Adolescence Chapter 5: Peer Groups

A reason stated in the text to explain why today's youth do not place the same value on education as their parents is that American adolescents:

have become alienated from and unfamiliar with the values of adults

Research studying adolescent friendship networks has found all of the following, except:

more than half of the adolescents in any given school are members of cliques

Tony belongs to a peer culture called "the toughs." We would expect that Tony is:

possibly a gang member

Hostile attributional bias:

plays a central role in the aggressive behavior of rejected adolescents

Which adolescent is most likely to have a decrease in time spent with parents and a dramatic increase in the amount of time spent with peers?

Maya, a white female

The process of grouping individuals within social institutions on the basis of chronological age is called:

age grading

Adolescents from which of the following crowds experience more peer pressure to engage in delinquent behavior?

"druggies"

Tommy values education and works hard in school but also enjoys hanging out with his friends on the weekend. Which peer crowd is Tommy most likely to belong to?

"populars"

All of the following are significant changes in peer groups that occur during adolescence, except:

*a decrease in the size of their peer groups*

By middle to late adolescence, cliques are often segregated by race. All of the following are possible explanations for this phenomenon, except:

*differential abilities in athletics*

Eleanor Maccoby states all of the following reasons that adolescents separate themselves into same-sex cliques, except:

*parents' fears that cross-sex cliques will lead to early sexual activity*

Which of the following is most characteristic of childhood peer groups?

*sex cleavage*

Dawn has always enjoyed school and excelled in her classes. In middle school, she has connected with a group of friends who also enjoy school. They often spend time studying together. This is an example of:

Both a and b

Which of the following statements about cliques is false?

Cliques are typically more emotionally salient for adolescents involved in antisocial behavior

_____ are settings for intimate interactions and friendships, whereas _____ are based on reputation, rather than on actual social interaction.

Cliques; crowds

Jacqueline, Kristine, Ruby, and Veronica all belong to the same clique. Jacqueline, who is considered the leader of the clique, plays on the volleyball team with Kristine. Ruby is a cheerleader and Veronica is the star of the school play. Which girl is most likely to start dating first?

Jacqueline

Eric, a 4th grader, spends a lot of time with his peers and is more likely to engage in which of the following activities:

Little League baseball

Which adolescent would be expected to spend the most amount of time with his parents?

Sanjay, who lives in India

A group of individuals who are born during a particular time period (e.g., the baby boomers) is known as what?

a cohort

The main reason that reactive aggression is associated with unpopularity and greater problems with peers is that reactive aggression is characterized by:

a combination of aggression and poor emotion regulation or lack of social skills

Greg is the star quarterback of the football team and hangs out with Larry, who is the star pitcher of the baseball team. Ben also hangs out with Larry and Greg. When classmates refer to Ben, they call him a member of the "jocks." The crowd with which Ben associates serves as:

a reference group

A separate youth culture is said to promote all of the following, except:

academics

The world is arguably a more stressful place to grow up in now than it was in the past for all of the following reasons, except:

adolescents are now more susceptible to their peers than were other generations

Adolescent peer groups fall along two dimensions:

adult orientation; peer orientation

Who is at the greatest risk of developing psychological problems as a result of peer rejection?

an aggressive-withdrawn child

In contrast to crowds, cliques:

are settings for adolescents' intimate interactions

Following the end of World War II, many parents wanted to have children as soon as possible, creating what has come to be called the postwar:

baby boom

By the end of high school, crowds:

become less important to adolescents

The term for Mexican-American female gang members is:

cholas

Research on the structure of cliques during high school has suggested that adolescents can fall into any of the following categories, except:

clique avoiders

Understanding social relations that lead adolescents to gather in crowds is an example of which form of transition that occurs during adolescence?

cognitive

Esther has been rejected by her peers because she is withdrawn and reclusive. Esther is most likely to be at risk for:

diminished social competence

As a social scientist who works with advocacy groups, it is most likely that Professor Sandburg would be interested in tracking the size of the adolescent population over a period of time for all of the following reasons, except:

he wants to see how these groups are influenced by the mass media

Self-esteem is _____ among students who are identified with peer groups that have relatively high status in their school.

higher

Shaquille is a jock. Consequently, we would expect him to be involved in:

his peer culture and in institutions valued by adults

Dan planned a party and invited his whole English class by passing out personal invitations. Dan accidentally forgot to make an invitation for Sam. Sam assumed he wasn't invited and became irate at Dan for excluding him. This is an example of:

hostile attributional bias

In middle school, Carlos was involved in many school plays and musicals. Being part of the drama crowd was important for Carlos in what way?

identity development

Professor McGonagall has been watching the students at Hogwarts for several years as they move through adolescence. Which groups are most likely to exhibit favorable patterns of achievement over time?

jocks and brains

Mixed-sex cliques start becoming more prevalent during:

middle adolescence

In The Adolescent Society, Coleman expressed concern over the finding that adolescents:

placed less emphasis on academic success than their parents

All of the following are classifications for unpopular or disliked adolescents, except:

offensive-reclusive

According to Brown's (2004) study of crowds in high school, what fraction of adolescents do not fit clearly into any crowd?

one-sixth

A research technique in which the researcher "infiltrates" a group of individuals in order to study their behavior and relationships is called:

participant observation

Dr. Whitney wanted to study the structure of adolescents' peer groups. She pretended to be a newcomer to the community and attended the local high school. She met a group of students and eventually joined their group. This type of observation is called:

participant observation

In a particular tribe, relatives of the chief are allowed to choose their own mates, whereas others must abide by arranged marriages. This is an example of a:

particularistic norm

Similarity in ________ is most likely to serve as a basis for cross-ethnic group friendships.

patterns of substance use

Judy and Jessica hang around people their same age. These people are most accurately described as:

peers

During the first half of the 21st century, the adolescent population is expected to:

remain constant

In contrast to the role of the peer group in adolescent development, the family is best suited for helping the adolescent with regard to:

responsibility

In early adolescence, _____ friendships are most common, and in late adolescence, _____ friendships are common.

same sex; opposite sex

Marilyn, a typical high school freshman, has been asked to list the people in her life who are most important to her. Nearly half the list consists of:

same-age peers

During childhood, boys typically associate with boys, while girls primarily associate with other girls. This separation of boys and girls has been referred to as:

sex cleavage

Jordan is a preadolescent. Her friendship circle is largely comprised of other young girls. What has Jordan's social life been influenced by?

sex cleavage

According to Hollingshead, adolescents associate with peers based chiefly on:

social class

The chief determinant of popularity in high school is:

social competence

Research about contemporary adolescents is clear that these adolescents ________ than adolescents in previous times.

spend more time in peer groups

All of the following are examples of universalistic norms in American society, except:

taking piano lessons

Interventions designed to help unpopular adolescents improve their social skills have employed which of the following techniques?

teaching social skills like self-expression and leadership techniques

According to some commentators, teenagers have become separate from adult society to such an extent that they have established their own society, which undermines parents' authority and emphasizes peer deviance. This society is called:

the youth culture

Age segregation in schools is the most efficient way to educate children in societies that are:

universalistic