AG PRAXIS STUDY GUIDE

Floriculture CDE

Career Pathways: Plant Systems Team of 4 members Team activity ID of plant materials and equipment Exam Problem solving Practicums (floral arrangement, job interview, and growing procedures) Rotational Practicums

Placement SAE

Career experience where a student is placed with an employer who is conducting agricultural business such as farming, ranching, greenhouse operations, and others.

Livestock evaluation

Career pathway: Animal Systems 4 team members Keep/cull class Exam Team activity Livestock eval/placing classes Oral reasons

Prepared public speaking

Career pathway: Career readiness Manuscript is prepared and given to judges for review 6-8 minute speech Questions

Extemporaneous Public Speaking

Career pathway: Career readiness Prepare 4-6 minute speech based on topics: ag literacy and advocacy, current ag issues, advancing ag through ag science, current tech uses and applications in ag, agrimarketing and international ag, food and fiber systems 30 minutes to prepare

Employment Skills

Career pathway: Career readiness Submit cover letter, resume, and job description prior to contest

Marketing plan

Career pathway: agribusiness systems Team of 3 members Written plan Live presentation

Conduct of Chapter Meetings

Career pathway: career readiness Available to grades 7-9 Team of 7 members Exam Presentation of opening ceremonies Presentation - team demonstration Presentation of closing ceremonies Oral Questions

Parliamentary Procedure

Career pathway: career readiness Team of 6 members Written exam Oral questions Team problem solving practicum Individual practicum

Milk quality and products

Career pathway: food products and processing systems 4 member teams Milk flavor ID and eval Product ID California mastitis test Cheese ID Exam Problem Solving Team activity

Nursery and Landscape

Career pathway: plant systems Team of 4 members Team activity Team skills Exam ID Landscape estimating Verbal customer assistance Written customer assistance Nursery propagation

Ag sales

Career pathways: Agribusiness 4 Team Members Exam Team activity Individual Sale

Ag issues forum

Career pathways: Agribusiness 4 Team Members Portfolio Team presentation

Poultry Evaluation

Career pathways: Animal systems Teams of 4 members Placing classes Market broiler placing Egg type hen placing Oral reasons Carcass grading Carcass placing Oral reasons Interior shell grading Exterior shell grading Written factors class Boneless further processed class Bone in further processed class Carcass parts ID Exam Team activity

Agronomy

Career pathways: Plant systems 4 team members Team activity Test ID Soils Commodity evaluation Agronomy issues Pest management Equipment and machinery ID

Agricultural Technology and Mechanical Systems

Career pathways: Power, structural, and technical systems Team of 4 members Machinery and Equipment ID Electrical wiring Small engines Structures (welding) ENR Team Activity

Current assets

Cash and other assets that are expected to be converted to cash within a year

Wether

Castrated male goat

Gelding

Castrated male horse

Barrow

Castrated male pig

Wether

Castrated male sheep

Stag

Castrated male sheep after maturity

Clear cutting

Causes sudden environmental changes, temporarily removes forest cover

Meiosis

Cell division that produces reproductive cells in sexually reproducing organisms

Reporter

Chair of public relations committee Plan public info programs Chapter scrapbook Chapter photographer

Basic engine maintenance

Change oil Service air cleaner Clean the carburetor float bowl Clean blower Check compression Replace spark plugs

Fungicides

Chemical agents capable of destroying, and/or inhibiting the growth of saprophytic or pathogenic fungi, including molds.

Selective breeding

Choosing animals to breed based on specific characteristics

Importance of sanitation in food processing

Clean work areas minimize bacterial growth substantially

Fossil Fuels

Coal, oil, natural gas, and other fuels that are ancient remains of plants and animals. Used to heat homes, power vehicles, and provide electricity

Sources of credit

Commercial banks and trust companies Federal land banks Production credit associations Farmers Home administration Insurance companies Individuals (real estate, livestock, ect) Equipment manufacturers

Noncurrent assests

Company long term investments where the full value will not be realized within the accounting year

Two stroke cycle

Completes a power cycle with two strokes (up and down movements) of the piston during only one crankshaft revolution.

Henry C Groseclose

Considered the father of the FFA

1929

Corn Gold and National blue colors adopted 33 states in attendance to 2nd convention

Cost and availability

Cost goes up when availability goes down, vice versa

Marking Sector

Cover the services involved in moving an agricultural product from the farm to the consumer

Agronomic

Crops produced for agricultural reasons

Service Sector

Cultivating land, raising crops, feeding, breeding, and raising livestock; farming. The production of crops, livestock, or poultry. Agronomy

Cultural IPM controls

Cultural controls are practices that reduce pest establishment, reproduction, dispersal, and survival. For example, changing irrigation practices can reduce pest problems, since too much water can increase root disease and weeds.

Parts of a balance sheet

Current assets, non current assets, current liabilities, and non current liabilities

Sweating copper pipe

Cut the pipes to the right length using a hacksaw or a copper tube cutter. Remove the burs with a wire brush or file. Clean the end of the copper pipe with a special cleaning brush. Clean until the surface is bright all around. Clean the inside of all fittings. Apply soldering paste to the cleaned ends of the pipe and the insides of the cleaned fittings. Attach the fitting to the end of the pipe and use a propane flame in the middle of the fitting to heat both ends at the same time. Don't apply heat directly to fluxed area. Still using the flame, solder the joints together. You only need a little bit around the whole circumference of the tube. Wipe excess solder away with a rag.

Plastic pipe fitting

Cut to desired length Clean the joint pieces Apply primer to both joint pieces Apply glue to both pieces Join pieces and turn 1/4 turn to ensure it is sealed

Docking

Cutting tails off of young animals (usually sheep or dogs) to improve structure or appearance

Castration

Cutting testes off young animals to stop testosterone flow and preserve their meat grade

Vitamin B12

Cyanocobalamin Pernicious anemia

Sodium

Dehydration Decreased glucose and amino acid absorption

Leadership styles

Democratic, autocratic, laissez-faire, strategic, transformational, transactional, bureaucratic

Chlorine

Depressed appetite Water intake

Structure and function of the digestive system

Digestion and absorption of nutrients

Research Based SAE

Discover new or validate current knowledge of agricultural technologies using the scientific method

FFA degrees

Discovery, Greenhand, Chapter, State, American

Taxonomical classification

Domain, Kingdom, Phylum, Class, Order, Family, Genus, Species Dumb kings play cards over free grade snails

Ways to build and maintain credit

Don't take out more than you can pay back Pay back quickly Pay back more than the minimum

Gravitational water

Drains out of pore spaces after a rain

Inbreeding

The production of offspring from the mating or breeding of individuals or organisms that are closely related genetically

Financial plan

The projections need to be for a period of three to five years Balance sheets and income statements

1930

FFA Creed adopted Official dress adopted

1952

FFA code of ethics adopted

1944

FFA foundation is formed

FFA Mission statement

FFA makes a positive difference in the lives of students by developing their potential for premier leadership, personal growth and career success through agricultural education.

Debt/equity ratio

The ratio of total liabilities to owners equity A measure of solvency

Debt/asset ratio

The ratio of total liabilities to total assets A measure of solvency

Stocking rates

The relationship between the number of animals and the grazing management unit utilized over a specified time period

Animal bio security plan

Farm biosecurity is a set of measures or activities designed to protect a property from the entry and spread of pests, weeds and diseases. A lot of times this involved quarantine or disease management protocol

Importance of proper animal nutrition

Feeding has a direct impact on the growth rate, production capacity and health status of the animal. Feeding is key for a profitable and sustainable farming.

Hen

Female chicken

Pullet

Female chicken under one year

Filly

Female horse under 3

Doe

Female rabbit

Outputs

Finished goods and services

1926

First National Congress of Vocational Agriculture Students assemble for a National Livestock Judging Contest at the American Royal Livestock and Horse Show in Kansas City, Mo.

2006

First National FFA Convention held in Indianapolis, IN

1999

First national convention in Louisville, KY

Systematic Sampling

Individuals are selected at regular intervals from the sampling frame. The intervals are chosen to ensure an adequate sample size. If you need a sample size n from a population of size x, you should select every x/nth individual for the sample. For example, if you wanted a sample size of 100 from a population of 1000, select every 1000/100 = 10th member of the sampling frame.

Iodine

Goiter/big head

Purpose of grading food products

Grading determines the quality of the food being processed and what it can be sold for. It also allows for the food to be analyzed

Stages of forest succession

Grass or plant stage (occurs after land has been cleared) Shrub stage (saplings grow in the shade of shrubs) Young stage (when the sunlight can no longer reach the forest floor)

Treasurer

Keep track of money Present reports at meetings Collect dues Chairperson of finance committee

Methods to prevent pipes from freezing

Keeping water on at a trickle Keeping heat up to the same temperature day and night

Vitamin K

Lack of clot formation

Habitat protection

Latest management strategy is preservation of ecosystems supporting maximum biological diversity rather than species-by-species approach.

Law of diminishing returns

Law of diminishing returns - used to refer to a point at which the level of profits or benefits gained is less than the amount of money or energy invested.

Main motion

Main motion Interrupt: NO Second: YES Debate: YES Amend: YES Vote: MAJORITY Reconsider: YES

Estrous

Main reproductive cycle of females Estrus is a phase of the estrous cycle

Historian

Maintain scrapbook Research chapter history Assist in photography

Cockrel

Male chicken under a year

Colt

Male horse under 3

Buck

Male rabbit

Disposal of hazardous materials

Many hazardous wastes can be recycled safely and effectively, while other wastes will be treated and disposed of in landfills or incinerators.

Agriculture adjustment act

Marketing and crop price controls passed in 1933

Watt

Measure of electrical power

Mechanical (physical) IPM controls

Mechanical and physical controls kill a pest directly or make the environment unsuitable for it. Sticky card traps are examples of mechanical controls. Physical controls include: Sweeping floors and benches to inhibit breeding

1969

Membership opens to females

Electrical motor horsepower

Multiply the voltage, the current, and the efficiency, then divide the result by 746.

Relationship between a species and habitat

Must be able to support the animal with the proper nutrients, animal must be able to help the environment grow

Hazards in a biotechnology lab

Mutagens Carcinogens Radioactive material Dangerous lab equipment (burners, centrifuges, ect)

1965

NFA merged with FFA

1935

NFA was formed (New Farmers of America) for black students. FFA membership exceeds 100,000

Gilt

Never bred female pig

Ewe lamb

Never bred female sheep

1927

New Farmers of Virginia is founded

Vitamin B3

Niacin Pellagra Hartnups disease

Vitamin A

Night blindness Pink eye like symptoms

Abiotic factors

Nonliving components of environment.

Limited partnerships

Has both general and limited partners. General partners own and operate the business and assume liability for the partnership, while the limited partners serve as investors only and have no control over the company and are not subject to the same liabilities as the general partners

HACCP

Hazard analysis and critical control points

Homogenization

Helps disperse fat throughout the milk to keep it from floating to the top Separates fat into tiny particles to even distribution

Electrode reading 1

High cellulose potassium AC, DC+, or DC-

Electrode reading 0

High cellulose sodium DC+ current

Electrode reading 7

High iron oxide, potassium powder AC, DC+, DC-

Electrode reading 3

High titania potassium AC, DC+

Electrode reading 2

High titania sodium AC, DC-

Cold metal work

Higher forces and power required Surfaces must be free of scale and dirt Ductility and strain hardening limit the amount of forming

Star Awards

Highest award that can be achieved based on your SAE Star farmer Star in agribusiness Star in ag placement Star in agriscience

Proficiency Awards

Honor FFA members who, through their SAEs, have developed specialized skills that they can apply toward their future careers.

Growth regulators

Hormones that stimulate or inhibit plant growth Plant growth regulators function as chemical messengers for intercellular communication . There are currently five recognized groups of plant hormones: auxins, gibberellins, cytokinins, abscisic acid (ABA) and ethylene.

Foal

Horse under one year

Fabrication of meat

How meat is cut

Marketing strategy and plan

How will the product be priced How will they reach target consumers What communication will be used People and processes

Vitamin E

Nutritional muscular dystrophy White muscle disease, stiff lamb disease, crazy chick disease Muscle degradation

OSHA regulations

OSHA regulations requires that employers inform employees of all chemicals and hazards in the workplace (Occupational Exposure to Hazardous Chemicals Standard); must protect health care providers from diseases caused by exposure to body fluids (Blood-borne Pathogen Standard)

Noncurrent liabilities

Obligations not due for settlement within one year

Potassium

Rare in livestock, but can have excess causing grass tetany

Estrous cycle

Recurring reproductive cycle in female animals that causes ovulation, changes in uterine lining, pregnancy, and parturition

Clean Air Act

Regulating air emmissions and granting EPA power to set air quality standards 1970

Thinning

Relieves overcrowding and tree stress, reduces fire hazards

Dehorning

Removing the fully grown horse from livestock Significantly decreased the risk of injury to farm workers, horses, dogs, and other cattle

Selection harvesting

Removing the higher-risk trees and leaving the trees with higher potential improves the quality and character of the forest. The partially-opened canopy allows enough light to accelerate individual tree health and vigor, and allows seedlings to grow. The young trees eventually replace the older trees as the older trees either die or are harvested.

Structure and function of the reproductive system

Reproduction, producing offspring

Flowers

Reproductive unit of angiosperms

Withdraw a Motion

Incidental motion Interrupt: RRO Second: RRO Debate: NO Amend: NO Vote: MAJORITY, the maker of the motion may withdraw it without permission of the assembly before the motion is stated by the chair Reconsider: Only the negative vote may be reconsidered

Objection to the Consideration of a Question

Incidental motion Interrupt: YES Second: NO Debate: NO Amend: NO Vote: 2/3 NEGATIVE Reconsider: Only the negative vote may be reconsidered *Must be proposed before debate has begun or a subsidiary motion is stated by the chair

Parliamentary Inquiry

Incidental motion Interrupt: YES Second: NO Debate: NO Amend: NO Vote: Chair decides or answer, normally no vote is taken Reconsider: NO

Division of the Assembly

Incidental motion Interrupt: YES Second: NO Debate: NO Amend: NO Vote: On demand of a single member the chair must take rising but not necessarily a counted vote Reconsider: NO

Request for information

Incidental motion Interrupt: YES Second: NO Debate: NO Amend: NO Vote: Chair decides or answers, normally no vote is taken Reconsider: NO

Point of Order

Incidental motion Interrupt: YES Second: NO Debate: NO (RRO) Amend: NO Vote: Chair decides or answers, normally no vote is taken Reconsider: NO

Appeal

Incidental motion Interrupt: YES Second: YES Debate: YES (RRO) Amend: NO Vote: Majority or tie vote sustains the chair Reconsider: YES

Causes of abnormal livestock behavior

Includes calving/weaning stress, regular stress, new environment, new herd members, sickness, injury, change in schedule

Benefits of rational grazing

Increased forage production Increased soil fertility Increased resistance to drought Less wasting of forage Soil compaction Control less desirable plants Extending grazing season

Major biotechnological innovations

Increased yields, herbicide tolerance, insect resistance, need for less water,

Phosphorus

Pica

Sexual reproduction in plants

Plants can reproduce in this way by using structures found in the plant flower. The male reproductive structure produces sperm cells (pollen). The female reproductive structures include the ovule that produces the egg cells (ova).

Woody plants

Plants that are made primarily of cells with thick cell walls that support the plant body

FFA salute

Pledge of Allegiance

Principles of pneumatics

Pneumatic systems used in industry are commonly powered by compressed air or compressed inert gases. A centrally located and electrically powered compressor powers cylinders, air motors, and other pneumatic devices.

Controlling parasites in cattle

Pour ons Injections Boluses Oral drench

Gestation

Pregnancy

Secretary

Prepare agenda Prepare and present minutes Keep committee reports Responsible for chapter correspondence Maintain member attendance and active records

Chaplain

Present at banquets and other functions Conduct reflection services at camps

President

Preside over meetings and accepted rules of parli pro Appoint committees Coordinate activities and evaluate the POA Represent the chapter in public relations

Adjourn

Privileged motion Interrupt: NO Second: YES Debate: NO Amend: NO Vote: MAJORITY Reconsider: NO

Fix the time to which to adjourn

Privileged motion Interrupt: NO Second: YES Debate: NO Amend: YES Vote: MAJORITY Reconsider: YES

Recess

Privileged motion Interrupt: NO Second: YES Debate: NO Amend: YES Vote: MAJORITY Reconsider: NO

Raise a Question of Privilege

Privileged motion Interrupt: YES Second: NO Debate: NO Amend: NO Vote: Chair decides or answer, no vote is taken Reconsider: NO

Call for the Orders of the Day

Privileged motion Interrupt: YES Second: NO Debate: NO Amend: NO Vote: Upon a call by a single member, the orders of the day must be enforced Reconsider: NO

5 methods of reducing risk

Production, marketing, financial, legal, human resources

FFA awards

Proficiency awards Agriscience fair Star Awards Degrees Honorary Awards National chapter awards

Parlimentarian

Proficient with parli pro Part of parli pro team Conduct parli pro workshops

Conservation

Protecting and preserving natural resources and the environment

Endangered Species Preservation Act

Protects endangered species and permits the government to take land into federal custody 1966

Enterprise budget

Provides an estimate of the potential revenues, expenses, and profit for each enterprise (cattle, corn, watermelons, ect)

Key factors in marketing

Public relations, promotional programs, pricing, personal selling, product description and characteristics, sales promotions, and warranties

1932

Puerto rico granted chapter

Vitamin B6

Pyridoxine Impaired amino acid metabolism Anemia Slow growth Poor feathering

Scientific method

Question Hypothesize Experiment Observe and Record Analyze Results

Improving reading skills

Quickly scan materials for an overview. Develop a clear idea of what you expect to learn. Search for main ideas. Practice and recall.

Classifying rods

The "E" indicates an arc welding electrode. The first two digits of a 4-digit number and the first three digits of a 5-digit number stand for tensile strength. The next to last digit indicates position. The last two digits specify the type of coating and the welding current.

Lassie-faire leadership

The French term "laissez faire" literally translates to "let them do," and leaders who embrace it afford nearly all authority to their employees. Sometimes effective

1971

The National FFA Alumni Association is established

1917

The Smith-Hughes Act establishes vocational ag courses

Written communication skills

The ability to communicate effectively in letters, e-mails and other documents

Preservation

The act of keeping something the same or of preventing it from being damaged

Total revenue

The income received from the total physical product Same as total value product

Opportunity costs

The loss of potential gain from other alternatives when one alternative is chosen

Stamens

The pollen-producing male reproductive organ of a flower, consisting of an anther and filament.

Kilowatt

1,000 watts

1964

1,000,000th jacket sold

Food web

A community of organisms where there are several interrelated food chains

Corporations

A company or group of people authorized to act as a single entity and recognized as such in law

Components of a completed inventory

A complete listing of the number, type, and value of assets owned at a point in time

Diversification

A corporate strategy to enter into a new market or industry in which the business doesn't currently operate, while also creating a new product for that market

Transformer

A device that increases or decreases the voltage of alternating current

Mild steel

A ferrous metal alloy made from Iron and Carbon. It is tough, ductile and malleable and mainly used for nails, car body panels and construction beams.

Balance sheet

A financial statement with systematic organization of everything owned and owed by a business or individual

Carburizing flame

A flame burning with an excess amount of fuel; also called a reducing flame.

Oxidizing flame

A flame burning with an excess amount of oxygen.

Biennials

A flowering plant that completes its life cycle in two years.

Autocratic leadership

A form of leadership in which the leader makes decisions on his or her own and then announces those decisions to the group. Rarely effective

Cereal grains

A grass yielding grain for food. Wheat, millet, rice, barley, oats, rye, triticale, sorghum, and maize (corn). About 80 percent of the protein and over 50 percent of the calories consumed by humans and livestock come from cereal grains.

Polarity

A lack of electrical symmetry in a molecule. Charge differences on opposite ends of a structure.

Partnerships

A legal form of business operation between two or more individuals who share management and profits

Entrepreneurship SAE

A project that requires monetary investment to potentially gain a profit

Depreciation

A reduction in the value of an asset with the passage of time, due in particular to wear and tear

Income/expense statement

A report that summarizes the income and expenses and computes the resulting profit of a business over a period

Pulley

A simple machine that consists of a grooved wheel with a rope or cable wrapped around it.

Pearson square

A simple way to hand calculate a ration for an animal

Leadership personality

A strong sense of conscientiousness results in a scrupulous, punctual, reliable, dependable, purposeful, organized, strong-willed and determined character.

Beam

A structural member, usually horizontal, that carries a load that is applied transverse to its length.

Service Learning SAE

A student managed service activity where students are involved in the development, implementation, promotion and evaluation of a chosen project.

Cash flow statement

A summary of the projected cash inflows and cash outflows for a business over a given period

AC circuit

A type of circuit that carries alternating current, or current that periodically reverses direction.

DC circuit

A type of circuit that carries direct current, or current that flows in only one direction.

Individual proprietorships

A type of enterprise that is owned and run by one person and in which there is no legal distinction between the owner and the business entity

Corner weld

A type of weld that joins two pieces of material at an angle to each other by placing a bead on the outside of a joint.

Post

A vertical framing member sufficiently strong to carry the load of the beam and structure resting on it.

Noxious weeds

A weed that is considered harmful to the environment and/or animals.

Butt weld

A weld between two pieces of metal butted together.

Lap weld

A weld made along the seams of two overlapping pieces of metal.

Fillet weld

A weld with a triangular cross section joining two surfaces that meet in an interior right angle.

Rafter

A wooden beam that supports a roof

Business proposal

A written offer from a seller to a prospective buyer Key step in sales process

Business etiquette

Acceptable social behavior and manners in business

Enterprise budget purpose

After estimates, they can help identify more profitable enterprises in the whole farm plan Once complete, they are a source of data for other types of budgeting

LDEs

Ag Issues Conduct of chapter meetings Creed speaking Employment Skills Extemp speaking Parli Pro Prepared speaking

CDEs

Ag communications Ag sales Ag tech and mech Agronomy Dairy Cattle Eval and management Dairy Cattle handlers ENR Farm and agribusiness management Floriculture Food science and technology Forestry Horse eval Livestock Eval Marketing plan Meats evaluation and technology Milk quality and products Nursery/Landscape Poultry eval Vet science

Social and cultural issues of biotechnology

Ag illiteracy, not knowing the facts, farms not following the rules

Agriculture, Food and Natural Resources career pathways

Agribusiness Animal Systems Environmental Service Systems Food Products and Processing Natural Resources Plant Systems Power, Structural, and Technical Systems

Environmental impacts of energy production

All energy sources have some impact on our environment. Fossil fuels—coal, oil, and natural gas—do substantially more harm than renewable energy sources by most measures, including air and water pollution, damage to public health, wildlife and habitat loss, water use, land use, and global warming emissions.

Iron

Anemia

Copper (animals)

Anemia Decreased growth Loss of pigmentation Stringy/steely wool

Legal and ethical issues of biotechnology

Animal welfare, boundaries, where does it stop?

Vice President

Assume duties of the president if needed Develop POA Coordinate committee work Work towards meeting goals

Hedging

Attempts to reduce the amount of risk, or volatility, associated with a security's price change. Can also be used to lock in the price of inputs to be purchased in the future

Determining Validity and Reliability of Sources

Author - a listed author can mean credible site. Date - is the information recent enough for their purposes. Sources - Credible websites should cite the source of the information presented. Domain - the domain .edu and .gov are usually credible sources for information Site Design - a well-designed site can mean reliable information. Writing Style - Poor spelling and grammar means the site may not be credible.

Bureaucratic Leadership

Bureaucratic leaders go by the books. This style of leadership might listen and consider the input of employees but the leader tends to reject an employee's input if it conflicts with company policy Rarely Effective

Grafting (asexual reproduction)

part of a plant is attached to the root system of another plant; the two unite to form a new plant containing the roots of one and the stem and leaf structure of the other.

Layering (asexual reproduction)

part of the plant's stem is bent down and covered with soil; this stem can generate a new root system and, therefore, an entirely new plant.

Horizon C

partially weathered bedrock

Convenience Sampling

participants are selected based on availability and willingness to take part. Useful results can be obtained, but the results are prone to significant bias, because those who volunteer to take part may be different from those who choose not to

Nonverbal communication skills

physical appearance, posture, gestures, facial expression, eye contact, voice, touch

Phenotype

physical characteristics of an organism

Maslow's Hierarchy of Needs

physiological, safety, love/belonging, esteem, self-actualization

Point source pollution

pollution that comes from a specific site

importance of hunting, trapping and fishing

population control conservation funding

Pre emergence herbicides

prevent the germination of seeds by inhibiting a key enzyme

Principles of floral design

proportion, scale, harmony, rhythm, balance, unity and emphasis.

National Wild and Scenic Rivers Act

protects rivers with due to aesthetic, recreational, wildlife, historical, or cultural reasons. 1968

Purpose of an advisory committee

provide you with independent advice from outside experts

Copper (metal)

pure substance

Quality grades

rating system based on quality standards focusing on color, size, shape, texture and defects

Role of potassium in plants

regulates the opening and closing of stomata, and therefore regulates CO2 uptake. Potassium triggers activation of enzymes and is essential for production of Adenosine Triphosphate (ATP). ATP is an important energy source for many chemical processes taking place in plant issues.

Biomass energy

renewable energy derived from burning organic materials such as wood and alcohol

Safe Drinking Water Act

set maximum contaminant levels for pollutants that may have adverse effects on human health. 1974

Operational decisions

short-run decisions to help implement strategies

FFA emblem Plow

signifies labor and tillage of the soil, the backbone of agriculture and the historic foundation of our country's strength

FFA emblem Rising sun

signifies progress and holds a promise that tomorrow will bring a new day glowing with opportunity

FFA emblem Words Agricultural Education/FFA

signify the combination of learning and leadership necessary for progressive agriculture

Calculating slope

slope = rise/run

Importance of ethics

strives to do what is right to advance the common good of employees and organizations can not only improve their business and culture but also make a difference in the community and beyond.

Greenhouse management

study and growth of any plant in a greenhouse environment

Horizon B

subsoil; high clay content; small clay particles from A will collect here

Herbicides

target plant species that compete with crops

Insecticides

target species of insects and other invertebrates that consume crops

Sill

the bottom horizontal framing member of a window or door opening.

Marginal cost

the change in the total cost that arises when the quantity produced is incremented by one unit, that is, it is the cost of producing one more unit of a good.

Biomagnification

the concentration of toxins in an organism as a result of its ingesting other plants or animals in which the toxins are more widely disbursed.

Gas metal arc welding

the electrode is continuously fed wire of the same material that is being welded. GMAW MIG

Mechanical energy

the energy associated with the motion and position of everyday objects

Biotechnology

the exploitation of biological processes for industrial and other purposes, especially the genetic manipulation of microorganisms for the production of antibiotics, hormones, etc.

Animal rights

the idea that animals are entitled to the possession of their own lives and that their most basic interests should receive the same consideration as human interests

Fixed support

the most rigid type of support or connection. It constrains the member in all translations and rotations (i.e. it cannot move or rotate in any direction). The easiest example of a fixed support would be a pole or column in concrete.

Stratified Sampling

the population is first divided into subgroups (or strata) who all share a similar characteristic. It is used when we might reasonably expect the measurement of interest to vary between the different subgroups, and we want to ensure representation from all the subgroups.

Purpose of crop rotation

the practice of growing a series of dissimilar or different types of crops in the same area in sequenced seasons. It is done so that the soil of farms is not used for only one set of nutrients. It helps in reducing soil erosion and increases soil fertility and crop yield.

Soil conservation

the prevention of soil loss from erosion or reduced fertility caused by over usage, acidification, salinization or other chemical soil contamination. Slash-and-burn and other unsustainable methods of subsistence farming are practiced in some lesser developed areas.

Photosynthesis

the process by which green plants and some other organisms use sunlight to synthesize foods from carbon dioxide and water.

Cutting (asexual reproduction)

the process in which the stem of a plant is placed in moist soil or water to generate a new root system.

Fertilization

the process of an ovum joining with a spermatozoa creating an offspring

Brazing

the process of joining metal with a filler rod that melts at a temperature below the metal being joined

Kilowatt hours

the rate at which energy is used

Marginal return

the rate of return for a marginal increase in investment; roughly, this is the additional output resulting from a one-unit increase in the use of a variable input, while other inputs are constant.

Motivation

the reason or reasons one has for acting or behaving in a particular way.

Linebreeding

the selective breeding of animals for a desired feature by mating them within a closely related line.

Grading up

the sequential use of purebred animals over a series of generations to provide a "nearly purebred" result. The usual sequence is that a purebred sire is used on females that are either crossbred or of another breed. The resulting offspring are 1/2 the pure breed of the sire

Plant genetics

the study of heritability of traits in plants

Engine displacement

the swept volume of all the pistons inside the cylinders of a reciprocating engine in a single movement from top dead centre (TDC) to bottom dead centre (BDC).

Importance of binomial nomenclature

the system of nomenclature in which two terms are used to denote a species of living organism, the first one indicating the genus and the second the specific epithet.

Domestication of animals

the taming of animals and plants for human use, such as work or as food

Surveying equipment

the theodolite, measuring tape, total station, 3D scanners, GPS/GNSS, level and rod. Most instruments screw onto a tripod when in use.

Horizon E

this is the layer where eluviation takes place

Strategic decisions

those that support broad-scope, organizational issues

Calf

young cow

Horizon R

This is unweathered rock (bedrock) layer that is beneath all the other layers.

Engine horsepower

To calculate the horsepower of a car, start by finding the engine's torque value and engine speed in the owner's manual. Multiply the torque by the engine speed, and then divide that number by 5252.

Gear reducer and multiplier

Torque multipliers work with the use of an epicyclical gear train that has one or more stages. Each stage of the gear range will multiply the applied torque. This torque is applied to the input gear, causing the planet gears that are situated around it to rotate

Embryo transfer

Transfer of an embryo from a superior female to a donor female

Transformational Leadership

Transformational leadership is always "transforming" and improving upon the company's conventions. Pushes boundaries to improve Sometimes effective

Processing Sector

Transforming products originating from agriculture, forestry, and fisheries

Starting and oxyfuel torch

Turn oxygen bottle on all the way, crack the acetylene bottle 1/2 turn. O2 pressure should be 10, acetylene pressure should be 5. Turn on acetylene and strike a flame, achieve a neutral flame

Volt

Unit of electric pressure

Common applications of GPS in agriculture

Used for farm planning, field mapping, soil sampling, tractor guidance, crop scouting, variable rate applications, and yield mapping. GPS allows farmers to work during low visibility field conditions such as rain, dust, fog, and darkness.

GIS and GPS in agriculture

Used for precision agriculture The use of GPS and GIS together allows for real time data collection that acquires an accurate position. This means that farmers can use devices to map where exactly the resources of that farm will be used to increase the resource use as well as increase its efficiency.

Cloning

Used mostly for research of production of milk, meat, or eggs, NOT used for production

Cut off saw

Used to cut metal with a spinning wheel

Oxy-acetylene welding

Uses a mixture of Oxygen and Acetylene to create a flame that will burn at temperatures of around 2500°C.

Record keeping SAE

Using AET

Use of vaccines

Vaccinating animals reduces animal suffering, reduces the transmission of microorganisms in the animal population, and is often more affordable than paying for the treatment of sick animals. Vaccinations keep individual animals, flocks and herds, and people healthy.

Non chemical controls for parasites

Vaccines Genetic improvement Pasture rotation Mixed/alternate livestock species grazing

Vaccination storage

Vaccines should be stored according to the specific guidelines for each vaccine. Some are refrigerated or frozen and should be kept that way until they are used

Equipment Horsepower

Varies based on equipment

Leaves

Vegetative part Leaves are the primary photosynthetic organs of plants, and are borne only at the nodes of a stem.

Roots

Vegetative part Roots anchor plants in soil, often store carbohydrates, and serve as the principal organs for absorption of water and nutrients.

Stems

Vegetative part Stems are the basic organs, as they give rise to other plant organs, such as roots, leaves, and flowers. Both aerial and subterranean stems are divided into nodes and internodes

Studs

Vertical framing members used to transfer loads from the top of the wall to the floor system.

Finding amps, watts, or volts

W=AV A=W/V V=W/A

Impact of federal regulations on agricultural production

Water rights - depend on where you are and what you have bought into Governmental regulations on feed, harvesting, marketing, and producing food

Capillary water

Water that clings in small pores, cracks, and spaces against the pull of gravity, like water held in a sponge.

Role of wetlands

Wetlands prevent flooding by holding water much like a sponge. By doing so, wetlands help keep river levels normal and filter and purify the surface water. Wetlands accept water during storms and whenever water levels are high.

Break even analysis for an enterprise

What an enterprise needs to be sold for so the income equals the total expenses

Inputs

What is used in the production process to produce output

Heat detection

When animals allow mounting from a herd mate it shows the animal is in heat or ready to be bred

Selenium

White muscle disease More common as a toxicity

Methods used to limit erosion and runoff

Windbreaks - trees and shrubs especially provide shelter, improve crop yield and enhance growth Buffers

Noise Control Act

Works toward reducing and eliminating noise pollution that poses a threat to human health and welfare. 1972

EM Tiffany

Wrote the FFA Creed

First national park is established

Yellowstone 1872

First state park is established

Yosemite 1864

Doeling

Younger female goat

Buckling

Younger male goat

Lubrication

a substance, usually organic, introduced to reduce friction between surfaces in mutual contact, which ultimately reduces the heat generated when the surfaces move

Resume

a summary of your academic and work history

Situational Leadership

a theory that argues that the most effective leadership style varies according to leader-member relations, the nominal leader's power, and the task structure

Fiber

a type of carbohydrate that the body can't digest.

Pinned support

a very common type of support and is most commonly compared to a hingein civil engineering. Like a hinge, a pinned support allows rotation to occur but no translation (i.e. it resists horizontal and vertical forces but not a moment). Think of your elbow; you are able to extend and flex the elbow (rotation) but you cannot move your forearm left to right (translation).

Strategic leadership

accepts the burden of executive interests while ensuring that current working conditions remain stable for everyone else. Commonly effective

Verbal communication skills

active listening, restatement, reflection, elaboration, silence, focusing, clarification, and summarizing

Types of FFA membership

active, honorary, alumni and collegiate.

Current liabilities

amounts due to be paid to creditors within twelve months

Horticultural grade sand

an ingredient found in some recipes for seed starting mixes, commonly mixed with peat and perlite A very coarse grade sand

Crossbreeding

an organism with purebred parents of two different breeds, varieties, or populations.

Career plan

an outline of steps or actions you can take to reach a career goal Identifying strengths, weaknesses, and interests

Neutral flame

an oxyacetylene flame with a balance of oxygen and acetylene

Sphagnum moss

any of various pale or ashy mosses of the genus Sphagnum whose decomposed remains form peat

Postemergence herbicides

are applied to control emerged weeds

Importance of time and temperature in food processing

are two of the most important factors to control in the prevention of a foodborne illness. There are many steps during the process of preparing and serving food in which time and temperature must be controlled. Harmful microorganisms grow well in foods held between temperatures of 41 degrees Fahrenheit and 135 degrees Fahrenheit. This temperature range is also known as the Temperature Danger Zone (TDZ).

Landscaping

arrangement of trees, shrubs, and flowers to make land pleasant

Variable costs

corporate expense that changes in proportion with production output. Variable costs increase or decrease depending on a company's production volume; they rise as production increases and fall as production decreases.

Purebred breeding

cultivated varieties or cultivars of an animal species, achieved through the process of selective breeding. When the lineage of a purebred animal is recorded, that animal is said to be pedigreed.

Managerial decisions

decisions about the allocation and utilization of resources

Purpose of SAEs

designed to provide meaningful career preparation experiences for all students through the SAE component of the Ag Ed program. It enables every student, regardless of their time in Ag Ed to benefit from the SAE involvement by aligning the effort with their career interest.

Oxy fuel cutting torch

diverts the oxygen and mixes part of it with the fuel gas to create the preheat flame, forming the ring of flame around the cutting tip.

Interviewing tips

do research, know strengths/weaknesses, don't use cliches

Simple Random Sampling

each individual is chosen entirely by chance and each member of the population has an equal chance, or probability, of being selected

First meat inspection acts passed in

early 1890s

T-Weld

one joint is the right angle to the other joint in the approximate shape of the letter "T".

Single acting hydraulic cylinders

only extends by pressure from a pump and then retracts by the weight of the load or by an inbuilt spring.

Orchard management

orchard establishment, soils and nutrition, pruning and training systems, irrigation management, orchard floor management, pollination, crop load management, harvest, and automation and mechanization.

Wood Headers

ornamental features that will add an eye-catching finish to windows, doors and garage openings

How many CDE's are there?

26

Ca:P Ratio

2:1 Nutritional secondary hyperparathyroidism (big head disease) Urinary calculi

Acres in a section

640

Acres in one mile

640

Size of one acre

660' x 66'

Available water

Soil water between field capacity and the permanent wilting point

Indicator species

Species that serve as early warnings that a community or ecosystem is being degraded.

Separation of milk

Spins milk through a centrifuge to separate the cream from the milk

How to survey

Start at a known corner Use a compass and land markers to mark your corners

Galvanized steel

Steel that has been coated with a protective layer of zinc, which forms a hard, insoluble oxide Welding this can cause galvanize poisoning or metal fume fever when zinc oxide forms from the heat of welding

Feed storage

Stored according to guidelines, usually out of direct sunlight, in a cool dark area, in a sealed container. Forages - stored dry area. Silage - stored in a pit or silo with minimal air circulation so fermentation is possible

Breeding livestock

Structure and genetics are the most important

SAE Grants

Students can apply for a $1000 grant through national FFA to start their SAE project

Controlling parasites in sheep

Subcutaneous and intramuscular injections Pour/spot ons Oral drench Dipping

Routes of administering medications

Subcutaneous, intramuscular, intermuscular, intrevenous, orally, drench

Clustered sampling

Subgroups of the population are used as the sampling unit, rather than individuals. The population is divided into subgroups, known as clusters, which are randomly selected to be included in the study

Amend

Subsidiary motion Interrupt: NO Second: YES Debate: Debatable when applied to a debatable motion Amend: YES Vote: MAJORITY Reconsider: YES

Previous Question

Subsidiary motion Interrupt: NO Second: YES Debate: NO Amend: NO Vote: 2/3 Reconsider: YES

Lay on the Table

Subsidiary motion Interrupt: NO Second: YES Debate: NO Amend: NO Vote: MAJORITY Reconsider: Only the negative vote may be reconsidered

Limit or extend limits of debate

Subsidiary motion Interrupt: NO Second: YES Debate: NO Amend: YES Vote: 2/3 Reconsider: YES

Commit or Refer

Subsidiary motion Interrupt: NO Second: YES Debate: YES Amend: YES Vote: MAJORITY Reconsider: YES

Postpone to a Certain Time (or Definitely)

Subsidiary motion Interrupt: NO Second: YES Debate: YES Amend: YES Vote: MAJORITY Reconsider: YES

Postpone Indefinitely

Subsidiary motion Interrupt: NO Second: YES Debate: YES, Has full debate Amend: NO Vote: MAJORITY Reconsider: Only the affirmative vote may be reconsidered

Sulfur

Sulfur amino acid deficiency

Advisor

Supervise chapter activities Inform about FFA Instruct in leadership and professional development Build program Encourage involvement Prepare students for CDEs

Supplement storage

Supplements should be stored according to their guidelines, refrigerated, stored in the dark, stored in a sealed container, ect

Market prices and cycles

Supply and demand mostly determines prices and cycles, but occasionally, cycles can be changed by disasters or politician events EX natural disasters, disease, ect

Double entry accounting

System of accounting in which every transaction affects two accounts simultaneously

Single entry accounting

System of accounting in which only one sided entry is required to record financial transactions

Cripple studs

Take the place of common studs above and below wall openings and provide support for wall opening

Improving speaking skills

Talk slowly. Hold more eye contact. Notice the details. Give unique compliments. Express your emotions. Offer interesting insights. Use the best words.

Positive leadership traits

high energy, integrity, competence, vision

Preservation of meat

includes preventing the growth of bacteria, fungi or other micro-organisms as well as retarding the oxidation of fats that cause rancidity thus promoting longer shelf life and reduced hazard from eating the food

Effects of urban sprawl

increase in air pollution, loss of habitat for animals, increase in water pollution

Four stroke cycle

intake, compression, power, exhaust Requires four strokes of the piston to complete a power cycle during two crankshaft revolutions.

Speculation

involves trying to make a profit from a security's price change,

Role of nitrogen in plants

it is a major component of chlorophyll, the compound by which plants use sunlight energy to produce sugars from water and carbon dioxide (i.e., photosynthesis). It is also a major component of amino acids, the building blocks of proteins. Without proteins, plants wither and die.

Importance of grounding

it protects your appliances, your home and everyone in it from surges in electricity. If lightning was to strike or the power was to surge at your place for whatever reason, this produces dangerously high voltages of electricity in your system.

Non selective herbicides

kill all vegetation

Selective herbicides

kill only certain types of plants

Horizons

layers of soil formed from the movement of the products of weathering

Transactional Leadership

leadership based on an exchange process in which followers are rewarded for good performance and punished for poor performance Sometimes effective

Elements of floral design

line, color, form, space, texture, mass, filler, light, pattern, balance, scale, rhythm, contrast, dominance, unity

Clean Water Act

(CWA, 1972) set maximum permissible amounts of water pollutants that can be discharged into waterways; aims to make surface waters swimmable and fishable

GPS

(global positioning system) is a system that determines accurately the precise position of something on earth

Improving writing skills

-structure message according to anticipated audience response -use the right tone -avoid grammatical errors -use block paragraphs -use headings and bulleted lists in appropriate places

Plants and the global food supply

15 crop plants provide 90% of the worlds food energy intake Rice corn and wheat make up 2/3

Establishment of the US Department of Interior

1849 Nations main conservation agency

US department of agriculture established in

1862

Agriculture Marketing act

1929 Established the federal farm board to expand farming cooperatives and set up stabilization boards to steady prices of cotton and grains

Soil conservation and domestic allotment acts

1936

Poultry inspection act

1957

Food stamp act

1964

EPA was formed

1970 Enforce laws that protect the environment and public health

Rural development act

1972

Toxic Substances Control Act

1976 Allows EPA screen existing & new chemicals for toxicity Gives EPA ability to track industrial chemicals currently produced/imported into the US Screens chemicals and can require reporting/testing of those that may pose hazard

Food, agriculture, conservation, and trade act

1990 Allowed farmers more flexibility in planting crops

Federal agriculture improvement and reform act

1995 Revised farm programs that increased a reliance on signals from various commodity markets

Scope and sequence

A "roadmap" or "blueprint" for teachers that provides an overall picture of an instructional program.

Conductor

A material that allows heat and electricity to pass through it.

Insulator

A material that does not allow heat or electrons to move through it easily.

Resistance

A material's opposition to the flow of electric current.

Shielded metal arc welding

A method of arc welding using a consumable metal electrode that releases an inert gas to form a shield around the arc. This shield protects the weld area from oxygen and nitrogen in the air that would cause rapid oxidation of the liquid metal. SMAW

Flux cored arc welding

A method of arc welding using a tubular steel electrode containing a core of vaporizing flux that forms a gaseous shield around the weld area. FCAW

Specialization

A method of production whereby an entity focuses on the production of a limited scope of goods to gain a greater degree of efficiency

Micropropagation

A method of rapidly cloning large numbers of plants using explants and tissue culture.

Renewable resource

A natural resource that can be replaced at the same rate at which the resource is consumed

Nonrenewable resource

A natural resource that is not replaced in a useful time frame.

Oxy fuel welding positions

All positions (flat, horizontal, vertical, overhead)

Monitoring, evaluation, and controls

All the activities of the agribusiness must be continuously monitored and regularly evaluated to ensure deviations from the plan are rectified properly

Respiration

Allows plants and other living things to release the energy stored in the chemical bonds of carbohydrates such as sugars made from carbon dioxide and water during photosynthesis.

Judgement Sampling

Also known as selective, or subjective, sampling, this technique relies on the judgement of the researcher when choosing who to ask to participate. Researchers may implicitly thus choose a "representative" sample to suit their needs

Integrated Pest Management

An agricultural practice that uses a variety of techniques designed to minimize pesticide inputs

Brass

An alloy of copper and zinc.

Sentinel

Assist in maintaining order Welcome guests and visitors Keep meeting room comfortable

Geothermal energy

Energy from steam or hot water produced from hot or molten underground rocks.

Electrical energy

Energy caused by the movement of electrons.

Population growth and carrying capacity

As population size increases, so does the demand for resources. Carrying capacity helps define the appropriate size of a population based on its environment. The availability of resources has a direct effect on how quickly and how large a population can grow.

Organic

Any chemical compound containing carbon

Soil amendments

Any material, organic or inorganic, applied to the soil to make it more conducive to vigorous plant growth. Amendments may contain important fertilizer elements, but the term commonly refers to added materials other than fertilizer.

Chick

Baby chicken

Kid

Baby goat

Kit

Baby rabbit

Components of an agribusiness plan

Background and objectives Products and services offered Marketing strategy and plan Operational plan Financial plan Agribusiness management and organizational structure Monitoring, evaluation, and controls Risks and assumptions

Principles of landscape design

Balance. Focalization. Simplicity. Rhythm and Line. Proportion. Unity.

Parts of a cash flow statement

Beginning cash balance or cash on hand at beginning of the period Farm product sales or cash revenue from the operation of the farm business Capital sales Non business cash receipts New borrowed capital or loans received

Abnormal livestock behavior

Being alone, nonsocial, not alert, laying down, tail swishing more than average, kicking, fighting, ect

Shelterwood

Between clear cut and selection harvesting. The parent forest is removed in several stages, with each stage successively establishing optimum environmental conditions for tree regeneration and then nursing the regeneration along to a point where the remaining parent forest can be harvested. Red oaks and white pine stands will often benefit from shelterwood harvesting.

Biological IPM control

Biological control is the use of natural enemies—predators, parasites, pathogens, and competitors—to control pests and their damage.

Vitamin B7

Biotin Cracked hooves Hair loss Warts on feet of poultry

Structure and function of the cardiovascular system

Blood circulation

1933

Blue corduroy jacket adopted as official dress

Invasive plants

Both indigenous and non-indigenous plants that are adaptable, aggressive, highly reproductive and overrun the ecosystems in which they inhabit. A great threat to biodiversity and ecosystem stability.

Non ruminant digestion

Breakdown of large nutrients in stomach. Absorption of nutrients in the small intestine, water is absorbed in the large intestine

Structure and function of the respiratory system

Breathing and oxygen/CO2 exchange

Sow

Bred female pig

Ewe

Bred female sheep

Current food industry trends

Buy local, organic, non GMO, free range, irradiated beef (extending shelf life), all natural

Reasons to survey land

Buying property Constructing new buildings If there are any access easements If you are selling property Verifying acreage for tax assessments

Oil

Byproduct of cereal grains Canola oil, corn oil, cottonseed oil, olive oil, safflower oil, soybean oil, and sunflower oil.

Ration balancing

Calculating a ration for an animal based on specific requirements in the feed and and types to be used

Environmental issues related to biotechnology

Can create herbicide resistance in weeds, insects can become resistant to insecticides, insect populations can be cut down, less chemicals in the soil

Major groups of nutrients

Carbohydrates, lipids, protein, vitamins, minerals, and water

Ag Communications

Career Pathway: Agribusiness systems 4 Team members Team activities - ag related media plan, pitch, and presentation Test Practicum - web design, video producer, journalistic writing, opinion writing

Farm and Agribusiness Management

Career Pathway: Agribusiness systems Team of 4 members Team activity Exam

Dairy Cattle Handlers Activity

Career Pathway: Animal Systems Scored on appearance of handler, control of the animal, poise and calmness of the trainer, and display of a cooperative, courteous, helpful, and positive attitude

Horse Evaluation

Career Pathway: Animal Systems Team of 4 members ID 8 Selection classes Oral reasons Team activity

Dairy Cattle Evaluation and Management

Career Pathway: Animal Systems Team of 4 members Team activity Exam Eval and selection Oral reasons

Veterinary Science

Career Pathway: Animal Systems Teams of 4 Members Exam Math applications exam Current events ID Equipment Parasites/microscopic Breeds Practicums Team activity

Creed Speaking

Career Pathway: Career readiness Available to grades 7-9 Oral presentation of the creed Questions

ENR

Career Pathway: Environmental service systems, and natural resource systems Team of 4 members Team activity - Includes soil, water, ecosystems, and waste management Exam ID Practicums - Data interpretation, water analysis, soil profile, GPS locations, waste management

Food Science and Technology

Career Pathway: Food Processing Team of 4 members Team activities Exam Practicums

Meats Evaluation and Technology

Career Pathway: Food products and processing Beef quality and yield grading Evaluation classes Placing classes Keep cull class Value based pricing Question classes Retail meat cuts ID Exam Team activity

Forestry

Career Pathways: Environmental Service Systems and Natural resources systems 4 team members Exam Tree ID Tree Measurement Individual practicums Team activity

Ohms Law

E=IR

Developing and SAE program

Each student must have a personal interest in the SAE, encouragement and support, and financial goals

Germination

Early growth stage of a plant embryo

Importance of savings and investment

Emergencies and investment helps grow your money

Radiation

Energy that is radiated or transmitted in the form of rays or waves or particles.

Federal agencies responsible for environmental regulation

Environmental Protection Agency (EPA), Natural Resources Conservation Service (NRCS), Bureau of Land Management (BLM)

Wilderness Preservation Act

Establishes the national wilderness preservation system which can grant wilderness areas protected status that excludes them from mining, timber cutting, and other operations 1964

Transpiration

Evaporation of water from the leaves of a plant

Garden management

Examine plants carefully before buying. Good roots. Use fully composted yard waste. Keep an eye on your bugs. Clean up in the fall. Apply the correct fertilizer. Plant disease-resistant varieties. Prune damaged limbs at the right time. Choose and site plants appropriately.

Endangered Species Conservation Act

Expands the protection of the 1966 act to some invertebrates and introduces threatened species 1969

EPDs

Expected progeny differences Provides estimates of the genetic value of an animal as a parent Calculated for birth, growth, maternal, and carcass traits

Operational plan

Explains how the agri-enterprise will produce its products Includes physical location, facilities, equipment, description of processes

Improving nonverbal communication

Eye Contact. Facial Expressions. Space. Posture. Tones and Sounds.

Vitamin B9

Folic acid Hair and feather abnormalities Spina bifida

Major industry organizations that affect food products/processing

Food Safety Inspection Service (FSIS) US Food and Drug Administration (FDA) Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC)

Forage

Food for animals especially when taken by browsing or grazing Hay, alfalfa, straw, corn stalks, ect

Human uses of plants

Food, fiber, shelter, aesthetics

Purpose of GMOs in ag

For research To increase yields and decrease chemicals used on crops

Uses of genetic engineering in ag

For research only on meat and milk production, cloning, ect NEVER used for production animals Used for engineering crops that can withstand conditions normally devastating to crops

Market livestock

For sale and meat processing Muscling is the most important quality

Types of SAEs

Foundational Entrepreneurship Placement Research based School based enterprise Service Learning

Importance of outdoor recreation to the economy

Funding for national programs

1988

Future Farmers of America changes its name to National FFA Organization

1928

Future Farmers of America is established in Kansas City, Mo. First National convention is held in Kansas City, MO 18 states in attendance

1925

Future Farmers of Virginia Founded

Horticultural

Generally encompasses a smaller scale of cultivation, using small plots of mixed crops rather than large fields of single crops.

Producer Sector

Generally thought of as a farm operator

Importance of slope, elevation, and grades

Gently sloping in preferred in construction so water drains away from the house, but it isn't too steep that the house is in jeopardy of settling and moving

GIS

Geographic Information System, A computer system that stores, organizes, analyzes, and displays geographic data.

Parturition

Giving birth

Safety equipment in a biotechnology lab

Gloves, eye protection, lab coats, hot pads, disinfectant, safety shower and eyewash, sharps container, biohazard bags, autoclaves

FFA Creed

I believe in the future of agriculture, with a faith born not of words but of deeds - achievements won by the present and past generations of agriculturists; in the promise of better days through better ways, even as the better things we now enjoy have come to us from the struggles of former years. I believe that to live and work on a good farm or to be engaged in other agricultural pursuits is pleasant as well as challenging for I know the joys and discomforts of agricultural life and hold an inborn fondness for those associations which even in hours of discouragement I cannot deny I believe in leadership from ourselves and respect from others. I believe in my own ability to work efficiently and think clearly, with such knowledge and skill as I can secure, and in the ability of progressive agriculturists to serve our own as well as the publics interests in producing and marketing the product of our toil I believe in less dependence on begging and more powering in bargaining in the life abundant and enough honest wealth to help make it so for others as well as myself, in less need for charity and and more of it when needed, in being happy myself and playing square with those whose happiness depends upon me I believe that American agriculture can and will hold true to the best traditions of our national life and that I can exert an influence in my home and community which will stand solid for my part in that inspiring task

Risks and assumptions

Identifies the potential risks to the agribusiness Shows preparedness in dealing with unforeseen events and ways to mitigate them

Economic impact of biotechnology

If seeds can be altered to produce more crop or be more resistant to disease then they will in turn cost less for the consumer because it costs less to produce them

Animal safety plan

If you have to evacuate try and take your animals, if you can't then find somewhere safe for them to be, be sure that your animal has some way to contact you if they get lost (brand, phone number, ect), have a disaster kit on hand

Molybdenum

Impaired N excretion in birds

Weed and pest control in agronomic crops

Important because you need to keep your crops healthy while also keeping your soil and environment healthy. This means you should rely less on chemicals and more on prevention and management

Selecting animals to cull

In a market program it is based off of structure, mothering instinct, aggressiveness, types, amount, and quality of offspring produced

Fertilization in plants

In plants, When the sperm cells reaches the ovule, it joins with the eggs.

Suspend the Rules

Incidental motion Interrupt: NO Second: YES Debate: NO Amend: NO Vote: Rules of order, 2/3 vote, standing rules, majority vote Reconsider: NO

Division of a Question

Incidental motion Interrupt: NO Second: YES Debate: NO Amend: YES Vote: MAJORITY Reconsider: NO

Price ratio

Input- the ratio of the price of the input being added to the price of the input being replaced Output - The ratio of the price of the output being gained to the price of the output being lost

Cock/rooster

Intact male chicken

Bull

Intact male cow

Stallion

Intact male horse

Boar

Intact male pig

Ram

Intact male sheep

Pasteurization

Involved heating every particle of milk to a specific temperature for a specified period of time and cooling it again without allowing contamination

Electrode reading 4

Iron powder, titania AC, DC+, DC-

Committee Structures

Leadership Healthy Lifestyle Scholarship Personal Growth Career Success Environmental Human Resources Citizenship Stakeholder Engagement Economic Development Support Group Chapter Recruitment Safety Agricultural Advocacy Agricultural Literacy The committees should develop goals and activities. When their work has been completed, each committee should report its recommendations to the entire chapter for approval, rejection or amendment.

Foundational SAE

Learning different careers in ag and learning personal management

FFA motto

Learning to Do, Doing to Learn, Earning to Live, Living to Serve.

Futures

Legally binding agreements made on the trading floor of a futures of exchange to buy or sell something in the future

First President of FFA

Leslie Applegate

Types of walls

Load bearing vs non load bearing

Background and objectives

Location, status, vision, mission, goals and philosophy

Current dietary food industry trends

Low fat, sugar free, keto, low/no carb, gluten free, dairy free, all natural

Electrode reading 6

Low hydrogen potassium AC, DC+

Electrode reading 8

Low hydrogen potassium, iron powder AC, DC+, DC-

Electrode reading 5

Low hydrogen sodium DC+

Horizon O

Made mostly of leaf litter and humus

Safe pesticide use

Mix pesticides outdoors or in well-ventilated areas. Mix only what you need to use in the short term to avoid storing or disposing of excess pesticide. Be prepared for a pesticide spill. Use labels

Importance of moisture control in food processing

Moisture allows bacteria to grow more quickly

Silicon

More common as a toxicity

Flourine

More common as toxicity

Advantages to producer from biotechnology

More crop, less herbicide use, less worry about insects = more income

Take from the table

Motion that brings question again before the assembly Interrupt: NO Second: YES Debate: NO Amend: NO Vote: MAJORITY Reconsider: NO

Amend Something Previously Adopted

Motion that brings question again before the assembly Interrupt: NO Second: YES Debate: YES, has full debate may go into the merits of the question which is the subject of the proposed action Amend: YES Vote:Majority with notice, or 2/3 without notice or majority of entire membership Reconsider: Only the negative vote may be reconsidered

Discharge a Committee

Motion that brings question again before the assembly Interrupt: NO Second: YES Debate: YES, has full debate, may go into the merits of the question which is the subject of the proposed action Amend: YES Vote: Majority with notice or 2/3 without notice or majority of entire membership Reconsider: Only the negative vote may be reconsidered

Rescind

Motion that brings question again before the assembly Interrupt: NO Second: YES Debate: YES; has full debate, may go into merits of the question which is the subject of the proposed action Amend: YES Vote: Majority with notice, or 2/3 without notice or majority of entire membership Reconsider: Only the negative vote may be reconsidered

Reconsider

Motion that brings question again before the assembly Interrupt: NO (RRO) Second: YES Debate: Debatable when applied to a debatable motion; has full debate, may go into merits of the question which is the subject of the proposed action Amend: NO Vote: MAJORITY Reconsider: NO

Components of a contract and/or lease

Offer, acceptance, consideration, competence, mutual consent, legality, writing

Doe

Older female goat

Mare

Older female horse

Buck

Older male goat

Cooperatives

Organization which is owned and run jointly by its members who share the profits or benefits

Asexual reproduction

Some plants can reproduce this way. Sometimes called vegetative reproduction. These types of plants are able to reproduce through structures such as rhizomes, tubers, corms, plantlets, or runners.

Agribusiness management and organizational structure

Outlines who will manage the agribusiness on day to day basis

School based enterprise SAE

Owned and managed by students at school, but it MUST take place outside of classroom instruction time

Vitamin B5

Pantothenic acid Impaired fatty acid an carbohydrate metabolism Locomotor incoordination (goose stepping)

Products derived from natural resources

Paper, furniture, fuel, clothing, plastic, metal products, food

How do hydraulics work

Pascal's Principle: pressure exerted on a fluid is distributed equally throughout the fluid. Hydraulics uses incompresible liquids so the applied pressure from one end (small arrow) is equal to the desired pressure on the other end (big arrow).

Endangered Species Act

Passed to protect wildlife and expands to protect plants and all invertebrates. Bans killing of endangered species 1973

Zinc

Perakeratosis

Cobalt

Pernicious anemia Wasting disease

Manganese

Perosis (slipped tendon)

Vitamin B2

Riboflavin Curled toe paralysis Clubbed down Periodic ophthalmia

Vitamin D

Rickets Osteomalacia Drop in egg production

Calcium

Rickets Osteomalacia Milk fever

Magnesium

Rickets Grass tetany

Roller support

Roller supports can resist a vertical force but not a horizontal force. A roller support or connection is free to move horizontally as there is nothing constraining it.

Soil structure and plant growth

Roots grow most rapidly in very friable soil, but their uptake of water and nutrients may be limited by inadequate contact with the solid and liquid phases of the soil.

Ruminant digestion

Ruminant stomach has 4 compartments (reticulum, rumen, omasum, abomasum). Microbes digest food in the rumen and nutrients are absorbed in the small intestine. Water is absorbed in the large intestine

Three components of an ag ed program

SAE, FFA, Classroom instruction

Basic management skills

Scheduling, hiring, purchasing, leadership, communication, decision making, delegation

Vitamin C

Scurvy

Lactation

Secretion of milk from the mammary glands

Storage of compressed gas bottles

Secure cylinders upright with a chain or strap in a proper cylinder cart. Store cylinders at least 20 feet from combustible materials in a dry, ventilated place. Keep oxygen cylinders at least 20 feet from fuel gas cylinders.

AI

Semen is collected from a male animal and injected into the uterus of a fertile female to fertilize the ovum

Importance of POA

Serves to define chapter goals, outline steps needed to meet those goals and act as a written guide to provide a calendar of events the chapter will follow in the year ahead.

Floriculture

The cultivation of plants for their flowers.

Solvency

The degree to which the liabilities of a business are backed up by assets The relationship between debt and equity capital

Net worth

The difference between the value of the assets owned by a business and the value of its liabilities Also called owner equity

Conduction

The direct transfer of heat from one substance to another substance that it is touching.

Wind energy

The energy captured by transforming the motion of air into electrical energy using a turbine

Water energy

The energy produced by running or falling water that is used for driving machinery, especially for generating electricity

Products and services offered

The factors which will give one a competitive advantage or disadvantage

Carpels

The female reproductive organ of a flower, consisting of the stigma, style, and ovary.

Nursery Management

The growing and study of trees and shrubs that are produced primarily for landscape purposes.

Horticulture

The growing of fruits, vegetables, and flowers.

Olericulture

The growing, harvesting, storing, processing, and marketing of vegetables

Communication

The imparting or exchanging of information or news

General partnerships

The partners manage the company and assume responsibility for the partnerships debts and other obligations

Total fixed cost

The sum of all fixed costs

Total variable cost

The sum of all variable costs

Total cost

The sum of total fixed cost and total variable cost

Pollination

The transfer of pollen from male reproductive structures to female reproductive structures in plants

Convection

The transfer of thermal energy by the circulation or movement of a liquid or gas

Vitamin B1

Thiamin Beriberi Polioencephalomalacia

Metal shears

a bench mounted shear with a compound mechanism to increase the mechanical advantage.

Inorganic

a chemical compound that lacks C-H bonds

Spark plug ignition

a device for delivering electric current from an ignition system to the combustion chamber of a spark-ignition engine to ignite the compressed fuel/air mixture by an electric spark, while containing combustion pressure within the engine.

Operating principles of an electric motor

a device which converts electrical energy to mechanical energy. There are mainly three types of electric motor. All of these motors work in more or less same principle. Working of electric motor mainly depends upon the interaction of magnetic field with current.

Interviewing

a direct method of gathering information from a human source that allows for questions to adapt to responses

Monocots

a flowering plant with an embryo that bears a single cotyledon (seed leaf)

Dicots

a flowering plant with an embryo that bears two cotyledons (seed leaves)

Viscosity

a fluid's resistance to flow

Truss

a framework, typically consisting of rafters, posts, and struts, supporting a roof, bridge, or other structure.

Internal combustion

a heat engine where the combustion of a fuel occurs with an oxidizer in a combustion chamber that is an integral part of the working fluid flow circuit.

Democratic Leadership

a leadership style in which managers work with employees to make decisions Commonly effective

HACCP Definition

a management system in which food safety is addressed through the analysis and control of biological, chemical, and physical hazards from raw material production, procurement and handling, to manufacturing, distribution and consumption of the finished product

FFA emblem Eagle

a national symbol that serves as a reminder of our freedom and ability to explore new horizions for the future of agriculture

Perlite

a natural volcanic glass material having water holding capabilities

Annuals

a plant that completes its life cycle, from germination to the production of seeds, within one year, and then dies.

Commodity futures market

a procedure conducted by commodity exchanges to provide networks and legal frameworks for sellers and buyers to work through brokers in making contracts

Promotional campaign

a series of advertisements using various marketing tools that share the similar messages and thoughts to promote a business or an event

Simple support

basically just where the member rests on an external structure. They are able to restrain vertical forces but not horizontal forces. The member simply rests on an external structure to which the force is transferred to. In this case, if you apply a vertical force it will not be able to support it. An example is a plank of wood resting on two concrete blocks. The plank can support any downward (vertical) force but if you apply a horizontal force, the plank will simply slide off the concrete blocks.

Normal livestock behavior

being part of the herd, perky, social, alert, eating/drinking, calm

Micronutrients needed for plants

boron (B), chlorine (Cl), copper (Cu), iron (Fe), manganese (Mn), molybdenum (Mo), and zinc (Zn).

Cow

bred female cow

Fixed costs

business expenses that are not dependent on the level of goods or services produced by the business. They tend to be time-related, such as interest or rents being paid per month, and are often referred to as overhead costs.

Proposed establishment of a national agricultural board

by George Washington in 1799

Macronutrients needed for plants

carbon, hydrogen, oxygen, nitrogen, phosphorus, potassium, calcium, magnesium, and sulfur.

Animal welfare

caring for the well being of animals. This changes constantly dependant on the context, but uses various measures such as longevity, disease, immunosuppression, behavior, physiology, and reproduction

Steer

castrated male cow

Major species of livestock

cattle, sheep, goats, pigs, chicken, horses

Snowball sampling

commonly used in social sciences when investigating hard-to-reach groups. Existing subjects are asked to nominate further subjects known to them, so the sample increases in size like a rolling snowball.

Solar energy

energy from the sun arguably the cleanest, most reliable form of renewable energy available, and it can be used in several forms to help power your home or business

Welding positions

flat, horizontal, vertical, overhead

Perennials

flowering plants that live for more than two years

FFA emblem Ear of corn

foundation crop of american agriculture and symbol of unity as corn is grown in every state in the union

Pomology

fruit and nut culture and production

Fuels used in internal combustion engines

gasoline diesel

Genotype

genetic makeup of an organism

GFCI

ground fault circuit interrupter: designed to cut off electrical supply to a piece of equipment if it detects any form of leakage or ground fault.

Influence

having an effect or impact on the actions, behavior, opinions, etc., of another or others

Methods for value added to food products

having features added to a basic line or model for which the buyer is prepared to pay extra

Improving listening skills

listen effectively pay attention listen for main points use spare time (no pseudolistening "saying uh huh, yeah") aerobic listening - actively listen (like an aerobic workout) empathize

Biotic factors

living parts of an ecosystem

FFA emblem Owl

long recognized for its wisdom, symbolizes the knowledge required to be successful in the industry of agriculture

Elements of landscape design

mass, form, line, texture and color.

MSDS

material safety data sheets; used to describe all the properties and safety procedures for a given substance

Siding

material used to surface the exterior of a building to protect against exposure to the elements, prevent heat loss, and visually unify the facade.

Amp

measure of electrical current

Soil pH

measure of the acidity or alkalinity of a soil it influences the availability of essential nutrients. Most horticultural crops will grow satisfactorily in soils having a pH between 6 (slightly acid) and 7.5 (slightly alkaline).

Yield Grades

measures the amount of usable or edible meat after it has been trimmed of bones or fat compared to the amount thrown away

Aseptic technique

method used to make the environment, the worker, and the product as germ-free as possible

Vermiculite

mineral matter used for starting plant seeds and cuttings

Cast iron

molten iron poured into a mould to make a product

Storage of hazardous materials

must be stored so that they are separated from incompatible materials and must be provided with proper secondary containment.

Negative leadership traits

narcissism, machiavellianism, psychopathy

Heifer

never bred young female cow

Diesel engines

no spark plugs and pressure until it is hot enough to spark Exhaust and intake: Fresh air is blown into the side of the cylinder, pushing the old exhaust out through valves at the top. Compression: The inlet and exhaust valves close. ... Power: As the air-fuel mixture ignites, it pushes the piston down, driving the crankshaft that sends power to the wheels.

Herbaceous plants

non woody plants with a soft stem

Role of phosphorus in plants

normal growth and maturity. Phosphorus plays a role in photosynthesis, respiration, energy storage and transfer, cell division, cell enlargement and several other processes in plants.

Plasma cutting

tiny supersonic jet of superheated gas that blows away the metal

Purpose of parli pro in a meeting

to promote efficient meetings so that business can be transacted in an orderly manner.

Purpose of walls

to support roofs, floors and ceilings; to enclose a space as part of the building envelope along with a roof to give buildings form; and to provide shelter and security.

Horizon A

topsoil, which contains many minerals and humus

Tungsten inert gas welding

tungsten is the electrode and provides the arc but is not the filler metal; inert gas flows through the electrode TIG

Gears

two or more wheels linked together by interlocking teeth

Ohm

unit of electrical resistance

Quota Sampling

used by market researchers. Interviewers are given a quota of subjects of a specified type to attempt to recruit

Purpose of reforestation

used to rectify or improve the quality of human life by soaking up pollution and dust from the air, rebuild natural habitats and ecosystems, mitigate global warming since forests facilitate biosequestration of atmospheric carbon dioxide, and harvest for resources

Double acting hydraulic cylinders

uses hydraulic power to both extend and retract.

Non point source pollution

water pollution that does not have a specific point of origin

Factors affecting heating, cooling, and ventilation

weather wind seals