Adolescent Psy Chapter 3

Adolescents tend to make unwise decisions when they are

emotionally aroused

Seventeen-year-old Brandon experiences cognitive conflict as he attempts to understand certain aspects of the world, such as religion and politics. Eventually, Brandon resolves these conflicts. This example illustrates

equilibration.

According to Piaget, a shift in thought from one state to another is called

equilibrium

Among young people, the ability to make competent decisions requires breadth of

experience

Throughout the human life span ______ continue to influence the functioning of the brain.

experiences

Throughout the human life span, _____ continue to influence the functioning of the brain.

experiences

Distractions that can interfere with attention in adolescence and emerging adulthood come from the Blank______ or Blank______ competing thoughts.

external environment; intrusive distractions from

_____ operational thought includes an increase in abstract thinking.

formal

According to neo-Piagetians, Piaget's explanations of cognitive change are too (general/narrow)

general

Which of the following is an example of adolescents' tendency to think more logically during the formal operational stage? Multiple choice question. adolescent egocentrism idealistic predictions hypothetical-deductive reasoning personal

hypothetical-deductive reasoning

True or False: Scientists have found that adolescents' brains undergo minimal structural changes.

False

In Blank______, the schema does not change. In Blank______, the schema changes. Multiple choice question. cognitive theory; information-processing theory assimilation; accommodation accommodation; assimilation Piaget's theory; Vygotsky's perspective

assimilation; accommodation

Ryland is not a mindful adolescent. This means that he is likely to

automatic behaviors

"Knowing about knowing" is also called

metacognition.

Which of the following assertions about the neuroconstructivist view are accurate? (Select all that apply.) Multiple select question. -Neural connections are fully formed at birth. -The brain has plasticity. -The brain is context dependent. -Development of the brain is closely linked with cognitive development. -Nearly all brain development is complete prior to birth. -Experience has minimal impact on brain development. -Biological processes influence brain development.

-The brain has plasticity. -The brain is context dependent. -Development of the brain is closely linked with cognitive development. -Biological processes influence brain development.

Select all that apply Which three parts make up a neuron? (Select all that apply.) -The cell body -Gray matter -White matter -Axon -Hemoglobin cells -Dendrites

-The cell body -Axon -Dendrites

The prefrontal cortex does not finish maturing until approximately Blank______ years of age.

18 to 25

Short-term memory is memory that retains information for as long as

30 seconds

One study found that working memory capacity from age to years of age predicted foreign language comprehension two years later.

9 to 10

Before birth, Blank______ primarily direct(s) basic wiring patterns in the formation of the brain. A. Genes B. Stimulation C. Proteins D. Experiences

A. Genes

According to the Blank______ view, biological processes and environmental experiences influence the brain's development. A. neuroconstructivist B. ecological systems C. behaviorist D. ethnographic

A. neuroconstructivist

______ is an important transitional period in the development of critical thinking.

Adolescence

According to the dual-process model, decision making is influenced by which systems? (Select all that apply.) Multiple select question. Analytical Socioemotional Creative Gist-based intuition

Analytical Gist-based intuition

____refers to the way individuals conceptualize and reason about their social worlds.

Blank 1: Social Blank 2: cognition

Piaget argued that individuals move back and forth between states of cognitive _____ and _____.

Blank 1: equilibrium Blank 2: disequilibrium

Today, brain-imaging studies reveal that a distributed neural network involving the and lobes is related to higher intelligence.

Blank 1: frontal Blank 2: parietal

According to Lev Vygotsky, the range of tasks that are too difficult for a child to master alone but can be mastered with guidance is known as the zone of development.

Blank 1: proximal

Having confidence is one's ability to adapt thinking to a particular situation is an aspect of

Blank 1: self Blank 2: efficacy

Which of the following questions is an example of divergent thinking? Multiple choice question. Who was the first president of the United States? Can you think of some unique uses for paper clips? correct Would you describe yourself as a creative person? How many dimes are in 30 dollars?

Can you think of some unique uses for paper clips?

Which of the following are examples of cognitive control? Multiple select question. Carrying on with a boring but important task Avoiding interfering thoughts Speaking spontaneously in order to be honest Making a real effort to stick with a task

Carrying on with a boring but important task Avoiding interfering thoughts Making a real effort to stick with a task

Which activities help adolescents in mindfulness training? Multiple select question. Reinforcing old ideas and concepts Engaging in learning from a single perspective Carrying out practices that improve self-regulation Reflecting on moment-to-moment experiences

Carrying out practices that improve self-regulation Reflecting on moment-to-moment experiences

Which of the following statements reflect current theorists' views about cognitive development? (Select all that apply.) Multiple select question. Children can be trained to reason at a higher cognitive level than Piaget thought. As adults, many individuals are not formal operational thinkers. Children cannot think abstractly as Piaget believed. Some cognitive abilities emerge earlier than Piaget thought.

Children can be trained to reason at a higher cognitive level than Piaget thought. As adults, many individuals are not formal operational thinkers. Some cognitive abilities emerge earlier than Piaget thought.

Which of the following is a characteristic of concrete operational thought? Multiple choice question. Circular reactions Classification Hypothetical-deductive reasoning Abstract reasoning

Classification

Who of following is likely is in Piaget's concrete operational stage? Multiple choice question. Corinne, who is 8 Diedre, who is 3 Sammy, who is 1 Hadrian, who is 15

Corinne, who is 8

The Blank______ is the receiving part of the neuron, and the Blank______ carries information away from the cell body to other cells. A. cell body; axon B. axon; dendrite C. cell body; dendrite D. dendrite; axon

D. dendrite; axon

Which of the following play a role in improving mindfulness in 7- to 13-year-olds? Multiple select question. Operating from a single perspective Developing inhibition Engaging in automatic behavior Using working memory

Developing inhibition Using working memory

___thinking produces many answers to the same questions.

Divergent

______ attention involves concentrating on more than one activity at the same time, whereas Blank______ attention is the ability to maintain attention to a selected stimulus for a prolonged period of time.

Divided; sustained

Which statement about adolescent brain development is true? Multiple choice question. -During adolescence, the brain undergoes few changes. -During adolescence, the brain undergoes structural development. -By the end of adolescence, the brain is fully developed. -The corpus callosum thins during adolescence.

During adolescence, the brain undergoes structural development.

Identify characteristics of school environments that foster students' creativity. (Select all that apply.) Multiple select question. Encouraging independent work Having stimulating but not distracting environments Making resources readily available Focusing attention on memorization of facts Making students locate their own resources

Encouraging independent work Having stimulating but not distracting environments Making resources readily available

The mBlank 1Blank 1 m , Incorrect Unavailable effect is the worldwide increase in intelligence test scores that has occurred over a short time frame.

Flynn

In what areas of the brain have researchers documented neurogenesis? Multiple choice question. Amygdala and pituitary gland Hippocampus and olfactory bulb Hippocampus and amygdala Olfactory bulb and pituitary gland

Hippocampus and olfactory bulb

Which of the following is not one of the types of intelligence discussed in Sternberg's triarchic theory of intelligence? Multiple choice question. Imaginative intelligence correct Practical intelligence Creative intelligence Analytical intelligence

Imaginative intelligence

Improved critical thinking in adolescence includes which of the following skills? (Select all that apply.) Multiple select question. Increased information processing speed Considering alternative strategies Less spontaneous use of applied knowledge More content knowledge in a variety of domains

Increased information processing speed Considering alternative strategies More content knowledge in a variety of domains

What can an intelligence test identify?

Individual differences

Which of the following elements did Vygotsky emphasize and Piaget minimize as playing a role in shaping thought? Multiple select question. Language Sociocultural context Education Cognition

Language Sociocultural context Education

___involves being alert, mentally present, and cognitively flexible while going through life's everyday activities and tasks.

Mindfulness

Which of the following statements about the effect of heredity on intelligence are true? Multiple select question. Most research on heredity and the environment involve comparing environments that do not radically differ from each other. correct Genetic influences may affect achievement in some areas more than others. correct Research has found that the IQs of fraternal twins are more similar than those of identical twins. Research has discovered genes that are more strongly linked to achievement in science than in the arts.

Most research on heredity and the environment involve comparing environments that do not radically differ from each other. Genetic influences may affect achievement in some areas more than others. Research has discovered genes that are more strongly linked to achievement in science than in the arts.

Which of the following explains why some intelligence experts have doubts about multiple-intelligence approaches? Multiple choice question. Multiple intelligence experts do not believe in a general intelligence. There is no proof of multiple intelligences because we cannot identify specific areas of the brain associated with the different intelligences. incorrect We cannot accurately measure multiple intelligences. People who do well in one area of intelligence tend to do well in other areas, therefore the need for multiple intelligences is not necessary.

People who do well in one area of intelligence tend to do well in other areas, therefore the need for multiple intelligences is not necessary.

The best-known and widely discussed theory of adolescent cognitive development was that developed by the psychologist _____

Piaget

Improvements in the speed of information processing occur in which of the following areas over childhood and into adolescence? Multiple select question. Reaction time Working memory Theory of mind Preoperational thinking Better language abilities

Reaction time Working memory Better language abilities

The prefrontal cortex, which does not finish developing until late adolescence or early adulthood, is involved in which of the following functions? (Select all that apply.) -Reasoning -Expression of emotions -Decision making -Self-control

Reasoning Decision making Self-control

Sternberg contends that adolescents need to develop critical thinking skills that are important to everyday life. Which does he include among these skills? Multiple select question. Recognizing that problems exist Thinking in black or white terms Solving conservation problems Handling problems without clear criteria Thinking in groups Developing approaches for addressing long-term problems

Recognizing that problems exist Handling problems without clear criteria Thinking in groups Developing approaches for addressing long-term problems

The neurotransmitter dopamine plays a role in which adolescent behaviors? Risk taking Formal operational thought Reward seeking Use of addictive drugs

Risk taking Reward seeking Use of addictive drugs

______ are mental concepts or frameworks that help to organize and interpret information. Multiple choice question. Intelligence and aptitude Circular reactions Abstractions Schemas

Schemas

Metacognition involves which the following? Multiple select question. Self-regulation Concrete problem solving High levels of emotion Evaluation Planning

Self-regulation Evaluation Planning

Which four are among Gardner's proposed types of intelligences? (Select all that apply.) Multiple select question. Spatial correct Verbal correct Musical incorrect Sensorimotor incorrect Interpersonal

Spatial Verbal Musical Interpersonal

Dr. Roth administers intelligence tests in his school district. Dr. Roth should avoid which of the following? (Select all that apply.) Multiple select question. Stereotyping and expectations correct Interpreting index scores Concluding that IQ is the only indicator of competence correct Giving all of the subtests in order to save time

Stereotyping and expectations Concluding that IQ is the only indicator of competence

Which model states that decision making is influenced by both analytical and gist-based cognitive systems, which compete against each other?

The fuzzy-trace theory dual-process model

Which statement is true about the speed of cognitive tasks? Multiple choice question. Fifteen-year-olds can process information more quickly than most young adults. An increase in working memory capacity precedes change in processing speed. incorrect Twelve-year-olds can process information as fast as young adults. The speed at which individuals can process information improves during adolescence.

The speed at which individuals can process information improves during adolescence.

In Piaget's theory, children will construct knowledge by doing which of the following? Transforming and organizing Organizing and socializing Organizing and collaborating Transforming and socializing

Transforming and organizing

True or false: As a result of synaptic pruning, neuronal connections in the brain of an adolescent become more selective and effective.

True

What does Vygotsky call the range of tasks that are too difficult for the child to master alone but can be learned with guidance and assistance from adults or more-skilled children?

Zone of proximal development

What does Vygotsky call the range of tasks that are too difficult for the child to master alone but can be learned with guidance and assistance from adults or more-skilled children? Multiple choice question. Zone of proximal development Reciprocal dialog Social learning of modeling Scaffolding

Zone of proximal development

Formal operational thought is more Blank______ than concrete operational thought. Multiple choice question. objective physical grounded abstract

abstract

____ is an adjustment of a schema in response to new information.

accommodation

Jacklyn is a typical 17 year old. Piaget would say the most important way that she furthers her understanding of the world is Multiple choice question. by using concrete logic to solve novel problems. by rejecting her parents' morals and values. by adapting her thinking to include new ideas. correct by using egocentric thinking.

by adapting her thinking to include new ideas.

One especially important aspect of Piaget's theory was his use of Multiple choice question. standardized testing. empirical research. children from diverse cultures. careful observations.

careful observation

One especially important aspect of Piaget's theory was his use of Multiple choice question. empirical research. standardized testing. careful observations. correct children from diverse cultures.

careful observations.

Which of the following is a characteristic of concrete operational thought? Multiple choice question. Hypothetical-deductive reasoning Classification Circular reactions Abstract reasoning

classification

Lamar can systematically organize objects into hierarchies of classes and subclasses. This skill is called Multiple choice question. conservation. hypothetical-deductive reasoning. sensorimotor understanding. classification.

classification.

Andre's teacher makes a rude remark to him during math class. Andre wants to reply to his teacher in an equally rude manner but decides to stay quiet, as his comment may get him into trouble. Andre is demonstrating

cognitive control.

When confronted with difficult decisions, Cam looks at his various options and alternatives and determines which decision best fits the situation. Cam is demonstrating

cognitive flexibility.

Capacity and speed of information processing are known as

cognitive resources.

According to Piaget's Blank______ stage, children are able to do mentally what earlier they did physically.

concrete operational

According to Kuhn, by the time a child reaches adolescence there is Blank______ in cognitive functioning across individuals

considerable variability

The large bundle of axon fibers that connects the brain's left and right hemispheres is called the Multiple choice question. amygdala. hemispheric pathway. corpus callosum. pons.

corpus callosum.

___ and ___ exert stronger influences on cognitive development than Piaget envisioned.

culture and education

According to Piaget, adolescents begin to think more using hypothetical-______ reasoning, which involves coming up with a theory, considering its implications, and testing it out.

deductive

Increases in the neurotransmitter _____ have been linked to increased risk taking and the use of addictive drugs.

dopamine

The amygdala matures Blank______ the prefrontal cortex.

earlier than

Research indicates that (early/late) adolescence is a time of considerable brain plasticity.

early

Most information-processing psychologists maintain that an increase in cognitive capacity leads to Multiple choice question. a drastic increase in IQ scores. the emergence of executive functioning. improved processing of information. slower reaction times.

improved processing of information.

Assimilation refers to the Multiple choice question. process of planning an experiment or course of action. evaluation of the importance of an observation. incorporation of new information into existing knowledge. adjustment of a schema in response to new information.

incorporation of new information into existing knowledge.

According to Howard Gardner, ___intelligence involves the ability to understand oneself.

intrapersonal

The seat of emotions in the brain is the: limbic system. cerebral cortex. corpus callosum. brain stem.

limbic system.

The - argue that Piaget's theory does not adequately focus on attention, memory, and cognitive strategies that adolescents use to process information.

neo-piagetians

_____ are also called nerve cells.

neurons

Research indicates that the ______ in adolescents has not adequately developed to be able to control their strong emotions.

prefrontal cortex

Research suggests that the Blank______ plays a more important role in working memory in late adolescence than in early adolescence.

prefrontal cortex

The Blank______ plays an important role in the cognitive processes that underlie executive functioning.

prefrontal cortex

The corpus callosum thickens during adolescence, which improves adolescents' ability to -coordinate various sensory inputs. -control emotions. -get along with peers. -process information.

process information.

As a result of synaptic Blank______, by the end of adolescence individuals have "more selective and more effective neuronal connections than children." blooming binging purging pruning

pruning

Current research has found that differences between intelligence scores of identical and fraternal twins is

relatively low.

Piaget was especially interested in how children and adults use Blank______ to organize and make sense out of their current experiences. Multiple choice question. equilibration concrete thinking schemas assimilation

schemas

Martin is able to focus on his mother's voice among many in a crowded room. Martin is demonstrating attention.

selective

Thoughts such as worrying, self-doubt, and intense, emotionally laden thoughts as well as mind-wandering are most likely referred to as Blank______.

self-oriented thoughts

In Piaget's stage, infants construct an understanding of the world by coordinating sensory experiences with physical, motoric actions.

sensorimotor

Piaget's Blank______ stage lasts from birth to about 2 years of age.

sensorimotor

In the sensorimotor stage, infants construct an understanding of the world by connecting physical actions with Blank______. Multiple choice question. sensory information objects words and images abstract terms

sensory information

As you prepare to visit home for fall break, your father calls and reminds you to bring home your summer clothes for storage, a borrowed phone charger, and an old television set that you no longer use. Immediately after the call, you grab pen and paper and jot down the items so you do not forget. Your quick recall of these items is known as

short-term memory.

Piaget's theory has been criticized because ongoing research shows that cognitive development does not proceed according to clearly distinguished as Piaget argued.

stages

An adolescent can have ______ as the result of a developed limbic system, and the prefrontal cortex is not sufficiently developed to______ them. strong emotions; control idealistic beliefs; act on periods of fatigue; overcome creative ideas; shape

strong emotions; control

We owe to Piaget the current belief that a concept does not emerge Blank 1Blank 1 immediatly , Incorrect Unavailable, but develops through a series of partial accomplishments. (Remember to type only one word in the blank.)

suddenly

One strategy to increase adolescents' creative thinking skills is to build their sense of self-efficacy, which is

the belief that they can produce a positive outcome.

The increase in sustained attention that develops in adolescence is associated with maturation of

the frontal lobes in the brain.

An increase in executive attention supports Blank______ required to effectively engage in complex academic tasks. Multiple choice question. the purposeful hyperactivity the application of multitasking the increase in effortful control the sustained divided attention

the increase in effortful control

According to Piaget, in the formal operational stage, adolescents' thinking becomes more abstract, as exemplified by spending more time thinking about ____ itself.

thinking

According to Piaget, in the formal operational stage, adolescents' thinking becomes more abstract, as exemplified by spending more time thinking about___ itself.

thinking

Adolescence is an important transitional period in the development of critical

thinking

True or false: According to Robert Sternberg, most school programs that teach critical thinking are flawed.

true

According to Deanna Kuhn, young children attain largely Blank______ cognitive levels, whereas older children and adolescents approach cognitive levels that they Blank______ obtain.

universal; may or may not