Aggression and Stress

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Effects of androgens on the aggressive behavior of mize

- Dosage of testosterone matters to a certain degree (appears to have a threshold around 30 ug/day but more testosterone dose doesn't show that great of a difference - no hormone generally leads to less aggression

Hormones that affect women's aggression

- High testosterone - low estradiol - low progesterone - high oxytocin

Effects on female rate aggression after postovarietomy (removal of ovaries)

- No distinct difference - Aggression in female mice is NOT influenced by steroid hormones from the ovaries

Adrenal medulla

- Release of epinephrine and NE - Fast but short-term response in stress - Activates sympathetic nervous system

Health psychology

- aka behavioral medicine - a field of study that focuses on psychological influences on health-related processes

Long-term stress response

- kidneys retain sodium and water - blood volume and blood pressure rise - proteins and fats converted to glucose or broken down for energy - blood glucose increases - immune system suppressed

HPA axis (hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal axis)

- known for our response in stress - Regulate stress response - CRH ---> ACTH ---> Cortisol - Negative feedback system

Genetic risks for psychopaths

- one gene missing for those who are aggressive/psychopath as seen in one family's case study - gene isn't the only factor for psychopathy, environment is also important

Effects of anabolic steroid

- possible decrease sperm count (affect production of sperm and testosterone) - Can lead to breast development and hair loss among men - Could masculinize the body in women (facial hair growth, menstrual problems, and a deepened voice)

MBSR (mindfulness-based stress reduction) has been showed to _____ activity in the amygdala and ______ relapses of anxiety disorders or depression

- reduce - prevent

Ways to reduce stress

- relaxation training - meditation - MBSR (mindfulness0based stress reduction) therapy

Adrenal cortex

- release of glucocorticoids (cortisol) and mineralocorticoids (aldosterone) - more prolonged and slower response

The genetic components from being born from a high-licking mother can protect you from postnatal development with a mother of low-licking behavior

- shows that prenatal, postnatal, and genetic components affect experience of stress related anxiety

______ in epinephrine and NE during exam

- spike (great increase

Young people with asthma who experience stress due to peer rejection or a negative emotional climate at home have a _____ responsive adrenal system, _______ asthma symptoms, and ______ expression of anti-inflammatory genes

1. more 2. more severe 3. impaired

_____ correlation between salivary concentration of testosterone and number of fouls per game

Positive

Aggression is inhibited by

Serotonin

psychosomatic medicine

a field of study that emphasizes the role of psychological factors in disease

Ventromedial hypothalamus (VMH)

a hypothalamic region involved in sexual behaviors, eating, and aggression

Medial amygdala

a portion of the amygdala that receives olfactory and pheromonal information - important for male rats and mice to distinguish between male rivals and female mates

Aggression

behaviors that are intended to cause pain (emotional or physical)

Epigenetic regulation

changes in gene expression that are due to environmental effects rather than to changes in the nucleotide sequence of the gene - ex. maternal deprivation exerts the negative effect on adult stress responses by causing long-lasting changes in the expression of adrenal steroid receptors in the brain

Amygdala responsible for

emotion and aggression

Perception of threat (i.e. few days before an exam) shows a _______ of NE and epinephrine hormone secretion

gradual increase

Picture frustration test became more aggressive with _____ levels of salivary concentration of testosterone

higher

_____ of epinephrine when riding a train (especially when crowded)

increase

Testosterone _____ with experience and exposure

increases

Bullying as a child (occasionally and frequently) _____ risk for psychological distress, depression, anxiety disorder and suicidaliity during adulthood

increases - depression, suicide, and psychological distress greatly increase with both occasionally and frequently) - anxiety disorder risk greatly increases with frequent bullying while only increases a little with occasional bullying - Shows that small stressor overtime can leave an impact decades later

Psychopaths have _____ cortical thinning relative to non psychopaths in what areas

less left frontal cortex, bilateral temporal lobes, and cingulate cortex

DTI imaging is useful for

looking at structural differences and myelination

The _____ the serotonin levels the ____ the aggression

lower higher

Is there a cause in psychopaths

no simple causes

Damage or reduced activity in _____ can result in altered emotionality (as well as a loss of control and immaturity)

prefrontal cortex

Prefrontal cortex linked with the

regulation of correct social behavior - may control the amygdala

Biting attacks of males after castration

severely decreased (testosterone isn't produced)

Adrenal steroids ____ the immune system

suppress (why stress decreases immune response)

Castration

surgical excision of testicles or ovaries

Aggression is increased by

testosterone

Stress immunization

the concept that mild stress early in life makes an individual better able to handle stress later in life - benefits seem to be due to effective comforting after stressful events, NOT the stressful events themselves

Electrodes in the hypothalamus of a cat turned on and off activation of hypothalamus. This experiment showed that

the hypothalamus controls certain activation of aggression

Optogenetics

the use of light to excite or inhibit neurons expressing light-sensitive membrane channels, typically in transgenic mice

For ____ crimes we see an increase percentage of those who used AAS (anabolic steroid) vs those who never used AAS

violent

Hans Selye

work launched the modern field of stress research

Types of aggressive behaviors in women

1. Common - indirect (facial expression), verbal, less injurious interpersonal violence (shoving or slapping) 2. Somewhat common - alcohol related aggression 3. Less common - physical aggression - serious/injurious IPV 4. Rare - sexual aggression

Neural characteristics of aggressive women

1. EEG - greater relative left frontal asymmetry - abnormalities in the P300, N200, OR N400 components of the ERP 2. fMRI - prefrontal cortex - amygdal

Primary brain regions affected by aggression

1. Hypothalamus - specifically ventromedial hypothalamus - triggering of attacks of aggressive behavior 2. Amygdala - important for processing and detecting threats 3. Prefrontal cortex -impulse control and decision making 4. Reward - mesolimbic pathway

short term stress response

1. Increased heart rate 2. Increased blood pressure 3. Liver converts glycogen to glucose and releases glucose to blood 4. Dilation of bronchioles 5. Changes in blood flow patterns leading to decreased digestive system activity and reduced urine output 6. Increased metabolic rate

The stress response is modulated by

adrenal cortex and medulla

Intermale aggression

aggression between males of the same species - adaptive for gaining access to food and mates

Maternal aggression

aggression of a mother defending her nest or offspring - controlled by VMH and POA (preoptic area) and premammillary nucleus

Selye called the initial response to stress the

alarm reaction

Research in hamsters found that the stimulation of the corticomedial _____ increases aggression. Lesioning of this area reduced aggression

amygdala

Reduced functioning of the prefrontal cortex may lead to

an increased likelihood in aggression

Psychopath

an individual incapable of experiencing remorse

Overtime (and with experience) cortisol, epinephrine and NE ____ after/during tasks (i.e. jumping out of a plain)

decrease

First day/time jumping out of a plane, testosterone levels _____

decrease (greatly)

Amygdala location

deep within the temporal lobes


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