describe Type 1 Diabetes Mellitus
Autoimmune dysfunction, a chronic condition in which the pancreas produces little or no insulin, a hormone needed to allow sugar (glucose) to enter cells to produce energy, born with
water soluble vitamins
B and C
Solube water vitamins
B,C
what does BIA and TOBEC stand for
BIA= bioelectrical impeedience analysis TOBEC= total body electrical conductivity
ankle edema bi- and uni-
BIlateral edema most common at night is a sign heart failure unilateral edema usually caused by by venous thrombosis or lymphatic blockage in the limb normal edema = anacasra is in individuals with nephrotic syndrome, heart failur or hepatic cirrhosis
Anthropometric methods for measuring body composition
BMI- measure of weight in relation to height. Waist circumference Skinfolds WHR
Positive Risk Factor for OBESITY
BMI: greater than or = 30 kg/m2
Employment history
Background checks are typically conducted by fitness facilities to verify which of the following?
Providing services that may only be carried out by licensed health care professionals
Based on the ACSM Code of Ethics, Certified Exercise Physiologists are prohibited from:
Attenuated heart rate responses that need to be considered when prescribing exercise intensity are common with which of the following medication types?
Beta-Blockers
Operational policies for your business should include information on:
Billings and cancellations
Behavioral strategies
Both theories and models of behavior change deal with cognitive concepts and:
Breathing exercises are one method of managing stress because:
Breathing properly increases oxygen in the blood, which improves circulation.
Understanding demographic, psychographic, and physical activity attributes of potential customers enablers the EP-C to employ deliberate marketing strategies and:
Build sustainable relationships
Define COPD
COPD (Chronic obstructive pulmonary disease) umbrella term for a collection of diseases including chronic bronchitis, emphysema, and asthma. characterized by airflow limitation.
VO2max is accapted as the criterion measure for
CRF
the relative risk of SCD and AMI in vigerous exercise are directly related to
CVD
the health screening determine hypertension as what kind of risk factor
CVD not cardiac disease
BP is regulated by 2 factors:
Cardiac Output and total peripheral vascular resistance (narrowing of vessels)
5 Health related physical fitness components
Cardiorespiratory endurance, body composition, muscular strength, muscular endurance, and flexibility
Make sessions more meaningful for clients.
Certified Exercise Physiologists gear workouts to address client concerns. Education is an important component in order to:
3 site formula sites (men)
Chest abdomen thigh or subscapular
diagonal skinfolds
Chest, suprailiac, subscapular; all other skinfolds are vertical
Heat
Children are more prone to ______ injuries than adults
Resistance training program variables.
Choice of exercise- promote balance across joints and between opposing muscle groups. Order of exercise- Total body (perform more challenging first and large muscle groups first) Resistance Load Used- Most important variables. Performed to muscle fatigue but not exhaustion. Training Volume- number of exercises performed per session, reps performed per set, number of sets performed per exercise all influence training volume. Rest intervals between sets- muscular strength (rest 2-3min) muscular endurance (rest <1min) repetition velocity-as individuals gain experience they may perform higher-velocity movements. Training Frequency- 2-3 x per week. Periodization- regularly changing the training stimulus to keep it effective.
Multiple Sclerosis (MS)
Chronic autoimmune disease impacted by psychological stress include AIDs and:
define CRPD
Chronic restrictive pulmonary disease. (interstitial lung disease) resulting is desrease dlung volume and lung tissue necrosis.
Hypertension
Chronic stress impacts the cardiovascular system and has been associated with enlarged hearts and:
They feel better when they do
Clients who learn to become intrinsically-motivated to exercise do so for which of the following reasons:
extension; sagittal
Concentric contraction of the triceps brachii muscle causes _____ in the _____ plane
Which of the following guidelines is recommended for optimal performance during athletic events?
Consuming fluids with 6-8% carbohydrate solution
Evaluation of stressors includes determining coping resources, emotional reaction, and:
Coping self-efficacy.
The BEST exercise routine for a client with thoracic outlet syndrome would be:
Correcting faulty biomechanics, strengthening the rotator cuff, and stretching the shoulder internal rotators and scalenes.
Muscular endurance assessments. How do you determine which test to use based on each client?
Curl-up and push up test. Based on the needs of the client. (poor ab strength is thought to contribute to low back pain.
adverse response to inpaticent execising leading to exercise disconection
DBP >110mm Hg decrease in SBP >10 during exercise of increased workload significant ventricular or atrial arrythmias 2/3rd degree heart block sugestive ischemia
Types of resistance training (3). Explain each.
DCER(isotonic)- most common. weight lifted does not change through the lifting and lowering phase of an exercise. the heaviest weight that can be lifted is limited by the strength of a muscle at the weakest joint angle. Isokinetics- muscle actions performed at a constant angular limb velocity. Plyometric training- enhances neuromuscular performance. quick, powerful movements that involve a rapid stretch of a muscle (eccentric) followed by a rapic shortening (concentric).
ACE inhibitors
Decrease BP
CCB's
Decrease BP
Joseph has reached his strength and body composition goals by strength training three days per week for an hour the last few months. He now wants to focus on maintaining his strength while on summer vacation for a month. Which program would be MOST appropriate?
Decrease exercise to two days per week, training the total body a least one set.
Cardiac Output
Defined as the volume of blood being pumped by the heart in a minute
Exercise in heat yields? (relate to HR as well)
Dehydration risk, increased blood flow to the skin (away from working muscles), HIGHER HR values.
Maintaining professional certifications and continuing education
Demonstrating standard of care can BEST be accomplished by:
Frank Starling Law of the Heart
Describes the relationship between end-diastolic volume and stroke volume. It states that the heart will pump out whatever volume is delivered to it. If the end-diastolic volume doubles then stroke volume will double.
A 53-year old female has family history of a heart attack (father at age 72). If she wishes to participate in moderate-intensity exercise, you should:
Design an exercise program that progresses gradually in intensity and duration
Your potential 37-year-old client is on medication to control her hypertension and wishes to start a moderate-intensity exercise program. She has no other risk factors. You should:
Design an exercise program that starts at a lower intensity
Explanation: Hyperlordosis is an exaggerated curvature of the lumbar spine that would be viewed in the sagittal plane. Pg 98
Deviations in which plane are referred to as hyperlordosis:
3 most common metabolic diseases/disorders
Diabetes Hyperlipidemia Obesity
Which of the following hemodynamic variables have an inverse relationship and are heavily influenced by one another during exercise?
Diastolic blood pressure and total peripheral resistance
what does DASH stand for and its details
Dietary Approach to Stop Hypertension= diet rich in fruit and veggies, low-fat dairy products, and low content of saturated and total fat
Periodization
Division of a training program into smaller, progressive stages
During gait, you notice that your client tends to put weight on the lateral edge of the feet. This is mostly because the client cannot __________ the foot properly.
Dorsiflex
Symptoms identified during an exercise test in which the test should be stopped.
Drop in SBP 10 or below. Rise in BP above 250 and/or 115. Failure of HR to increase failure of test equipment
Stop the exercise session, and refer him to his physician
During a treadmill workout at 2.5 mph, your 45 year-old male client who exercises on a regular basis starts to have abnormally uncomfortable awareness of breathing. You should:
Stroke
During a workout, you notice that a client displays a sudden lack of coordination and balance and, when asked, reports trouble seeing. What is the MOST likely cause of these symptoms?
Heat exhaustion.
During an outdoor training session on a warm day, your client begins to exhibit a weak rapid pulse, thirst, general weakness, reduced rate of sweating, and headache. He is MOST likely experiencing:
Stop the exercise, and have the client rest in a cool place
During an outdoor training session, your client begins to complain about fatigue and muscle cramping. You should:
Shivering
During exercise in a cold environment, the body will limit heat loss primarily through:
Total peripheral resistance may drop slightly
During graded exercise, which of the following occurs due to large muscle vasodilation?
Clarify the client's statements
During the interview with your client, you ask "So what you're saying is that you feel supported by your spouse but not by your kids when you need to make time to exercise?" You ask this in order to:
Moderate Risk
During the pre-participation screening your client is determined to have 4 risk factors. This is considered to be:
Oriented toward the ceiling.
During the supine rotational stretch, it is important to have the abdomen:
Abnormally uncomfortable awareness of breathing
Dyspnea is defined as:
Which of the following is the MOST critical to overall low back health?
Endurance of the core musculature
Exercise Imagery Questionnaire
Energy imagery Appearance imagery Technique imagery
Abdominal bracing involves:
Engaging the stabilizers such as the transverse abdominis and multifidus.
Extrinsic risk factors to injury
Excessive load on the body Type or speed of movement number of reps footwear surface training errors excessive distances fast progression high intensity running on hills poor technique fatigue environment conditions
Shortness of breath prior to exertion
Exercise should be terminated when a pregnant women shows which of the following signs or symptoms?
FITT resistance recommendations for outpatiennts
F 2-3 nonconsecutive d.wk I 10-15reps w/o fatigue, RPE 11-13, 40-60% or 1RM T 1-3 sets, 8-10 exercises T safe equipment
FITT flexability recommendations for outpatient
F 2-3d.wk, daily most effecive I Hold till tightt T 15 s holds, 4 reps each Tststic and dynamic if
what are the FITT recommendations for inpatient CR
F 2-4 sessions a day firt 3 days I HR at 20+ beats.min for MI and 30+beats.min for recovering surgery T walking 3-5min as tolorated, achive 2:1 rest,walk T focus on ROM and dynamic movement , LBP and thighs
FITT Aerobic rcommendations for outpatient
F 3-5 d.wk I 40-80% exercise capacity/ or HRrest 20+ to 30+ beats.min T 20-60min T machines
an obstructive defecr is defined by reduce ...
FEV1.0/FVCbelow the 5th percentile od predicted value
Malpractice
Failure by a health professional to meet accepted standards
Type II fibers
Fast twitch fibers. Higher contractile force. better for strength and power activities.
Are reasonably safe
Fitness center clients are entitled to, in the eyes of the law, facilities that:
What are class 1C drugs?
Flecainide (Taborcor); Propafenone (Rythmol)
Flexibility program designs
Flexibility gains are lost within 4 to 6 weeks of quitting exercises. 2-3 x per week for at least 3-4 weeks may be required. Do these exercises when the body is warm. hold to mild discomfort. NO link between ROM training and prevention of lowback pain or muscle soreness.
A new, sedentary client has come to you and wants to lose weight. Which type of periodization is MOST appropriate to use?
Flexible nonlinear periodization In unplanned or flexible nonlinear periodization, a workout plan is set for the mesocycle, but deciding what workout is to be done on what day is left to the
In social cognitive theory, the most effective way to improve self-efficacy toward physical activity is to:
Focus interventions on ways to achieve the desired behavior
Below the myocardial ischemic threshold
For clients with cardiovascular disease, exercise intensity must be prescribed
Decreased body weight
For most clients, a positive effect of consistent energy deficit is:
what does FITT-VP mean
Frequency Intensity Type Time Volume Progression
Which of the following is an example of an enarthrodial joint?
Glenohumeral
When a client flexes the hips and knees from a standing position to a parallel squat, which muscles perform the eccentric action?
Gluteus maximus & quadriceps
Which muscles act as agonists during a lateral cable leg lift?
Gluteus medius and minimus
Which of the following assumes that four different mechanisms affect goal-related behavior change?
Goal Setting Theory
Flexibility assesments
Goniometers sit and reach tests- most commonly used for flexibility in lower back and hip joint. functional movement screens
Pack your own nutrient-dense foods for the trip
Good advice to your clients about diet while traveling is to:
200 to 300
Greater amounts of physical activity are likely to be needed to achieve weight loss and prevent weight regain in adults, thus requiring _______ minutes of moderate PA per week
What is the negative risk factor?
HDL value of greater than or equal to 60. (this is reverse cholesterol transport and reduces the risk of CVD)
what are the recommended forms of vigorous intensity exercise for individuals with DM
HIIT ad continuous training
what are basline measureens that should be obtained during exercise testing
HR BP RPE
patient has identified ischemic threshold or angina >1mm ST segment depression of EXT the exercise intensity should be based off of
HR and work rate below this point
what assessment need to be done before, during and after exercise for outpatient
HR,BP,BW(dont lose to much wter weight), signs and symptoms of CVD, change in medications, ECG and HR surveillance
Improved program adherence
Having strong social support is associated with:
500 to 1,000 calories
Healthy weight loss of 1 to 2 lbs per week is the appropriate weight loss recommendation for clients. This would equate to a daily calorie reduction of:
Heart rate increases due to a decrease in stroke volume.
Heart rate drift or cardiovascular drift occurs when:
Heart rate drift or cardiovascular drift occurs when:
Heart rate increases due to a decrease in stroke volume
Heat acclimatization, cold acclimatization, altitude acclimatization benefits
Heat- lower core body temp, skin temp, high sweat rate, lower HR, lower perception of effort, improved conservation of sodium. (recommended 10 consecutive days in heat) cold- maintain heat production by means beside shivering, maintenance of hand and feet temperatures. altitude- Increases O2 carrying capacity in the blood. (Erythropoiesis, production of additional RBC) "live high" "train low" Benefits last up to 3 weeks.
Is the ACSM's weekly recommended PA sufficient to prevent weight gain in the typical american lifestyle?
Hell na! They must go beyond these recommendations.
According to the Socialecological Model, what can the EP-C do to help make physical activity interventions effective?
Help the client choose new home exercise equipment
It promotes exercise adherence
Helping clients set realistic goals is good practice for the EP-C because:
fast twitch oxidative
High energy and activate quickly. Rapid repetitive motions (flight muscles); lots of mitochondria for work over long periods
Define HIIT
High intensity intervil training, 3-4mnperiods of exercise at 80-90%HRR, duration of 40 min
Exercise testing is recommended for individuals at ____ risk
High risk.
Intrinsic risk factors to injury
History of previous injury Inadequate fitness/conditioning Body composition Bony alignment abnormalities Flexibility/strength imbalances Joint laxity Musculoskeletal disease
By reducing plasma volume
How can increased sweat rates during exercise in a hot environment increase the risk for dehydration?
Lab methods for measuring body composition
Hydrostatic weighing- calculates body density from body volume Air displacement plethysmography- measures body volume. DEXA- x- ray to measure bone mineral content, body fat, and lean soft tissue.
anginal /myocardial ischemia
IS ischema= squeezing feeling, heavy feeling, located around chest, both arms, neck, cheeks, or intrascapular region NOT ischema= knifelife, jab feeling, located left submammory or left hemithorax
The MOST important reasons for maintaining collaborative relationships with health care professionals is to optimize client outcomes and:
Identify risk factors
Rating of Perceived Exertion (RPE)
If difficulties are encountered in calculating percentage VO2max for prescribing exercise intensity in cases of cardiac disease, the EP-C should instead consider
good samaritan law
Immunity is granted to those persons who in good faith try to protect, serve, and tend to other who are injured or ill
Positive Risk Factor for PRE DIABETES
Impaired Fasting Glucose (IFG): greater than or = 100mg/dL & less than or = 125mg/dL
Once the sender and receiver agree the original message was accurately conveyed and interpreted.
In active listening, feedback should be offered:
The message was interpreted accurately
In active listening, repeating what was heard back to the speaker ensures:
The message was interpreted accurately.
In active listening, repeating what was heard back to the speaker ensures:
Dementia
In addition to fall prevention and improved functional limitations, regular exercise by older adults has proven to assist in managing conditions such as:
Schedule an orientation with the client to review the plan.
In addition to reviewing and screening a client's medical record and designing an appropriate exercise plan, the EP-C must also:
Stimuli
In learning theory, factors that increase the likelihood of adhering to an exercise program are also referred to as:
Reviewing how to use each piece of equipment with all clients
In terms of equipment use, proactive steps to managing and minimizing risk include:
Reviewing how to use each piece of equipment with all clients.
In terms of equipment use, proactive steps to managing and minimizing risk include:
As important as speaking
In the communication process, listening is:
Inherent willingness to engage in physical activity
In the self-determination theory of behavior change, intrinsic motivation refers to:
Make eye contact and take notes.
In what way can the EP-C demonstrate interest and compassion?
Quadriceps femoris
In which of the following muscles is a strain most likely to occur?
Diuretics
Increase HR Decrease BP
The exercise impact of the use of digitalis by clients with congestive heart failure is:
Increased exercise capacity
What is the self-determination theory?
Individuals have 3 basic psychological needs that must be met in order to be motivated to engage behavior. Autonomy and competence are key with this theory. The person must feel that they have a sense of control. Must also feel challenged yet successful.
Joint pain is minimal
Individuals with arthritis should ideally stretch when:
Which of the following is an example of instrumental support?
Instrumental support refers to the various types of tangible help that others may provide (e.g., help with childcare/housekeeping, provision of transportation or money).
Which of the following BEST determines your client's exercise preferences?
Interview the client before beginning the program
administrative law
Is found within specialized bodies or agencies that have been granted law-making power to regulate specific activities.
How does a submaximal exercise test work?
It estimates VO2 max from the HR response to submaximal single stage or graded exercise.
They help provide understanding of health behavior adoption and maintenance (p. 301 ACSM's Resources for the Exercise Physiologist, 2nd ed.)
It is important to use theories and models for physical activity because:
Individuals that report which of the following after resistance training should significantly reduce training load and volume, and increase the amount of rest?
Joint tightness
what are the borderline high clinically accepted ATP 111 classifications of LDL-C, total cholesterol, HDL-C, and triglycerides
LDL-C =130-159 total cholesterol= 200-239 HDL-C = >60 good triglycerides = 150-199
Optimal LDL, total cholesterol, HDL, and triglyceride levels?
LDL: <100 HDL: <40 Triglyceride: <150 TOTAL: <200
Positive Risk Factor for DYSLIPIDEMIA
LDL: greater than or = 130mg/dL
Which exercise requires the greatest amount of torque to be produced by the muscles of the shoulder joint?
Lateral raises in the frontal plane to 90 degrees, humeral abduction with 30 lb dumbbells elbows extended
Solving existing problems or conflicts
Leaders tend to focus on preventing problems or conflict . Managers focus on:
Blood flow from Lungs
Left pulmonary vein, left artrium, bicuspid valve, left ventricle, aortic semilunar valve, ascendina aorta, systemic circulation
Foreseeability
Legally, the duty to anticipate and plan for risks is called:
What are class 1B drugs?
Lidocaine, Mexiletine, Phenytoin, Tocainide
Which of the following is a SMART goal?
Lose 1-2 lbs per week over the next 10 weeks by following a proper diet and engaging in both aerobic and resistance training
What classifies as low, moderate, and high risk clients?
Low: <2 risk factors and asymptomatic Moderate: 2 or more risk factors and Asymptomatic High: Symptomatic OR known CVD, CPD, renal or metabolic disease
Sweat rate production in children. and exercise in the heat
Lower sweat rate production and lower tolerance to exercising in the heat.
The muscles that depress the scapulothoracic joint are the:
Lower trapezius and pectoralis minor
positive risk factor for AGE: men & women
MEN: greater than or = 45 WOMEN: greater than or = 55
The presence of classic angina pectoris that is induced with exercise and relieved with rest or nitroglycerin is sufficient evidence for the presence of
MI
Medicare, private insurance companies provide CR to those with ....
MI, acute coronary syndrome(within 12 months), coronary revasculariation, coronary artery bypass graft(CABG), or precutneous coronary intervention(PCI)
To minimize musculoskeletal injury from the outset, which of the following should be prioritized?
Making the client aware of early signs of potential injury.
Which of the following includes characteristics of central obesity
Male waist-hip ratio of 0.91
Lengthen the lever arm; more difficult (p. 383 ACSM's Resources for Personal Trainer 5th ed.)
Marti is performing unilateral standing calf raises with a dumbbell held in the ipsilateral hand. You cue her to stand up tall and lean back slightly while performing the exercise to ________ and make the exercise ________, thereby increasing efficiency
The client screening process can be broken down into three phases comprising risk classification, health history evaluation and related assessments, and:
Medical clearance or referral
50%
More than ____% of people who start a new program will drop out within the first six months.
Social Cognitive Theory states that the most important factors in behavior change are self-efficacy and:
Most commonly used theory in behavior change. Based on HBM. Outcome expectations and self-efficacy are the most important factors in behavior change. Factors are further divided in to environment, skills and abilities, opportunities to watch and learn, self-control, reinforcement and incentives, coping skills, and past experiences that might shape expectancies. Thought --> Feelings --> Behaviors --> Situations --> Repeat.
An ACSM Certified Exercise Physiologist is deemed proficient in writing exercise recommendations, leading and demonstrating safe and effective exercise, and:
Motivating individuals to start and maintain healthy behaviors
Which of the following initiates a stronger muscle action to counteract the stretch of a muscle?
Muscle Spindle
A one-time maximal force that may be exerted and is localized to a joint or muscle group
Muscular strength is defined as:
What is target heart rate? How do you determine it?
Must consider the habitual PA, exercise level, and goals to determine the % intensity desired.
An imbalance between myocardial oxygen demand and supply.
Myocardial ischemia is defined as:
Explain myotatic reflex reciprocal inhibition.
Myotatic reflex "stretch reflex" occurs in the stretched muscle by attempting to resist the stretch. Muscle spindles monitor muscle length. Helps keep us upright.
For a release, waiver, or informed consent document to be effective at protecting against liability, the forms must be clear and unambiguous and refer specifically to:
Negligence on the part of the party seeking the release
Anaerobic glycolysis
No oxygen required. NExt most immediate energy source. break down carbs (glucose or glycogen) into pyruvate. Used during medium-duration exercise. no more than about 90 seconds.
NSAID's
Nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs. Ibuprofen, naproxen. increase risk of hypoglycemia
Cardiovascular disease
Numerous epidemiological research efforts have demonstrated an inverse relationship between physical activity and:
What is one of the largest components of PA-related energy expenditure?
Occupational Physical Ativity
OSHA is what?
Occupational Safety and health administration - principle federal agency charged with the enforcement of safety and health legislation in workplace
Which of the following is NOT a food group and yet provides essential nutrients
Oils
2-5 mm Hg per second.
Once a blood pressure cuff is inflated, pressure should be released at a rate equal to:
The specific joints, ROM, and types of muscle actions required.
Once the primary goal of a resistance program has been established, the next step is to determine:
Improved insulin sensitivity.
One benefit of initiating an exercise program for Type 2 diabetics is:
The correlation between obesity and increased chronic disease risk
One of the MOST important reasons for assessment of your client's body composition is:
Check consciousness
One of the individuals in your class collapses. You should first:
statutory law
Or legislative laws are enacted by mandates from federal, state, and municipal governments, and this codification of law imposes duties or restrictions upon individuals.
Ephedrine.
Over-the-counter cold and flu medications can impact blood pressure if they contain some form of:
Aerobic glycolysis (oxidative system)
Oxygen dependent. As exercise intensity decreases allowing for longer duration activities, use of the oxidative system increases. (Krebs cycle and ETC). Produce ATP in the mitochondria of the cell--requires oxygen. Lasts longer than 1-2 minutes.
list the lifestyle modifications for antihypertinsive therapy
PA, weight reduction, DASH, diet sodium reduction(no more then 2g), and moderation of alcohol consumption
what is the discharge for those who go through PCI and thse who go through MI, Acute coronary synrome, CABG,or valve surgery
PCI-24 hrs Other- 5days
Individuals with hyperkyphosis would benefit MOST from increasing the flexibility of which of the following muscles?
Pectoralis major stretch
35%
Per the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, what percentage of U.S. adults meet the ACSM recommended guidelines for regular moderate-intensity activity?
Half fruits and vegetables
Per the USDA, the makeup of a healthful plate of food should consist of:
PAR Q
Physical Activity Readiness Questionnaire not required but is for self guided tool as extra clarity
what 6 factors (layers) are involved in the social ecological model
Physical activity behavior personal factors social factors institutional factors community factors public policy
Exercise
Planned, purposeful, repetitive
Common musculoskeletal injuries signs and symptoms.
Point tenderness Pain when body part is at rest Joint pain Pain that continues after warming up. Swelling or discoloration Increased pain with weight bearing activities changes in normal bodily functions
Extrinsic
Positive feedback is an example of what type of motivation?
Benefit; risk
Pre-participation health screenings during initial client consultation help the EP-C to maximize ______ and minimize _______ risk
What is the exception to missing risk factor information?
Prediabetes is counted as a positive risk factor ONLY if the person is 45 or older OR The BMI is 25 or more (and have additional risk factor for prediabetes)
The talk test
Pregnant women should carefully monitor intensity by using:
Which of the following is the MOST important rationale for a cool-down phase?
Prevents blood pooling in the extremities
the 4 P's of marketing
Product Place Price Promotion (People)
Which of the following would protect the EP-C against errors and omissions?
Professional indemnity insurance
What are the PROS principle of designing a resistance training program? What do they mean?
Progression- Regularity Overload Specificity
Reduce muscle tension and anxiety
Progressive muscle relaxation involves tensing and relaxing key muscle groups in order to:
transverse plane
Pronation of the radioulnar joint occurs in:
PRICE
Protection Rest Ice Compression Elevation
Kinesthetic
Providing a client physical adjustment during a stretch supports what learning mode?
At a more emotional level
Public relations, as opposed to advertising, communicates information to potential customers:
flexibility
ROM at a joint. as per the skeletal muscles and not any external forces.
cold/flu medication
Raise BP. (Ephedrine)
Which of the following BEST determines cardiovascular responses to exercise in an individual with cardiovascular disease?
Rate product presure
self-reevaluation
Realizing that the behavior change is an important part of one's identity as a person
Golgi tendon organs
Receptors sensitive to change in tension of the muscle and the rate of that change
Which of the following is recommended by the National Heart, Lung, and Blood Institute to overall health
Reduce weight by at least 5%
Reduced blood flow to the gut (p.139 Resource for the Personal Trainer 5th ed.)
Reduced blood flow to the gut
The final and critical last step in initial client screening is to:
Refer the client to a physician if warranted
Define morbidity
Refers to ill health in an individual and the levels of ill health in a population or group.
Massage
Relaxation therapies include hypnosis,meditation, and:
What does Diastolic Blood pressure do during exercise?
Remains stable or decreases slightly.
Yoga
Research has demonstrated that individuals with chronic low back pain show improvements in depression levels with regular participation i:
Which of the following routines is an example of specificity training for a runner?
Resistance training for the entire body, 3 times per week, using 15 to 20 reps
Frequency
Resistance training must be performed on a regular basis several times per week to make gains. 2-3 per week.
The frequency of breathing multiplied by the volume of air moved per breath, per minute, is known as:
Respiratory rate
3 components of determining energy expenditure
Resting energy expenditure (REE)- 60-70% TEE Thermic effect of food: 10% TEE Physical activity expenditure: 20-30% TEE
Which method can be very effective for clients who are having difficulty with proper positioning?
Right/wrong
For men, a 3-site skinfold assessment is taken on the ________ side of the body at the ________.
Right; chest, abdomen, and thigh
Sagittal
Running takes place in predominately which plane of movement
Specificity
SAID principle. Specific adaptations to Imposed demands. Distinct adaptations that take place as a result of the training program. Must mimics demands of their sport or desired goals.
Pre-hyperensive BP level
SBP: 120-139 DBP: 80-89
Hypertensive BP level
SBP: greater than or = 140 DBP: greater than or = 90
Positive Risk Factor for HYPERTENSION
SBP: greater than or = 140mmHg
Normal BP level
SBP: less than 120 DBP: less than 80
what are the SBP and the DBP individuals must have to have prehypertension?
SBP=120-139, DBP=80-89
Smallest contractile unit of a muscle
Sarcomere
The shoulder girdle refers to which specific joint?
Scapulothoracic
S.T.E.P.S
Screening Testing Education Programing Supervision
For all facility personnel, which of the following is the skill set that is MOST important?
Screening potential members for health and fitness factors
Len is a 75-year-old client referred to you by an occupational therapist. He needs to strengthen the lower leg muscle most responsible for standing and walking endurance. Which variation of the calf raise exercise is most appropriate and which muscle is being emphasized?
Seated; soleus
Who is most at risk for sudden cardiac death?
Sedentary individuals performing infrequent exercise
Behavioral strategies for weight loss
Self monitoring goal setting stimulus control problem solving
According to the Small Changes Model, client goals should be:
Self-selected Measurable Action-oriented Linked to your life Long-term
Avoiding relapse
Sending a reminder of training session via an e-mail to your client may help with:
Which of the following BEST promotes exercise adherence with a new client?
Sending text messages that provide feedback following training sessions
muscle spindle fibers
Senses muscle lengthening Contracts the muscle in response Normal reaction to avoid injury
Which of the following muscles are involved in protraction of the scapulothoracic joint?
Serratus anterior and pectoralis minor
Dyspnea
Shortness of breath
How does SV increase with workload?
Similar to HR, it increases as workload increases but only up to ~40% to 60% of VO2max. The percentages can be decreases in sedentary individuals and increased with training.
% body fat methods. What is the % for men and women that is considered satisfactory for health?
Skinfold measurements Bioelectrical Impedance
Type I fibers
Slow twitch fibers. Lower contractile force. better for endurance activities
Creatine Phosphate system
Small amounts of CP are stored within each cell. Simple one-to-one trade off that allows for the rapid production of ATP. ONLY for use during short bouts of exercise. less that 10 seconds.
SMART
Specific Measurable Achievement oriented Realistic Time oriented
SMART goals
Specific Measurable Attainable Realistic Time-bound- Short term goals are better than long term goals.
Stroke Volume and concentric phase
Stroke volume is NOT significantly elevated to more than resting during the concentric phase of resistance training.
stroke volume and eccentric phase
Stroke volume is significantly increased during eccentric phase
When lacking, which of the following is considered the greatest obstacle to exercise adherence?
Strong support from family and friends
Which of the following is MOST accurate regarding exercise testing and pregnant women?
Submaximal exercise testing is more appropriate, however rarely indicated.
Which type of stretch would be best for opening up the external rotators of the hips?
Supine hip rotator stretch
pregnant women should avoid exercising in the ______ position after week _____
Supine position after week 16
Acceptance
Supportive feedback is critical to convey:
A loss of consciousness
Syncope is defined as:
Which of the following hemodynamic variables have a linear relationship and are heavily influenced by one another during exercise?
Systolic blood pressure and cardiac output
difference between a theory and a model
THEORY: systematic view of behavior by specifying relationships between variables and predicting specific behaviors/situations
neuromotor exercise training
Tai chi is considered which type of exercise?
EQ for HRR :
Target HR = [(HRmax - HRrest) x % intensity desired] + HRrest
MET EQ
Target MET = [(VO2max)/3.5] x % intensity desired
Peak METs method
Target METs = (%intensity desired)(VO2max in METS -1) +1
VO2 EQ
Target VO2 = VO2max x % intensity desired
EQ for VO2R:
Target VO2R = [(VO2max - VO2rest) x % intensity desired] + VO2rest
Progressive muscle relaxation
Targeting feelings of tension by focusing on specific muscle groups and alternatively tightening/releasing them is called:
Overuse injuries
Tendinopathy (tendinitis-acute inflammatory,tendinosis-degenerative changes in the absence of inflammation) Plantar Fasciitis Low back pain
5 days each week
The 2007 update to an ACSM/CDC recommendation for activity focused on the frequency recommendation; instead of "most, preferably all, days of the week," the update was changed to:
Immune
The 3 primary systems of the body that are activated and affected by stress include the cardiovascular, endocrine, and:
Provide education based on current research as well as industry standards and guidelines.
The ACSM Code of Ethics states that members should strive continuously to
Exercise is Medicine
The ACSM initiative focused on encourage physicians to review patient physical activity programs at every visit is:
During initial client contact, Personal Trainers should provide a service introduction packet that contains a Health History Evaluation, Medical Clearance Form (if needed), Informed Consent, and:
The Client-Certified Exercise Physiologist Agreement
how can EP-C violate criminal law?
The EP-C can be charged with the unauthorized practice of medicine, physical therapy, or dietetics.
The individual has well-controlled blood glucose levels
The EP-C can safely work with a Type 2 diabetic patient
In a thermoneutral environment
The EP-C should protect against a heat injury in the older adult by conducting exercise:
Drug interaction
The GREATEST risk of over-the-counter medication for clients with chronic conditions is:
load; volume
The ______ and ______ of resistance training need to be carefully progressed to limit muscle tissue damage
Allostasis
The ability to achieve stability through change is referred to as:
Carbohydrates (p. 52 ACSM's Resources for the Exercise Physiologist)
The anaerobic system uses which of the following as its primary source for producing ATP?
Dorsiflexion; talus
The ankle's most stable position is in ______ due to the overall shape of the ______
Which of the following best describes the effect of consuming a surplus amount of nutrients through supplementation?
The body will expend valuable energy resources to excrete them
A provoking factor of non-ischemic cardiac disease symptoms is:
The completion of exercise
(HRR) Heart rate reserve method KARVONEN FORMULA
The difference between max HR and resting HR. Target HR = [(max HR -resting HR) X %intensity desired] + Resting HR.
Ensure that minor problems do not escalate into major incidents and that major incidents do not intensify to fatal events
The emergency medical policy is the MOST critical facility policy because it functions primarily to:
During unilateral contraction, which of the following muscles produce lateral flexion and axial rotation, respectively?
The erector spinae performs the lateral flexion and the multifundus performs axial rotation
Sagittal plane; flexion/extension
The facet joints of the lumbar spine are oriented in the _____ which primarily allows _____ motions
constitutional law
The federal government and all states have constitutions that not only provide the authority for government but also define how it will function and what its responsibilities are.
Overuse
The feeling of chronic muscular fatigue is a sign of:
Have the client sit quietly for at least 5 minutes.
The first step in assessing resting blood pressure is to:
Preparation
The five stages of change in the trans-theoretical model include precontemplation, contemplation, maintenance, action, and:
The placebo effect
The idea that a nutritional supplement will work because you believe it, despite any biological reason, is known as:
2-3 days
The initial inflammatory stage of a sprain or strain last about:
Nutrient balance
The key to optimal nutrition is:
What is muscle fatigue?
The loss of force or power output in response to voluntary effort leading to reduced performance.
built environment
The man-made surroundings that provide the setting for human activity, ranging in scale from personal shelter to neighborhoods to the large-scale civic surroundings.
Analysis of the strength or weaknesses of business competition helps determine:
The market share that can be expected for your business
Perceived Stress Scale (p. 344 ACSM's Resources for the Exercise Physiologist, 2nd ed.)
The most common way to assess the perception of chronic stress level is by use of the:
anterior cruciate ligament
The most commonly reported knee injury involves damage to the ________.
Pectoralis Major and Anterior Deltoid
The muscles involved in the dumbbell fly and the cable fly are:
Higher body weight
The negative effects of a lower metabolic rate include which of the following?
intermittent claudication
The pain that occurs in muscles with inadequate blood supply because they are stressed by exercise is referred to as:
The amount of muscle force generated in plyometric training has greater potential because of:
The preceding eccentric muscle action
define static stretching
The process of passively taking a muscle to the point of tension and holding the stretch for a minimum of 30 seconds
Stress
The process used to respond to an environmental demand perceived as threatening is referred to as:
What is central fatigue? Peripheral fatigue?
The progressive reduction in voluntary drive to motor neurons during exercise. The loss of force and power that is independent of neural drive.
Respond to basic first-aid and emergency events in an appropriate and timely manner
The purpose of written emergency response policies and procedures is to enable staff to:
The term metabolic rate is defined as:
The rate at which calories are expended
position of neutral pelvis
The right/wrong method of cueing is appropriate for a client having difficulty with which of the following
Caloric restriction.
The role of exercise in treating obesity is most effective when used in combination with:
Biomechanics
The science that applies the study of forces to living organisms is:
Obese (p.460 ACSM's Resources for the Personal Trainer 5th ed)
The side-lying quadriceps stretch would be most appropriate for which type of client?
Hypertension is also known as _____
The silent killer because the signs and symptoms go unnoticed.
What is the SAID principle? What is it dependent on?
The specificity principle. Specific exercise elicits specific adaptations, creating specific training effects. (Specific Adaptations to Imposed Demands). Dependent on the TYPE and MODE of exercise. Example: a client wants to improve their time in an endurance run, you select training stimulus that is appropriate. (eg. endurance activities, not swimming.
Kinesiology
The study of the mechanics of human movement is called:
SAID (specific adaptation to imposed demands)
The training principle that describes the need to swim if you want to get better at swimming, cycle to improve cycling, run to gain skill at running, is:
What is VO2?
The volume of oxygen the body consumes. VO2 max is the highest volume of oxygen the body can consume.
Examples of current assets
Things expected to be turned into cash within the next year. inventory, cash, accounts receivable, prepaid expense
Modifying the order of exercises
To accomplish progressive overload, increase the intensity and/or volume by increasing resistance, increasing the number of sets/reps exercises, or:
Altering rest intervals
To accomplish progressive overload, increase the intensity and/or volume by increasing resistance, increasing the number of sets/reps/exercises, or:
Develop plans for maintaining activity when work gets stressful
To address relapse prevention, the EP-C can:
Intermittent
To best encourage physical activity in children, activity must be fun and:
Provide immediate corrective feedback to ensure client safety
To create an optimal training environment, the MOST important thing an EP-C should do is:
Used for its intended purposes
To ensure client safety, exercise equipment should be in good working order and be:
Extended; flexed
To fully stretch the quadriceps, the hip joint must be _____ and the knee joint ______
Educational materials
To help your client transition from the contemplation stage of change to the preparation stage of change, you should intervene using:
Narrow the base of support
To manipulate the intensity and increase the challenge of balance-related training, you should:
Ensure that members receive a formal and comprehensive orientation.
To maximize safety and effectiveness in exercise programming, facility managers should:
Refrain from smoking cigarettes or ingesting caffeine for at least 30 min. preceding the measurement
To minimize error in assessing blood pressure, the client must:
Ensure that a safety audit is conducted routinely
To reduce or eliminate hazards that may cause injury to employees and users of a health/fitness facility, facility operators must:
Premises liability.
Tort law that regulates issues around the professional liability for incidents caused due to conditions where training activity takes place is referred to as:
Dyslipidemia
Total 200 mg/dL or HDL <40 mg/dL or LDL >130 mg/dL
As it relates to behavior modification, which of the following does NOT require a client to be committed to behavior change?
Trans-theoretical model of change
An absolute deficiency in blood insulin release.
Type 1 diabetes is characterized by which of the following?
ACSM recommends a diagnostic exercise test for clients with:
Type 2 diabetes for at least 10 years
Describe Type 2 Diabetes Mellitus
Type 2 diabetes mellitus is a progressive condition due to increasing inability of cells to respond to insulin (insulin resistance) and decreased production of insulin by the beta cells. It often occurs later in a client's life due to obesity, inactivity, and heredity.
Which type of muscle fibers are recruited first?
Type I then Type II. as force production increases.
what is BMI classifications of: Underweight Normal Overweight Obesity class I Obesity class II Obesity class III
Underweight <18.5 Normal 18.5-24.9 Overweight 25-29.9 Obesity class I 30-34.5 Obesity class II 35-39.9 Obesity class II 40+
Which of the following are the alcohol consumption recommendations per the USDA dietary guidelines?
Up to one drink per day for women and two drinks per day for men (p. 205 ACSM's Exercise Physiologist Textbook 2nd ed)
3 weeks
Upon return to sea level, acclimatization to altitude has been shown to last up to:
The client believes he can lose 2 lbs a week for the next 2 months
Using Social Cognitive Theory, which of the following best describes a client striving to adopt lifestyle changes?
Extrinsic motivation.
Using a behavior contract is one strategy that may be implemented when the client demonstrates a need for:
What is the gold standard to measure Cardiorespiratory fitness?
VO2 max during open circuit spirometry.
VO2 reserve method What is VO2 reserve?
VO2 reserve is the difference between VO2 max and VO2 rest. (determined in a lab setting) Target VO2 reserve = [(VO2max - VO2 rest) x %intensity desired] + VO2rest
What is the Fick equation used to determine VO2 max?
VO2max = HRmax X SVmax X a-VO2 difference max (arteriovenous oxygen difference)
Exercise in the cold yields?
Vasoconstriction of blood vessels in the skin, HR and cardiac output are similar to thermoneutral environment, wearing bulky clothing is a barrier, Respiratory rate is higher and VO2 max may be slightly lower. Some individuals may perceive exercise to be more difficult in the cold
Learning nodes
Visual, kinesthetic, and auditory are all types of:
The 2010 Dietary Guidelines for Americans recommend that individuals over age 50 consume foods fortified with which vitamin?
Vitamin B12
The client's body is more stable and movement is more restricted.
Weight machines present less risk of injury than free weights because:
Which of the following cues is most appropriate for correcting a client on exercise technique?
Well done. Now check your knee alignment
For which of the following conditions are a medical release or a physician-supervised exercise test unnecessary prior to beginning an exercise program?
Well-controlled exercise-induced asthma
Define, Discover, Dream, Design, Deliver/Destiny
What are the five stages of appreciative inquiry?
Past exercise performance
What is the MOST influential source of self-efficacy information related to exercise?
Moves past training plateaus
What is the PRIMARY benefit of implementing a periodized program?
8-12
What is the ideal repetition range for an apparently healthy adult who wants to gain muscle hypertrophy?
1:10
What is the recommended work-to-rest ratio when performing depth jumps:
horizontal abduction
What joint action of the shoulder is performed during a reverse cable fly or a reverse dumbbell fly
Production of additional red blood cells
What physiologic change occurs in response to high-altitude exposure and a lower partial pressure of oxygen?
Procuct
What you are trying to offer. can be tangible and intangible. Belief in the VALUE of the product. What do people want from the product and what are they expecting?
Refer the client to a health care professional
When a client's muscle or joint problem is brought on or aggravated by exercise, the EP-C should:
twitch
When a motor unit is stimulated by a single nerve impulse
Reduce the absolute intensity of exercise
When exercising at a higher altitude, what must an unacclimatized individual modify in order to maintain the same relative intensity of exercise?
Stroke volume
When exercising in heat, which of the following physiological variables tend to be lower?
The advice could be interpreted as unauthorized practice of a licensed professional, and results in client injury.
When giving a client advice, the EP-C risks liability for acting outside his scope of practice if:
In the course of helping the client set goals
When should motivational interviewing be used during the initial client consultation?
Online journaling
When used on a regular basis, which of the following promotes exercise adherence?
Checking for proper body alignment and equipment setup
When using weight machines the EP-C can design instruction and supervision procedures for each exercise that include:
Provide them with initial positive experiences to promote adherence and lower mortality risk.
When working with clients in a special population, you should:
Department of Labor
Which federal agency BEST addresses federal requirements for hiring staff?
Internal and external obliques
Which muscles function to rotate the lumbar spine?
Posture and stance
Which of the following BEST communicates a client's energy level?
The specific tasks that an EP-C can perform
Which of the following BEST describes the scope of practice for an EP-C?
Rate Product Pressure
Which of the following BEST determines cardiovascular responses to exercise in an individual with cardiovascular disease?
Interview the client before beginning the program
Which of the following BEST determines your client's exercise preferences?
Setting a few attainable short-term goals
Which of the following BEST fosters exercise adherence and progression toward the client's goal?
Episodes of 10-15 minutes performed two or three times each day
Which of the following FITT parameters are the MOST appropriate starting points for a client with cardiovascular disease?
Health Risk Appraisal
Which of the following MUST be included as part of every client's screening?
HDL (High Density Lipoprotein)
Which of the following aids in the removal of lipids from circulation?
Nurse practioner
Which of the following allied health professionals may provide medical clearance for exercise participation?
Drug-Free Workplace Act of 1988
Which of the following applies to federal employees?
1.5-mile test
Which of the following assessments is contraindicated for an unconditioned client?
People
Which of the following building blocks of marketing is not a traditional "P" but is relevant to the fitness industry
Arteriovenous oxygen difference
Which of the following cardiac variables will increase as a result of regular aerobic training at a submaximal effort?
Intensity
Which of the following cardio-respiratory variables requires the most attention during the early stages of an exercise program?
100% fruit juice
Which of the following counts as part of the fruit group:
15 seconds
Which of the following durations for the plank exercise is MOST appropriate for a beginner client?
4 sets, 80% 1RM; 10 repetitions per set; 5 days per week (p.112 ACSM's Resources for the Exercise Physiologist 2nd ed.)
Which of the following exercise protocols is most appropriate for a client who wants to increase muscular hypertrophy?
box jumps
Which of the following exercises is MOST appropriate to improve lower-body power in a basketball player
Aerobic Exercise Training
Which of the following has the greatest effect on the reduction of blood pressure
Self-efficacy
Which of the following has the most impact to help a client transition from one stage of change to the next?
Erythropoietin
Which of the following hormones is released by the kidneys in response to an ascent to altitude?
Goals bring focus and energy toward the desired behavior.
Which of the following is MOST accurate regarding goal setting theory?
There are many staff positions that can be handled by individuals with disabilities.
Which of the following is MOST accurate regarding individuals with disabilities and the fitness industry?
Jumps in place
Which of the following is MOST appropriate for a novice athlete starting plyometric training
Various modes and components of exercise are safe under appropriate supervision
Which of the following is TRUE regarding exercise training for children and adolescents?
Increased peripheral resistance
Which of the following is a common characteristic of both primary and secondary hypertension?
Time-bound
Which of the following is a component of a well-stated goal that will help ensure program satisfaction?
documentation
Which of the following is a critical aspect of proper risk management?
Color your plate
Which of the following is a key recommendation of the 2010 USDA dietary guidelines
Conduct a familiarization period of no less than two weeks.
Which of the following is a recommended procedure for administering a 1-RM strength test?
Encouraging clients to communicate any changes in medication routine
Which of the following is a role of the EP-C regarding client use of prescription or over-the-counter medications?
AEDs in a facility shall be located within a 1.5-minute walk to any place in which they could potentially be needed
Which of the following is an ACSM standard for risk management and emergency procedures?
"I will run 4 days per week, gradually progressing my run time from 10 to 40 minutes, to prepare for a 5K in 4 months."
Which of the following is an example of a SMART goal?
A spouse who praises your client on the progress that has been made
Which of the following is an example of appraisal support?
positive feedback
Which of the following is an example of extrinsic motivation?
Fasting glucose ≥126 mg/dL.
Which of the following is considered a cardiovascular disease risk factor?
Excessive load on the body
Which of the following is considered an extrinsic risk factor for musculoskeletal injury?
Support behavior change strategies using Web-based tools
Which of the following is ideal for promoting exercise adherence?
EP-Cs do not possess the qualifications to recommend supplements unless they have the appropriate licenses
Which of the following is most accurate regarding EP-Cs recommending supplements to clients
Documenting client activities and events
Which of the following is required from an ethical and liability standpoint and will also help provide feedback and monitor progress?
(Of these 4 muscles the Prep U course only requires the gluteus maximus for the answer to this specific question, but its worth knowing all 4 of the muscles are responsible for the action of hip extension)
Which of the following is responsible for hip extension:
Helping the client predict how he will respond to the plateau
Which of the following is the LEAST effective strategy in helping a client get past barriers in his exercise program?
rating of percieved exertion scale
Which of the following is the MOST appropriate measure of exercise intensity for a client with cardiovascular disease?
Maintain proper hydration to avoid heat injuries
Which of the following is the MOST important safety consideration when working with children?
Previous and positive exercise experiences
Which of the following is the MOST reliable predictor for exercise participation?
The formation of plaque in the elastic and smooth lining of the arteries
Which of the following is the mechanism of injury that leads to coronary artery disease?
Sarcomere
Which of the following is the smallest contractile unit within a muscle?
Greater subcutaneous fat
Which of the following limits heat loss for an individual in a cold environment?
Isokinetic
Which of the following muscle actions controls the movement and maintains a constant speed throughout the range of motion?
Bodily Fluids
Which of the following must be handled in accordance with the guidelines of the U.S. Occupational Safety and Health Administration (OSHA)?
Adolescents
Which of the following populations should take precautions to maintain hydration in warm environments because their sweat rates are much lower in general?
Health belief model
Which of the following predicts that people engage in a health behavior depending on the perceived threat they feel regarding a health problem?
Plyometric training
Which of the following provides ideal stress on the bone to promote adaptations in the bone:
"Do you have any physical limitations related to the job?"
Which of the following questions must be avoided during a job interview?
"Be sure to push through your heels"
Which of the following statements is ideal for cueing a client as she performs a squat?
"Your ankle joint is much more stable"
Which of the following statements provides the MOST specific feedback?
Theory of planned behavior
Which of the following theories identifies intention as the primary influence that determines behavior?
Social cognitive theory
Which of the following theories of behavior change places a great emphasis on the client's thoughts and feelings?
Supraliac
Which of the following utilizes a DIAGONAL fold when assessing body composition via skinfold calipers
Designing a program that is productive and enjoyable
Which of the following will increase the likelihood that a new client will continue working with the EP-C?
Currently taking antihypertensive medication
Which of the following would be a risk factor threshold for hypertension?
Professional indemnity insurance
Which of the following would protect the EP-C against errors and omissions?
Symptoms of chest pain at rest
Which of the following would you expect to see in an individual with unstable angina?
Aerobic exercise on most or all days of the week, for 30 to 60 minutes, at a low intensity
Which routine would be BEST for a client with hypertension?
Revisit client goals during reassessments so they coincide with progress toward goals.
Which strategy is effective for improving exercise adherence?
Neuromotor
Which type of exercises help improve balance, agility, proprioception, gait, and coordination for the older adult
Interpersonal skills
While a manager will use precedent, policy, or procedure to handle conflict, a leader will use:
Adolescents at the same chronological age may have different biological ages
While play-based strengthening activities are best for very young children, older children, and adolescents can do well in structured programs: One important note for adolescents to consider in designing strength programs is:
Unable to externally rotate the shoulder joint past 60 degrees
While supine, your client performs ROM on the shoulder joint. She displays tightness in the infraspinatus and teres minor. You were led to this conclusion because the client was:
Acronym WISE
Wisdom Integrity Stewardship Enthusiasm
The American Heart Association
With which of the following organizations has ACSM published joint position stands regarding client screening, staffing, emergency policies, equipment, and procedures?
risk category for waist circumference in male and female adults. (very low, low, high, very high)
Women: very low <70cm Low 70-89cm High 90-110cm Very high >110 Men very low <80cm Low 80-9cm High 100-120cm Very high >120
Which of the following provides an opportunity to deliberately promote fitness services and products using minimal financial resources?
Word of mouth
Can most sedentary individuals safely begin a low-to moderate intensity PA Program without the need for baseline testing or medical clearance?
Yes indeed
Do individuals with cardiac, respiratory, metabolic, or musculoskeletal disorders need to be supervised by trained personnel?
Yes, when beginning an exercise program
Terminate the Assessment
You are performing a submaximal treadmill test for your client in which you are gradually increasing the speed and grade. You observe a normal response to heart rate and blood pressure during the first several stages. During the next increase in speed and grade, you observe that SBP drops about 12 mm HG. You should:
Terminate the assessment
You are performing a submaximal treadmill test for your client in which you are gradually increasing the speed and grade. You observe a normal response to heart rate and blood pressure during the first several stages. During the next increase in speed and grade, you observe that SBP drops about 12 mm Hg. You should:
Refrain from drinking any caffeinated beverages 30 minutes prior to the assessment.
You are ready to proceed with scheduling a fitness assessment with your client tomorrow. To get the most accurate heart rate response, you instruct your client to:
Increase her metabolism with aerobic activity and progressive strength training.
Your 40-year-old female client is ready to get started losing 15 pounds for the new year after being sedentary for about a year. She wants to focus on strength training as she has heard that this will help sculpt her body. You recommend that she:
Increase her metabolism with aerobic activity and progressive strength training
Your 40-year-old female client is ready to get starting losing 15 lbs for the new year after being sedentary for about a year. She wants to focus on strength training as she has heard that this will help sculpt her body. You recommend that she:
Educate her on how resistance training can help her gain lean muscle and raise resting metabolism
Your 50-year-old client wants to lose weight, but is concerned she will "get big" with strength training. Given her concerns, you should:
Acceptable if you work with reliable fitness equipment dealers to whom you refer the client.
Your client asks you to recommend a cardio machine for her home use. Helping your client in this way is considered:
Increase weight to 55kg and decrease reps to 8 (p. 98 Resources for the Exercise Physiologist 2nd ed.)
Your client can leg press one set of 12 repeitions, with a 50 kg load. What weight and repetition range would be most appropriate for progression?
Not allow him to train with inadequate shoes.
Your client forgot his athletic shoes and asks to train with you in his work boots. You should:
Visual Cues
Your client is having difficulty performing a strength exercise after you have demonstrated and provided verbal cues. You decide to demonstrate what he is doing and then contrast with the proper technique. He immediately performs the exercise correctly. Based on this, you should focus on teaching the client exercise primarily through:
Visual cues
Your client is having difficulty performing a strength exercise after you have demonstrated and provided verbal cues. You decide to demonstrate what he is doing and then contrast with the proper technique. He immediately performs the exercise correctly. Based on this, you should focus on teaching the client exercise primarily through:
Lower exercise intensities
Your client on a regimen of statins tells you her doctor diagnosed her with rhabdomyolysis. The impact to her exercise prescription includes increased exercise recovery time or:
"That's a specific and time-bound goal. Let's talk about how realistic that goal is within the time frame" (p. 321 ACSM's Resources for the Exercise Physiologist 2nd ed)
Your client sets a goal 25 pounds before her high school reunion in a month. An appropriate response would be:
Tactile
Your new client states that she likes to feel her muscles "tightening and firming up" during strength training. Based on this, you should provide primarily which type of cueing?
Gradually increase activity intensity and duration until minimum levels are achieved.
Your new youth client, age 11, doesn't meet the required minimum level of cardiovascular exercise. The best way to proceed is:
what is metabolic syndrome?
a clustering of metabolic factors that increase the risk of cardiorespiratory disease.
Type 1 and type 2 diabetes are defined by
a decrease in the production, release and/or effectiveness and action of insulin. Both results in increased blood glucose levels. (hyperglycemia) type 1: deficiency in blood insulin release. type 2: elevated blood glucose levels due to developed insulin resistance
Describe intermittent claudication
a major symptom of PAD characterized by aching, cramping or fatigue usually affecting the muscles of the calf
What is cardiac output?
a measure of blood pumped per minute. The product of stroke volume and heart rate.
fallacy
a mistaken belief, especially one based on unsound argument
define conflict of interest
a significant financial interest in a business or other direct or indirect personal gain provided by a business that may compromise an ACSM member's personal judgement.
Tetanus
a sustained muscular contraction resulting from a rapid series of nerve impulses
Theory of Planned Behavior (TPB)
a theory that predicts health behavior on the basis of three factors: personal attitude toward the behavior, the subjective norm regarding the behavior, and perceived degree of control over the behavior, occurs about 30%
Define exercise
a type o physical activity consisting of planned, structured and repetitive body movement done to improve or maintain physical fitness
a tort by definition is...
a wrongful act (whether on purpose or not) that cause insult, injury or death
cardiorespiratory endurance
ability of circulatory system and respiratory system to supply o2 during sustained physical activity
muscular endurance
ability of muscle to continue to perform without fatigue
define muscular strength
ability of muscle to exert force
define physical fitness
ability to carry out daily task with vigor and alertness without undue fatigue
Define agility
ability to change position of the body
Agility
ability to change position of the body in space with speed and accuracy
speed
ability to perform a movement within a short period of time
define speed
ability to perform movement within a short period of time
coordination
ability to use the senses together with body parts to perform tasks smoothly and accurately
contextual intelligence
abiloty to adapt or respond appropriately to any number of different contexts. The context is dertermined by environmental factors
which skin folds are vertical folds?
abs, triceps, biceps, medal calf, midaxillary, thigh
absolute oxygen consumption vs. relative oxygen consumption
absolute is the raw volume of O2 consumed by the body. Relative is the volume of O2 consumed relative to body weight. Useful to compare fitness levels between individuals.
acclimatization vs. acclimation
acclimatization - Physiological adaptation that occurs in response to a change in the "natural" environment. acclimation - physiological adaptation that occurs in response to EXPERIMENTALLY induced changes in climate.
Coronary Artery disease
accounts for the most cardiovascular deaths. The most prevalent types of CVD.
Symptoms of hyperglycemia
acetone odor on breath, confusion, slurred speech
patients wit CVD medications for dyslipidemia, and hypertension are common in that they .....
act in the liver to lower blood cholesterol, and in the kidney to lower blood pressure
At what stage are people at most risk of relapse?
action
exercise testing is a por predictor of
acute cardiac events inasymptomatic individuals
what is the aerobic exercise Time recommendation
adults should accumulate 30-60min a day (150min week) of moderate intensity, 20-60 min a day(75min week) of vigorous intensity or in bouts of 10min at a time
volume of resistance exercise sets and res recommendation
adults should train eash muscle group 2-4 sets with 8-12 reps with rest of 2-3min between sets
Promotion
advertising referrals direct mail/email internet sponsorship personal sales public relations
resistance training is as effectiv as
aerobic training
what is part of the conditioning phase of exercise session
aerobic, resistance, flexibility, neuromotor, sport related
affective well being cognitive well being
affective-presence of positie effectiveness and absence of negative cognitive-global life satisfaction
contracts are...
agreements pertaining to legal rights and obligations between individuals & collective bodies
cardiac output, stroke volume, heart rate, resting O2 uptake for pregnant women.
all increase.
what is the procedure for taking skin fold measurements
all measurements taken on the right side calipes on skin surface 1 cm away from thumb and finger pinch should be maintained wait 1-2sec before reading calipers reset clipers if measurements are not within 1-2mm
Vitamin D intake have increased for? what are the levels?
all populations but particularly children and older adults (65+). children and adolescents 1-18 600 IU Older adults 800IU
what is the purpose of the cool down
allow for gradual recovery of HR, BP , removal of metabolic products
what does insulin do?
allows blood sugar to be absorbed into cells to be used for energy.
tidal volume
amount of air leaving or entering with each breath, ranges from .5 to 4L
end diastolic volume
amount of blood in each ventricle at end of resting phase.
the principal behind skin fold method
amount of subcutaneous fat is proportionl to the total amount of body fat aproxx, 1/3 of total fat is subcutaneous
intrinsic rewards
anything that is fulfilling because of the internal pleasure. more sustainable over time.
patients with sternotomy heal without compication and achieve stability aprox. ______ weks, sternal instability has been observed in up t0 _____% of cases
aprox 8-10wks, instability up to 16%
Theory Y
assumption that employees are self-motivated, want responsibility and exercise self-direction
Theory X
assumption that most followers are inherently lazy and if given chance will avoid work
components of exercise training session: stretching
at least 10 min of stretching
components of exercise training session: conditioning
at least 20=60 min of aerobic, resistance, neuromotor and/or sport specific activity
components of exercise training session: cool down
at least 5-10 min of light to moderate intensity cardio/muscular endurance
components of exercise training session: warm up
at least 5-10 min of light to moderate intensity of cardio & muscular endurance
wht causes Peripheral artery disease(PAD)
atherosclerotic plaque leads to significant steosis and limitations of vasodilation, resulting in the reduction of blood flow to regions distal to the area of occulsion
a P-wave represents
atrial depolarization
Lewin's leadership style
autocratic-leader makes decisions and does not consult with others democratic- leader involves peers in decision making process Laissez-faire- followers make their own decision, but leader is still ultimately responsible.
Rheumatoid
autoimmune chronic inflammatory disease affecting the synovial lining of joints and other connective tissue. Slow progressive disease.
to maintain ICD implntation what should be avoided and for how long
avoid upper body activities for 3-4 weeks lower body is fine
what 2 stretch are similar in increasing ROM and may be considered for older adults
ballistic stretching and static stretching
Case Law (common law)
based on court descisions
Why is the supine position avoided in pregnant women?
because the expanded uterus compresses on the inferior vena cava and reduces venous blood flow back to the heart. Supine positions may exacerbate this situation.
what is the single greatest contributor to how management practice is understood today
behavioral approach
osteopenia
between normal and osteoporosis. describes those at risk for osteoporosis.
Hyperglycemia symptoms
blood glucose is >300mg.dl, fatigue,increased thirst, acetone breath
hypoglycemia
blood glucose of <70, weakness, anxiety
what happens when you take in too much protein
body can only absorb so much protein at a time. 40-50 grams. Stores the rest as fat.
BMI calculated by dividing
body weight(kg)/ height(m^2)
define ballistic stretching
bouncing
tort law
breach of legal duty amounting to civil wrong or injury for which a court will provide compensation/damage
what percent of macro nutrients uptake in carbs, fats, and proteins
carbs-45-65% fats- 20-35% proteins- 10-35%
the best exercise Rx sinclude what aspects
cardirespiratory fitness muscular endurance muscular strength flexibility body comp neuromotor fitness
Negligence
careless neglect, often resulting in injury
organic leadership model
centers around the group as a team.
leader member exchange theory (LMX)
centers on "interactions" b/w leader and follower
leader-member exchange theory
centers on the interactions between the leader and follower.
Central obesity versus gynoid
central (apple, or abdominal) vs. pear shaped (hips and thighs)
7 site formula sites
chest, midaxillary, triceps, subscapular, abdomen, suprailiac, thigh
which skin folds are diagonal?
chest, sub scapular, suprailiac
age difference between children, adolescents, and older adults
children: younger than 13 adolescents: 13-18 older adults: 65+
LDL-c is defined as the primary target for ____ by the ________________(guidelines of treatment of BCRACRA)
cholesterol lowering therapy by the guidelines of treatment of Blood Cholesterol to Reduce Atherosclerotic Cardiovascular Risk in Adults
heat syncope
circulatory failure by pooling of blood, lower half light haddedness, loss of conciousness
what are the classifications of recommendations for outpatient and levels of evidence
class 1: agreement that a treatment is useful and effective class2: conflicting evidence of opinions about usefulness or treatment class 3: there is evidence or agreement tht the prcedure is not useful and in some cases harmful Level A:data from multiple random clinical trials Level B: data from single randomized trial Level C; consensus of experts
describe Gulick tape measure
cloth tape with spring loaded handle standardizes the tension of the tape on the skin and improves consistence of measurement
Muscle spindles
collection of 3 to 10 muscle fibers that are innervated by a motor neuron. Provide info about rate of change in a muscle.
body composition metods can very in terms of
complexity, cost, and accuracy
What is the social ecological model
comprehensive approach integrating multiple variables or layers that influence behavior. Each layer has an impact on the next. It helps identify opportunities to promote participation in PA by recognizing multiple variables that may influence a person's choices.
what are the most comma causes d SCD(sudden Cardiac death)
congenital and hereditary abnormalities such as: hypertrophic cardiomyopathy, coronary artery disease, and aortic stenosis
appropriate cool down/recovery should be initiated consisting of either (2 things)
continued exercise at a work rate = to the first stage or lower
the relationship between BP and risk for CVD is _____, _______, and _____ of other risk factors
continuous, consistent, and independent
actin and myosin
contractile proteins; form crossbridges and slide past one another during contraction. Thin and thick filaments
Price
cost of delivery (overall cost to give client what they want) acceptable profit margin (price is too low, people are skeptical of the product's quality) market value- balance between perceived value and the demand for the product.
if the presence or absence of a risk factor is not discussed it should be....
counted as a risk factor
Total Quality Management (TQM)
create consistency of purpose for improved product/service
what types of periodic tests help indicate alterations in renal function
creatine, Glomarular filtration rate(GFR), blood urea nitrogen(BUN)
what are the guideline for inpatient CR
current clinical assessment status mobilization edu of modifiable risk factors, and self care discharge planning or PA and activities of daily living(ADL)
noncurrent liabilities. examples
debts and expanses that are not due in the next 12 months. future loan payments, deferred rent or revenue
beta blockers
decrease/lower HR. increase exercise capacity
define Low Back Pain
defined as pain, muscle tension or stiffness below the ribcage and above the glute fold
sarcopenia
degeneration loss of muscle mass and strength as a result of ageing and reduced PA, increas risk of musculoskeletal injury
what is the measurement unit for flexibility
degrees
Progression
demands placed on the body must be continually and progressively increased over time. Increase at 5% to 10% per week and decrease the reps by 2 to 4 when a given load can be performed for the desired number of reps.
behavioral approach is what type of style of management
democratic
Using waist circumference alone
describes abdominal fat measurement. health risks are higher when measurement is 35+ in for women and 40+ for men.
intensity of exercise raining is usually determned as a ____ and describe what that means...
determined as a range which means the caculation needs to be done twice, once for the lower limit and once for the upper limit of desired intensity range
goals for outpatient CR
develop and assist patient to implement safe PA and lifestyle ongoing surveillance to patient health care provider return patient to vocational ad recreational activities provide education to family/ partners
define implantable cardiovertable defibrillator(ICD)
devide that monitors heart rythms and delives electrical shock in life threating situations, used for high rate ventricular tachycardia, cardiac arrest, HF, or ineffective drug thearpy
Talk test method
differentiates between moderate and vigorous activity. If they can talk, but not sing it is moderate. If they are unable to say more than a few words without pausing for a breath it is vigourous.
paroxysmal nocturnal dyspnea
difficulty breathing while asleep
The female athlete triad.
disordered eating amenorrhea osteoporosis
How to calculate BMI. Limitations of BMI?
divide weight (kg) by height (meters squared). 1kg = 2.2 lbs 1in = 2.54cm 1m = 100cm Does not differentiate between fat and fat free mass. Not a true measure of body fatness.
syncope
dizziness from loss of perfusion to the brain this suggest hypertrophic cardiomyopathy, aortic stenosis, and malignant ventricular dysrhythmias
when should exercise test be administered to those done with out patient and what should you consider when conducting tests
done early 2-3weeks after discharge, or later 3-6 weeks, consider test should be symptom limited and use standatrd testing, test completed while patient is stable on guideline based meds(B blockers)
indication of ex test termination
drop in SBP >10mm chest pain fatigue/short breath
what does DEXA stand for
duel energy x-ray absorptiometry
after intro then you should...
dynamic warm up for 5/10 min
inpatient CR (phase 1) refers to what
early assessment and mobilization, identification and education of CVD, PAR-Q, and comprehensive discharge planning
eccentric, concentric, isometric, isokenetic
eccentric-muscle while it is lengthening under load concentric-muscles to shorten isometric-type of strength training in which the joint angle and muscle length do not change during contraction. Isometrics are done in static positions, isokinetic-produce movements of a constant speed
infromation obtained fro health related PA exam is used for what?
educate the participant abut current health fitness status, provide data to help make exercise Rx, collect follow up data to witch progression of exercises, motivate individuals by establishing reasonable goals
authoritarian management has a high concern for ___ and a low concern for ____
efficiency;employees
Hyperlipidemia
elevated blood cholesterol and triglyceride levels caused by genetic and environmental factors. Low HDL's and/or High LDL's
Social Cognitive Theory (SCT)
emphasizes reciprocal determinism (interaction b/w individuals & their environments)
country-club management has a high concern for ___ and a low concern for ___
employees;production
Statutory law (legislative law)
enacted by federal and state governments. Imposes duties or restriction upon individuals.
RPE and rating scales should be monitored near the ___ of the ___ minute of each stage
end; last
Low back pain *drawing in maneuver
endurance of core musculature is more critical than strength focus on bracing
define negative energy balance
energy expenditure must exceed energy intake.
define positive energy balance
energy intake exceeds energy expenditure
define thermic effect of food
energy required to eat and digest food. The more physically active, the more active their metabolism TEE
what are the 6 factors that effect a persons RPE interpretation
environment thirst mood physiological factors exercise mode age
servant leadership theory
establishes that organizational performance is 2nd to the relationship b/w leader and followers
Define Obesity
excessive accumulation of body fat and is associated with a body mass index of 30+. combo of increased calorie intake and decreased daily physical activity are the primary contributors.
transactional leadership
exchanging one this for another. Closely resembles a manager.
early onset fatigue is common in
exercise
What is the overload principle?
exercise below a minimum threshold will not challenge the body sufficiently to result inf physiological changes including VO2max
hypglycemia risk is higher during and immediately following
exercise but can occur 12 hrs or more post exercise
In general, exercise recommendations for children
exercise is safe as well as resistance training. just make it age appropriate.
what are different aspects in interval training that can be adjusted
exercise mode, number of exercises, duration, intensity, recovery intervals, number of reps
chronic HF is characterized by
exertional dyspnea and fatigue in setting of HFrEF
what are th proper breathing techniques
exhale during concentric phase(shorting) inhale during eccentric phase(lengthenin), avoid Valsalva maneuver
Psychological Theories
explanations for political behavior based on psychological analysis of political actors' motives
define gynoid obesity
fat in the thighs or hips
During adulthood individuals tend to gain ___ and ___ and tend to lose____
fat mass and body weight and tend to lose fat-free mass.
define visceral fat
fat within and surrounding thoracic and abdominal cavity
sympathetic and parasympathetic
fight and flight/ homeostasis
liabilities examples
financial obligations or credits owed by the business. accounts payable, income tax, accruals, rent
Social cognitive theory
first known as social learning theory. Emphasizes interaction between individuals and their environments.
civil lawsuits are most common within which industry?
fitness
define dynamic stretch
flow of movement from one to the next repetedly
Key to social cognitive theory
focus on what they CAN do. not what they CAN'T do.
pregnant women need as increase dietary need for....
folic acid (B vitamin to prevent serious birth defects) and iron.
laissez-faire style:
followers make their own decisions
what are the most common measurements taken from the spirometric test
forced vital capacity(FVC), forced expiatory volume i 1 second(FEV1.0), (FEV1.0/FVC) ratio, and peak expiratory flow(PEF)
tachycardia
forceful beating of heart result from vular regurgitation palpation are caused by anxiety states and high cardiac output
bureaucratic model of management
formalized and centralized, have firm hierarchy and divide labor
atherogenesis
formation of fatty plaque on the wall of an artery
health belief model
framework that outlines a persons health behavior that is based on health beliefs
what insurance coverage should an EP-C have?
general & professional
goal of motivational interviewing
generate change talk
what % of adults are inactivev , meet aerobic capacity, strength capacity, and both aerobic and strength
globally 31.1% of adults are inactive 51.6% meet aerobic guidelines 29.3 meet strength guidelines 20.6 meet both strength and aerobic
What is HbA1c?
glycolated hemoglobin
what ecreases blood ph and makes it more acidic
glycoloysis produces more Hydrogen ions
list devices used to measure flexability
goniometers,electrogonioeters, Leighton flexometer, inclinometers, tape measures
contract law
governs agreements that are enforceable in court
criminal law
governs the conduct of both individuals and groups toward society as a whole
health risk is very high for women when WHR is
greater than 0.86
women 60-69 should not have WHR of...
greater than 0.90
health risk is very high for men when WHR is
greater than 0.95
men 60-69 should not have WHR of...
greater than 1.03
Risk Criteria for waist circumference WOMEN: very high
greater than 110 (43.5in)
Risk Criteria for waist circumference MEN: very high
greater than 120cm (47in)
very high LDL Cholesterol
greater than or = 190
if less than 45 yr, pre-diabetes should only be counted if BMI is...
greater than or = 25
what diabetes can pregnate women get
gstrointestinal diabetes @ 20 weeks reg
Define myocardial infarction
hEART ATTACK. results in heart tissue death.
Civil lawsuits
handle disputed between two parties, organizations, businesses and governmental agencies. Most cases you will encounter will fall here.
explain a dual chamber and what it indicates
have 2 leads placed in right atrium and one in right ventricle, indicate physiologic pacing to reestablish a normal sequence and timing of contractions between upper and lower chambers of heart
what needs to be done before paticent gets to testing site?
have consnt from participant, calibrate all equipment monthly if not more, room temp between 68F and 72F humiditiy less than 60%,
HIPAA is what?
health insurance portability and accountability act - protect privacy of clients health info & identifiable health info for client and EP-C
positive risk factor for FAMILY HISTORY
heart attack, coronary revascularization or sudden death in family BEFORE age 55 (in dad or 1st degree relative)
why do we warm up
heme/blood feed tissue catalizatin so less energy intake early sweating
HR, strove volume, and cardiac output in children
higher HR, lower stroke volume, higher cardiac output.
Exercise for pregnant women and recommendations
highly encouraged. Those physically active before pregnancy can exercise at a higher level than those more sedentary. ensure proper hydration. exercise 30 minutes of moderate intensity exercise on most days of the week.
body volume can be measured by what 2 methods
hydrodensitomoty(water displacement) and plethysmography(air displacement)
3 abnormal curves of the spine
hyperkyphosis, hyperlordosis, scoliosis
excess body fat accumulated around the abdomen is associated with what chronic diseases
hypertension, metaboic syndrome(metsya) type 2 diabetes mellitus, stroke, CVD, and dyslipidemia
List Cardiovascular risk factors:
hypertension, obesity, dyslipidemia, diabetes, CVD-- heart failure, valvular dysfunction(aortic stenosis/ mitral valve disease), myocardial infarction, and other acute coronary syndromes
what is the most common aute concern for individuals taking insulin or creatine
hypoglycemic
define a model
hypothetical depiction of a behavior or situation
What is the theory of planned behavior?
identifies intension as the primary influence determining behavior. intension + perceived behavioral control
Waist to hip ratio
identify people with more central abdominal fat. Divide the circumference of the waist by the circumference of the hips (buttocks/hips) in inches.
self-monitoring
important in the initial days of adaptation to keep the person accountable and on track. Continue for entire adoption phase (up to 6 months)
what are health benifits of resistance traning
imporved body composition, blood glucose,insulin sensitivity, and blood pressure
improvement of VO2peak in cardiac transplant patients is due to
improved chronotropic response and improved peripheral effects(oxidative capacity), of metabolic active skeletal muscle
pressure system model
in order for chnge to occure increase motivation and decrease resistance
What is the amortization phase?
in plyometrics it is the amount of time it takes to change direction from eccentric to concentric. Should be as short as possible. (<0.1s) to maximize training adaptations.
hygiene factors = increase or decrease job satisfaction?
increase
motivators = increase or decrease job satisfaction?
increase
chornotropic compotience
increase work but not increased cardiac output
dehydration may contribute to
increased blood glucose
what are improvements of cardiovascular and respiratory function because of regular exercise
increased capillary density in skeletal muscle increased exercise threshold for accumulation of lactate in the blood increased exercise threshold for the onset of disease sign or symptoms decrease HR and BP decrease myocardial oxygen cost
Summation
increased force of contraction by a skeletal muscle fiber when a twitch occurs before the previous twitch relaxes
rate response in pacemakers
increse or decrease HR to match level of PA
What is a contraindication
individual's characteristic that make PA more risky
Social Ecological Model
individual, interpersonal, organizational, community, public policy
civil lawsuits handle disputes between who?
individuals, orgs, businesses and governmental agencies where 2 parties: the injured and the EP-C present their case
Arthritis. 2 types.
inflammation of a joint.
Phases of tissue healing
inflammatory phase (2-3 days) (edema)-fluid in surrounding tissues that act as a brace. repair- 3-5 days after lasting up to 2 months. Exercise during this phase remodeling-weakened repaired tissue.
Transactional model of leadership
influence based on reward and punishment. capitalize productivity and efficiency.
Sprian definition, signs and symptoms. most common sites, treatment
injury to a ligament. most common is ankle due to inversion. RICE
Strain definition, signs and symptoms. most common sites, treatment
injury to a muscle or tendon acute pain, muscle pain and dysfunction usually becomes more apparent 1-2 days after the the injury because of DOMS. most common in the calf and thigh (quads and hamstrings) rates I to III. III is the worst RICE
CR is delivered to both .....
inpatient and outpatient by reversing/slowing atherosclerotic process
management Grid
intended to measure the relationship b/w one's concern for people and production
contemplation
intending to alter behavior within next 6 months and are aware
what is the primary influence in determining behavior according to TPB?
intention
preparation
intention of increasing PA in immediate future - may have specific plan - are doing some PA
theory of planned behavior (TPB)
intention-based model use to explain PA behavior across many populations
____directly reflects the individuals level of ______ to perform the desired behavior
intention;motivation
a cold environment may aggravate the symptoms of ______ _____
intermittent claudication
extrinsic vs. intrinsic motivation.
intrinsic is more likely to maintain PA. Extrinsic is doing it for weight control, weight loss, and stress reduction.
how is intensity and time related ?
inversely related
passive static stretching
involves assuming a position while holding a limb or other part of the body with or without the assistance of a partner or device (such as elastic bands or a ballet barre)
Define active stretching
involves holding stretch for a period of time useing antagonist muscles
systolic vs diastolic
is contractile heart movement, blood is leaving the heart. Pressure against arteriol walls . is relaxation or blood filling the heart
Propriceptive neuromuscular facilitation (PNF)
isometric contraction of specific muscle group followed by static stretch of same muscle group
limitation of a PAR-Q?
it can only be identify those who are at high risk - can't tell between low or moderate risk
What happens to resting HR as stroke volume increases?
it decreases, as more blood being pumped per beat allows the heart to beat less often.
if there is no CVD risk factor mentioned...
it should be counted unless they have pre-diabetes
multiply the following conversions by lb>kg in>cm ft>m mi>km mi.h>mi.min kg.m.min>W W>kg.m.min L.min>kcal.min MET>mL.kg.min mL<> L
lb>kg=.454 in>cm=2.54 ft>m=.3048 mi>km=1.609 mi.h>m.min=26.8 kg.m.min>W=.164 W>kg.m.min=6.12 L.min>kcal.min=4.9 MET>mL.kg.min=3.5 mL<>L = kg/1000
democratic stye:
leader includes peers in decision making
autocratic style:
leader makes decisions on their own
Path-goal leadership theory
leader sets up a path to a specific goal for the team
Visionary model of leadership
leader using emotion to inspire and create buy-in by the followers.
visionary model (aka charismatic or transformational):
leader using emotion to inspire/create followers
classical model of leadership:
leaders power/influence is considered innate (born with it)
Situational leadership theory
leadership style is adapted by the leader's diagnosis of the subordinant
Risk Criteria for waist circumference WOMEN: very low
less than 70cm (28.5in)
Risk Criteria for waist circumference MEN: very low
less than 80 cm (31.5 in)
optimal LDL Cholesterol
less then 100
what are the METs for light, moderate, and vigorous PA
light is 2.0-2.9 MET moderate is 3.0-5.9MET vigorous is anything grater than or equal to 6.0 MET
HRR, VO2R, METs, RPE light moderate heavy
light-30-39% HRR or VO2R, 2-2.9 METs, 9-11 RPE mod- 40-59% HRR or VO2R, 3-5.9 METs, 12-13 RPE heavy- 60 grater or equal HRR or VO2R, 6 grater or equal METs, 14 grater or equal RPE
What are Golgi Tendon Organs?
located in the musculotendinous junction. respond to changes in muscle tension.
ACSM has accepted AACVPR outpatient risk stratification because it
looks at full prognosis and their potential for rehabilitation
orthopnea or paroxysmal nocturnal dyspnea
loss of conscious at rest in recumbent position nocturnal dyspnea occurs 2-5 hrs after onset of sleep both suggest left ventricular dysfunction relived by bowl movements
define hyponatremia
low blood sodium (drink too much water)
osteopenia/osteoporosis
low bone density
Define hypokalemia
low potassium during exercise=stroke like symptoms
Most common musculoskeletal injuries occur in what area of the body?
lower body- particularly the knee or foot
patients with HFrEF exhibit lower
lower peak HR, Stroke volume, CO, exercise is reduced 30-40%
define balance
maintenance of equilibrium
balance
maintenance of equilibrium while stationary OR moving
maintenance
mainting PA and working to prevent relapse for at least 6 months
Self-liberation
making a firm commitment to change
difference between maximal and sub maximal testing
maximal testing requires individual to exercise to point of volitional fatigue and is expensive submaximl is used to determine HR response for 1 or more sub maximal tests and used to predict VO2max
unusual fatigue or shortness of breath
means a change in CVD or metabolic disease
Procedures for skinfolds
measure all on the right side of the body pinch with thumb and index finger 1cm away from the center mark wait 1-2 sec before reading the caliper measure perpendicular to the skinfold.
take another circumference measurement if...
measurements are not within 5 mm
what assessments should be performed when physician refers outpatient to programs
medical and surgical history physical exam specific to cardiopulmonary and muscloskeletal systems review of recent CV tests and procedures current mediations include the dose, administration and freq. CVD risk factors
appropriate components of the medical history may include...
medical diagnosis and medical history procedure previous physical examination lab findings-hba1c history of symptoms recent illness orthopedic problems-arthritis, joint swelling medication use exercise history employment history family history of cardiac, pulmonary, or metabolic disease, stroke, or sudden death
a comprehensive preexercise evaluation in the clinical setting generally consists of ...
medical history, risk factor assessment, physical examination , and lab test results all of which should be documented
risk fctors for waist
men-102 women-88
Central abdominal obesity is associated with..
metabolic syndrome.
malfeasance
misconduct or wrongdoing, especially by a public official
management = ___ risk
mitigating/reduce
what is the aerbic exercise Intensity recommendation
mod.(40-59% HHR or VO2R) to vig. (60-89%HRR or VO2R) intensity is recomended for most adults and light(30-39%HRR orVO2R) for untrained adults. Interval training is good to increase total volume or avg exercise intensity
path-goal leadership theory:
modification of situational leadership = involves leader setting a path to specific goal
osteoarthritis
more prevalent with age. bone remodeling at the joint and overgrowth occurs. Thought to be the result of mechanical injury due to excessive loading or repeated low-force stressors.
acute mountain sickness
more rest time is required at high altitude have headach, poor sleep, neasua, mild swelling peak at about 18-22hrs, recover after 24-28hrs
heat exaustion
most common, fatigue, weakness vomiting give oral fluds
limitation of informed consent/health history forms?
most forms don't make recommendations based on intensity of the proposed exercise program
summation
motor unit has more than 1 stimulus
tetanus
motor unit stimulated constantly
static stretching may result in short term decreases of....
musce strength, power, and sport performnce
heat ramps
muscle spams caused by soium loss an water loss respond to rest and stretching
what type of exercise is recommended for older adults 65 older and why
muscular power, because insufficent power is associated with more risk of falls
what is most common exercise related risk and the most common factors that cause this
musculoskeletal injury most commonly caused by the intensity and type of exercise
Peak VO2 method
must have measured or estimated VO2max. Target VO2 = VO2max X intensity desired
Rae pressure product(RPP) =
myocardial workload
according to health belief model, an individual examines the _____ aspects of a particular health action and does what?
negative; weighs negative with the positive
most cases filed against fitness facilities are accusing of...
negligence
a motor neuron a motor unit
neuron=actual nerve that intervates unit=nerve and all muscles it intervates
does the good samaritan law apply to EP-C while on the job?
no
there are ____ universal excepted norms for body composition
no
Explain the ATP-PC system
no oxygen uses creatine lasts less then 15 sec
Explain glycolysis system
no oxygen use glycogen>pyruvate,glucose>lactate lasts <1min
transactional model:
no real vision - influence based on contracts/negotiations b/w leader and workers
SCD and AMI are usually triggered by the rapid progression of a previously
non obstructive lesion
What are anthropometric measures?
noninvasive and quantitative techniques for determining body size by measuring specific body dimensions.
what is the normal BP, prehypertension, stage 1 prehypertension, stage 2 prehypertension
normal=120/80 prehypertension SBP=120-139/ DBP=80/89 stage 1 SBP=140-159/ DBP 90-99 stage 2 SBP= / DBP= >160/>100
positive risk factor for SEDENTARY
not doing 30 min of moderate intensity PA (40%-<60% VO2R) on at least 3 days of the week for at least 3 months
Pre-contimplation
not intending to take actioning within the next 6 months - could be bc they are uninformed or not motivated/have had failed attempts
well-being is ____ (Economic)or ______ (life satisfaction)assessment f ones life
objective or subjective
When creating or adopting an informed consent document, the EP-C should always:
obtain appropriate legal counsel
what does Cardiac rehabilitation(CR) consist of?
of coordinated, multifacited interventions designed to reduce rate or mortality, foster healthy behavior, an dpromote active life style
emergency drills should be practiced at leaset
once every 3 months or more if change in staff
self-efficacy
one's confidence in their ability to engage in PA. derived from social cognitive theory. The more confident one feels in their ability to succeed the more likely they are to engage in the behavior.
define negligence
one's failure to act. Overwhelming majority of cases against trainers are negligence.
The MOST important reasons for maintaining collaborative relationships with health care professionals
optimize client outcomes and identify risk factors
case law
or "common law" based on decisions of courts and administrative tribunals
servant leadership
organizational performance is secondary to the relationship between the leader and follower
origin vs. insertion.
origin is the part the doesn;t move. insertion is the part that moves.
what is % or american adults over weight, obese, and what is child obease %?
overweight adults 68.6% obese adults 34.9% obese adolescents 31.8%
demonstration of exercise is especially important in _____ populations
overweight or obese
Claudication
pain in the leg is induced by exercise, usually because of an artery obstruction.
intermittent claudication (IC)
pain in the leg muscles that occurs during exercise - relieved by rest - associated with peripheral vascular disease / diabetes
Define myocardial ischemia
partial impairment of coronary artery artery blood flow reduces oxygen to cardiac tissue.
improvised management has a low concern for...
people and production
self determination theory
people have 3 basic physiological needs that must be met in order to engage in behavior
what are the different ways to measure intensity of physical activity
percent of oxygen uptake reserve(VO2R) heart rate reserve (HRR) oxygen consumption(VO2) heart rate(HR) metabolic equivalents (METs)
define emphysema
permanent enlargement of airspaces along with necrosis of alveolar walls
Which muscles are prime movers for eversion of the ankle joint?
peroneus longus and brevis
Motivational Interviewing
person-centered technique to strengthen motivation for change. *individuals become more committed to what they say to themselves than what they hear from others.
civil law
pertains to personal responsibilities that an individual or group must observe when dealing with other individuals/groups
list energy systems in order they are used
phosocreatine(ATP-Pcr) Glycolysis oxidative
pulse palpation technique is..
place second and third finger(index and middle)over radial artery, near thumb of wrist, counted for 30-60 sec
HR auscultation stethoscope method(most accurate)
place stethoscope left of sternum just above nipple level
there is a ______ _____ response of health benefits that results from increased exercise intensity
positive dose
If pre-diabetes criteria is missing or unknown...
pre-diabetes should only be counted for those greater than or = 45yr
Transtheoretical Model
precontemplation, contemplation, preparation, action, maintenance
factos to consider when guideing someone throgh CR
premorbid activity level, vocational and avocational goals, and requirements, and personal fitness goals
Scope of practice for pulmonary disease patients for EP-C
prepared to work with a well-controlled asthma client but refer COPD and CRRD clients.
Define athlerosclerosis
process where fatty streaks develop, causing the artery wall the thicken while reducing the luminal diameter. begins with a focal injury to the lining of the artery and eventually causes damage to the endothelium. The endothelium then becomes more permeable to lipids , allowing LDL's to move easily through where they are oxidized by macrophages. creating fatty streaks and plaque formation begins.
middle of the road management has a moderate concern for ...
production and employee satisfaction
team/democratic management has a high concern for both...
production and morale
equal pay act of 1963
prohibits different pay on basis of gender
civil rights act of 1964
prohibits discrimination of race, color, gender, religion or national origin
Americans with disabilities act of 1990 (ADA)
prohibits employment discrimination to basis of disabilities or perceived disabilities
trait theory aka "great man":
promotes idea that being a "superior leader" is all about genetics
negligence is concerned with the ___ and ___ in dealing with clients
prudence and caution
situational leadership theory:
purpose is to open up communication and increase quality & frequency of conversations about performance/development
Define flexibility
range of motion available at a joint
Borg's RPE scale. What level is recommended to improve cardiorespiratory fitness?
ranges from 6 to 20. from no exertion at all to maximal exertion. 11 to 16 to improve CRF.
define power
rate at which one can perform work
What is the MOST appropriate course of action the EP-C should take with a client who is overtraining?
reduce exercise intensity by 50%
what disease risk factors are reduced in cardiovascular with regular exercise
reduced resting systolic/diastolic pressure reduced insulin, improves glucose tolerance reduced blood platelet adhesive and aggregation reduced inflammation
how often should the clients appearance and symptoms be monitored and recorded?
regularly
Triponin and tripomyosin
regulate bridging of actin and myosin
what are the regulatory and contractle proteins in skeletal muscle
regulatory=troponin, tropomyosin contractile=actin,myosin
define body composition
relative amount of fat, muscle, and bone and other vital body parts
Body composition
relative amounts of muscle, fat, bone, and other vital parts of the body
what are 2 ways to lable VO2max
reletive= mL.kg.min absolute= mL. min
a health related physical fitness test shoud be what 3 things
reliable, valid, and idelly inexpensive
basic body masss is expressed as
relitive % of body mass that is fat and fat free tissue
stimulus control
remove cues for neg. behavior, add positive avoidenve
Plantar fasciitis
repeated trauma of the plantar fascia. common in running athletes. Stretching is incorporated
more adiposites = more ___ hormone
resistine = increased weight
define Resting energy expenditure what influences it the most?
resting metabolism! energy required to maintain normal regulatory balance and body functions at rest. Also called basal energy expenditure. The amount of calories a person uses if they want to do no activity throughout the day. lean body mass influences it because it is more metabolically active than fat.
what is the aerobic exercise Type recommendation
rhythmic aerobic exercise is made for all individuals, sport related is for more skilled individuals
which brain lobe is avoidence and approach
right-avoidence left-approach
aerobic capacity has an invere relationship with
risk f premature death
the main purpose of BP treatmnt is to decrease...
risk of CVD mobidity, mortality, and renal morbidity
in muscle contractions where is calcium released
sarcoplasmic reticulum
What is the CR-10 scale of exertion? (Borg's category ratio scale)
scale of 0 to 10. in which 0 is sitting and 10 is max effort possible. 5-6 is mod. 7-8 is vig.
recoverinv activities should include within 48 hrs
self care leg and arm ROM posture changes supervised ambulations all equals decrased atrophy
one key concept to SCT is...
self efficacy: confidence in ones ability to successfully engage and perform a specific behavior
What is rate pressure product?
serves as an estimate of myocardial oxygen demand. Product of HR and Systolic BP. HR X SBP
emotional intelligence
set of skills (street smarts) that include awareness of self and others. The ability to handle emotions and relationships.
patients with absolute contraindications...should not or should... perform exercise tests until such conditions are stabilized/treated
should NOT
what pacemaker indicates chronic artial fibrillation
single chambered pacemakers with only one lead placd into right atrium or right ventrical
what muscle fiber has more myoglobin
slow twitch
contusion
soft-tissue hemorrhage and/or hematoma that occurs after the disruption of the muscle fibers.
action
specific measurable changes have been made in past 6 months
stable ischemia vs. unstable ischemia
stable: result of increased O2 demand of the heart (as seen with exercise) increased chest pain (angina) and decreased exercise capacity because of reduced blood supply to the heart. unstable: more severe often seen at rest with time of little exertion and oxygen demand. May be a warning sign that a heart attack is imminent.
what does hydrostatic weighing assume
standard densities for muscle bone and fat
during start of exercise program what principal should be followed to reduce risk of adverse CV events
start low go slow
if HR is > 110 ppm what should happen?
steady state HR (two HR within 5 bpm) should be reached before the workload is increased
a low HDL-C is ____ and _____ related to CVD risk
strongly and inversely
Blood flow from periphery
superior and inferior venae cavae, right atrium, tricuspid valve, right ventricle, pulmonic semilunar valve, pulmonary arteries, and lungs
cardiac pcemakers are used to restore optimal HR at rest and to sync...
sync right and left ventricles contractions in the setting of the left bundle branch block(LBBB)
Define a theory
systematic view of a behavior by specifying relationships between variables and predicting specific behaviors and situations
ACSM updated Rx health screening alogarithm for exercise professionals to .....
systematically determine a participants need for medical clearance prior to starting an exercise program
What blood pressure response to acute exercise is seen in children that is different when compared to adults?
systolic BP increases, diastolic BP decreases
Symptoms of hypoglycemia
tachycardia, excessive sweating (diaphoresis), light-headedness, visual disturbances
main rules for taking circumference measurements
take all measurements once then come around for a second time, average the 2 measurements as long as they do not differ more than 5mm
whats the first thing you do before a submit CRF test?
take resting BP and HR
leadership = ___ risk
taking risks
extrinsic rewards
tangible things earned in response to completing a task. Help increase motivation in the initial stages of change.
what is the aerobic exercise Volume recommendation
targer volume of 500-1000MET-min.wk for most adults, this is arpprox related to 1000kcal wk of moderate PA(150min wk)
transformational leadership
that which inspires and motivates others
define cardio respiratory fitness
the ability of the circulatory and respiratory system to supply oxygen during sustained physical activity
define muscular endurance
the ability of the muscle to continue to perform without fatigue
Relative contraindications to exercise
the benefit of exercise outweighs the risk of testing. Left main coronary stenosis, moderate stenotic valvular heart disease, Electrolyte abnormalities, severe atrial hypertension, tachy or bradydysrhythmia, hypertrophic myopathy, most disorders exacerbated by exercise, uncontrolled metabolic disease, chronic infectious disease, Mental impairment, AV block.
overestimatin occures when
the exercises are o agressive when tredmill test is administered and participany need excessive use of handles
the #1 priority of any facility should be...
the health and safety of its members
VO2max is closely related to the functional capacity of
the heart
Leadership Trait Theory
the idea that someone is born to lead. can awaken dormant traits over time
BP should be monitored when?
the list min of each stage and repeated in the event of a hypertensive/hypotensive response
scientific management is
the organization and supervision of jobs and duties based on the manager's direct observation of the job
define Total Energy Expenditure
the total number of calories expended each day and reflects th amount of energy required to carry out all metabolic processes within the body
Define Stroke Volume
the volume of blood the heart ejects with each beat.
motivator-hygiene theory
there are factors that contribute separately to job satisfaction and dissatisfaction
when individuals or groups violate civil laws...
they can be sent to noncriminal court
fixed assets
things that have been aquired for long term use by the business. property, equipment, office furniture
define reaction
time elapsed between stimulation
reaction time
time elapsed between stimulation and the beginning of the reaction to said stimulus
Overload
to enhance muscular fitness, the body must exercise at a level beyond that at which it is normally stressed. Manipulated by changing the INTENSITY, DURATION, or FREQUENCY
3 site formula sites (women)
triceps suprailiac thigh or abdominal.
Orthopnea
trouble breathing while lying down
for kids incorporate exercises that specially focus on the....
trunk
Social Cogitative Theory
tske perspective of humas as a whole
weight gained during pregnancy
typically 26lbs.
enough information must be present in the informed consent process to ensure the participant knows and ...
understands the purpose and risks associated with the test or exercise program in health/fitness or clinical setting
define coordination
use the senses to perform task smoothly an accurately
when is VO2peak used
used when leveling off VO2 does not occur or max performance is limited by muscle factors and not circulatory dynamics
explain oxidative system
uses oxygen uses protein, fats, carbs glucose>H2O,Glycogen>Co2 lasts 2hrs-2dys
variable expense vs. fixed expense
variable changes based on the usage. payroll, benefits, equipment repairs fixed expense- relatively consistent year after year. rent, property tax, etc.
define interval training
varying exercise intensity at fixed intervals at a single session which can increase total volume and or exercise intensity
a QRS complex represents
ventricular muscle depolarization
a T-wave represents
ventricular muscle repolarization
Cardiorespiratory function in older adults
vessels become stiffer, elasticity is lost in cardiac tissue resulting in high blood pressure.
transactional leaders:
view leadership as the process of exchanging one thing for another
waist circumference is a better measurement of
visceral adiposity
Visual imagery
visualizing onesself performing the desired behavior. also used to improve muscle memory
caculateing waist to hip ratio (WHR)
waist /hip
no oprtimal does of exercise for outpatient but it is suggested
walking moderately with no assistance 3-4 times fer day till ambulation
an exercise session includes what phases
warm up conditioning cool down stretching
Place
where the product can be purchased or delivered. Home, gym, internet, etc. what is appropriate based on each person. Identifies your market.
Fast-twitch glycolytic fibers (Type IIb)
white fibers / found in hands and eyes - less myoglobin - poorer blood supply - fewer mitochondria = reduced respiratory capacity - more SR - susceptible to fatigue
Tort Law
wrongful act whether intentional or accidental. breach of legal duty amounting to a civil wrong or injury for which a court of law will provide compensation/damages.
are exercise bouts of 10 min acceptable as long as they add up to 20-60 min?
yes
does tort law include all negligence cases?
yes
Relative conditions for exercise testing
• Left main coronary stenosis • Moderate stenotic valvular heart disease • Electrolyte abnormalities • Severe arterial hypertension at rest (SBP of > 200 mmHg and/or a DBP of > 110 mmHg) • Tachydysrhythmia or bradydysrhythmia • Hypertrophic cardiomyopathy • Neuromotor, musculoskeletal, or rheumatoid disorders that are exacerbated by exercise • High-degree AV block • Ventricular aneurysm • Uncontrolled metabolic disease (e.g., diabetes, thyrotoxicosis, or myxedema)' • Chronic infectious disease (e.g., HIV) • Mental or physical impairment leading to inability to exercise adequatel