African American Studies Exam #2

Sit in Movement

Know the participants. Frequently discussed civil rights issues in their dorm rooms. Winter break of 1959. They had encountered segregation at the Greyhound Bus Stop. By the end of February, 70,000 people would participate in sit-in across the south but there were also some white progressives who sat in. Example at Duke University. mostly happened in the South, but had support from North; origins in North Carolina A&T

Thomas Sugrue

Wrote "The Origins of Urban Crisis" about the the obstacles African Americans faced in securing equal housing

Howard University

Zora Neale Hurston, Stokely Carmichael attended here, Alain Locke and Abram Harris taught here

North Carolina A&T

4 black male students from this college participated in a sit-in in Greensboro in 1960, organized at FW Woolworth in downtown Greensboro after experiencing segregation at a greyhound bus stop

Pilgrimage to Non-Violence

An essay by Dr. King, in 1958. Philosophical and theological underpinnings to his commitment to nonviolence, often referring to Gandhi. Sermon about MLK's path to encouraging non-violence; agape love and Gandhi; includes 5 basic aspects of non-violence

Montgomery Bus Boycott

Boycotted the buses for over a year. They protested the buses on Monday.

Nathan Hare

Brought in from the Black Studies program at Howard, he talked about chemistry, biology, and other subjects. All of the disciplines of black studies, how do we go about this movement. Black studies program at San Fransisco State College he was the head.

Martin Luther King Jr.

Center of the Civil Rights Movement. Born in Atlanta , Georgia in 1929. Enrolled at Morehouse College at the age of 15, got B.A. in Sociology at 19. He is the product of black institutions. He read Karl Marx. He began to understand the connections between race and culture. Economical and racial injustice. He worked at a local factory. He writes a letter from Birmingham Jail on a piece of toilet paper. He organizes young people in the fight when he gets out of jail. Died in 1968.

Brown v. Board of Education

Courtcase in Topeka, Kansas was a landmark case in the United States Supreme Court Case in which the court established state laws establishing separate public schools for black and white students to be unconstitutional. Warren, 1954. Separate but equal unconstitutional. Challenged Jim Crow Laws.

African Studies Association

Created in 1957, along with the same year the independence of Ghana. African studies is not the only institution shaping the development of African Studies. Parallel African American studies movement. 36 (mostly white) scholars; group of scholars and professionals in the United States and Canada with an interest in the continent of Africa; started in 1957, the ASA is the leading organization of African Studies in North America

JoAnn Robinson

Dexter Baptist is where she went to church and this is where Dr. King was priest. She was a professor and her students printed out flyers that said do not ride the buses to the black people. They protested the buses on Monday. To better coordinate their efforts the leaders created the Montgomery Improvement Association. These protests of Montgomery buses would last for over a year. In two days, they organize this massive movement. Professor BCU and Alabama State University.

Stokley Carmichael

He participated in the sit-ins highly influenced the sit-in movement while a student at Howard; work with SNCC; born in Trinidad; grew up in NY; originally believed in non-violence and followed MLK, but then became a separatist; then joined the Black Panthers

Franz Fanon

Is the most important post- colonial thinker of the 20th century. Born in Martinique, along with Aime Cesaire. He was a physician and a scholar. He moved to Algeria. He published The Wretched of the Earth soon after he died in 1961. He supported violence as a political force.

Civil Rights Act of 1964

It was a contested act it did not pass unanimously. Ended segregation in public places and banned employment discrimination on the basis of race, color, religion, sex, or national origin. 1969 is actually when schools started to integrate black students for the first time since 1964 act.

Richard Wright

Joins the communist party in the 1930s. New black worker, new black militancy. As a result one of the things you see in African American literature is the focus on working class people. Born in Mississippi in 1908. Dies in 1960. There are a million of us and we are all moving in all directions- 12 million black voices. He has some real big gender issues- he has a deep distrust of black women. Writes the native son in 1940. Leading protagonist is Bigger Thomas, he is a teenager in Chicago feels marginalized by society. Comes out with 12 million black voices as his next novel.

Eulogy for Martyred Children

MLK speech after Bombingham; "your children did not die in vain;" redemption can come from suffering;

University of Virginia

Paul Barringer Chairman of the Faculty Senate of UVA. Any education will be used by the Negro politically . Negro problem was a public health problem. James Roebuck first African American president at UVA for Student Council, previously served as Virginia Union member of student council, he engaged in sit-ins. He was a graduate student at UVA. Ed Robinson head of Carter G. Woodson institute at UVA. 1969: march against UVA's racist atmosphere. Houston Baker joined UVA's African American studies program. George Taylor would issue a proposal for an African American studies program, founding member of black students for freedom. he wrote the proposal for black studies program.

Paul Zeleza

President of African Studies Association. Malawian historian and literary critic. Helped us understand how the struggle for rights would affect African Studies. Wrote "African Studies and Universities since independence."

Robert Williams

President of NAACP, World War II Veteran, Went to Johnston C. Smith historically black college, came from a working class background, he was a southerner he believed black people had a responsibility to defend themselves by any means possible. He fought for integration. Both traditional and non-traditional. The life of him illustrates that the civil rights movements and the black power movement grew out of the same soil. Love by Rosa Parks and the Black Panthers. He served in the US Army. 1960's considered the most influential person.

Morehouse

Private all male liberal arts college located in Atlanta, Georgia. One of the black colleges established between 1965 and 1970, along with Fisk and Howard. MLK attended here.

Punitive Planning

Term to describe process of projects financed by public funding intended to disenfranchise certain communities on the basis of urban renewal. Urban Renewal programs took a heavy toll on African Americans, uprooted families, destroyed or compromised Black neighborhoods, schools, historic landscapes in the African American community. Given its capacity to reproduce racial segregation, it is important for understanding wealth disparity, must consider that black tax dollars also subsidized these programs

Carole Robertson, Denise McNair, Addie Hunton, Cynthia Wesley

The four girls who were killed in a bombing in Birmingham, Alabama, that kills these four African American girls during a church service at a Baptist church. Dr. King delivered the famous eulogy at their funeral. 1963

Detroit

Unemployment rates reached really high in this city during the great depression. Large urban center. In cities like this one, housing was a central issue, particularly availability, leads to the rise of the "second ghetto". Between the early 1940s to mid 1950s faced housing shortages of unprecedented magnitude. In 1941, the (blank) Housing Commission and the USHA announced plans for the construction of a 200 unit housing project to alleviate the wartime housing shortage. Riots/violence as a political tool to gain leverage ensued. this city's elected officials were often reluctant to support projects that met with opposition from their white working class constituents .

Kwame Nkrumah

Was a Ghanaian politician and revolutionary, he was the first prime minister and president of Ghana. Opened the first institution of Organization of African Unity. He urged his audience to produce genuine knowledge of Africa through his work. He was passionately committed to Africa's regeneration in all spheres.

SNCC (Student Non-Violent Coordinating Committee)

Was on the major civil rights movements in the 1960s. It emerged from the first wave of sit-ins by students and formed in April 1960 by a meeting organized by Ella Baker at Shaw University. Stokley Carmichael, he would participate in sit-ins and was apart of this group. Howard University type was a Nonviolent Action Group.

Monroe, North Carolina

When Robert Williams returned to the South for a little bit from Detroit, he would build one of the most successful chapters of the country of the NAACP (National Association Advancement of Colored People) in this location

Non violent action group

a student-run campus organization at Howard University (a branch of SNCC) that campaigned against racial segregation and other civil rights causes; Stokely Carmichael was a member

Malcolm X

a. He was the reason we cried and we read b. Born Malcolm Little and later known as El-Haj Malik Shabazz, drew tremendous attention from white and black America as the leading spokesperson for the Nation of Islam during the second half of the 1950s and early 1960s. He inspired thousands of black youth with his student critique of white supremacy, his embrace of white pride, and his promotion of armed self-defense, as a necessary weapon in African Americans' political. c. Along with Robert Williams raised questions about the utility of non-violent strategies d. He promoted a particular brand of black nationalism, drew his inspiration from the religious visions of the NOI, the pan-African perspective of Gravesite parents, the cultural rhythms and cadences of the bebop era, and the anticolonial struggles of Africa and Asia. e. He drew from the Nation of Islam created a mission of racial redemption for its followers primarily defined in terms of psychological rehabilitation from self-hatred and its corresponding anti-social behavior. f. Whites were described as "devil men" mutants created from the original black man, who controlled black people through systematically denying theme their true history and culture and psychologically separating them from their true homeland. g. Nation of Islam thought it was a waste of time for African Americans to integrate into a burning house.

San Fransisco State

black students boycotted classes and picketed classroom buildings. The San Francisco State's Black Student Union was the first campus organization to establish black studies as a legitimate academic enterprise. They bring in Sanchez and Baraka to speak. They also bring in Nathan Hare as the department head for Black Studies from Howard, he talked about chemistry and biology and other subjects. The move of Baraka and Sanchez would help solidify the push for black studies at San Francisco State.

Rosa Parks

boarded the Cleveland Avenue Bus. Over the past few months' public administration had been a sign of protest. She was involved in the NAACP. James Blake ordered the riders to let him have the seat. Rosa's mother called E.D. Nixon who was the President of the Brotherhood of Sleeping Car Porters at the time. Montgomery, Alabama, December 1, 1955.

Cornell University

invaded the administration building, demanding black studies and black dorms. Demanding soul food day. "Name a school in Ithaca, New York where students engaged in a takeover. James Turner took over as the Director of Black Studies at Cornell, they meet him at Howard University along with a lot of different students. Raise fundamental questions about class dimensions.

5 Basic Aspects of Non-Violence

not for cowards, but for courageous people; doesn't seek to defeat or humiliate opponent, but create a friendship and understanding; seeks to defeat injustice, not the people; willingness to accept suffering without retaliation; chooses love instead of hate

Fire Next Time

novelist; explored intricacies of racial, sexual, and class distinctions in Western societies; wrote "Fire Next Time" and "My Dungeon Shook: Letter to My Nephew on the One Hundred Anniversary of the Emancipation"

James Baldwin

novelist; explored intricacies of racial, sexual, and class distinctions in Western societies; wrote "Fire Next Time" and "My Dungeon Shook: Letter to My Nephew on the One Hundred Anniversary of the Emancipation"

Ian Grandison

professor that coined term Punitive Planning to describe process of cutting through black neighborhoods on the basis of urban renewal, issue of blight