Advanced Human Anatomy (Quiz 1)
What did Shirley Sahrmann say (that was so profound it needs to be on a t-shirt!)
"Movement can induce pathology, pathology does not just induce faulty movement"
What does navicular mean?
Navicular means little ship -think prefix nav - NAVY..ships
Are there any efferent (motor) fibers to bone?
No! None supplied to bone tissue
What artery supplies the bone shaft and medullary cavity?
Nutrient artery
Approximately how many women/men will break a bone due to osteoporosis in the US?
One in every two women, and one in every 4 men
What does scaphoid mean?
Scaphoid is greek* and means boat-shaped
Latin: What would scapula, papilla, vertebra change to if plural?
Scapulae, papillae, vertebrae (a>ae)
What are some risk factors for osteoporosis?
Race: white and asian (although anyone can be at risk) Sex: women higher risk than men -increased age -smoking/excessive drinking -sedentary -low calcium/vitamin D -low body weight -low estrogen/testosterone -family history -certain medications (steroids/rheumatoid arthritis medications) -poor diet
What does serratus mean?
Serra means a saw, so think that the serratus muscles have a jagged edge to them (or think serrated knife!)
Physical therapists are what kind of experts?
MOVEMENT SYSTEM EXPERTS!
How do you classify a long bone?
-Long bones are tubular (longer than they are wide) -Long bones have to have a shaft and 2 ends for articulation Examples include: humerus, radius, ulna, metacarpals, femur, tibia, fibula, metatarsals, phalanges, clavicle
How do you classify a short bone?
-Short bones are cuboidal -Short bones are found only in the tarsus (ankle) and carpus (wrist)
What are the 8 principles outlined for the physical therapy vision statement?
-identity -quality -collaboration -value -innovation -consumercentricity -access/equity -advocacy
What are some barriers to participation in society? List 5
-physical mobility issues (ROM, pain, etc.) -financial barriers -geographic region consisting of a lack of resources -mental health -language barriers -healthcare access and insurance -lack of transportation -lack of education -lack of independence
What are some characteristics of osteoporosis?
-porous bone -spaces in trabeculae will appear bigger, but it is just less trabeculae -longitudinal trabecular bone becomes thinner
What are the five functions of bone?
-protection of vital structures -support for the body -a mechanical basis for movement -sites for the development of red blood cells (hemopoeisis) -storage of calcium and phosphorus
What is a rounded feature?
A tubercle, protuberance, tuberosity, malleolus, trochanter, epicondyle
Meanings of: 1. Anatome 2. Dissecare 3. Cadave
1. Anatome = dissection/cutting up 2. Dissecare = to cut up (think dissect) 3. Cadave = to fall/die (think what cadavers do/did)
What are the three instructional approaches?
1. Systems approach 2. Regional approach 3. Clinical approach
How many fractures occur each year in the US due to osteoporosis?
2 million fractures
How many individuals aged 50+ die within one year following a hip fracture?
25% will pass away
What is the name of the dense fibrous tissue (consisting of blood vessels and connective tissue) found cuffing the fracture?
A callus, and it helps stabilize the area for healing -the callus cuff is resorbed once bone strength begins to return
What is an intra-articular fracture?
A fracture across a joint which may leak blood and fat into the joint
What is a fatigue fracture (also called a stress fracture)?
A fracture resulting only when the remodeling process is outpaced by the fatigue process (when the load is so frequent, the bone does not have adequate time to properly repair)
What is an eponym?
A person after whom a discovery is named after. Example: 1. Fallopian tubes 2. Achilles heel 3. Lou Gehrig's disease 4. Tommy John surgery
What is a pneumatic bone?
A pneumatic bone is a bone that is hollow or contains air-filled spaces Examples include bones of the facial skeleton are paranasal sinuses like frontal, ethmoid, maxillae, and sphenoid bones
How many Americans have osteoporosis?
About 54 million have osteoporosis
What are all bones derived from?
All bones are derived from mesenchyme
Latin: What would alveolus, bronchus, nucleus change to if plural?
Alveoli, bronchi, nuclei (us>i)
What is an example of a sharp feature?
An example would be the anterior inferior iliac spine
What is a bony process?
Any prominent roughened projection
Latin: What would atrium, ovum, septum change to if plural?
Atria, ova, septa (um>a)
What is the responsibility of osteoblasts?
Bone formation and mineralization
What are accessory bones?
Bones (apophyses) that did not fuse and may be mistaken for a bone fracture -they are common in the foot
What is the responsibility of osteoclasts?
Breakdown and resorption of bone
Greek: What would carcinoma and fibroma change to if plural? *another interesting change*
Carcinomata and fibromata (oma>omata)
Where are compression fractures commonly found?
Compression fractures are commonly found in the vertebrae due to high compressive loads.
What color is cortical bone on an MRI?
Cortical bone is dark on an MRI
What are depressions for?
Depressions are spaces in which a tissue resides or travels through
Latin: What would diagnosis, testis, metastasis change to if plural?
Diagnosis, testes, and metastases (is>es)
What are elevations for?
Elevations appear on bones where ligaments, tendons, or other bones attach or articulate
Greek: What would epididymis change to if plural? *this is a weird one*
Epididymides (is>ides)
Why do fatigue fractures often occur during exercise?
Fatigue (or stress) fractures often occur during continuous strenuous activity because the muscles become fatigued, which reduces their ability to contract. As a result, they are less able to store energy and thus the bone must take on that extra load
How do you classify flat bones?
Flat bones usually serve protective functions Examples include the cranial bones, sternum, ribs, scapulae
What does foramen mean?
Foramen signifies an opening -allows key structures to connect from one part of the body to the other
What is the average time span that healing a fracture can take?
Fracture healing may take 3-12 weeks.
Greek: What would ganglion and mitochondrion change to if plural?
Ganglia and mitochondria (on>a)
What are examples of articulation features?
Head, condyle or facet is for articulation
What is heterotopic ossification?
Heterotopic ossification is defined as the ossification of bone into soft tissue (muscle) -this is usually a consequence of trauma that causes the formation of bone -it can occur in patients with wheelchairs or equestrians
What is the difference in the way that bones can develop?
In intramembranous ossification, bone develops directly from sheets of mesenchymal connective tissue. In endochondral ossification, bone develops by replacing hyaline cartilage. -endochondral is usually how long bones develop (and most bones)
Latin: What would index change to if plural?
Indices (ex>ices)
What are the three stages of fracture healing?
Inflammatory Reparative Remodeling
What does ipsilateral mean?
Ipse means self or same, lateral refers to the side - so same side
How do you classify an irregular bone?
Irregular bones have various shapes other than long, short, or flat Examples include vertebrae, coccyx, mandible, etc.
When is the greatest amount of bone an individual can attain achieved?
It is reached in the late teens and early 20s. -children and adolescents who have higher PBM reduce their risk of osteoporosis later in life
What does hemo/hematopoiesis mean?
It is the process of producing blood cells and platelets, which occurs in the bone marrow.
What are some factors stimulating osteoclast activity?
Lack of weight bearing activity, hyperthyroidism (and para), estrogen deficiency due to menopause, lack of calcium intake, normal aging
What are bone remodeling cells?
Osteoblasts and osteoclasts
Where are the osteoblasts housed?
Osteoblasts are housed in the inner layer of the periosteum
Where are osteoblasts found?
Osteoblasts are located mainly on the outside of bone
What are osteocytes?
Osteocytes are mature osteoblasts that maintain bone
Greek: What would phalanx change to if plural?
Phalanges (nx>nges)
What does piriformis mean?
Piriformis means pear-shaped
How do you classify sesamoid bones?
Sesamoid bones develop within tendons -they protect the tendons from excessive wear (decrease friction) -sesamoid bones increase moment arm of muscle, which in turn increases torque -sesamoid bones increase the mechanical advantage of a muscle tendon unit
What anchors the periosteum to a compact bone?
Sharpey's fibers anchors the compact bone to the periosteum
Where are shear fractures most commonly seen?
Shear fractures are most commonly seen in cancellous (trabecular) bones.
Fractures produced by tensile loading are usually seen in what type of bone?
Tensile fractures are usually seen in a bone with a large proportion of cancellous (trabecular) bone.
What vascularizes and innervates the cortical bone?
The Volkmann canals also connect to the Haversian canals which extend to cancellous bone (CO-VO & HA-CA)
What is the appendicular skeleton composed of? (picture it before you answer)
The appendicular skeleton is composed of (appendicular...appendages): Upper and lower limb bones Shoulder (pectoral) and pelvic girdles (ilium, ischium, pubis)
Where does the sacrum (axial) and ilium (appendicular) articulation occur?
The articulation occurs at the sacroiliac joint -this joint is NOT so mobile
What is the axial skeleton composed of? (picture it before you answer)
The axial skeleton is composed of: Skull Vertebral column (including sacrum) Rib cage (as well as the sternum)
What is the metaphysis?
The metaphysis is the flared or wide portion of a long bone between the diaphysis and epiphysis
What is formed by the primary ossification center?
The diaphysis is formed by the primary ossification center
What is the diaphysis of the long bone?
The diaphysis is the shaft of the long bone with a shell of compact bone surrounding the medullary cavity that is filled with yellow or red marrow.
What is the direction of trabecular bone in relation to?
The direction of trabeculae is in a direct relationship with the forces absorbed
What connective tissue lines the medullary cavity?
The endosteum lines the medullary cavity
What is the epiphyseal plate?
The epiphyseal plate is the growth plate and is a cartilaginous region between the epiphysis and diaphysis where bone grows in length
What is transparent to radiation?
The epiphyseal plate is transparent to radiation
What are the first bones to ossify and when do they do it?
The first bones to ossify at the clavicle bones, which occurs at 5 weeks of gestation.
What are some factors stimulating osteoblast activity?
Weight bearing activity, growth, fluoride and E-stim
What is the definition of the "Movement System"
The movement system is the integration of body systems that generate and maintain movement at all levels of bodily functions. Human movement is a complex behavior within a specific context, and is influenced by social, environmental, and personal factors (also labeled as intrinsic and extrinsic factors)
What is the periosteum?
The periosteum is the connective tissue that covers the outer portion of the bone, except for articular surfaces which are covered by hyaline cartilage
Where is the secondary ossification center located?
The secondary ossification center are located in the epiphyses
What does the skeletal system store?
The skeletal system stores calcium and phosphorus
What is the articulation between the axial skeleton and the upper appendicular skeleton?
The sternoclavicular joint (sternum and clavicle articulation) -this joint is very mobile
What innervates blood vessels for bone?
The sympathetic nervous system
What is the thickness of cortical bone in relation to?
The thickness of cortical bone is in a direct relationship with the forces absorbed. -the thickness of cortical bone is not uniform throughout
What are the two types of bone?
The two types are compact (cortical) and cancellous (trabecular) -compact is more dense -trabecular is less dense and more elastic
What is the epiphysis of the long bone?
The usual site of articulation with adjoining bones -a shell of compact bone covering trabeculae with spaces filled with red marrow -red marrow is the site of hematopoiesis
What does APTA's vision call us to do? (4 parameters)
To OPTIMIZE movement To PROMOTE health and wellness To MITIGATE the progression of impairments To PREVENT additional disability (O.P.M.P)
What is the purpose of the skeletal system?
To protect internal organs (protection) To provide rigid kinematic links (connections) To provide muscle, ligament, and fascial attachment sites (connections) To facilitate muscle action and body movements (movement)
What is the vision statement for the physical therapy profession?
Transforming society...by optimizing movement...to improve the human experience
What does vagus mean?
Vagus means wandering -the vagus nerve is very widespread, ranging from the brain to the large intestine
What is osteoporosis?
When the body loses too much bone or makes too little
What is Wolff's law?
Wolff's law states that bone remodeling is influenced and modulated by mechanical stresses; bone is laid down where needed and resorbed where not needed -this is dependent on forces, lack of forces means the bone will be broken down and resorbed
Can bones withstand greater stress in compression compared to tension and shear stress?
Yes! Bones can withstand greater stress in compression than in tension
Is bone tissue living and constantly changing?
Yes! Living bone is an extremely metabolically active, vascular, and dynamic tissue.
Can bones have multiple ossification centers?
Yes, bones can have multiple ossification centers.
What are the three ways to classify a bone?
You can classify a bone by shape, by development, and by type
Do you lose more bone mass in trabecular bone or cortical bone?
You lose more bone mass in the trabecular bone