Adolescence Exam
Adolescents who come from family environments in which parents have set unrealistically high standards for their children's achievement and react very negatively to failure are most likely to develop:
a fear of failure
According to social control theory, delinquency is caused by:
a lack of bonds to the family, the school, or the workplace.
According to Vygotsky, adolescents learn best when:
a more experienced instructor is present, their lessons are within their zone of proximal development, the instructor engages in scaffolding.
In the United States today, the peer group is most likely to have _______ influence on an adolescent's academic achievement.
a negative
Based on the definitions outlined in the Five Cs of positive youth development, what does competence mean?
a positive view of one's actions in domain-specific areas
Fourteen-year-old Sarah began "acting out" behaviors that her teacher had never observed in her before, such as a decline in self-esteem, sexual promiscuity, and risky behavior. Sarah's teacher suspects that Sarah is:
a victim of sexual abuse
The Experience Sampling Method involves:
adolescents carrying beepers and reporting their moods when paged.
The biologically based psychological disorder characterized by impulsiveness, inattentiveness, restlessness, and inappropriately high levels of activity is called:
attention deficit/hyperactivity disorder.
The biological changes that take place during puberty can cause changes in adolescents' behavior in all of the following ways:
by affecting the reactions of others to the adolescent, by affecting the adolescent's self-image, directly.
The birthrate among adolescent women today is _____ in previous eras.
considerably lower than it was
Industrialized societies place a great deal of emphasis on all of the following, except:
cooperation
A research design in which subjects of different ages are assessed simultaneously is called a:
cross-sectional study.
The neurotransmitter associated with the experience of pleasure that is implicated in substance abuse problems is known as:
dopamine
APA style format requires that the body of the paper be
double-spaced
According to national surveys, sexual activity among adolescents is occurring ______ it has in past decades.
earlier than
Which of the following is the best predictor of occupational success?
educational attainment
Professor Radon is studying the _________ system, which produces, circulates, and regulates levels of hormones in the body.
endocrine
adolescents' ability to formulate counterarguments.
engage in a greater amount of risky behaviors in the real world.
Experts recommend that adolescents with specific learning disabilities receive:
extra instruction in study skills, time management, organization skills, note-taking, and proofreading.
Performance motivation is most similar to:
extrinsic motivation
According to research, _________ can be an effective way for enhancing the development of adolescents' reasoning abilities, moral judgment and empathy:
family discussions in which decisions, rules, and expectations are explained.
The most common reasons that 14- to 15-year-olds give for abstaining from sex are:
fear of disease and fear of pregnancy.
Which of the following terms applies more to adolescent thought that to childhood thought?
flexible, speculative, abstract
According to Piaget, the period of cognitive development that is based on theoretical, abstract principles of logic is called:
formal operations
President George W. Bush's 2002 mandate that all children, regardless of economic circumstance, achieve academic proficiency is called the:
No Child Left Behind Act.
The dominant perspective of moral development is grounded in _____ theory.
Piaget's cognitive
Alcohol and marijuana are considered ______ drugs because they are almost always used before harder drugs.
getaway
A title page in APA format has the words 'Running head' typed on it.
True, typically you will see the following at the top left hand corner of the page: Running Head: A CLINICIAN'S GUIDE TO SYSTEMIC THERAPY
Early sexuality for males is tinged with elements of ________, whereas for females it is more linked to feelings of _______________.
recreation; intimacy
Which of the following is an example of cognitive autonomy?
refusing to cheat on an exam even when the teacher is not in the room
Amalia is most likely to be adversely affected by her parents' divorce if:
she blames herself for her parents' problems.
The chief determinant of popularity in high school is:
social competence.
The practice of advancing adolescents to the next grade level in school based on age rather than their successful completion of the grade level is known as:
social promotion.
What is the main reason that many achievement-related issues take on new significance during adolescence?
social transitions
The transition from school to work is _________ defined transition.
socially
Research about contemporary adolescents is clear that these adolescents ________ than adolescents in previous times.
spend more time in peer groups
To the extent individuals believe widely held stereotypes about ethnic or sex differences in ability, the ________ suggests that their performance will be affected, depending on how they expect to perform.
stereotype threat effect
Which of the following adolescent problems is likely to be resolved by adulthood?
substance use, delinquency, unemployment
Boys' and girls' initial interest in sex is influenced primarily by the surge in levels of:
testosterone
Neurons are cells that carry information by transmitting electrical charges across the body. When the electrical charge travels through a neuron, it stimulates _____.
the release of neurotransmitters
Which of the following is not likely to predict students' achievement-related behavior?
whether the student has experienced a failure
Sex play that is innocuous during childhood is no longer innocuous during adolescence because:
with puberty, pregnancy becomes a serious possibility.
The belief or expectation that one cannot control the forces in one's environment is called:
learned helplessness
According to Baumrind, children of indulgent parents tend to be:
less mature and more conforming to their peers.
According to Kohlberg, at which level of moral reasoning would someone who saw society's rules and conventions as relative and subject be at?
postconventional
According to Sullivan, the need for intimacy starts to develop during:
preadolescence
Parents who use a lot of psychological control are best characterized as being:
overprotective and intrusive
Rejection sensitivity is a term that psychologists use to describe:
oversensitivity to romantic rejection that is related to an insecure attachment in infancy and early childhood.
Which of the following is not a good predictor of whether adolescents will engage in sexual activity?
parent-adolescent communication
________ involvement has been found to enhance the adjustment of low-income students in their transition to middle school.
parental
A research technique in which the researcher "infiltrates" a group of individuals in order to study their behavior and relationships is called:
participant observation.
According to the research, conformity to peer pressure:
peaks in adolescence relative to childhood and adulthood.
Achievement concerns the development of motives, capabilities, interests, and behavior that relate to ______________ in evaluative situations.
performance
Which of the following factors is the most important predictor of overall self-esteem?
physical appearance self-esteem
Having more income than one can manage during early adolescence has been called:
premature affluence.
According to Sellers's Multidimensional Model of Racial Identity (MMRI), three different aspects of racial identity are important to consider in understanding discrimination and its effects. These three components are:
private regard, public regard, and racial centrality.
The term "______ syndrome" refers to covariation among various types of externalizing disorders that results from an underlying trait of unconventionality found in the adolescent's personality and social environment.
problem behavior
Based on prior successful methods, which of the following methods is likely to reduce drug and alcohol use?
raising the price of alcohol and cigarettes
Since 1991, a survey assessing eighth-graders', tenth-graders', and high school seniors' use and abuse of a variety of drugs has been distributed to a nationwide sample every year. The name of this survey is:
Monitoring the Future.
Which of the following is the best explanation of serious problem behavior during adolescence?
Problem behavior is likely to be a sign that something is wrong.
Which of the following is true of most adolescents' jobs?
Adolescents are rarely required to use skills taught in school.
Which book citation is correct?
Anderson, L. (2006). A Framework for Systemic Therapy. San Antonio, TX: Jaguar Press.
Which option below is the CORRECT reference format in APA style?
Anderson, L. (2006). A framework for systemic therapy: A clinician's guide. Systemic Therapy and Research, 16, 234-242
_______________ is an example of an internalizing disorder; _______________ is an example of an externalizing disorder.
Anxiety; delinquency
When formatting references to journal articles, you must place a period at the end of the DOI or a URL.
False
When creating your reference page, which format should all citations be in?
Hanging indent
Which in-text citation system does APA style use?
(Jones, 2004).
How much do people's personalities differ before and after adolescence?
They remain about the same.
A U-shaped or inverted-U pattern of results, as seen in studies that have examined how adolescents' moods change over time when with their families, is called what?
a curvilinear pattern
Which term refers to achievement that is measured by standardized tests?
academic achievement
Studies show that adolescent mood swings are most closely related to changes in:
activities
Which substance is most commonly used and abused by adolescents?
alcohol
Current research suggests that sexual intercourse during the high school years:
is part of the normative experience of adolescence in America.
Which of the following can delay the onset of puberty?
nutritional deficiencies, excessive exercise, stress
Authoritative parents value all of the following, except:
obedience.
Early-maturing boys are:
often expected to be more mature than they are.
What does the Five-Factor Model describe?
personality dimensions
Which of the following events have researchers suggested is one of the most important triggers of the individuation process?
puberty
Multidimensional thinking helps adolescents understand
sarcasm
The practice of moving students from one grade to the next regardless of their academic performance is known as what?
social promotion
When is delinquency most common?
weekday afternoons
According to Kohlberg's theory, the most important thing is:
the reasoning behind an individual's response.
When using direct quotations, you must include a page number in your in-text citation.
True
Which of the following is not characteristic of changes in skeletal structure during puberty?
Bones become more porous and more likely to break.
_____ are settings for intimate interactions and friendships, whereas _____ are based on reputation, rather than on actual social interaction.
Cliques; crowds
When introducing a citation for the first time in the body of your paper, you use the first citation in text format. Which of the following is an example of that?
Garcia, Jones, and Sing (2013)
Why is parental divorce during early adolescence particularly stressful for the adolescent?
Early adolescence is a time during which individuals are particularly sensitive to stress.
If I just summarize or paraphrase another individual's written work using my own words, I don't need to cite my source.
False, you MUST always cite your source when paraphrasing or summarizing someone else's work.
The formation of synapses is:
both genetically programmed and formed through experience.
The textbook lists all of the following as reasons why sexuality in adolescence is a particularly important period during the life cycle, except:
adolescence is the time when erotic feelings first emerge.
Some people who are delinquent as adolescents grow up to be law-abiding adults. What type of pattern is this?
adolescent limited offender
Bickering and squabbling between teenagers and their parents is largely caused by:
adolescents' ability to formulate counterarguments.
Adolescents' occupational plans are influenced by:
adolescents' social background, adolescents' work values, adolescents' perceptions of the labor market.
Involvement in delinquent activity may lead to ________ in self-esteem, perhaps because involvement in delinquency _____.
an increase; earns teenagers approval from certain peers
Based on the definitions outlined in the Five Cs of positive youth development, what does confidence mean?
an internal sense of overall positive self-worth and self-efficacy; global self-regard
Which of the following is considered an "internalizing disorder"?
anxiety
It is important to keep in mind that an individual's relationships with parents, siblings, peers, and romantic partners:
are correlated.
In contrast to Sullivan's claims about adolescent friendships, more current research has found:
as the number of cross-sex peers increases, the number of same-sex peers either stays the same or increases.
Optimal development during adolescence appears to be facilitated by the ________ style of parenting.
authoritative
Which of the following parenting styles is associated with adolescents' development of mastery motivation and academic achievement?
authoritative
Which of the following parenting styles is most closely associated with overall psychological competence?
authoritative
Which type of parenting is linked to school success during adolescence?
authoritative
Following the end of World War II, many parents wanted to have children as soon as possible, creating what has come to be called the postwar:
baby boom
What kind of job is an eighth grader most likely to have
baby-sitting or childcare
Which of the following would be considered a status offense?
being truant from school
All of the following are defining characteristics of agency, except:
blaming other people for one's problems.
AIDS is transmitted through:
bodily fluids
When college students were asked to rate the most important criteria for deciding when someone is ready to get married, what was the most consistently endorsed item?
capacity for intimacy
The transformation in religious thinking during adolescence can be best understood as part of the overall development of ________ autonomy.
cognitive
The text suggests that _________ are not a good explanation of adolescent egocentrism.
cognitive deficiencies
When two problems occur together, such as substance abuse and depression, it is referred to as:
comorbidity.
Sexual activity in the United States is _____ in other industrialized countries, and the rate of pregnancy is _____.
comparable;higher
The resources provided within a family allowing the exposure of the adolescent to art, music, and literature are called:
cultural capital.
Students' motivation and school performance _______ when they enter into secondary school.
decrease
Over the course of adolescence, conflict between siblings ________, and this may be due to the fact that siblings spend _____ time together in adolescence than they did in childhood.
decreases; less
Not only are schools the chief educational arena for adolescents, but they also play an extremely important role in:
defining the young person's social world and social network, shaping psychosocial development, the development of motivations, aspirations, and expectations.
Which behavior would not be seen as a manifestation of lack of impulse control?
depression
As adolescents develop, their self-conceptions become more:
differentiated.
According to Family Systems Model, financial strain increases mothers' and fathers'______, which, in turn, make parents more irritable, which adversely affects the quality of their parenting. Optimal development during adolescence appears to be facilitated by the ________ style of parenting.
dissatisfaction with their marriages, conflicts over money , feelings of depression
The first sign of puberty in girls is generally:
growth of breasts.
Which of the following sex characteristics is the first to develop in boys?
growth of testes and scrotum
The impact of early maturation on problem behaviors or depression is worse when:
have harsh or inconsistent parents, adolescents have many stressful life events, live in disadvantaged neighborhoods.
Research has identified all but which of the following as risk factors for suicide attempts during adolescence?
having a psychiatric problem, experiencing extensive family conflict, being under stress.
Self-esteem is _____ among students who are identified with peer groups that have relatively high status in their school.
higher
If an adolescent is making a decision regarding long-term occupational plans, he or she is likely to go to ___________ for advice.
his or her parents
The tendency to interpret ambiguous interactions with others as deliberately antagonistic is called:
hostile attributional bias.
By the 1960s, after Brown v. Board of Education of Topeka, schools were called on to:
implement desegregation programs.
According to a survey conducted in the early 2000s, how do adolescents spend most of their leisure time?
in passive activities
Whereas _________ refers to individuals' capacity to behave on their own, ___________ has emotional and cognitive as well as behavioral components.
independence; autonomy
Judy's parents express love toward her and they let her, for the most part, establish her own schedule. She eats when she's hungry, has full run of the house, and sleeps when she's tired. This parenting style fits best with which of the following?
indulgent
Allison says that Susan is her friend because she can tell Susan secrets and Susan won't tell anyone else. Allison's definition of friendship is based on:
intimacy and trust.
Sullivan believed the crisis of adolescence is _____. Erikson believed it is _____.
intimacy; identity
Mastery motivation is most similar to:
intrinsic motivation
Researchers have found that with respect to reporting their sexual activity:
males tend to overstate their level of activity.
One disturbing finding is that there appears to be a drop in students' _____ motivation as they transition from elementary into secondary school; which could be due to the fact that _____.
mastery motivation; teachers become more performance-oriented during this time
Which of the following illustrates the typical sequence of sexual behavior among adolescents?
masturbation; feeling breasts through clothes; feeling a penis under clothes; sexual intercourse
Studies of the long-term consequences of adolescent parenthood indicate that the problems associated with it:
may actually be greater for the mothers than for their children.
A learning disability:
may be caused by a neurological problem.
The average girl in the United States reaches _________, the time of her first menstrual period, sometime between the ages of 12 and 13.
menarche
The ability to think about one's own thoughts is called:
metacognition
During __________ concerns about loyalty and anxieties over rejection become more pronounced and may temporarily overshadow concerns about intimate self-disclosure, particularly among girls.
middle adolescence
According to the textbook, when compared to their less mature peers, adolescents who are physically mature are:
more likely to be involved in cross-sex activities such as going out on dates.
The following is often a trademark of persistent bullies:
more troubled peer relationships, more troubled family relationships, greater difficulty controlling aggression.
Adolescents whose parents are not both from the same ethnic or racial group are known as ________ adolescents.
multiethnic
According to Sullivan's theory, which of the following is the correct sequence of interpersonal needs?
need for intimacy; need for sexual contact; need for integration into adult society
According to the textbook, which of the following is not generally a predictor of self-esteem?
religious affiliation
Of the following, the biggest threat to adolescents' health is:
risky behaviors
Achievement is lower when:
schools are overcrowded, teachers have low expectations for their students' abilities, students experience transitions.
How positively or negatively people feel about themselves defines:
self-esteem.
Jamie is a preadolescent. Her friendship circle is largely comprised of other young girls. Based on this information, what has Jamie's social life been influenced by?
sex cleavage or seggregation
Todd would rather date men than women. This refers to Todd's:
sexual orientation.
The hormonally induced increase in the rate of growth in height and weight is referred to as:
the adolescent growth spurt.
The factor that seems most important in influencing how well children adjust to divorce over time is:
the degree of conflict between parents.
Although the rate of sexual activity among adolescents in the United States does not differ much from that reported by other industrialized countries, the rate of teenage pregnancy in the United States is:
the highest in the world among industrialized countries.
In general, the earlier an adolescent's criminal career begins:
the more likely he or she is to become a chronic offender.
"Sexual socialization" refers to:
the way in which an individual is exposed to and educated about sexuality.
The recent, get-tough approach to dealing with violence in schools that has been hotly debated among researchers is known as:
the zero-tolerance approach.
Date rape is when a young person is forced to have sex when he or she does not want to. Sexual coercion and date rape are more likely to occur when:
there is a large (3 or more years) age difference between a girl and her partner.
Evaluations of individual-focused approaches to drug prevention programs have found that:
these programs are largely ineffective.
Typically, adolescents who rebel against their parents or authorities do so because:
they are conforming to their peers.
Which of the following is not part of the feedback loop in the endocrine system?
thyroid hormones. gonads, hypothalamus, pituitary gland are part of the feedback loop.
What type of behaviors does the term noncoital activity refer to?
touching parts of each other's body through clothes, touching or kissing each other's naked body, kissing
The process of separating students into different levels of classes within the same school is called:
tracking
In recent years, studies of adolescents' consumer behavior have noted the strong influence teens have over one another when it comes to spending money. Advertisers have taken advantage of Internet sites such as YouTube, MySpace, and Facebook to utilize what kind of marketing?
viral marketing