Adolescent psychology exam #2

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Which of the following is the most likely result of the effects of divorce on a child in the United States?

Mekwi gets poorer grades and behaves aggressively towards his classmates.

The determinants of (sociometric/perceived) ________ popularity are highly variable.

Perceived

The determinants of (sociometric/perceived) _________ popularity are highly variable.

Perceived

Troy is considered very good-looking by most of his peers. Gage is a star football and baseball player. These traits are examples of ______.

Perceived popularity

Identify all of the following characteristics of adolescents who join gangs.

Poor self-conception; Isolation from family; Emotional and behavioral problems

Which of the following adolescent groups are very involved in the peer culture, as well as involved in the institutions valued by adults? (Select all that apply.)

Popular, Jocks

According to Margaret Mead, cultures that socialize children almost exclusively through contact with the culture's elders are known as _______________- cultures.

Post - figurative

In what type of society is cultural change slowest?

Post - figurative

In what type of society is cultural change slowest?

Post-figurative

(Public/Private) ________ victimization has especially negative consequences.

Public

Which of the following statements about popularity and aggression is true?

Some aggressive adolescents are quite popular.

_______ causation occurs when the correlation between two things is due to the fact that each of them is correlated with some third factor.

Spurious

Jamar attends a school that frequently separates students into different academic tracks. Which of the following is probably true about Jamar's school?

Cross-ethnic friendships at the school are rare.

The (clique/crowd) __________ probably contributes most to the adolescent's sense of identity and self-conception.

Crowd

Adolescence marks the emergence of larger collectives of peers, called ______________

Crowds

What groups clarify where adolescents fit in the school's social structure?

Crowds

The average American adolescent sends ________text messages a day. a. 20 or fewer b. about 50 c. about 70 d. more than 200

c, about 70

Ms. Willingham sets high standards for her students but is very responsive to their needs. What type of teaching style is this characteristic of? a. autocratic b. authoritarian c. authoritative d. permissive

c, authoritative

adolescents have close relationships w _____ through extracurricular activities

coaches, advisors, directors, and conductors

Which theory of media's impact emphasizes the idea that media shape adolescents' interests, motives, and beliefs about the world?

cultivation theory

Samantha attends a public school that has a great deal of freedom to set its own curriculum. This type of school is referred to as what in your text? a. public school b. private school c. parochial school d. charter school

d, charter school

Experts recommend that adolescents with specific learning disabilities receive: a. extra instruction to improve hand-eye coordination and psychosocial development b. exclusive mainstreaming treatment c. school vouchers to attend private schools d. extra instruction in study skills, time management, organization skills, note taking, and proofreading

d, extra instruction in study skills, time management, organization skills, note taking, and proofreading

During the 1950s, how did the United States respond when politicians believed the US was falling behind the accomplishments of the soviet union? a. increased attention was paid to religious and moral education b. requirements for classes in European history were intensified c. students were obligated to take more foreign language courses d. increased emphasis was placed on math and science education

d, increased emphasis was placed on math and science education

7. Authoritarian parents stress the importance of: a initiative b. creativity c. indifference d. obedience and respect for authority

d. obedience and respect for authorityy

5. Which style of parenting is child-centered, the parents are over-involved, few rules on expectations, and few guidelines? A. Authoritative B. Authoritarian C. Neglectful D. Permissive

d. permissive

One study found that exposure to sexually explicit websites (increased/decreased) the likelihood of sexual activity among adolescents who were sexually mature.

decreased

Which of the following is not a style of parenting

demanding

An inherited vulnerability to a particular disorder is called

diathesis

Students who are disengaged from school are more likely to _____. (Select all that apply.)

engage in substance use misbehave

In diverse high schools, adolescents first divide across ______ lines and then form into more familiar adolescent crowds within these groups.

ethnic

Dr. Perez is a researcher who investigates variations in adolescents' moods over the course of a day. Dr. Perez equips his participants with tablets and, when the participants are signaled, they report whom they are with, what they are doing, and how they are feeling. This method is called ______.

experience sampling method

used to obtain data about american teens free time, how many hours are spent in school, how much time is spent doing hmwk vs watching tv, etc

experience sampling method

Which school characteristics contribute to the likelihood of bullying occurring?

harsh punishments for students, frequent disrespect for students, unsupportive teachers

The proportion of American high school students holding part-time jobs

has decreased during the last 30 years.

High-ability students who attend schools where the student body is more diverse ______.

have higher career aspirations

One reason that teens who work long hours are at increased risk for drug and alcohol use is that they ______.

have more discretionary income

Which of the following factors helps students adapt more successfully to school transition?

having friends before and during transition

Tracking may be especially useful in (elementary/middle/high) school.

high

Among (lower/higher) SES students, academic progress during the school year is comparable to that during the summer.

higher

Among (lower/higher) SES students, academic progress during the school year is comparable to that during the summer.

higher

Self-esteem is ______ among students who are identified with peer groups that have relatively high status in their school.

higher

Adolescents with learning disabilities are (more/less) likely to participate in school-based extracurricular activities.

less

As crowds become (more/less) _________ important, their influence over the individual's behavior weakens.

less

Over time, witnesses to cyberbullying tend to show ______ empathy toward victims of the harassment.

less

Compared to elementary school teachers, teachers in junior high schools are ______.

less likely to trust their students

adolescents often do not save ____ or contribute to family ___

money, budget

Compared to membership in crews, gang members tend to be (more/less) __________ isolated from their families.

Nathan is an aggressive, antisocial teenager. His two best friends, Jaron and Denny, are also aggressive and antisocial. Over time, Nathan will become (more/less) ________ aggressive and antisocial.

Over the course of childhood, boys and girls become (more/less) _______ concerned about behaving in ways judged to be sex-appropriate.

Putting labels on games to alert adolescents and their parents to violent content makes the games (more/less) attractive to teenagers.

____ parents say they monitor their teens internet use, teens report they do not.

Regarding positive youth programs, parents frequently report that their teenagers had become ______.

more attentive and considerate after having been in a well-run program

Which of the following has NOT been found to be a characteristic of adolescents who work more than 20 hours per week?

more involvement in extracurricular activities

Adolescents who report a lot of media use are ______.

more likely to be bored and unhappy

Today, ______ of high school graduates enroll in college immediately after graduation

more than two thirds

Today, ______ of high school graduates enroll in college immediately after graduation.

more than two-thirds

Compared with teenagers in previous times, teenagers in contemporary societies spend ______ time with their peers ______ with their parents.

more; than

Which of the following best describes the high school completion rate in the United States in the early twentieth century compared to today?

much lower

Which of the following types of extracurricular activities are most popular among adolescents?

music-related and academic-related

Adolescents who consume media in which women are objectified have more tolerant attitudes toward ______.

sexual harassment

One key aspect of school organization is the ______ of classrooms and schools.

size

A (small/significant) proportion of today's adolescents hold jobs where there is ample opportunity to learn new or higher-level skills.

small

The existence of longstanding groups such as the Boys and Girls Club of America and 4-H clubs supports the idea that ______.

the concept of positive youth development is not new

As boys and girls become more interested in one another romantically, but before romantic relationships actually begin, cliques of boys and girls come together. This is considered a ______ stage.

transitional

Teacher expectations affect student performance

true

True or false: Schools can contribute to student bullying.

true

Alternatives to public schools include all of the following except

tutoring

Students in integrated classrooms who compare themselves to high-achieving peers often feel ________ about themselves. The term ________ is used for this phenomenon.

worse; big fish-little pond effect

Which of the following groups is most likely to be involved in extracurricular activities?

youth who earn better grades

______ attitudes about the value of having friends from different ethnic groups make a difference in whether or not adolescents form cross-ethnic relationships.

Parents'

Groups of individuals of approximately the same age are called_________ ___________

Peer groups

Predicting perceived popularity is complicated by the fact that ______.

Peer norms change

Aggressive adolescents who have few friends, and few aggressive friends in particular, are likely to become (more/less)______________ antisocial over time.

Less

Ethnic segregation in adolescent peer relationships is far (less/more) _________ common in Canada than in the United States.

Less

Immigrants are (more/less) ______ likely to have cross-ethnic friendships than other adolescents.

Less

The relationships that antisocial adolescents have with their clique-mates are often (more/less) _________ satisfying than those between other adolescents and their friends

Less

Bullies who specialize in cyberbullying tend to be (more/less) ______ reactive in their aggression and (more/less) _______ instrumental than traditional bullies.

Less; More

Adolescents and their friends generally ______.

Listen to the same type of music and dress alike

Flynn, age 15, has been harassed by his classmates since he was in 4th grade. Identify all of the outcomes that he is likely to face.

Low self-esteem; Difficulty controlling negative emotions; Suicidal ideation; Problems in social skills; Depression

Which of the following statements about friendship stability is true?

Only half of all reciprocated best friendships that exist at the beginning of the school year exist at the end.

Compared to children, adolescents have increasing contact with ______.

Other-sex peers

According to Margaret Mead, co-figurative cultures will eventually be replaced by _______________ cultures.

PRE - figurative

In what type of culture do young people act as adults' teachers?

PRE - figurative

A strong predictor of high achievement and reduced dropout rates is ______.

Parent Involvement

Why is it difficult to determine the exact nature (and direction of the effect) of family characteristics and adolescent development?

Parents and adolescents reciprocally influence each other.

About ______ of American high school students participate in one or more extracurricular activities.

2/3

of hs seniors have jobs and most work ___ hrs per week

2/3, 20

Working more than ______ hours a week jeopardizes adolescents' school performance and engagement.

students who work more than __ hours a week are less satisfied with their lives

About how many student athletes report being screamed at by their coach?

3/4

school is only ___ hours per week

About 1 in ______ school-age children is at risk for a learning disability

about % of american teens time is free time

Among all the characteristics of friends that influence the behavior of adolescents, the ______ of their friends has the greatest effect.

School performance

What is the recommended relationship between schools and the larger community?

Schools should be thoroughly integrated into the wider community.

Studies have shown that repeated exposure to violent imagery on television leads to ______ behavior in children and youth.

aggressive

True or false: With the transition to secondary school, students' scores on standardized achievement tests decline.

false

Valuing the needs of the family over the needs of the individual is

familialism

An example of a shared environmental influence is

family socioeconomic status

The idea that families change dramatically when one individual, or the family's circumstances are changing is part of

family systems theory

Decisions about whether to implement tracking in non-tracked schools, or whether to "de-track" schools that use ability grouping, are typically quite controversial. Parents of students in the higher tracks ________, whereas parents in the lower tracks ________.

favor tracking; oppose it

Which of the following are considered to be part of secondary education?

middle/ junior/ high

have harder time finding jobs, Often jobs are not close to home; transportation issues

minority youth

Students who are disengaged from school are more likely to _____. (Select all that apply.)

misbehave engage in substance use

Which of the following has been shown to be a key component of what makes a positive youth development program successful?

the extent to which participants are placed in demanding roles

According to a survey conducted in the early 2000s, how do adolescents spend most of their leisure time?

passive activities

According to researchers, adolescents prefer spending time with peers over spending time with family members because

peers place less emphasis than do family members on following rules.

The amount of status or prestige someone has is called ______ popularity.

perceived

The amount of status or prestige someone has is called _________ popularity.

perceived

Popularity determines by prestige and status is called

perceived popularity

working over 20 hrs/week as student is related to declines in academic _____, lower school _____, less _____ in school

performance, involvement, interest

Ivan, a teenager, is most likely to experience high levels of concentration and interest when he is

playing sports.

Standards-based reform refers to ______.

policies designed to improve achievement by holding schools and students to a predetermined set of benchmarks measured by achievement tests

Standards-based reform refers to ______.

policies designed to improve achievement by holding schools and students to benchmark

adolescents often have ___ work ethic

poor

Studies show that students on lower education tracks who need to most help often have the ______ instruction.

poorest

Tommy values education and works hard in school, but he also enjoys hanging out with his friends on the weekends. Which peer crowd is Tommy most likely to belong to?

populars

Researchers argue that well-designed after-school programs for adolescents will not only deter problem behavior by providing adults with supervision but can also promote ________ development.

positive youth

The goal of programs designed to facilitate healthy psychosocial development and not simply deter problematic development falls under the category of ______.

positive youth development

According to Margaret Mead, cultures that socialize children almost exclusively through contact with the culture's elders are known as_______________ cultures.

post-figurative

Dr. Cruz believes she has found a society that is so technologically advanced that children routinely teach adults instead of the other way around. What would anthropologists such as Margaret Mead call this type of society?

prefigurative

Some critics of No Child Left Behind argued that it was having the unintended consequence of

providing incentives for schools to push low-achieving students out of school.

Ethnographic research is (quantitative/qualitative) ___________.

qualitative

A _________ group is one against which an individual compares himself or herself.

reference

Match the symptom of Internet addiction with its definition. - returning to addictive internet behavior after getting it under control

relapse and reinstatement

Like boys, girls act aggressively toward peers, but unlike boys, girls' aggression is often ______.

relational

An advantage of schools within schools is that they lead to ______.

the development of a more positive social environment

Children with a learning disability are defined as those who perform significantly poorer in school than ______.

their expected performance

Children with a learning disability are defined as those who perform significantly poorer in school than ______.

their expected to preform

Small groups of peers with more intimate relationships are called

cliques

The process of separating students into different levels of classes within the same school is called .

tracking

The EPOCH model of positive adolescent psychology stresses the following ______. (Select all that apply.)

- Optimism - Happiness - Perseverance

Which of the following is the best example of the diathesis-stress model in action?

Anita's father has obsessive-compulsive disorder. After Anita's girlfriend breaks up with her, Anita begins to show signs of obsessive-compulsive behavior.

Which of the following disorders is a biologically based psychological disorder characterized by impulsivity, inattentiveness, and restlessness?

ADHD

_______________ popularity refers to how well-liked someone is.

Sociometric popularity

Identify two types of popularity.

Sociometric popularity; Perceived popularity

extracurricular activities are often _____ directed activities

adult

According to the textbook, the harmful effects of low parental monitoring are especially bad in neighborhoods that:

are low in collective efficacy.

The big fish-little pond effect has been documented ______.

around the world

School-sponsored ______ activities provide the context for much of adolescents' leisure activity.

extracurricular

Cyberbullying has few negative effects than physical bullying

false

One study found that both losing one's virginity and becoming pregnant were depicted more positively in the (U.S./Netherlands)

netherlands

Which type of media has declined in the past decade?

print materials

A child is more likely to be adversely affected by divorce if

they blame themselves

Which of the following health problems are associated with compulsive online activity?

- Procrastination - Depression - Social anxiety

Identify the benefits associated with extracurricular participation. select all that apply

- Reduces likelihood of dropout - Prevents exposure to violence - Enhances psychological well-being - Deters drug use - Deters delinquency

During which activities do young adolescents most commonly experience high levels of motivation, concentration, and engagement?

- Sports - Playing musical instruments

Which of the following trends in education has led to fewer adolescents working today compared to several decades ago? (Select all that apply.)

- The growth of new technologies has expanded leisure opportunities for many teenagers. - The recession changed the job market. - More students are taking AP courses, which have out-of-school homework requirements.

Some researchers have found that working has special benefits for ______. (Select all that apply.)

- adolescents with poor school records - adolescents from single-parent families - inner-city adolescents

Identify the Five C's of positive youth development. (Select all that apply.)

- character - competence - caring/compassion - confidence

Free time in adolescence plays an important role in ______.

- helping young people develop a sense of themselves - exploring relationships - learning about the society around them

Working during ______ increases the chances that poor minority youth will drop out of school and engage in problem behavior. (Select all that apply.)

- junior high - the early years of high school

The most common sexual messages on television involve _____.

- men seeing women as sex objects - sex as competition - sex as fun and exciting - sex as a defining aspect of masculinity

Research suggests that working long hours in high school may be associated with ______. (Select all that apply.)

- minor delinquency - increased aggression - precocious sexual activity - increased school misconduct

For today's teenagers, most jobs are ______. (Select all that apply.)

- repetitive - intellectually unchallenging - monotonous

Identify the two types of popular boys.

-Boys who are physically and academically competent, friendly, and neither shy nor aggressive -Boys who are extremely aggressive, physically competent, and average or below average in friendliness, academic competence, and shyness

According to a national survey, how many students in American public schools have been victims of violence?

1 out of 4

Close to ______% of preadolescents and adolescents devote so much energy to playing video games that their behavior is pathological.

Inner-city schools in American continue to have tremendous problems. Approximately ________ of the high schools in the United States produce ________ of the country's dropouts.

10%; 50%

Young people see about ______ acts of media violence each year.

10,000

Michelle has been placed in a school program for gifted children. What is the minimum IQ score that she would need to have in order for most psychologists to consider her gifted?

130

Which of the following adolescents is most likely to use alcohol and drugs during his or her late 20s?

15-year-old Caesar, who works 24 hours per week at a fast-food restaurant

Compulsory education laws require individuals to stay in school until at least turning

Which of the following teenagers is most likely to benefit from having a job?

17-year-old Daciana, who lives with her single mother in a poor, urban neighborhood

American high school students spend fewer than _____ hours per week on homework, whereas Japanese, Taiwanese, and Indian high school students average closer to _____ hours per week.

5; 5 hours per day

At best, teens spend less than % of their time doing homework, while % of their time is spent watching TV.

7, 13

More than ______% of all shows popular among teenagers contain sexual content.

The average teenager sends about ______ text messages each day.

Alcohol and drugs are present in about ________% of prime-time network dramatic programs.

Studies have shown that benefits of participating in structured extracurricular activities last as many as ______ years after high school graduation.

About ______% of the connection between teacher expectations and student achievement results from teachers having accurate perceptions.

Today, more than ______% of high school students graduate on time.

80%

The average adolescent spends nearly ______ hours each day with one or more media.

More than ______% of American teens go online daily.

By ______ grade, there is nearly universal agreement among students about the school's crowd structure.

9th grade

Which of the following is true of most adolescents' jobs?

Adolescents are rarely required to use skills taught in school.

Which of the following statements about the influence of crowds on adolescents' behavior is true?

Adolescents often imitate the behavior of high-status peers.

Micah, age 15, has difficulty controlling his hostility toward peers. However, he becomes very anxious about initiating friendships with other adolescents. Micah would be considered ______.

Aggressive and withdrawn

Identify the four categories of victim responses to bullying.

Aggressive; Mixed-strategy; Passive; Support-seeking

In many schools, (few/all) ______ students who are highly committed to school, regardless of their ethnicity, are teased or excluded.

All

In a configurative culture

adults and peers both have important knowledge to teach children

Research has shown that the most effective bullying interventions address which of the following groups?

All students

During the transition to adolescence, there is a dramatic drop in the amount of time young people spend with parents. For boys, this is mainly replaced by time ______, whereas for girls, it is replaced by time _______.

Alone; alone and with friends

Based on developmental research, which adolescent is most likely to experience healthy development?

Alonso, whose parents engage with him in verbal give-and-take

What is the main difference in time-use between 15- to 17-year-olds in the late 1970s and 15- to 17-year-olds in the early 2000s?

Among boys and girls, there was a significant decline in the proportion of time devoted to paid jobs and a significant increase in time devoted to leisure activities.

Generally speaking, why are part-time jobs less common in European countries?

As the school day lasts well into the late afternoon, the scheduling of part-time jobs in most European countries is not well suited to the daily routines of students.

True or false: Most sexual content on prime-time TV contains graphic images.

false

_____ is the correlation between two things attributable to the effect one thing has on the other.

Causation

premature _____, lack of understanding about adult _____ such as deposits, utilities

affluent, responsibilities

Before boys and girls become more interested in one another romantically, which of the following occurs?

Boys' and girls' cliques come together.

Who is most likely to have cross-ethnic friendships?

Brandy, who attends a school where one ethnic group predominates

"______" are not involved in either the peer culture or adult institutions.

Burnouts

Which set of research findings was used in the Supreme Court case of Brown v. Entertainment Merchants (2010), which was a case that debated whether banning the sale of violent video games to minors was unconstitutional?

Careful studies have indicated that playing violent video games does not make adolescents more aggressive.

According to research on the influence of ethnicity and socioeconomic status on adolescent friendships, which adolescent pair is likeliest to be good friends?

Carlos, who is from an affluent Hispanic family, and Jose, who is from a poor Hispanic family

Which of the following aggressive adolescents will likely be more popular among peers?

Casey, who uses aggression strategically

One way to break out of the cycle of misunderstanding between students from different ethnic backgrounds is to bring them together in (childhood/adolescence) ____________.

Childhood

Sophomores Brandon and Jayson like to hang out with Cara and Lydia, their friends on the student council. The four students are considered a ______.

Clique

The (clique/crowd) _________ is the peer setting in which adolescents learn social skills.

Clique

_______________ are small groups of between 2 and 12 individuals that are generally of the same sex and the same age.

Cliques

______ are groups of close friends, whereas ______ are based on the identification of adolescents who share a similar image or reputation among peers.

Cliques; crowds

Which of the following best characterizes the relationship between rejection in childhood and adolescence?

Closely related

Contemporary societies have shifted toward what type of culture?

Co-figurative

Which of the following characteristics of parent-child relationships puts young people at risk for antisocial behavior?

Coercive and hostile behavior

Which of the following statements is true?

College graduates earn substantially more than individuals who attend college but do not graduate.

According to Margaret Mead, cultures that socialize children through contact among people of the same age are known as _____________ cultures.

Con- figurative

What is the primary difference between how adolescents are socialized in kinship-based societies and how they are socialized in contemporary societies?

Contemporary societies, unlike kinship-based societies, do not rely on the family as the primary source of socialization.

Which of the following adolescents is most likely to engage in violent behavior?

Cooper, who is on his school's football team but is not involved in other extracurricular activities

Which type of group is known for engaging in fighting, tagging, and partying but not serious violence?

Crew

Brody is generally an average student. This semester, he started working and his usual work week is 30 hours. What strategy is Brody likely to use in order to protect his current grade point average?

Cut corners on assignments

Bullying that occurs over the Internet or via cell phones is called

Cyber bullying

Danica has started receiving threatening text messages from a classmate, Claire. Claire threatens to beat Danica up and starts several Facebook rumors about Danica. Danica is a victim of ______.

Cyberbullying

The grouping of students by age in classrooms is called

age grading

Which of the following is an explanation for why cliques of boys and girls begin to mix?

Dating provides a basis for common activity.

Between 9th and 12th grades, the significance of the crowd structure (declines/rises) __________.

Declines

Jacob and Ian, both 16 years old, have been in trouble with the law for underage drinking, selling marijuana, and breaking into cars. Recently, a new student, Gabe, started at their school. While in detention with Jacob and Ian, Gabe talked about his parents taking him out of his other school because he was caught drinking and smoking marijuana with his friends. Jacob and Ian then chimed in, excitedly telling Gabe about their delinquent behavior. This example illustrates ______.

Deviance training

As adolescents become more secure in their identities, the need for affiliation with a crowd (increases/diminishes) _____________.

Diminishes

Washington High is a large, multi-ethnic high school. Which of the following best characterizes the "jocks" at the school?

Distributed among various ethnicities

Which of the following behaviors is most likely to be influenced by selection rather than socialization?

Drug use

One reason why ethnic segregation exists in friendship patterns is ______.

Due to differential levels of academic achievement of adolescents from different ethnic groups

Identify three common types of specific learning disabilities.

Dyscalculia Dysgraphia Dyslexia

Identify three common types of specific learning disabilities.

Dyscalculia Dyslexia Dysgraphia

During ______, cliques tend to be composed of individuals of the same sex. (Select all that apply.)

Early adolescence, and middle adolescence

Among unpopular withdrawn children, their hesitancy, low self-esteem, and lack of confidence make them ______.

Easy targets for bullies

Adolescents and their friends tend to be similar in ______. (Select all that apply.)

Educational plans; their attitudes toward school; school achievement

Which of the following resulted from standards-based reform?

Educators could not agree on the body of knowledge and skills that comprised what high school graduates should know and be able to do.

Which of the following best describes cascading effects?

Either positive or negative

In diverse high schools, adolescents first divide across _______ lines and then form into more familiar adolescent crowds within these groups.

Ethnic

Research indicates that (ethnicity/SES) _________ is a far more powerful determinant of friendship patterns.

Ethnicity

______________ is a type of research in which individuals are observed in their natural settings.

Ethnography

Which of the following traits is common among unpopular withdrawn children?

Excessive anxiety

Emma is dancing to her favorite song on the radio when her electronic pager goes off. Emma proceeds to pull out a notebook and record her current emotional state. This type of data collection is called:

Experience Sampling Method.

True or false: Antisocial adolescents rarely have any friends.

False

True or false: In most American high schools, the prevailing peer culture emphasizes academic success as a route toward status and popularity.

False

True or false: Mainstreaming is primarily used for gifted students.

False

True or false: Members of crowds generally consider each other close friends.

False

True or false: Teenagers almost exclusively belong to a single crowd.

False

True or false: The meaning associated with belonging to different crowds is similar across ethnic and socioeconomic groups.

False

Based on what you have read about high-performing charter schools, what qualities from these schools would it make sense to encourage in other schools?

Focus on character development as well as academic performance.

Parents who act as ______ have adolescents who are less likely to be involved in drug use and delinquent activity.

Friendly consultants

Organized peer groups of antisocial individuals are called _________.

Gangs

Which of the following adolescents is most likely to participate in extracurricular activities?

Geoff, who lives in a small, rural community

Which U.S. president signed into law the No Child Left Behind Act?

George W. Bush

(Boys/Girls) _______ are more aware of relational aggression, are more distressed by it, and are more often the victims of it.

Girls

(Girls/Boys) _______ are more likely to say that it is morally wrong to exclude someone simply on the basis of the crowd to which he or she belongs.

Girls

Identify two distinctly different groups of popular girls.

Girls who are antisocial and poor students Girls who are prosocial and good students

Many of the changes in peer crowds during adolescence reflect adolescents' ______.

Growing cognitive sophistication

more likely to be unemployed

HS drop outs

Sixteen-year-old Chance, who is aggressive, engages in promiscuous sex, and drinks alcohol regularly, is popular among many of his peers. According to research, as Chance transitions to adulthood, he will ______.

Have more interpersonal and behavioral problems than his peers

Which of the following characteristics of popularity is also critical for establishing friendships?

Having good social skills

Kareem is a rejected adolescent. Which of the following statements about Kareem's developmental history is probably true?

He likely had behavioral and emotional difficulties in early elementary school.

Regina and her friends are all high-achieving students. They are involved in sports, participate in student committees, and abstain from sex, alcohol, and drugs. Which profile best classifies Regina and her friends?

High functioning

According to a large, nationally representative sample of adolescents, researchers identified which four profiles of adolescent friendship groups?

High functioning; Engaged; Disengaged; Maladjusted

Female adolescents, who hang around with gangs are likely to be involved in which of the following?

High-risk sexual behavior; Crime; Drug use

The prevalence of bullying is (higher/lower) ________ in schools and in countries characterized by greater income inequality.

Higher

The tendency to interpret ambiguous interactions with others as deliberately hostile is called ___________ __________ ___________

Hostile attribution bias

While playing soccer during physical education class, Byron ran into Drake as he was chasing the ball. Drake fell, jumped back up angrily, and raced after Byron to tackle him. When the teacher intervened, Byron explained that he was simply playing the game and accidentally ran into Drake. Drake argued that Byron's behavior was intentional and yelled, "I should have punched him in the face for it!" Drake is demonstrating ______.

Hostile attribution bias

The tendency to interpret ambiguous interactions with others as deliberately hostile is called ______ _______ ______ .

Hostile attributional bias

The undesirable consequences of well - intention treatments are called ________ effects.

Iattrogenic

What would change the perceived popularity of adolescents who engage in delinquent behaviors?

If popular adolescents suddenly stop engaging in the behaviors

Which of the following is a cost associated with being popular in adolescence?

If you become too popular, you face the possibility of being the object of other classmates' meanness.

Studies that use the experience sampling method have investigated whether adolescents' moods vary as a function of whom they are with and whether this connection between mood and companionship changes with age. What are the primary results of these studies?

In general, adolescents' moods are most positive when they are with their friends, least positive when they are alone, and somewhere in between when they are with their family.

Which of the following statements about cyberbullying is true?

In most cases, the person being cyberbullied has an idea who is behind the harassment.

Which of the following statements about peer harassment is true?

It can be either direct or indirect.

Amy, a social reformer in the early twentieth century, would have likely considered which of the following to be a good reason to push for secondary education?

It is effective in reducing crime by keeping youngsters off the streets.

Why can we not say that violent media causes aggression?

It is possible that aggressive adolescents are more prone to choose to watch violent images.

Which of the following is a disadvantage associated with providing instruction to children with learning disabilities in separate classes?

It may foster social isolation and stigmatization.

Which of the following is true of cyberbullying?

It tends to make adolescent bullies more popular.

Mr. and Mrs. Jackson are the parents of 16-year-old Alejandro. The Jackson live in a community with some gang violence and fairly high rates of juvenile delinquency. The Jackson's are very strict and do not allow Alejandro to hang out with other teenagers. When Alejandro argues that he is responsible and will not hang out with "the bad kids," his parents reiterate their position and insist that he stay home with the family. Which of the following statements about the Jackson's approach is true?

Jackson's strict parenting may inadvertently drive Alejandro to become closer to delinquent peers.

Which adolescent is least likely to spend leisure time reading?

Jeannette, who lives in the United States

Jen is considered a popular student at Tremont High, whereas Sarah is considered an unpopular student. Which of the following statements about Jen and Sarah is true?

Jen is more likely than Sarah to have close, intimate friendships.

Research examining young-adult outcomes of high school crowd membership found that both "_____" and "_____" showed the most favorable patterns of psychological adjustment over time.

Jocks brains

Which two groups show the greatest reduction in psychological distress between adolescence and young adulthood?

Jocks, Brains

DE' Ann is a depressed teenager. Of the following teenagers, with whom is DE' Ann most likely to become friends?

Justine, who suffers from depression

______ violence has declined substantially since peaking in the early 1990s, despite the proliferation of violent video games.

Juvenile

Landon and Jerome are teenage cousins. Landon's parents work late hours and Landon is generally left to care for himself after school. Jerome's mother only works part-time so she is usually home when he arrives home from school. Which of the following statements about Landon and Jerome is true?

Landon is more likely than Jerome to have school problems, use drugs and alcohol, and be involved in antisocial activity.

During (early/middle/late) _________ adolescence, peer crowds begin to disintegrate.

Late

During what period is the larger peer group replaced by loosely associated sets of couples?

Late adolescence

"Brains" and "nerds" are (more/less) _____ likely than "jocks" and "popular" to be involved in the peer culture.

Less

"Brains" and "nerds" are (more/less) ___________ likely than "jocks" and "popular" to be involved in the peer culture.

Less

"Brains" and "nerds" are (more/less) likely than "jocks" and "popular" to be involved in the peer culture.

Less

Adolescents' online friends are (less/more) ______ similar in age than the friends they make in school.

Less

Aggressive adolescents who have few friends, and few aggressive friends in particular, are likely to become (more/less) antisocial over time.

Less

Which of the following is not associated with adolescents who work?

greater enjoyment of school

Which of the following is an unintended consequence of zero-tolerance policies?

Many students end up with arrest records for acts that would have been treated as disciplinary infractions in the past.

Harrison hangs out with a deviant peer group. Marlo has no friends at school. Which of the following statements about these boys is true?

Marlo will feel more lonely than Harrison.

Which of the following adolescents is most at risk of mental health problems?

Mason, a 13-year-old homeless boy

Which of the following adolescents is showing signs of compulsive Internet use (CIU) or Internet addiction?

Mawar looks at her smartphone constantly. She is happiest when her posts get a lot of "likes" and depressed when she cannot be online. Mawar's mother is upset by this behavior and feels that Mawar only pays attention to her phone, not her family.

In one study of adolescent girls, researchers found that ______ was one of the ways that the clique ensured that no one member became stuck-up as a result of her popularity in the eyes of classmates.

Meanness

______: teens may use several different modes simultaneously

Media Saturation

Adolescents' clique's show (low/moderate/high) __________ stability over the course of the school year.

Moderate

Which of the following students is especially vulnerable to the effects of teacher expectations?

Montel, who comes from a low- SES family

Which of the following students is especially vulnerable to the effects of teacher expectations?

Montel, who comes from a low-SES family

Nathan is an aggressive, antisocial teenager. His two best friends, Jaron and Denny, are also aggressive and antisocial. Over time, Nathan will become (more/less) _________ aggressive and antisocial.

Nathan is an aggressive, antisocial teenager. His two best friends, Jaron and Denny, are also aggressive and antisocial. Over time, Nathan will become (more/less) _____________, Incorrect Unavailable aggressive and antisocial.

Over the course of adolescence, the crowd structure becomes ______. (Select all that apply.)

More permeable less hierarchical

According to research, which of the following students is likely to report the highest degree of discrimination by peers?

Nio, who is Asian

The ______ Act mandated that states ensure that all students, regardless of their economic circumstances, achieve academic proficiency.

No Child Left Behind

Sandra is an early adolescent. If she is like most adolescents her age, her clique will be composed of people who are ______. (Select all that apply.)

Of the same sex of the same ethnicity

Antisocial, aggressive adolescents ______.

Often gravitate toward each other

In contemporary society, peer groups represent which of the following?

One of the most important contexts in which adolescents spend their time

About ______ of high school students are associated with a single crowd

One-half

About ______ of students who name the best friend in the fall of a school year rename the same person as their best friend in the spring.

One-third

(Same/Opposite)________ sex friendships tend to be more stable than (same/opposite) _________ sex friendships.

Same; opposite

Aggressive behavior that is unplanned and impulsive is called ________ aggression.

Reactive aggression

A ___________ group is one against which an individual compares himself or herself.

Reference

Adolescents' crowds serve as ______.

Reference groups

Teenagers who are high in perceived popularity tend to ______.

Reject less popular teenagers

______ is especially likely to lead to depression in adolescents who place a lot of importance on their standing in the peer group and who believe that they themselves are at fault.

Rejection

_________ aggression is aggression intended to harm other adolescents through deliberate manipulation of their social standing and relationships.

Relational

Ellen and Daisy are part of a clique that is known for gossiping and spreading rumors. They frequently target other girls by excluding them from social activities, trying to damage their reputation, and withdrawing their attention and friendship from girls who were formerly part of the clique. Ellen and Daisy are demonstrating characteristics of ______.

Relational aggression

Crowd membership is primarily based on ______ and ______.

Reputation; stereotype

________ causation occurs when the correlation between two things is due not to the first thing causing the second, but the reverse.

Reverse

Once aggressive boys form cliques, they (reward/shame) __________ each other for participating in antisocial behavior.

Reward

Which teenager is most likely to be home unsupervised?

Rico, who is from an affluent family

Generally speaking, why are part-time jobs for adolescents less common in Japan and Korea than in the United States?

Schoolwork is more demanding of teenagers' time in Japan and Korea.

High school and junior high are part of the education system.

Secondary

The characteristics of adolescents influence their choice of friends. Friends, in turn, influence each other's characteristics. This shows that both ______ and ______ contribute to similarity between friends.

Selection; socialization

Who is more likely to hold a part-time job during high school?

Selena, an American adolescent

Sociometric popularity is determined mainly by which of the following? (Select all that apply.)

Sense of humor; Friendliness; Social skills

Which of the following exemplifies the type of adolescent social media usage that studies have found to have a positive effect?

Shaheena uses Facebook to follow the activities of her local city council.

Adolescents seek out individuals whom they perceive as having common interests and values. Which type of change in peer relations does this represent?

Social

(Similarity/Socialization) ______ is far stronger over day-to-day preferences in things like clothing and music.

Socialization

One study of bystanders found that onlookers were more likely to intervene and defend the victim in schools where (students/teachers) ________ expected them to do so.

Students

Which of the following statements about extracurricular participation is true?

Students who are highly involved in extracurricular activities at the beginning of high school are likely to stay highly involved throughout high school.

Which group of students is most likely to develop cross-ethnic friendships in college?

Students who live in multicultural dorms

______ is such a strong influence that it often serves as the basis for forming cross-ethnic friendships.

Substance use

According to research, which country is reported has having a relatively low prevalence of bullying?

Sweden

Bullying is far less prevalent in (Sweden/Russia) ________ than in (Sweden/Russia) _________

Sweden; Russia

Which of these is a realistic concern with regard to requiring all high school seniors to pass a graduation test in order to earn a diploma?

The financial costs associated with failing students would create a huge incentive for states to develop exams with very low requirements for passing.

Which of the following accurately describes most other industrialized nations?

The government separates most students into college-bound and non-college-bound groups based on national exams.

Which of the following statements concerning sibling relationships is true?

The quality of sibling relationships affects adolescents' peer relationships.

In what ways do gangs look much like other types of cliques and crowds? (Select all that apply.)

Their members have similar backgrounds; Their members have similar identities.

In most high schools, ______.

There are very few ethnically mixed cliques

According to the writers who claim a separate youth culture exists, what is its nature?

Those who belong to it have different attitudes and beliefs than adults do.

Identify the three broad purposes of crowds.

To provide contexts that reward certain lifestyles and disparage others To channel adolescents toward some peers and away from others Locate adolescents within the social structure of the school

True or false: Adolescent crowds serve as reference groups.

True

True or false: Although the actual composition of adolescent cliques may shift over time, the defining characteristics of their cliques do not.

True

True or false: Black students are more likely than others to be suspended or expelled, even though they are no more likely to commit the sorts of acts that would warrant these responses.

True

True or false: Ethnicity is not a strong determinant of clique composition during childhood.

True

True or false: Witnessing the harassment of others appears to buffer some of the harmful effects of being victimized.

True

Which of the following best describes how contemporary societies apply social norms across groups?

Uniformly

Which of the following is not a common message that the media conveys about sex?

Unprotected sex can have serious consequences.

______ is associated with depression, delinquency, drug and alcohol use, violence, and precocious sexual activity.

Unstructured peer activity without adult supervision

What portion of young men have seen online pornography prior to age 18?

Virtually all

What proportion of American households has at least one television?

Virtually all American households have at least one TV.

One influence on the rise of free time for adolescents in contemporary society was the increased affluence of Americans following (World War I/World War II)

WWII

Among aggressive and antisocial adolescents, popularity tends to (wane/increase) ________ as adolescents get older.

Wane

Sex segregation in adolescence ______

Weakens with age

On which of the following is socialization likely to have the strongest influence?

What adolescents wear

Laura is planning her school schedule for next fall. She is debating whether or not to take an advanced math course. Which of the following will have the most significant impact on Laura's decision?

Whether or not her friends are taking an advanced math class

Regarding friendships, similarity in attitudes toward school, school achievement, and educational plans tends to be especially true among ______ adolescents. (Select all that apply.)

White Asian

Regarding friendships, the similarity in attitudes toward school, school achievement, and educational plans tends to be especially true among ______ adolescents. (Select all that apply.)

White Asian

__________ adolescents are shy, anxious, and inhibited. They are also frequently targeted by bullies.

Withdrawn

Select three types of disliked, or rejected, adolescents.

Withdrawn; Aggressive and withdrawn; Aggressive

Which of the following is a common message that the media conveys about sex?

Women are sex objects.

Which of the following is a positive youth development program?

YMCA

One reason for sex segregation in adolescent peer groups concerns ______.

Young adolescents' sensitivity about sex roles

Who of the following is most likely to be involved in extracurricular activities?

Youth who earn better grades.

Often, supervisors are only ____ than their crews. So limited _____ with adults who might become mentors

a few years older, contact

According to the routine activity theory, which of the following is a major contributing factor to adolescent delinquency?

a lack of structured leisure activities

______ is a general term for a difficulty with academic tasks that cannot be traced to an emotional problem or sensory dysfunction.

a learning disability

Based on the definitions outlined in the Five Cs of positive youth development, what does competence mean?

a positive view of one's actions in domain-specific areas

A group against which an individual compares himself or herself is called

a reference group

In the Five Cs model of positive youth development, what does competence mean? a. a positive view of one's actions in domain specific areas b. an internal sense of overall positive self worth and self efficacy c. positive bonds with people and institutions that are reflected in bidirectional exchanges d. respect for societal and cultural roles

a, a positive view of one's actions in domain specific areas

Mara wants to send her daughter to a school where the daughter will be more likely to be put in a position of responsibility, such as being a class officer, club president, or team captain. Which type of school should Mara send her daughter to? a. a smaller school b. a bigger school c. a school with an average class size of 20 d. a school with an average class size of 40

a, a smaller school

Overall, teenagers are least likely to comment that their jobs a. are tedious b. offer good learning experiences c. provide opportunities to exercise responsibility d. pay well

a, are tedious

Specific learning disabilities are ___________. Examples are ___________________(impaired ability in reading or spelling), ______________ (impaired ability in handwriting), and _________________ (impaired ability in arithmetic). a. common; dyslexia, dysgraphia, dyscalculia b. common; dysgraphia, dyslexia, dyscalculia c. rare; dyslexia, dysgraphia, dyscalculia d. rare; dysgraphia, dyslexia, dyscalculia

a, common, dyslexia, dysgraphia, dyscalculia

Which of these approaches could counteract some experts' criticisms of No Child Left Behind? a. require some challenging, project-based assignments instead of multiple choice tests b. penalize under performing schools by denying them funds or even closing them c. devote more time to training students on how to pass standardized exams d. Hold school districts and states accountable for student performance.

a, require some challenging, project-based assignments instead of multiple choice tests

Which of the following statements about extracurricular participation is true: a. students who are highly involved in extracurricular activities at the beginning of high school are likely to stay highly involved throughout high school b. though popular activities are likely to remain popular during all four years of high school, the specific participants who choose to become involved in these activities is likely to undergo frequent changes c. Students who are uninvolved in extracurricular activities at the beginning of high school are likely to become highly involved by the end of high school. d. Extracurricular overscheduling of youth creates pressures that compromise adolescents' mental health.

a, students who are highly involved in extracurricular activities at the beginning of high school are likely to stay highly involved throughout high school

Which of the following has been shown to be a key component of what makes a positive youth development program successful? a. the extent to which participants are placed in demanding roles b. the extent to which participants are having fun c. the length of time participants are in the program d. how invested participants' parents are in the program's success

a, the extent to which participants are placed in demanding roles

Seventeen year old Chloe has an internet addiction. Which of the following symptoms is an example of "salience" as it pertains to internet addiction? a. Chloe values her time on social media more highly than her other activities. She checks her smartphone throughout the school day and is constantly online at home. She spends more time on social media than on homework or with friends. b. Chloe is happiest when her social media posts receive a lot of positive attention. She gets upset when people pay little attention to her online or when she gets negative feedback on her posts. c. Although Chloe checks her social media accounts often throughout the day, she feels lately that she needs more time online. She starts staying up late an hour later each night to be online longer. d. One Saturday, Chloe's mother takes away her phone, and Chloe is inconsolable. She spends most of the day sleeping and watching television. She tells her mother than she feels depressed and anxious when she cannot be online.

a. Chloe values her time on social media more highly than her other activities. She checks her smartphone throughout the school day and is constantly online at home. She spends more time on social media than on homework or with friends.

1. Mr. Han is anxious about his 10-year-old daughter becoming an adolescent. He is convinced that adolescence will be turbulent and that his daughter will be difficult to raise. Mr. Han's beliefs are an example of: a. a self-fulfilling prophecy b. egocentrism c. authoitarian parenting d. learned helplessness

a. a self-fulfilling prophecy

6. _________ parents strive to raise a child who is self-reliant, with a strong sense of initiative. a. authoritative b. authoritarian c. indiffrent/neglectufl d. indulgent

a. authoritative

10. A theoretical framework which says that families are interconnected units in which every member influences one another is called: a. family systems theory b. a self-fulfilling prophecy c. dynamics theory d. the dimensions of parenting style

a. family systems theory

According to a recent comprehensive review, physical bullying is ______ electronic bullying.

about twice as common as

In schools in which students' peers do not value ______, students are less likely to achieve grades that match their ability.

academic success

The long-term benefits of sports participation were seen only among individuals whose ______.

activities were school-sponsored

In some cases, adolescents' devotion to online gaming is similar to other types of ______.

addiction

The effects of seeing smoking in movies are strongest among ______.

adolescents who are initially less inclined to take up smoking

One recent study found that exposure to sexually explicit websites increased the likelihood of sexual activity among ______.

adolescents who had just entered puberty

Which group reports higher levels of fear of missing out (FOMO)?

adolescents with high needs for popularity

According to the media practice model, ______.

adolescents' preferences and their media exposure affect each other

As a result of Brown v. Board of Education, many school districts ______.

adopted measures designed to make schools more diverse

Much of adolescents' money is spent on discretionary purchases related to leisure activities. Additionally, many adolescents spend money on ____, which accounts for one-sixth of the amount of dollars spent each year on _____.

alcohol and cigarettes; alcohol

In many schools, (few/all) ________ students who are highly committed to school, regardless of their ethnicity, are teased or excluded.

all

Adolescents' moods are least positive when they are ______.

alone

customers are often

also adolescents

One recent study of juvenile delinquents found that working during high school was only beneficial if the adolescent was ______.

also attending school regularly

Which of the following characteristics of the retail and service industries contributed to the rise in adolescent employment during the second half of the 20th century?

an abundance of low-wage positions

Consumption of mass media for many adolescents takes on the quality of ______.

an addiction

Adolescents who have ADHD are at risk for

anxiety and depression.

Research on the nature of parent-adolescent relationships reveals that most adolescents

appear to maintain close, respectful, and loving relationships with parents.

Good schools in the United States _____. (Select all that apply.)

are well-integrated into the communities they serve emphasize intellectual activities encourage students to be active participants in the learning process have teachers who are committed to students

Over the last 50 years, the amount of time adolescents devote to _________ has declined significantly. a. school b. paid jobs c. using media d. leisure activities

b, paid jobs

Good schools in the United States _____. (Select all that apply.)

are well-integrated into the communities they serve encourage students to be active participants in the learning process emphasize intellectual activities have teachers who are committed to students

Tamari's father has absolute standards and expects Tamari to conform to them without exception. If she disobeys he generally punishes her and sees no reason why he should explain his rules to Tamari. Instead, his response is, "I'm the father and I love you. I know what's best for you." Her father is best described as having what kind of parenting style?

authoritarian

What type of parenting style best represents the most effective teaching style

authoritative

Which adolescent would be expected to have the most positive academic self concept? a. Ann Marie, a gifted student who takes special classes for gifted students b. Claudia Jean, a gifted student who is integrated into the regular classroom c. Patricia, a student with a learning disability who is integrated into the regular classroom d. Cassie, a student with a learning disability who takes special education classes with other learning disabled students

b, Claudia Jean a gifted student who is integrated into the regular classroom

Which of the following adolescents is at risk of developing compulsive internet use? a. Paola, who does well socially and academically, but plays violent video games on her Xbox for fun b. Jonas, who is aggressive with her peers and plays online video games as an escape c. Charlotte, who plays sports video games on her PlayStation for two hours every day d. Nayath, who plays problem solving games online for an hour every day

b, Jonas who is aggressive with her peers and plays online video games as an escape

Secondary education refers to: a. second, third, and fourth grades b. middle school, junior high school, and high school c. community college and four-year college d. graduate school, including medical and dental school

b, middle school, junior high school, and high school

Which of the following is a reason that after school jobs became less attractive to teenagers during the recession of the first decade of the 21st century? a. teenagers already had enough money to purchase the things that interested them b. new technologies increased the number of attractive and inexpensive leisure options available c. teenagers preferred to spend more time with friends and going out on dates d. teenagers began spending longer hours in school

b, new technologies increased the number of attractive and inexpensive leisure options available

Some educational psychologists argue that the difficulty adolescents experience in the transition to junior high school is a result of the: a. increase pressure from parents to succeed b. teachers' beliefs about junior high students c. students' beliefs about junior high teachers d. increased class size

b, teachers' beliefs about junior high students

What did President Obama's education secretary suggest as a way to address the problem of the state-dependent standards in the No Child Left Behind Act? a. the need to have higher standards for higher-achieving students b. the need to have a set of common standards across all 50 states c. the need for some students to be granted extend periods of time to complete standardized assessments d. the need for two sets of standards for each state (one for higher achievers and one for lower achievers)

b, the need to have a set of common standards across all 50 states

4. which style of parenting is adult-centered, rigid, exhibits strict rules and expectations complete obedience, with little warmth or communication a .authoritative b. authoritarian c. indifferent/neglectful d. indulgent

b. authoritarian

8. In chapter 5 of the ebook, we read that divorce "interrupts the primary bonds with the parents." What was one example of interruption in the primary bonds between Gil and his parents from chapter 3 of David Schel's "without a chair"? a. Gil's mother flew to California and did not return for 3 weeks. During this time, Gil felt neglected and their primary bond was interrupted b. Gil's father left the house and went to live with his new family. Gil's father neglected to spend time with him c. gil's parents went on a trip together and left Gil with his grandmother. They were gone for days longer than they said they would be. Gil felt neglected. d. gil's father took gil with him on a business trip, but they left Gil to sit in the hotel room and neglected to check on him during the entire trip.

b. gil's father left the house and went to live with his new family. Gil's father neglected to spend time with him.

Ryan did a survey at his middle school of the most common after-school jobs for the eighth-grade class. What are his results likely to say?

baby-sitting and lawn work

some student jobs include

babysitting, lawn care, odd jobs

By the end of high school, crowds

become less important to adolescents

Employment during adolescence (does/doesn't) deter delinquent activity.

doesnt

Students who had been doing poorly adjust (better/worse) if they enroll in a different school than their friends.

better

Students who had been doing poorly adjust (better/worse)if they enroll in a different school than their friends.

better

When students compare themselves to their high-achieving classmates, they don't feel as competent as they would if their point of comparison were students who were not so smart. This phenomenon is called the ______ effect.

big fish little pond effect

(Boys/Girls) who participate in organized sports are more likely to spend their free time hanging out with their friends, which can lead to more antisocial behavior.

boys

Learning disabilities are more common among (boys/girls)

boys

Which of the following adolescents is most likely to engage in violent behavior? a. Jeness, who is involved in student government and her school's tennis team b. Luis, who is a member of his school's drama club but is not involved in other extracurricular activities c. Cooper, who is on his school's football team but is not involved in other extracurricular activities d. Aniyah, who is on her school's track team and debate team

c, cooper who is on his school's football team but is not involved in other extracurricular activities

Which theory of media's impact emphasizes the reciprocal link between adolescents' preferences and their media exposure and that adolescents not only choose what they are exposed to but interpret the media in ways that shape their impact? a. uses and gratification approach b. cultivation theory c. media practice model d. routine activity theory

c, media practice model

Placing students in tracks that match their abilities is called: a. exclusive b. comprehensive c. meritocratic d. inclusive

c, meritocratic

Elise is dancing to her favorite song on the radio when her smartphone beeps. Elise pulls out a notebook and records her current emotional state. This type of data collection is called: a. ethnography b. participant observation c. the experience sampling method d. demography

c, the experience sampling method

What has research on the exposure of adolescents to violent imagery on TV found? a. there is no correlation between violent imagery on tv and aggressive behavior in adolescents b. exposure to violent imagery on tv is linked to heightened sensitization to the effects of violence c. exposure to tv violence in childhood is linked to aggressive behavior in adolescence d. tv exposure to violence have a greater influence on adolescents than family or community experiences

c. exposure to tv violence in childhood is linked to aggressive behavior in adolescence

9. Why is it a popular belief that parents and adolescents do not get along? a. this belief is true; most adolescents and parents really do not get along. b. because of genes, non-shared environmental experiences, and shared environmental experiences c. popular media often reinforces the idea that communication with adolescents is difficult d. parents may feel that the options for making major accomplishments in their own life are beginning to increase.

c. popular media often reinforces the idea that commuication with adolescents is difficult.

3. which of the following is NOT one of the topics about which parents and adolescents tend to argue? a. cleanliness of bedrooms b. leisure time activities c. religion d. clothing

c. religion

2. Parental _____ is the degree to which the parent responds to the child's needs in an accepting, supportive manner. a. responsibility b. demandingness c. responsiveness d. dimension

c. responsiveness

Jillian's family moved to another town. Even though Jillian had a high level of social competence, she was anxious about starting at a new school. However, she made friends easily, joined a sports team, and excelled in her classwork. She feels even more self-assured and confident now than she did before the move. How would a psychologist describe Jillian's transition to a new environment?

cascade

For some students, academic and behavioral problems in elementary school lead to more problems during the transition into middle school. This is referred to as effects.

cascading

Students profit from the social capital associated with attending a ______ school, because the lessons taught in school are reinforced at home, at church, and in the neighborhood, and because the links between home and school are stronger.

catholic

When examining Internet use and its connection to mental health problems, researchers have difficulty establishing ______.

causality

When one variable causes another

causation

adolescent jobs are dreary, and do not

challenge most tenns skills

As students move from elementary into middle or junior high school, their academic motivation and school grades tend to drop. Nevertheless, scores on standardized achievement tests don't decline. This may be due to ______.

changes in grading practices and student motivation

ADHD is usually diagnosed during _____

childhood

One important difference between leisure and other activities is that adolescents ______.

choose their leisure activities

Many studies find that rates of smoking, drinking, and drug use are higher among teenage workers than nonworkers, especially among students who

choose to work long hours.

Which aspect of the school climate is the least important in influencing psychosocial development during adolescence?

class size

Bridget, Fawn, Emily, Tara, and Valencia are good friends who study together several times a week. They eat lunch together every day at school and spend most of their weekends together. These girls are part of a ______.

clique

The (clique/crowd) ________ is the peer setting in which adolescents learn social skills.

clique

At age 16, Collin has a more sophisticated understanding of social relationships, which allows the sort of abstract categorization that leads to grouping individuals into crowds. This example illustrates the ______ changes of adolescence.

cognitive

If it were not for the effects of school on ______ development, the discrepancy between affluent and poor youngsters' achievement would be much greater than it currently is.

cognitive

Conflict between parents and adolescents over appropriate leisure activities is

common across many cultures

The 1920s marked the birth in the United States of what came to be known as the ___________ high school, an educational institution that promised to meet the needs of a diverse and growing population of young people.

comprehensive

The 1920s marked the birth in the United States of what came to be known as the high school, an educational institution that promised to meet the needs of a diverse and growing population of young people.

comprehensive

The primary purpose of the ______ school was to meet the needs of a diverse and growing population of young people in the early twentieth century.

comprehensive high

The primary purpose of the ______ school was to meet the needs of a diverse and growing population of young people in the early twentieth century.

comprehensive high school

Aggressive individuals who are rejected are at risk for ______.

conduct problems and involvement in antisocial activity

Match the symptom of Internet addiction with its definition. - the internet has caused problems in ones relationships or some other aspect of life

conflict

Jesse has just married a woman who has two adolescent daughters. These children will adjust best if Jesse establishes which of the following types of discipline?

consistent

Extracurricular activities have positive effects because they increase students' ______.

contact with teachers and other school personnel

In general, students perform best when their teachers emphasize

cooperation

The extent to which two things vary systematically with each other is called ______.

correlation

When one variable is related to/influences another variable

correlation

A large collective of peers who share common interests is called a

crowd

Membership in a (crowd/club/gang/posse) ______ is often the basis for an adolescent's identity.

crowd

The (clique/crowd)__________ probably contributes most to the adolescent's sense of identity and self-conception.

crowd

Marshall, an 8th grader, is known as a "jock." Olivia, also in 8th grade, is known as a "brain." These labels are examples of ______.

crowds

The (clique/crowd) ____________ probably contributes most to the adolescent's sense of identity and self-conception.

crowds

According to ______ theory, the media shapes adolescents' interests, motives, and beliefs about the world.

cultivation

The idea that playing violent video games makes adolescents aggressive and watching sexy movies makes adolescents sex-crazed is consistent with ______ theory.

cultivation

Research investigating media "effects" on adolescent development has a hard time ruling out the possibility of spurious causation, which means that a. two things can go hand in hand b. the second thing is actually causing the first thing (not the reverse) c. there is no statistically significant relation d. the correlation between two things is due to the fact that each of them is correlated with a third factor

d, the correlation between two things is due to the fact that each of them is correlated with a third factor

Charles enjoys online gaming, such as Call of Duty. When asked why he likes to play this game so much, he says, "It's just fun. I like meeting new people and the competition is fun." According to research, playing video games for fun ______.

decreases negative consequences

Students in different tracks have (similar/different) opportunities to learn.

different

Students in different tracks have (similar/different) opportunities to learn.

different

Most teens have TV, computers in their rooms. _______ is over.

digital divide

Esther has been rejected by her peers because she is withdrawn. Esther is most likely to be at risk for

diminished social competence.

Authoritative parenting promotes intellectual development and psychosocial maturity through which of the following?

discussions about decisions and rules that help children understand social relationships

Luis and Carla Hernandez are getting a divorce. It is likely that the family will go through a period of _________ before it can adjust to this challenge.

disequilibrium

adolescents often do/do not feel close to coworkers or employers

do not

Growing up, Tinashe's parents had a lot of marital conflict and divorced when she was 13. Tinashe is more likely to develop depression, aggression, or delinquency if she was also exposed to which of the following?

domestic violence

Some studies of the effect of playing violent video games have concluded that they (do/don't) make adolescents more aggressive.

dont

Athletics--more ______, especially in male dominated sports.

drinking

working as a student is associated with ____ and ____ both in adolescence and young adulthood

drinking, drug use

Ruben works over 20 hours a week during the school year and Marianne does not work at all. Ruben, compared to Marianne, is more likely to

drop out of school.

money earned when working as a student is also spent on

drugs and alcohol

One way of assessing the contribution of schools to adolescents' intellectual development is by comparing changes in knowledge _______.

during the school year with changes during the summer

______is a learning disability in which one has impaired ability in arithmetic.

dyscalculia

is a learning disability in which one has impaired ability in arithmetic.

dyscalculia

Maddy has a learning disability in which she has an impaired ability in handwriting. Maddy has ______.

dysgraphia

Corbin has a learning disability in which he has an impaired ability in reading and spelling. Corbin has ______.

dyslexia

The highest levels of media use are reported by:

early adolescents.

Math isn't interesting, but ____ and _____ elicit positive moods.

electives and extracurriculars

Chathura is an adolescent who works long hours on weekends and after school. Research suggests that Chathura is more likely to ________ than his nonworking peers.

engage in minor delinquency

Teachers are likely to base their expectations about students, in part, on their ______.

ethnic and socioeconomic background

Associated with higher self-esteem, better psychological well-being, better academic performance, less likely to drop out, use drugs, etc

extracurricular activites

few/many teens engage in productive activities after school

few

Of the U.S. students who enter college, what percentage complete a degree within six years?

fewer than 60%

teens do not understand how to budget or why one should, often lack

financial goals

The majority of sexting exchanges are ______.

flirtatious and consensual

The experience of high levels of both concentration and interest at the same time is called a ____ experience.

flow

The experience of high levels of both concentration and interest at the same time is called a _____ experience.

flow

Vivica is extremely interested in photography. When she finds a subject or object to photograph, Vivica experiences a sense of intense concentration and excitement. This is known as a(n) ______ experience.

flow

The experience of high levels of both concentration and interest at the same time is called

flow experience

Violence is most common among ______ players.

football

Compulsory high school attendance resulted in young people having more ______ compared to previous generations.

free time

Which school characteristics contribute to the likelihood of bullying occurring?

frequent disrespect for students/ harsh punishments for students/ unsupported teachers

Online _____ appears particularly likely to be associated with compulsive Internet use.

gaming

Stan's parents both work long hours. They are concerned that he doesn't have enough interaction with adults. If they want him to be exposed to positive interactions with adult role models, which of the following activities should they NOT encourage him to do?

get a job at the local music store

Shelly has always excelled at math and science. As a freshman, Shelly is taking senior-level advanced placement classes in both math and science. She has won state awards for her scientific discoveries and is already receiving offers from major universities throughout the country. Shelly's abilities in math and science classify her as ______.

gifted

Students who are unusually talented in some aspect of intellectual performance are called students.

gifted

Students who are unusually talented in some aspect of intellectual performance are called Input Field 1 of 1 gifted unavailable correct gifted_______students.

gifted

In a study of clique membership in adolescence, researchers found that (girls/boys) __________ were more likely to be members of cliques.

girls

Studies in many countries have found a link between higher rates of bullying and

greater income inequality

About ______ or more of all children diagnosed with ADHD continue to have the diagnosis in adulthood.

half

______ of all coaches say they've been aware that one of their players was playing with an injury, sometimes with a serious sprain or broken bones.

half

______ of all coaches say they've been aware that one of their players was playing with an injury, sometimes with a serious sprain or broken bones. Multiple choice question.

half

Research suggests that the most reliable way to combat the unemployment problem of adolescents who are not attending school is through:

helping adolescents stay in school.

Which of the following is an adolescent the LEAST likely to spend their job earnings on?

higher education

For high-ability students, within-classroom ability grouping results in ______.

higher expectations for academic achievement

Many studies find that rates of smoking, drinking, and drug use are _____ among teenage workers than nonworkers, especially among students who _____.

higher; choose to work long hours

Dorion is a jock. Consequently, we would expect him to be involved in

his peer culture and in institutions valued by adults.

are not associated with adolescent moodiness/fluctuate much more slowly than moods do

hormones

Even though it was clear that another student, Raul, accidentally pushed Noah, Noah insisted that Raul did it on purpose. What phenomenon is this?

hostile attributional bias

Divorces are most common

in the early years of a marriage.

Evidence connecting excessive Internet use with psychological problems is ______.

inconsistent

Over the period of adolescence, individuals' perspectives change. Research indicates that one manifestation of this change in perspective is a(n) _____ in adolescents' willingness to lie to their parents.

increase

Suspending or expelling students from school (increases/decreases) their likelihood of getting into further trouble.

increase

Despite the many benefits of sports participation, it is also associated with ______.

increased alcohol use and delinquency

Which of the following is NOT an effect of premature affluence?

increased social belongingness

Leo, who is in a clique with four other boys, actively dislikes school. The boys frequently complain about their teachers, homework, and detentions. Today, Leo received a 90% on a difficult science exam. His teacher praised him for his effort and encouraged him to keep up the good work. Leo is likely to feel ______ about the grade and the teacher's comments.

indifferent

The education crisis, and its implications for the labor force, is especially urgent within ______ schools.

inner city public

The education crisis, and its implications for the labor force, is especially urgent within ______ schools.

inner-city public

Mainstreaming is the process of

integrating all students with special needs into regular classes

According to the media practice model, adolescents not only choose what they are exposed to, but _____ the media in ways that shape their impact.

interpret

According to the media practice model, adolescents not only choose what they are exposed to, but ______ the media in ways that shape their impact.

interpret

An _______ is a person with few to no links to others in the social network

isolate

if latch key kid is not better off, they may be socially _____, depressed, more likely to be ___, etc.

isolated, sexually active

Which of the following groups of peers is found in American schools but not most European schools?

jocks

The ______ school is an educational institution designed during the early era of public secondary education in which young adolescents are schooled separately from older adolescents.

junior high

Secondary education includes middle school, high school and ....

junior high school

For many low-achieving students, extracurricular activities ______.

keep them coming to school

Junior high schools are (larger/smaller) than elementary schools and are (more/less) personal.

larger/ less

if supervised by phone, are no more likely to get in trouble than those who have a parent at home. Esp. if using video calling to see background location

latch key kids

Research indicates that people who worked long hours as teenagers drink and use drugs more in their ______ than peers who worked less or not at all.

late 20s

A difficulty with academic tasks that cannot be traced to an emotional or sensory problem is called a

learning disability

Researchers agree that in good-quality schools, ______.

learning is more important to students than athletics or extracurricular activities

Adolescents in the United States and other Western countries spend nearly half of their waking hours in (schoolwork/leisure) activities

leisure

Lisa earns approximately $300 a month from her part-time job. She is most likely to spend the money on:

leisure activities

Drake, age 9, watches violent television almost every day. He loves movies about war and gangs and watches violent TV shows, particularly those involving murder. Drake ______.

likely has a heightened tolerance of violence

Teacher expectations have a cumulative (short/long) -term impact on student achievement.

long

Dr. Eckert wants to learn whether students with high self-esteem are more likely to participate in extracurricular activities, or if participation in extracurricular activities enhances adolescents' psychological well-being. She is most likely to understand a cause-and-effect relationship between psychological well-being and extracurricular activities by using which type of study?

longitudinal

According to national surveys, levels of student engagement and excitement in American schools are (low/high) .

low

Tracking has negative effects on ______ students.

low track

According to research by Wayne Osgood and colleagues, the combination of several factors encourages delinquency and other problem behaviors among adolescents. This view is called the routine activity theory, and all EXCEPT which of the following are thought to be major contributing factors to this combination?

lower-than-average intelligence

According to an analysis of national data, Black students were especially likely to be enrolled in

lower-track math classes in schools in which Blacks are in the minority, even after taking into account students' qualifications.

One limitation of studies of youth in self-care is that they typically ______.

lump together all children who take care of themselves after school

(Magnet/Middle/Private) schools were established to create diversity by drawing students from different neighborhoods.

magnet

(Magnet/Middle/Private) schools were established to create diversity by drawing students from different neighborhoods.

magnet

The integration of all students with special needs into regular classrooms is called

mainstreaming

The integration of all students with special needs into regular classrooms is called .

mainstreaming

Parents often blame ______ for a wide array of adolescent problems.

mass media

One reason that the adolescent years may constitute a difficult period of adjustment is that parents

may also be experiencing identity crises of their own

Abner works long hours on weekends and after school. Research suggests that Abner:

may have a higher likelihood of engaging in minor delinquency than his peers.

According to the _______ model, adolescents not only choose what media they are exposed to but also interpret the media in ways that shape their impact.

media practice

According to the _________ model, adolescents not only choose what media they are exposed to but also interpret the media in ways that shape their impact.

media practice

The idea that adolescents preferences and media exposure affect each other is called

media practice model

interferes with physical activity, promotes gender stereotypes, misconceptions about sexuality (everyone is doing it everyday...NOT!)

media use

does promote violent behavior; it does not alleviate the desire

media violence

One advantage of separate special education programs is that they can be tailored to ______.

meet the specific needs of students

Placing students in tracks that match their abilities is called

meritocratic.

Support-seeking is most often utilized by (middle/high) ___________ school victims of bullying.

middle

Today, the school replaces the junior high school in many districts.

middle

Toward the end of the twentieth century, the ______ school gained in popularity.

middle

Mixed-sex cliques start becoming more prevalent during

middle adolescence.

extracurricular activities are more common in

middle class families, smaller schools, small town schools

Which of the following are considered to be part of secondary education?

middle school, junior high and high school

When adolescents communicate with romantic partners online, opportunities for ______ messages are greater than in face-to-face conversations.

misunderstanding the emotional context of

As adolescence progresses, the peer group becomes (same/mixed) _______________ -sex cliques become more common.

mixed

One specific aspect of responsibility that working is believed to affect is _____ management.

money

influenced by activity and company.

mood

Match the symptom of Internet addiction with its definition. - ones mood fluctuates as a function of internet experiences

mood change

The experience sampling method can be used to chart adolescents' ______.

moods

Adolescents spend (more/less) __________ time with peers than adults.

The most reasonable conclusion we can draw about the impact of working on psychological development is that it depends on the (nature/salary) of the job

nature

Between grades 5 and 7, adolescents' moods while with their family become more (positive/negative)

negative

Iatrogenic effects are

negative and unintended consequences of an intervention (dare)

Digital media typically accessed via computers, smartphones, or other Internet-based devices is referred to as ______ media.

new

The ______ Act mandated that states ensure that all students, regardless of their economic circumstances, achieve academic proficiency

no child left behind

The program started by George W. Bush that mandated all children meet certain academic standards is

no child left behind

Crowds establish social _______ or the values and expectations that members strive to follow.

norms

working as a student is

not always the best idea

New technologies and social innovations have

not changed the fact that adolescents continue to need the love, support, and guidance of adults who care about them.

Jim and Savannah are the parents of two preteen girls. Throughout the girls' childhood, the family has enjoyed fairly harmonious relationships. The likelihood that they will experience serious problems as the girls go through adolescence is

not likely

"Facebook depression" is believed to result from spending too much time ______.

obsessing about online relationships

Each year, more than (1/3/4) million adolescent athletes are treated in emergency rooms.

one

According to Brown's (2004) study of crowds in high school, what fraction of adolescents do not fit clearly into any crowd?

one sixth

Virtually all American households have at least ______.

one television

Which of the following is an example of new media?

online videos

Spend as much of work time interacting with _____ as with adults

other adolescents

A strong predictor of high achievement and reduced dropout rates is ______.

parent involvement

Which of the following has the most influence over a typical adolescents beliefs regarding religion and morality

parents

most student jobs are

part time, low wages, no benefits, limited skill training

Sarah is a popular teenage girl who has just been made captain of the cheerleading squad. She is very socially adept and notices that Britney, her social rival, is starting to enjoy more attention from their peers than Sarah receives. Jealous, she decides to start a rumor about Britney that she knows will cause many people to stop liking Britney. Sarah's behavior is best described as

relational aggression.

Aggression intended to harm other through deliberate manipulation is

relational agression

The gap in achievement between Black and Hispanic students, on the one hand, and White and Asian students, on the other hand,

remains very wide

Research evaluating media messages about sex and drugs finds that:

repeated exposure to these messages is likely to have an effect on adolescent attitudes and beliefs.

According to the textbook, one limitation of studies of youth in self-care is that:

researchers typically lump together all children who take care of themselves after school.

Based on the definitions outlined in the Five Cs of positive youth development, what does character mean?

respect for societal and cultural rules

Expecting adolescents to behave responsibly helps them develop a sense of (assertiveness/responsibility)

responsibility

Felicia is very warm and accepting towards both of her two children, but she also sets firm rules that the children must follow with very few exceptions. According to Baumrind, the characteristics that best describe her are

responsive and demanding.

The amount of violence in popular films has been on the (rise/decline)

rise

theory is a perspective on adolescence that views unstructured, unsupervised time with peers as a main cause for misbehavior.

routine activity

Problem behavior during unstructured leisure time can be explained by

routine activity theory

better neighborhood means

safer teens

Match the symptom of Internet addiction with its definition. - being online is the most important thing in life

salience

In early adolescence, ______ friendships are common, but in late adolescence, ______ friendships begin to occur more.

same sex; opposite sex

What are the five key aspects of school organization?

school and class size, tracking, the ethnic composition of schools, public vs. private schools, different approaches to age grouping

Which has a greater effect on students' scholastic achievement: school size or class size?

school size

Age segregation in adolescents' cliques result mostly from the structure of their ______.

schools

Subdivisions of the student body within large schools created to foster feelings of competence are referred to as

schools within schools

High school and junior high are part of the __________ education system.

secondary

The idea that an individuals behavior is influenced by others expectations for them is a description of an

self fulfilling prophecy

Middle-class parents encourage their children to participate in extracurricular activities primarily as a means of ______.

self improvement

working as a student: money becomes discretionary spending money, mostly

self indulgent luxury items

Researchers speculate that frequent online communication among friends brings them closer because such communication facilitates ______.

self-disclosure

most student jobs are ____ and _____

service industry and retail

solutions to unemployment in adolescence

service learning, better employment counseling, apprenticeships better programs to keep teens in school

The sending of sexually explicit content over the Internet, typically by smartphone, is referred to as

sexting

Which of these is the basis for membership in a crowd?

shared activity

important to keep student work hours

short

The most important influence on the composition of cliques is ______.

similarity

Strong communities generate what has been called , which includes interpersonal resources that, like other financial capital, give "richer" students advantages over "poorer" ones.

social capital

The interpersonal resources available to an adolescent or family are called ______.

social capital

Adolescents who spend more time with their fathers are more likely to experience

social competence and feelings of self-worth.

Adolescents often judge keeping one's room clean and style of dress as matters of personal choice, whereas parents tend to judge these issues as matters of

social convention

Regarding media use, girls are more likely to use ______, whereas boys are more likely to ______.

social media; play video games

is associated with negative mood in early/mid adolescence.

solitude

Research about contemporary adolescents is clear that these adolescents ________ than adolescents in previous times.

spend more time in peer groups

The positions of adolescents in their school's social network are relatively (stable/unstable) _____________ over time.

stable

The past three decades have been dominated by what is called - reform, which focuses on policies designed to improve achievement by holding schools and students to a predetermined set of benchmarks measured by achievement tests.

standards based

The past three decades have been dominated by what is called _________________-____________________ reform, which focuses on policies designed to improve achievement by holding schools and students to a predetermined set of benchmarks measured by achievement tests.

standards-based

adolescents often _____, fudge ____, and ____ when they are not

steal materials, time cards, call in sick

Repeated exposure to certain kinds of antidrug messaging can ______.

stimulate adolescents' interest in using drugs

A recent study found that the most common jobs held by adolescents, notably fast-food and retail jobs, ranked highest in ______.

stress

Participation in ______ activities has been shown to be the most positive way for adolescents to spend free time.

structured extracurricular

The extent to which students are psychologically committed to learning and mastering material is called

student engagement

The extent to which students are psychologically committed to learning and mastering the material rather than simply completing the assigned work is called

student engagement

__________ __________ is the extent to which students are psychologically committed to learning and mastering the material rather than simply completing the assigned work.

student engagement

is the extent to which students are psychologically committed to learning and mastering the material rather than simply completing the assigned work.

student engagement

Tracking can polarize the student body into different that are often hostile toward each other.

subcultures

A possible disadvantage of schools within schools is that schools may inadvertently create ______

subschools that vary in educational quality

The achievement gap between White and non-White students is (substantial/minimal)

substantial

Over time, most youngsters adapt (successfully/unsuccessfully) to changing schools.

successfully

Which of the following has been found to be a characteristic of adolescents who work more than 20 hours per week?

taking less demanding classes

The highest levels of media use are reported by ______.

teenagers from low-income families

School transitions, whenever they occur, ______.

temporarily disrupt the academic performance, behavior, and self-image of adolescents

Nearly half of all American teenagers ______.

text while driving

When asked to describe their jobs, the majority of adolescent workers report that ______.

that they learned things

In what decade did the Supreme Court rule that school districts could no longer use race as a factor when deciding how to assign students to schools?

the 2000s

A prime time for unstructured and unsupervised leisure is during ______.

the afternoon on school days

With regard to single-parent families in the United States,

the classification of "single-parent household" often includes other adults, such as the unmarried partner of a child's parent.

Research investigating media "effects" on adolescent development has a hard time ruling out the possibility of spurious causation, which means that

the correlation between two things is due to the fact that each of them is correlated with a third factor.

The factor that seems most important in influencing how well children adjust to divorce over time is

the degree of conflict between parents.

The ability of junior high teachers to be engaged with their students appears to be negatively affected by

the organization and anonymity of junior high schools.

Seventeen-year-old Jaron spends hours each day looking at online pornography. When online, Jaron rarely looks for videos or news articles. Instead, he searchers for pornographic sites. Jaron's behavior is consistent with ______.

the uses and gratifications approach

Alesandro has aspirations to become a professional musician, but whenever he speaks to his father about his career plans, his father emphasizes that Alesandro needs a backup plan and should think of something more practical. The most likely reason for this conflict is that

those experiencing middle age tend to be more pragmatic and are coming to terms with their life choices.

Depictions of alcohol, tobacco, or illicit drugs appear in nearly all top-grossing movies and roughly ______ of prime-time network dramatic programs.

three-quarters

Match the symptom of Internet addiction with its definition. - needing more and more internet time to feel satisfied

tolerance

Raul, Clayton, and Willie all attend Lincoln High School. Raul takes classes that are challenging and rigorous. Clayton takes remedial classes, as he has had academic difficulties in the past. Willie, an average student, takes the same classes as most of his peers. This example of separating students into different levels of classes within the same school is called ______.

tracking

The process of grouping students by ability is called

tracking

The process of separating students into different levels of classes within the same school is called

tracking

After school is prime time for ____ if no other structured activities are planned, especially if spent with peers.

trouble

True or false: Studies of exposure to ads for alcohol and tobacco, as well as anti-smoking commercials, have shown that they are effective in changing teenagers' attitudes about drinking and smoking.

true

true or false: Over the past three decades, there has been a significant increase in the proportion of adolescents who, when asked what they want out of a job, report that having time for leisure is important.

true

is associated with criminal behavior, violence, drug use.

unemployment

Young people who drop out of high school before graduation are at risk for ______. (Select all that apply.)

unemployment, delinquency, unintended pregnancy, substance abuse

The majority of adolescent workers describe their jobs (favorably/unfavorably)

unfavorably

According to the _____ and _____ approach, adolescents choose the media to which they are exposed.

use and gratification

As a follow-up to the Supreme Court rulings in Brown v. Board of Education of Topeka (1954, 1955), the Supreme Court ruled in 2007 that school districts may no longer

use race as a factor in deciding how to assign students to schools.

In recent years, studies of adolescents' consumer behavior have noted the strong influence teens have over one another when it comes to spending money. Advertisers have taken advantage of Internet sites such as YouTube, MySpace, and Facebook to utilize what kind of marketing?

viral marketing

When is delinquency most common?

weekday afternoons

Professor Ngo is studying family transitions. According to family systems theory, he is most likely to see dramatic changes in family relationships during which of the following events?

when individual family members are changing, such as during adolescence

When are adolescents usually in the "worst" mood?

when they are alone

Match the symptom of Internet addiction with its definition. - experiencing negative feelings when prevented from being online

withdrawal

The increase in college enrollment has been especially dramatic among (men/women)

women

The increase in college enrollment has been especially dramatic among (men/women) .

women

may increase the likelihood of dropping out of school and/or reduce the educational aspirations of students

working longer hours

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