Adv Org Psych Exam 1

Anticipatory socialization

A stage of socialization (from an organizational perspective). The gathering of secondhand information about an organization that a newcomer conducts in order to assess whether they will fit in before they apply. Often unreliable information as it is rarely "firsthand."

Change and acquisition

A stage of socialization (from an organizational perspective). The organizational member has learned how to do their job well and gets along with their coworkers, has achieved socialization and now is subject to evaluation of behavioral and affective outcomes.

Encounter

A stage of the socialization process (from an organization's perspective) where newcomers are now hired and must learn first-hand about their job, the organization's culture and value

descriptive, correlation, regression

A variety of statistical methods were discussed that can be used to analyze data once they are collected. These range from simple ___ statistics to more complex ___ and ___ analysis.

Behavioral outcomes

A way that the organization judges if a new employee has been adequately socialized by how well they execute their job responsibilities.

Affective outcomes

A way that the organization judges if a new employee has been adequately socialized by how well they work with others in the organization and are innovative

business

How organizational behavior relates to organizational psychology

application

How organizational development relates to organizational psychology

macro topics

How organizational theory relates to organizational psychology

industrial

How personnel psychology relates to organizational psychology

goals, nature

Organizations may use a variety of tactics to socialize newcomers. The choice of tactics depends on the ___ of the job of a newcomer will assume in the organization and the ultimate ___ of the socialization process.

Human Relations Perspective

The belief that relationships between workers and management affect employee efficiency, as evidenced by the Hawthorn effect, that workers being watched by authorities will be more motivated to exhibit maximum performance

Human resource perspective

the area of administrative focus dealing with an organization's employees. Argues that the way organizations had traditionally been managed kept employees from being creative and fulfilled

Emergency preparedness

the awareness of the need for having plans in place in case of emergencies

Inter-rater reliability

the extent to which independent evaluators produce similar ratings in judging the same abilities or characteristics in the same target person or object, often expressed as a correlation coefficient

Hawthorne effect

the idea that people will respond positively to any novel change in the work environment

Ethnography

the most basic observation strategy that involves observing and systematically recording behavior

Alpha level

the probability of rejecting the null hypothesis when the null hypothesis is true - the probability of making a wrong decision.

Cluster sampling

the unit of sampling is no longer the individual but instead some larger unit or "cluster." A major advantage is that it allows researchers to cut down on travel time and expense when data are being collected.

F-test

the value you get when you run an ANOVA test or a regression analysis to find if the means between two groups are significantly different

Independent variable

what is proposed to have some effect on other variables and is manipulated so that research participants experience different levels of it

Behavior based FIW

when a behavior learned at home interferes with work activities, such as if a person is too forgiving with a customer on his or her payments due to the forgiving nature of being a parent.

Behavior based WIF

when a behavior learned at work interferes with family life, such as if a person is dismissive or cold to a spouse due to the harsh nature of his or her work persona.

Back translation

when survey questions are translated from the original language into another language and back again, and researchers have to determine if the meaning was preserved.

Longitudinal design

when survey research is collected at multiple points in time to nail down causality as opposed to cross-sectional surveys that are snapshots of one point in time

Meta-analysis

examination of data from a number of independent studies of the same subject, in order to determine overall trends

Complete withdrawal (retirement)

full retirement with no workforce involvement.

Measurement equivalence

has to do with whether the dimensionality of a measure is equivalent from one cultural context to another

Experiment

highly controlled method of data collection that allows researchers to establish cause-and-effect relationships. Involves manipulation of an IV and measurement of a DV, random assignment to treatment conditions, and maximum control by the experimenter

Content innovation

implies that a new role occupant may introduce changes into the content of a job, e.g., a physician coming directly to patients about results rather than delegating to nurses.

Affective outcomes of organizational socialization

increased cooperation with other organization members

Dependent variable

involves some systematic record of research participants' behaviors or attitudes that may be impacted by the IV

cons of internal recruitment

less opportunity for increasing range of KSAs or quality of workforce

Causal modeling

mathematical models representing causal relationships within an individual system or population.

Maximum control

means that manipulation of the IV and measurement of the DV are done under controlled conditions, usually in a laboratory environment to isolate the IV as the cause of any differences among treatment groups

culture

once they are able to perform their job tasks competently, the focus of information seeking for newcomers shifts to braoder issues such as the ___ of the organization.

Big 5" OCEAN

openness to new experiences, conscientiousness, extroversion, agreeableness, neuroticism

Language (second dimension)

part of the socialization process, involves terminology and jargon that is more familiar to organizational members than to outsiders

History (first dimension)

part of the socialization process, where new employees become gradually familiar with an organization's past, long-held customs, and traditions

Custodianship

performing a job exactly as written, with little or no deviation

key problems with faulty sampling

population specification, when analysts do not understand who to survey; selection error, when respondents' survey participation is self-selected, implying only those who are interested respond; sample frame error, when a sample is selected from the wrong population data; and non-response error, when a useful response is not obtained from the surveys

Informed consent

potential participants are provided with enough information to make an informed choice as to whether they want to participate in a given research project

Embeddedness

reflects the degree to which employees feel connected to others in the organization, feel as though they fit in, and feel as though they would give something up by leaving.

cons of external recruitment

relatively expensive, less certainty with regards to recruitment outcomes, internal candidates may feel slighted

Archival data

represents any form of data or other records that are compiled for purposes that are independent of the research being conducted.

Internal validity

represents how confident we can be that any change observed in the DV is due to the manipulation of the IV and not to extraneous factors

Common method variance

represents shared sources of measurement bias between two variables that can be directly tied to the method of measurement being used.

External validity

represents the extent to which the results of an experiment generalize to other settings and populations

Confidentiality

researchers need to make sure that any information research participants provide is stored in such a way that participants cannot be identified

Characteristics of youth employment

(1) Most jobs held by teenagers would be considered undesirable by adults; (2) many jobs held by teenagers involve customer service, retail, or food; (3) many of the jobs held by teenagers take place in settings that may pose safety risks

Feldman's Stage Model of Organizational Socialization (1981)

(1) anticipatory socialization (pregaming, secondhand information); (2) encounter phase (reality shock, firsthand information); (3) change & acquisition (work life balance, fully socialized group member).

competently

A consistent finding in recent socialization research is that newcomers initially put their efforts into obtaining information that will help them to perform their job tasks ____, and that will enable them to get along with members of their immadiate work group.

marginalized

A final issue examined was the impact of diversity on the socialization of organizational newcomers. Those perceived as different by established organizational members may face a number of unique challenges in the socialization process. In the extreme, such individuals run the risk of being ___ and never really fitting in. Organizations can take steps to facilitate the socialization of older employees, females, minorities, and others

health, financially, activities, social contacts

Adjustment to retirement tends to be highest for those who are ___, ____ prepared, actively engaged in a number of ___, and have many ___ and positive expectations about retirement.

causal

Complex statistical techniques, such as ___ modeling, can be useful tools to organizational researchers, provided they are used judiciously and are based on sound theory.

complementary, facilitate

Despite the stress associated with balancing work and nonwork responsibilities, recent research has shown in some cases that work and nonwork can often be ___ or ___ each other.

balance

Given the number of years people are in the workforce, the issue of how people ___ work with other aspects of their lives is an important and ongoing issue.

ASA model

Introduced by Benjamin Schneider, a psychological theory that describes why organizations look and feel the way they do, that individuals are attracted to, selected by, and retained in organizations whose members are similar to themselves in terms of psychological attributes

mathematical, survey research

It is also possible to model behavior via simulations or through the development of ___ models. The most frequnetly used technique is ___.

attractiveness

Recruiting is not a one-sided process. Job seekers evaluate the messages put out by organizations and make some judgment as to the ___ of the organization.

accurate information, respect

Regardless of the method chosen to recruit, recruiting research suggests that organizations are best served by providing recruits with ___, and treating them with ___ and courtesy.

judgments of fit

Research suggests that judgments of organizational attractiveness are made primarily on the baiss of job seekers' ___ wth the organization. Job seekers judge whether several aspects of the organization fit with their abilities, values, and personality, and they evaluate organizations in much the same way that consumers evaluate different products.

Fair Labor Standards Act (FLSA)

States that 14 is the minimum age for employment, and also creates restrictions on the number of how that can be worked for those 16 and younger

Hawthorn Studies

Study conducted by Elton Mayo and Fritz Roethsliberger from 1924-1932 that originally focused on how physical conditions affected worker productivity, but ended up finding that one of the biggest factors influencing employee performance was whether they were under observation

culture

The major implication for organizations is that it is in their best interest to provide an accurate portrayal of their ___ to potential employees.

Group vs. Team

This comparison shows that one has specific designated roles whereas in the other every member has the same role, to pursue the common goal

Company vs. Organization

This comparison shows that one's goals are fiscally oriented, while the other's goals do not have to be

Frank & Lillian Gilbreth

This couple was the true story that "Cheaper By the Dozen" was based on, and their studies involved quality and efficiency in the kitchen, then education, and later gender issues. They coined the term "therblig" to mean a unit of effort in work

cross-cultural, language, sampling

When ___ research is attempted, researchers must be attuned to the issues of ___ and ___. A more practical issue is simply gaining access to organizations to collect research data.

IO psychology

the application of methods and principles of psychology to the workplace

Hugo Munsterberg

This man applied psychology in vocational guidance, employee motivations, fatigue, and more

Fred Fiedler

This man authored the Theory of Leadership Effectiveness

Elton Mayo

This man contributed to the Hawthorn Studies and researched worker performance, the humanistic approach to management

James Cattal

This man founded the American Psychology Association and the Psychology Review, he demonstrated a strong interest in variability in human performance

Kurt Lewin

This man researched leadership, diversity, Force-Field Analysis, sensitivity training in T groups, and action research

David McLelland

This man researched personnel recruitment, training, task motivation theories, the Theory of Needs

Harry Hollingsworth

This man was an applied psychologist working for Coca Cola doing research on caffeine and the replacement of cocaine in the product

Frederick Taylor

This man was famous for the principles of scientific management and management theories such as benchmarks. Unions disliked him

Edward Deming

This man worked with Japan when the US didn't like his research, authored Total Quality Management, which emphasizes constant improvement, teamwork, quality, and proactive leadership

Elsie Bregman

This woman pioneered research on measurement of mental ability and intelligence in personnel placement, vocational testing, etc

Millicent Pond

This woman researched selection and training programs

Expectancy Theory of Motivation

V x (E x I) when V = valence (outcome); I=instrumentality (transaction); and E=expectation (attainability). People will go for the best "deal" on effort/reward

industrial, organizational

___ psychology involves recruitment, selection, placement, training, compensation, and performance appraisal, whereas ___ psyghology involves socialization, motivation, stress, leadership, and group performance.

Hawthorne studies

a collaborative effort between Western Electric Company and a group of researchers from Harvard University to investigate the impact of environmental factors on employee productivity

Expectation lowering procedure (ELP)

a method consisting of lectures to new employees on the importance of realistic expectations and how inflated expectations can lead to negative outcomes

Indirect questioning

a newcomer information seeking tactic where the asker discounts the information-seeking intent of the question, and/or allows targets to avoid responding to them

Disguised conversation

a newcomer information-seeking tactic where askers engage in general conversation and subtly encourage targets to speak about certain topics

Criterion

a principle or standard by which something may be judged or decided

Focus groups

a qualitative data-gathering technique that is often used to generate ideas during the preliminary stages of a research project

Effect size

a quantitative measure of the magnitude of the experimental effect. The larger the effect size, the stronger the relationship between two variables

central tendency

a single value that attempts to describe a set of data by identifying the central position within that set of data, used by extrapolating mean, median, or mode

Family supportive supervisor behavior

actions and responses by a supervisor that acknowledge work-family issues, support employee attempts to balance work and family, and role-model creative strategies to manage work-family conflict

Covariate

an independent variable that can influence the outcome of a given statistical trial, but which is not of direct interest. A way of exerting statistical control in quasi-experimentation

Informal organization

an organization in which the purpose is typically less explicit, such as a softball team. Team members typically enjoy spending time together doing a common interest, but these organizations do not tend to survive when founding members separate

Formal organization

an organization that exists to fulfill some explicitly stated purpose, often stated in writing. Typically exhibits some degree of continuity over time (they survive longer than the founding members do).

Acculturation

an outcome of socialization/onboarding wherein a new employee learns to embrace not just their jobs but the culture, values, and goals of an organization.

Experience Sampling Methodology (ESM)

another way to make causal inferences with survey data, where researchers collect data at multiple points in time during a limited time frame (usually 1-2 weeks)

Katz & Kahn's research

asks about when behavior is influenced or imposed upon by structures, policies, job descriptions, culture, etc

Behavioral outcomes of organizational socialization

demonstrate successful assimilation

Attraction-Selection-Attrition Model (ASA)

employee turnover can be correlated with how well a recruit "fits in."