ADJ222 Final Exam

According to Kirk, what are the key structural components to the US Constitution?

- 1787, ratified 1789 - formed a true federal gov't - state gov't gets most power - past offices and bankruptcy now goes to federal government - uniform system of weights and measures - military (army/ navy) - copyright/ patent - taxing power - allows order imposed without tyranny - keep limited with power - less concerned with states - offers a degree of protections from an overly powerful central government - separation of powers - prevents tyranny

What specific guarantees with respect to criminal procedures does the bill of rights guarantee? Why are these guarantees important?

- 3rd and 4th amendment - (5th) protection of life, liberty, and property - no double jeopardy (can't be tried for the same crime more than once) - no coerced confession - (6th) speedy trial and right to a trial by jury - determination of guilt/ innocence is determined by peers (jury) - too much power for gov't - jury nullification - jury knows you're guilty but they don't agree with the law - (7th) torts (lawsuits) - right to jury - (8th) no cruel and unusual punishments - no excessive fines - have to be proportional to the crime - no excessive bail - judge can deny bail too - (9th) some rights aren't in bill of rights, but it doesn't mean you don't have them - (10th) any right not explicitly said to be federal belongs to the states - important because otherwise you'll be unjustly convicted - persecuted by the gov't

What are some of the checks and balances that restrict the powers of the 3 branches?

- can't be involved in foreign policy - presidents' veto - supreme court can decide if a law is unconstitutional - impeachment - need senate to approve appointments (cabinet members, judges, etc) - president can't declare power - executive orders have to be constitutional - congress has power to appropriate funds - president can't spend any money

Making reference to the text of the Articles of Confederation, explain how the central government it produces is weak?

- confederation: group of sovereign nations coming together - ex: the United Nations - political power rests with the country - federation - political power rests with central government - confederations are usually weak; federation = strong - sovereignty rested with the 13 states - formed a weak central government - only militia - need a stronger army - need to secure your rights (Locke, Jefferson) - threatened by criminals and foreigners - need to be able to defend country from foreigners - no provision for an army or navy - need permission from the 13 states - taxes tell state gov't they must give what federal gov't wants in taxes - if state gov't don't, they can't do anything.. can't enforce.. it is really just a suggestion - extremely weak finances - wanted a weak central gov't because the British had gone too far - states wouldn't allow a central gov't to have taxation authority - taxation without representation - insufficient representation - every state has the same number of delegates/ representatives - these representative are picked, not elected.. elected by state - rely on state courts - need effective execution of the laws - solution = change the rain of the representation to be by population - have representation elected

In the US Constitution, what are the Powers of Congress?

- constitution - arrangement of officers - gets to pass - enumerated powers (from article 1) - declare war - need a wise deacon from more than one person (president) - raise a military - collect taxes - need to secure funds to survive emergencies - uniform system of weights and measures - amend constitution - bankruptcy laws - post offices and post roads - interstate commerce - congress does not have a lot of power - does not need a lot; rest is controlled by state

What are the powers of the President?

- deals with foreign affairs - negotiate trade/ military treaties - can veto bills - very powerful - veto overrides need 2/3 in House/ Senate - chief executive order - head of military (commands chief of staff) - appoints ambassadors/ judges/ cabinet officers/ vacancies - enforces laws

In Federalist 48-50, which ways of maintaining the separation of powers does Madison describe, and why does he reject them?

- don't take powers from other branches - words aren't going to stop people from doing it - people need conscience - people are only persuaded by power - 3 branches, if 1 branch violates the separation, then you have a vote - each branch would have one vote for a constitutional convention - problem can be fixed in constitutional convention - won't work if vote is 1-2 and 2 branches are colluding against the 3rd one - who will be most powerful at the convention? -legislative will because they are closest with voters - every time you call for convention, you're saying the constitution is broken - seems constitution/ gov't is unreliable - people's views of their government are prejudice - healthy versus unhealthy prejudice

According to Madison in Federalist 47, why is the separation of powers important? How does the British Constitution deal with this problem?

- echoes Montesquieu - don't want 1 branch holding all the power - could be tyrannical if 1 branch held all the power - want the common good - unjust laws if you combine the executive and legislative branches - dictatorship if you combine the executive and judicial branches - combination of powers can create a manipulation of power - British Constitution is dedicated to liberty - have a king, parliament (divided into house of commons and house of lords), and judiciary - wanted an American version of a British Constitution - President, House of Represent, Senate, judicial branch

In Federalist Paper 10, what is a faction and how does Madison propose dealing with the problem of factions?

- factions destroy governments - faction: distinct body within an organization - any group of a majority or minority that wants something that is against the permanent interests of the community - not good for the society as a whole - if what they want is not in the common good, they are a faction - 2 ways according to Madison to deal with factions - can prevent them from forming - get rid of freedom - make everyone have the same thoughts, actions, desires (never going to happen) - let factions form and control their effects - need a large diverse country - need to get away from same group thinking - counterintuitive solution is more factions - another solution - indirect democracy (vote for politicians)

How does the 1st Amendment support American democracy? How does it maintain social peace?

- freed of speech, religion, to assemble, press - congress cannot officially establish a religion - people can practice any religion but can't use religion to violate other people's rights - political speech, need this to secure your other rights - there are common law limits - political, philosophical, scientific writings - also common law limits - assembles - time, place, manner - needs to be peaceful - petitions - peacefully - supports American democracy - people have to be able to think and reason with each other - need free and open political speech/ writing - maintains social peace - can worship religion peacefully

In Federalist 51, which method does Madison propose for maintaining the separation of powers?

- have constitutional conventions every 10 years - solves the problem of lack of faith in gov't - not going to work - 1 branch goes after another branch too soon before a convention - now has ten years to consolidate its power - external mechanisms won't work - all experience shows that voting isn't enough to ensure good start, but not enough to arrange a way to avoid the taking of power - don't want 1 branch to have the ability to hurt another branch - give a reason to defend power - each branch needs constitutional power - ambition is the most powerful weapon - can only be beaten by itself - if you want peace, prosperity, harmony, then look for evil to keep the two in check - evil is reliable - have to rely on greed and ambition - proposed checked and balances (!) - impeachment and veto

What effects does common law exhibit in our day?

- helps in criminal trials

What is the police power? Where does it come from? How is it exercised and what does it aim at?

- inherent, safety, moral - inherent power from state for protection life, liberty, property - aims at harmonious society where not violating another, hurting another - subject another to terrible risks - safety risks - protect people

Why is revolution teaching dangerous?

- may overthrow when they should not - dangerous - he reassures it isn't dangerous - most people are peaceful/ willing to suffer - if they overthrow, must be over time - state of nature is worse than tyranny government (anarchy = bad and dangerous, better)

In Federalist 79-81, how is the independence of the supreme court secured? What are some of the powers of the supreme court describes in these papers?

- need separation of powers - elect a panel of citizens to vote for if people are guilty - ordinary people can't interpret the law - requires professional expertise - need impartial people - need to prevent mob justice (people are the mob) - technical exercise - they have to be independent to receive justice - if judges aren't impartial, people take the law into their own hands - we don't want people pressuring judges to rule a certain way (!) - can maintain this indep. because their salaries cannot be lowered - can be raised - their security isn't at risk - indep. is secured - lifetime appointment - confirmed by senate - can impeach a judge - powers of supreme court - original and appellate jurisdiction - hearing the case for 1st time and hearing appeals - rule of 4 - 4 is enough to hear a case - can overturn federal and state cases - have power to interpret laws and constitution - can declare laws null and void - not as powerful as president/ senate - ca n apply law to individual cases

In Federalist Paper 9, Hamilton tells us that the science of politics has been some improvements. What are those improvements, and why are they important?

- old science = ancient world - those societies fell apart (Rome, Greece) - modern world -channels for distributing power that wasn't understood before - independent judiciary

In Federal 84, why does Hamilton tell us we don't need a Bill of Rights?

- original constitution had no bill of rights - writ of habeas corpus - right to a trial - can't be waiting for trial - contract laws - people said this gov't would be too powerful and needed bill of rights - Hamilton said it was dangerous - if you give people a list of rights, people will think they can do things that aren't listed (could forget something) - believes in natural rights which come from reason - only need one to protect from powerful gov't but this gov't isn't powerful enough t hurt you - constitution itself is like a bill of rights

In Federalist 51, what view of human nature underlies Madison's plan for the separation of powers?

- power will be abused - not overtime, but eventually, it will be - even when you divide power, even among people who agree with each other, people will still be hard to oppress American people - fun to have power when your people are in control - Democrats v Republicans

What arguments did Oliver Wendell Holmes make against common law? Why is he wrong?

- said common law is judge made wrong - stoner disagrees - common law discovered by judges, not made

What does the 4th amendment tell us about the relationship between the gov't and the individual?

- search and seizure (can't be unreasonable) - warrants need probably cause - improper searches presumes guilt - right to privacy underlies 4th amendment - won't live a good life if always searched/ tool of a state and not considered an individual

How does the code of Hammurabi aim at just or good criminal procedures with respect to defendants, witnesses, and judges?

- severe punishment -proportional retributive justice - deterrence - if you accuse someone of a crime and they're innocent, you're killed - river test (drowns = guilty) - nowadays we have preponderance of evidence and beyond a reasonable doubt

According to James Stoner, Americans who are concerned to preserve and advance liberty should not rely so much on either the courts interpretation of US Constitution or the theory of natural law and natural rights. Why?

- they need to be more clear about what is specifically permitted/ prohibited - everything is protected by freedom of speech - the philosophy underlying the constitution is gone - he says we need to go back to common law (can be seen in constitution) - can interpret US Constitution in any way you want - if you want, it can be there - if you don't want, it won't be there

Why did the Founders put religious liberty in the Constitution?

- too many religions - may want religion to dominate the country - forcing of a religion - to protect themselves from other religions (!) - have to come to religion voluntarily (!) - God can tell - can't force someone to believe in it - people have a sacred right to their conscience - can't require someone be apart of a religion to hold office

Religious/ economy/ politics in America 17th century?

17th Century America had strong protestant control and laws. At first, there was not religious toleration. As for the economy, it was only slightly better than Europe. Furthermore, 17th Century America was self governed.

How were the American and French revolutions different?

A difference was that French revolutionaries didn't have some cultural resources. They held wrong and strong views. Additionally, they used religion to manipulate people. They not only did they want to throw away France's past, but they threw away Christianity. The American Revolution didn't have the view that humans were perfectible. Americans saw the past as good and understood you can't throw everything English out. They kept Christianity/ no condemnation of Christian past. They said it was necessary for morals. There was no way for us to become perfect. All they wanted was to make us a better country. Lastly, the French killed people whereas Americans kicked people out and sent them to Canada

What, according to Kirk, does the Declaration of Independence mean?

According to Kirk, the Declaration of Independence aimed at separation from Great Britain. It focuses on traditional rights of Englishmen and goes back to the Magna Carta. It was an unwritten English constitution. Furthermore, natural law is a temporary grasp. Kirk said abstract ideas hide too much about reality, which would lead to French revolution

What were American gentlemen like? I.E. Washington, Hamilton, etc.

American gentlemen were well educated, worldly, philosophical, traveled. They could ride horses, use guns, defend themselves. Furthermore, they think that women/ lower class, horses are weaker than them, but they treated them kindly. This was because Christianity tells them if someone is weaker, don't mistreat them

What did Britain get out of colonies?

Britain did not get a lot of wealth out of the colonies. Instead, it resulted in them fighting Spain and France to stop their advancement.

How did Charles I come to offend Parliament? What is the 1628 Petition of Right?

Charles I wanted glory through winning wars. He decided to increase taxes on his own when he actually needed permission from Parliament in order to do so. Furthermore, he instituted marshal law and warrantless imprisonment. The 1628 Petition of Right stated that Parliament had power to raise taxes, not the king. This was put in place so that no future king could do what Charles I had done.

What was colonial America's local government like? What effect did it have on Americans?

Colonial America's local government was less centralized. Religion was the center point. They were less focus on centralized power. The purpose was to protect life, liberty, property. The effect it had on Americans was the idea that the "government exists to serve me and my needs." They believed it was a tool that existed to serve

Where does the common law come from? How is it developed? What are some important common law rights and liberties?

Common law comes from England and their understanding of how people should be treated. Common law is incorporated in the justice system when courts refer to previous cases to help them reach a decision. Cases set precedents and future judges rely on those precedent when hearing a case. This English view of what is right is still used in American courts today. Some common law rights and liberties include the right to an attorney, a jury trial, the right to sue, torts, among others.

What is Deism?

Deism is a non Christian belief in God. They do not believe that Jesus is the son of God.. This was not appealing to people because people want happiness and to be free of existential despair. There was also providence, or divine intervention in human affairs. People want a God who loves them, cares, afterlife. Deists held a belief in a creator, but not God

Geographic/ political condition of American colonies 17th century?

During the 17th century, American geography consisted of the east coast. It was difficult to move past forest and water. There were no bridges, roads, or railroads. The easiest way of travel was by sea. The political condition of American was that the English were consumed by their own problems. They did not have a lot of US control. Their only goal was to control European powers in America

What does the creation story in Genesis (over the first 6 days, culminating in God resting) tell us about the order of the cosmos and man's place in the cosmos?

God created the world before creating man on the sixth day. This insinuates that God created the world for man. Furthermore, God created man in the image and likeness of himself. Man was supposed to be able to live a just life with God in a world without sin, however man showed that humans have a need for self rule. This resulted in a world full of sin and punishment.

What, according to Kirk, did Montesquieu believe about the government in England? France?

He does not like French gov't because it resembles a monarchy. He said there was too much centralized power in France. However, he liked English government because he said it was a Republic in disguise. English think they're a monarchy. In a Republic, each group has enough power to defend their own interests, but not enough power to dominate other power. This is also known as a separation of powers and checks and balances

The state of nature

Humans are equal to each other because we're all irrational humans. None of us have been marked as their natural ruler. God is our natural ruler because He is perfect and we are flawed. Nature has a law that comes from reason, while we have a law that you have to be under. It commands you respect someone's natural rights. Natural law aims us at our highest human person. Modern natural is much easier

According to Cicero's character Marcus in On the Laws, what problems do we run into if we deny that there is a natural standard of justice and law?

If we deny that there is a natural standard of justice and law, people will just break laws. People don't not break laws because it is wrong and against the law. They don't do it because they don't want to get caught, or disobey the "11th Commandment." When people begin to disobey and break laws, the result would be moral and social chaos

In the 18th century, what were the main sources of growing friction between Americans and English?

In the 18th Century, Americans felt as though they've ruled themselves. They do not think they have had any representation. The English feel the colonists have not had to pay for security and suggest virtual representation They attempted to control and tax after.

What was the religious situation in the colonies? What problems did the Quakers run into?

In the colonies, most people were Protestants. There were no dominant sects. Religiously, the sects are in competition with each other. Politically, there was a fear that another religious group would impose themselves on others. People had to establish their own fair in their own areas. Quakers, for example, are pacifist and can only exist in non pacifist government.

What was John Edwards' influence on America?

John Edwards was an empirical Protestant thinker in early 18th Century America. He was apart of the Great Awakening, a religious revival. It was for Americans to become born again Christians that were looking for internal emphasis of the soul. Religious conviction was at the center of the founding fathers' lives. They said you need self control If you don't, freedom won't work.

What is Jus Civile, Jus Gentium, and natural law? Where do each of these come from?

Jus Civile is how the Romans believed they should rule themselves. This is how they governed Romans. Jus Gentium is how the Romans ruled non-Romans. This was for other people in countries they conquered. Natural law is the law in which people should follow to live a good life. People originally believed it came from Plato and Aristotle, though they spoke of natural right.

What does Locke know about the greater good?

Locke knows its wrong to evaluate a society based on the people's achievements/ happiness. He wanted to build a society that isn't built this way However, he says in order to do so, we have to get rid of teleology

According to Kirk, what did John Locke believe and promote?

Locke was a supporter of Parliamentary authority. Kirk downplays the law and makes Locke seem like a bad guy. Kirk does not like Locke and Hobbes. Locke gives us an understanding of modern, natural law. He was the most prominent of natural law thinkers. However, Kirk doesn't believe in modern natural law.

What, according to Kirk, did Montesquieu believe about government in general?

Montesquieu, French political philosopher, did not support aristocracy. He believed in a separation of powers. Furthermore, he believed in natural laws, but nuanced to how it gets applied. Montesquieu thought to look at people's moral habits. Moral habits change from place to place. There is a condition of what kind of government/ society you can put in place

What is the story of James II and the Glorious Revolution?

Oliver Cromwell died and they needed a replacement. James II, who was a converted Catholic, replaced Charles II, a Protestant. James II gave legal advantages to Catholics which led to another revolution in 1688. William of Orange, an English Protestant, was called into help. He married James' daughter Mary, who was also a Protestant. Together, they because King William and Queen Mary. James left for France, a very Catholic country. His successors tried to restore his line.

According to the Declaration of Independence, what are our rights, where do they come from, how are they protected, and what do we do when they are violated?

Our rights are self evident which means it is "possible for rational person to see what i'm saying is true. They state that all man are created equal, though not equally intelligent. This means all of us are imperfect, rational animals/ beings. It gives a qualitative and quantitive advantage over animals. We have unalienable rights, or natural rights. These are not granted by government. These rights consist of life, liberty, pursuit of happiness. Nobody has right to happiness but a right to pursue it. People will violate laws in the state of nature. The government is an artificial entity for a natural defect in humans and has to serve human needs. We want to be safe so we can pursue our happiness. Natural law is most important law. We need common law because it helps to secure natural and unnatural rights. They are protected by artificial entity (government) and if its a serious violation, there's a revolution. However, if the violation is small, you suck it up and deal with it

How did the Ancient Greek political figures and philosophers aim to produce order in the soul?

Plato writes about how the soul is made up of three levels. The top is reason. The middle is thumos, which means spiritedness. It serves as our courage. The third, and lowest level, is emotions. He believed reason should be at the top and soul needed to be cleansed of falsehoods. Aristotle had a similar view of the soul. He also believed in virtues. Finally, he believed in happiness within the soul and life. Our only option would be how to use/ exercise happiness within our lives. Living a life of virtue and reason will lead to a just life, or one where there is order in the soul.

What is Congress trying to do in the Northwest Ordinance?

Th Northwest Ordinance stated that there was a need religion for morality.People have to be moral. Furthermore, federal territory was covered by congress. This meant that federal schools in those territories can teach religion. However, there were no prayers allowed in public schools

Why did the Ancient Greek world fall apart? Why does it not give us good political guidance?

The Ancient Greek world fell apart because they had a faulty religion, disorganized souls, and lack of political order. The Greeks were polytheistic, meaning they worshipped more than one god. These gods had passions. The Greeks also had a polis. Their city states were constantly at war against one another. Furthermore, the Greeks were dishonest. Their government does not give us good political guidance because a country cannot be divided against itself and still stand.

What kind of family life does the Code of Hammurabi seek to encourage, sustain, or produce?

The Code is Hammurabi, in respect to family life, is very patriarchal. It rejects the idea of concubines as it is very deeply rooted in married family life. Furthermore, it states that no man shall have relations with his son's wife or fiancee. The code attempted to put limits on the idea of mistresses in order to stress the importance of a family. The idea of family was important to society, though it was always the woman's fault if she was infertile.

What is the English Bill of Rights of 1689?

The English Bill of Rights of 1689 influenced America's Bill of Rights. It is the first ten amendments of the constitution. The English wanted to write this down to prevent the issue of James II in future. It prevents the king from raising taxes on his own. Furthermore, he cannot raise an army without the okay from parliament. It was also built upon common law and can't suppress speech.

How does the Hebrew notion of God and man's relationship to God contribute to order in the soul and order in society?

The Hebrews believed God had a strong relationship with man. God was originally supposed to walk with man, but when they disobeyed Him, they no longer lived in a perfect world. God's world was perfect and there was no sin at first. The Old Testament indicated that God cared for his people as a whole, rather than individually as the New Testament states. This was a good and benevolent God who cared for His people. If they had not wanted to self rule and had lived a just life in the Garden of Eden, there would be more order in the soul and society

How does the Magna Carta limit the power of the king? How did it push England towards its parliamentary system?

The Magna Carta limits the power of the king because the power is given to the people instead. Kings could no longer take someone's property. There was now a limit on it. The individuals also now have more rights. Judges now had a voice within the courts. The king no longer held all of the power. Its began to be distribute and became a parliament.

What were the main differences between North and South?

The North consisted of more city based/ towns whereas the South was more rural. The south was run by country type people. Up north, the local government was run by city people. They were reproducing an image of themselves from England where aristocrats governed themselves

What extreme act did the Roundheads and the people they inspired engage in? What did Americans think of all this?

The Roundheads and the people they inspired engaged in overthrowing English political order instead of reforming it. This resulted in political chaos. This can be prevented by giving all power to one person. The mistake Roundheads made was a sudden radical act rather than a slow reform. They were concentrating all power in one person, which is one reason people left England for America. Americans all supported the restoration. While some thought Royalists were right, others believed in the roundheads.

What did the Royalists think of Roundheads and vice versa?

The Roundheads were seen as religious, austere, needed to terminate every aspect of life. The Royalists were seen as morally corrupt and thought to be after honor, glory, power. The Royalists thought the roundheads were religious fanatics, religious extremists, and radicals

What was government like at the colonial level in colonial America? How did this compare to French/ Spanish government?

The South is more rural, whereas it is more urban up north. Furthermore, the legal system was very different (common law). There was also a religious dissonance (1st wave of immigrants came to America because of religious persecution). The second wave of immigrants were economical immigrants. In the 18th century, the English did not want to bother or anger the colonists, therefore, the colonists were allowed to govern themselves. The governor was elected from citizens. Prominent white men select elected assembly. There was conflict between assembly and English government.Americans accepted they were inferior to the English. The Spanish colonies were named after saints/ religious figures. Similarly, the French colonies, especially in Quebec, did this with religious figures. They mimicked what they saw in the old world/ home country

Who are the Tory's and what did they believe?

The Tory's are the heirs of Royalists. They believed in rule of monarchy and had support of clergy

What rights and political ideas are common to the 1776 constitutions of VA, PA, MA, and NC?

The Virginia constitution stated that all men are equally free and independent by nature. It also said that all power is derived from people. People have the right to a speedy trial with jury (12 people). The first amendment gives citizens freedom of the press, gun rights in the second amendment are also in the constitution, as well as fourth amendment prevents any general warrants. PA was so similar to VA; so was MA and NC. The constitutions of these states were an echo of declaration of independence

Who are the Whigs?

The Whigs are aristocrats who supported parliament authority. To an extent, they were heirs to the Roundheads. They didn't want king to take their property. The Aristocrats own wealth and did not want the king taking their wealth from them.

What was the Founders' view of the place of religion in the lives of Americans?

The founders thought religion was necessary because ordinary people couldn't run their lives without it. Space is needed for superhuman authority. Furthermore, religion helps people morally. Having religion goes hand in hand with natural laws and God's laws. Incorporating religious teachings give people a superhuman authority over their lives, though it has to be something Americans understand

With respect to order, government, and law, what are the most important ideas or aspects that America's founders borrowed from the Hebrews, and/or Greece, and/or Rome, and/or Medieval England? Be as specific as possible.

The most important ideas/ aspects of government, order and law that America's founders borrowed from the Hebrews was their incorporation of morality to establish order within the government. From the Romans, they took the Republicanism and their branches of power. From Medieval England, the founders borrowed the use of common law within the courts.

In the Bill of Particulars, there are a series of complaints against the King. What are the most important of these complaints?

The most important of these complaints were interfering with judicial powers, abolishing of democratic governance in colonies, and imposing taxes

What does Montesquieu say about the separation of powers?

The separation of powers consist of judicial, legislative, executive power. Furthermore there is a house of commons/ house of lords in the legislative branch. There is the king's cabinet. The separation of powers is essential for liberty (in England) He said that if you combine two powers together, it can be dangerous. In order to be free person, you have to be safe from unjust prosecution

Which thinkers most influenced the Founding Fathers? Least influenced?

The thinkers that most influenced the Founding Fathers were Locke, Burke, Montesquieu, Cicero, Scottish Enlightenment Thinkers. They helped the founders learn and understand common law/ natural law. The thinkers that least influenced them were radical French thinkers like Rousso. He believed people need to eliminate the source of human sin and have to reform society/ purge sin. Anyone who thinks there's perfect humans/ expectations are wrong. It is okay to have a moral obligation to change things we can't change - don't have the right to relax

Things adapted in American government

Things that were adapted in American government were gun laws, no cruel and unusual punishment, and a writ of habeas corpus

How did this affect America?

This affected America because it was the foundation of the Bill of Rights. It served as congressional supremacy. There was also a need to control executive authority

What were Thomas Browne's views/What were John Bonyan's views?

Thomas Browne was a Platonist who believed in moderate religiosity. John Bunyan, on the other hand, represent our attempt to purge ourself of sin. His book is a way of communicating that people and the world are imperfect. He looks to the next world (the afterlife) for perfection. He was Christian and liked by colonists.

What beliefs did Thomas Hobbes promote? Why were Royalists way of Hobbes' theories? What did Americans think of Hobbes?

Thomas Hobbes, author of the Leviathan, stated that people must think in a state of nature, apart from politics. The entire political system is based on the question "How do I not get murdered." This comes across as a Royalist. Royalists want power for king but not for same reasons. Royalists want power in love and duty. Americans hated Hobbes because he was an atheist and materialist. He held cynical views of humans. Hobbes believed in royalists and said the government was in place through fear. People are motivated by a tear of death/ have a natural right to do whatever is necessary for survival