Aging and Society
For all the benefits gained from exercise, people generally show declines in physical activity with age. ________ explains reduction of activity as a natural process that allows the older person to withdraw from social roles and activities prior to death. Withdrawal theory Disengagement theory Detachment theory Retrenchment theory
Disengagement theory
The ________ is a national organization of older activists dedicated to social change. AARP National Council on Aging Area Agencies on Aging Grey Panthers
Grey Panthers
Older people in the ________ subgroup have higher incomes and longer life expectancy than other Asian American elders. Chinese Japanese Vietnamese Filipino
Japanese
________ plays a bigger role in voting behavior than age. Gender Race Ethnicity Social class
Social class
Divorce in later life often means loss of ________ for women and ________ for men. economic security; social networks social networks; economic security social networks; family support family support; life satisfaction
economic security; social networks
Given good health and a partner older people can remain sexually active until middle age. retirement. old age. late old age.
late old age.
Caregiving demands today peak in old age. retirement. middle age. later middle age.
later middle age.
Burkhart (2000. says that the number one mode of transportation for older people is the airplane. the car. public transportation. alternate transport methods
the car.
A Boston College study found that ________ of workers take on bridge jobs before they fully retire. 1/2 1/3 1/3 to 1/2 1/2 to 2/3
1/2 to 2/3
Studies report that ________ of people age 55 and over say they care for children. 1/5 2/5 1/4 1/2
1/4
The federal Age Discrimination in Employment Act (ADEA. says that a person age 65 or over may face mandatory retirement if they hold an executive position for at least ________ years prior to the retirement date. 2 5 8 10
2
Binstock and George (2006. trace the interest in anti-aging medicine and science to ________ social conditions. 10 7 5 2
5
The terms old, elderly, and aged in this book refer to people aged ________ and over. 55 60 65 70
65
Adults aged ________ spent more time on leisure activities than any other age group. 20-30 35-45 55-65 75 and over
75 and over
Palmore (2001.) reports that ________% of older people experienced more than one incident of ageism. 12 34 77 94
77
The fastest growing age group in the country is the group aged 25-35. 65-74. 75-85. 85 and over.
85 and over
Which of the following statements about marriage is false? Married couples tend to have more financial resources. Marriage leads to better adjustments to aging. Married couples report greater life satisfaction. A bad marriage improves life satisfaction more than a strong network of friends and family.
A bad marriage improves life satisfaction more than a strong network of friends and family.
________ proposes cuts to programs for older people to free up money for the young. The AARP AGE The Federal Government The National Institute on Aging
AGE
________ take place at expected times in a person's life. These events (e.g., high school graduation, religious confirmation, retirement. mark entry in a new status or position in society. Life cycle events Instrumental life events Expected normal life events Age-graded normative life events
Age-graded normative life events
________ is the most common form of dementia among older people. Alzheimer's Parkinson's Paranoia Schizophrenia
Alzheimer's
________ is a genetic process that switches off the cell's ability to divide, thus controlling cell growth and cell death. Respiration Apoptosis Digestion Reproduction
Apoptosis
In general, ________ elders have the highest economic status of any minority groups in the U.S. Asian American Hispanics African Americans Native Americans
Asian American
________ has led to longer life in old age and will extend the lives of more people in the future. Poor health care A better economy Better health care and disease prevention A decreased birth rate
Better health care and disease prevention
Gerontologists work to replace myths and stereotypes of aging with negative attitudes. a distaste for growing old. high life satisfaction. facts and knowledge
Facts and knowledge
________ is the lead destination state for migrating retirees. California Rhode Island Texas Florida
Florida
________ is the systematic study of aging. Gerontology Ageism Demography
Gerontology
A number of challenges face palliative care programs. These include all but the following: Funding of the health care system limits some palliative care services. Health care workers need more knowledge about palliative care. Many people believe in the curative power of the hospice. The health care system makes it hard for health professionals to deliver. palliative care at home
Many people believe in the curative power of the hospice.
In order to make up the difference between Medicare/Medicaid programs and out-of-pocket expenses, seniors often rely on ________ insurance. Medisure Medigap Medirelief Medical
Medigap
Which of the following does not account for the higher rate of widowhood for women? Women have a longer life expectancy than men. Men tend to die shortly after their spouse dies. Women tend to marry older men. Men tend to remarry after loss of a spouse.
Men tend to die shortly after their spouse dies.
Congress introduced the ________ in 1965 with the goal of "assuring the well-being of the elderly." Older Americans Act (OAA. Administration on Aging (AOA. National Aging Act (NAA. Seniors Service Act (SSA.
Older Americans Act (OAA.
What is the major conclusion drawn from dependency ratios? Younger people will place less of burden on society. Older people place less of a burden on society. Older people will place more of a burden on society. Younger people will place more of a burden on society
Older people will place more of a burden on society.
The modern hospice was the creation of Saunders Kübler-Ross Gray Genseric
Saunders
________ provide services and activities that support independence and social contact. Senior centers Hospitals Nursing homes Fitness centers
Senior centers
A growing older population, retired in late-middle age, may put a strain on Social Security and other pension plans. Which of the following is NOT one of Social Security's rules to remove incentives for early retirement? Social Security will reduce benefits at age 62 from 80% to 70%. Workers will get increased Social Security benefits for putting off retirement. Social Security will raise the age for full benefits from age 62 to age 67 by the year 2027. Seniors who retire early will find a 5% tax on their Social Security income until age 65.
Seniors who retire early will find a 5% tax on their Social Security income until age 65.
The name of the organization dedicated to enhancing the quality of life for older Americans through information, advocacy, and service is The National Council of Senior Citizens (NCSC.. The National Caucus and Center for Older People (NCCOP.. The American Association of Retired Persons (AARP.. The National Retired Persons Association (NRPA..
The American Association of Retired Persons (AARP..
________ looks at the links between personal history an a person's social and historical context. The life course perspective Leveling theory Multiple jeopardy perspective Mortality crossover
The life course perspective
The major source of ageism today is a lack of knowledge. retail sales clerks. the media. schools.
The media
How do the oldest-old population differ demographically from the young-old population of today? The young-old have fewer supports available. The old-old have smaller social networks. The young-old have fewer children. The old-old have no children.
The old-old have smaller social networks.
Which of the following statements is true? Poverty rates decline with age. Age is not factor in senior's income level. The "hidden poor" is a myth. The older the person, the greater the chance of a low income.
The older the person, the greater the chance of a low income.
Which of the following is not a reason that some people delay the creation of a living will? They do not know about them. They do not want to think about poor health and death. They do not recognize their value. They believe it will reduce the quality of their care.
They believe it will reduce the quality of their care.
Compared to older people in cities, older people in rural areas tend to make less use of public transportation for all but the following reason: They have more access to cars. They have no inner city bus lines. They pay more for public transportation. Transportation services cannot accommodate disability.
They have more access to cars.
________ show the greatest likelihood of having an advance directive Middle-class whites Upper-class whites Minorities Older people
Upper-class whites
Improved housing in the future for all older people will depend on a better shape, size, and range of housing options. a greater commitment by the government to sponsor housing. a better integration of housing and services to help older people live as independently as possible. solving vital issues of individual health and well-being prior to addressing community concerns.
a better integration of housing and services to help older people live as independently as possible.
A senior housing option that charges an entrance fee, a monthly fee, and guarantees a resident access to housing and defined types of care for the rest of their lives is known as an elder cottage housing opportunity (ECHO.. a single room occupancy (SRO.. mixed-use service housing (MUSH.. a continuing care retirement community (CCRC..
a continuing care retirement community (CCRC..
Stereotypes, whether negative or compassionate, results in an increase in public support for older people. a decrease in public support for older people. lavish treatment for older people.
a decrease in public support for older people.
The status of gerontology as a discipline depends on the production of a distinguished body of knowledge. a traditional view of aging. a varied view of aging. a distinct body of knowledge.
a distinct body of knowledge.
Geriatrics is defined as a medical specialty that deals with young people. sociological specialty that deals with older people. a medical specialty that deals with older people. a psychological knowledge of aging.
a medical specialty that deals with older people.
Sociologists describe prejudice as a positive view of a person's abilities. a negative attitude toward of a group or class of people. an impartial assessment of group based on research.
a negative attitude toward of a group or class of people.
Ageism in our culture is acquired from experience with the aged. a positive attitude toward aging. reflected in our deep-seated desire to grow old. a negative attitude towards aging.
a negative attitude towards aging.
Hispanic families, like African Americans, show a detachment from the older members of the family, often leaving the older person isolated and lonely. greater expectations from sick older family members than they can give. a strong interdependence of older and younger family members. support for older members, but the older members regard formal services as their major source of support.
a strong interdependence of older and younger family members.
Studies show that the type of elder abuse depends on the physical and mental condition, the environment, and the relationship of the abuser. abused. relatives and friend of the abused. abuser and the abused.
abuser and the abused.
Three trends that lead to an older population are lifestyle, accumulation, and widowhood. accumulation, consumption, and lifestyle. retirement, Social Security, and Medicare. accumulation, composition, and congregation.
accumulation, composition, and congregation.
The ________ theory promotes the value of activity in later life. disengagement age stratification continuity activity
activity
The current health care system best provides help for people with ________ illness. acute mental chronic physical
acute
In the future, social policies and programs must adapt to meet the needs of minority elders income, health care, and social service needs. not consider the diversity of the minority aging population. encourage minority elders to fall back on family supports. provide fewer formal supports for minority elders.
adapt to meet the needs of minority elders income, health care, and social service needs.
The Patient Self-Determination Act of 1990 gives the patient the right to undergo euthanasia. create and implement a living will that state-funded organizations must recognize. move to different hospitals. try experimental treatments.
create and implement a living will that state-funded organizations must recognize.
Rather than coordinate all community programs under one agency or authority, all parts of government in the future will continue their policy of incremental and piecemeal growth. ease accessibility and assist seniors in navigating through the web of programs. create their own agencies, independent of the federal government. adjust their programs to meet older people's needs.
adjust their programs to meet older people's needs.
Community-based services are composed of adult daycare and hospital services. adult daycare, respite services, and home health care. respite services and nursing homes. home health care, nursing home care, and hospitals.
adult daycare, respite services, and home health care.
ADL and IADL problems increase with educational level. social status. age. solitude
age
The economic conditions of older people differ by gender. race. marital status. age, gender, race, and marital status.
age, gender, race, and marital status.
Which of the following is a major source of ageism? the media lack of knowledge educational institutions all of the above
all of the above
The presence of the "retirement principle" and the "retirement wage" has made retirement a necessary evil for most older people to face. a shocking experience for most seniors. a conflict issue between employers and unions. almost universal.
almost universal.
Some older people move to enjoy a new lifestyle at retirement. This type of move is called assistance migration. preparation for aging. kinship migration. amenity migration.
amenity migration.
The need for income, health insurance, and social contact fuel the trend toward early retirement. are the reasons why most workers have planned to work in retirement. causes stress in older people. is not a problem for older workers.
are the reasons why most workers have planned to work in retirement.
The future problems in health care include availability. accessibility. availability, accessibility, and coordination. availability and coordination.
availability, accessibility, and coordination.
Homosexuals face certain unique problems as they age. For instance, barriers exist to social services that were designed to aid heterosexual partnerships. due to their single status and mobility, homosexuals have a small support network of friends to assist them in old age. due to societal attitudes homosexuals rarely develop coping strategies to help them age. loneliness and depression are chronic disorders affecting a disproportionate amount of older gays and lesbians.
barriers exist to social services that were designed to aid heterosexual partnerships.
Older married people have ________ income rates compared to nonmarried older people. worse better the same exponentially greater
better
The sex ratio in the older population has declined throughout the 20th century due to better health care for women during childbearing years. better health care for women during childbearing years and increases in work related disease among men. decrease in cigarette smoking among women. higher life expectancy for men.
better health care for women during childbearing years and increases in work related disease among men.
Studies show that spiritual practices can lead to poor health. a decline in health, but an improvement in social relations. a decline in satisfaction. better health, social relations, and life satisfaction
better health, social relations, and life satisfaction
The three areas that make up the core of aging studies are - biomedicine; sociological studies; and socioeconomic studies. - biomedicine; psychological studies; and socioenvironmental studies. - biomedicine; psychosocial studies; and socioeconomic-environmental studies. - biomedicine; socioeconomic studies; and psychological studies.
biomedicine; psychosocial studies; and socioeconomic-environmental studies.
Jobs after a life career but before full retirement are called transitional jobs. gainful employment. bridge jobs. secondary employment.
bridge jobs.
Palliative care calls for a different level of health care practice, one that allows people to die at home. treats only the patient. focuses on curing disease. broadens the health care options in dying patients.
broadens the health care options in dying patients.
When Medicare, Medicaid, or a private insurer prepays a set amount per person per month for care to a private managed-care facility, this is called a ________ payment. capitulated coronated capitated capsulated
capitated
Gerontologists call the stress due to caregiving caregiver stress disorder. caregiver fatigue syndrome. caregiver strain. caregiver burden.
caregiver burden.
The life course perspective is a ________ process. changing stable unstable nonchanging
changing
Elderhostel provides poor, homeless older people with a temporary shelter. is a network of hotels and inns across Europe dedicated to seniors. combines university education with European hostelling. a type of cooperative housing pioneered in Europe to reduce housing costs and create a sense of community among older residents.
combines university education with European hostelling.
Housing that offers meal service, some health care support, and recreation programs in a housing complex is called congregate or enriched housing. cooperative housing. community development housing. cluster housing
congregate or enriched housing.
Why does Florida have one of the largest proportions of population age 65 and over in the U.S.? out-migration of older people from Florida out-migration of younger people from Florida in-migration of younger people to Florida congregation of older people to Florida
congregation of older people to Florida
Horna defines ________ as those activities that need few resources, have a low cost, and have easy access. peripheral leisure activities marginal leisure activities core leisure activities essential leisure activities
core leisure activities
Compassionate ageism led to legislation that improved Social Security, put in place the Older Americans Act, and created Medicare. formed the AARP. repealed the MCCA. supported the needs of wealthier older people.
created Medicare.
The structure of the political system denies access for many older people to hold office. privileges younger, more dynamic politicians. cannot be proven to discriminate by age. creates a seniority system, where older politicians tend to move toward higher positions over time.
creates a seniority system, where older politicians tend to move toward higher positions over time.
Longer life expectancy today means a more materially wealthy old age. the elderly will become a burden as they die. death will become an accepted part of modern culture. death often takes place in old age.
death often takes place in old age.
The U.S. retirement income system provides a ________ standard of living for most older people and keeps the poorest older people ________. decent; out of poverty poor; in poverty lavish; in the work force poor; from retiring
decent; out of poverty
Four social changes explain the sudden interest in elder abuse and neglect. These changes include all except the growth in the number of older people. decreased political power of older people. the women's movement. the state's willingness to intervene in family affairs.
decreased political power of older people.
The proportion of people married at a given age ________ from middle age onward. decreases increases increases, then decreases decreases, then increases
decreases
Studies show that the incidence of acute illness ________with age and incidence of chronic illness ________ with age. increases; decreases increases; increases decreases; decreases decreases; increases
decreases; increases
Successful aging refers to people who ________ in physiological functions. experience some loss experience a great deal of loss demonstrate little or no loss have a variety of limitations
demonstrate little or no loss
Examples of normative history graded events are marriage and retirement. depression and war. illness and accidents. graduation and working.
depression and war.
New ageism refers to a(n). desire to give less help to older people. desire to give more help to older people. belief in the occult. attempt to create a negative stereotype of older people.
desire to give more help to older people.
Older parents may deemphasize the support their children give in order not to see themselves as a burden. Bengtson and Kuypers (1971. refer to this as developmental stake. caregiver burden. functional specificity. compensation.
developmental stake.
Hispanics show a ________ in economic measures and an ________ in measures of family life and informal supports. advantage; disadvantage advantage; advantage disadvantage; advantage disadvantage; disadvantage
disadvantage; advantage
Barriers for people who want to attend classes later in life include inaccessibility of schools, poor scheduling of classes, and the tell-'em-and-test-'em lecture style of most postsecondary courses. These barriers result in education programs with a limited attraction for older people. the university's competitive learning environment. older people's general lack of interest in learning. decreased attention span of most older people.
education programs with a limited attraction for older people.
Studies on aging and mental potential suggest that ________ helps maintain good mental function. education physical activities education and training education, training, and physical activities
education, training, and physical activities
Successful strategies such as help from the medical profession, support groups, and safe apartments and shelters can decrease the rate of elder divorce. acute illness. elder abuse. hospitalization.
elder abuse.
The process of caring for an older person is known as eldercare. seniorcare. personal care. extended care.
eldercare.
Gerontologists describe widowhood as a(n. avoidable life event if husbands keep active. loosely defined role with few expectations beyond initial grieving. expectable or age-graded normative life event. rise in status among older women in our society.
expectable or age-graded normative life event.
Gerontologists create theories to give themselves something to do. dispute trends. explain a set of facts. provide definitive models about aging.
explain a set of facts.
Older African Americans interact with and get support from family. friends. family, friends, church members, and associations. church members.
family, friends, church members, and associations.
Continuity theory suggest that mildly active people in their middle years will feel most satisfied with a mildly active old age. look forward to retirement. become inactive in old age. become extremely active in old age.
feel most satisfied with a mildly active old age.
Which of the following is not a dimension of caregiver burden? developmental burden social burden financial burden emotional burden
financial burden
Studies of older people's leisure attitudes show that they often picked up their views of leisure in their childhood. from their peers. from television. later on in life.
in their childhood.
Studies of intergenerational conflict from Rosenbaum and Button show good reason for concern about increased age-related tensions, especially in states like Florida. from the AARP indicates that Americans have generally supportive attitudes towards the elderly. find little support for predictions of intergenerational conflict in the future. indicate that simplistic dichotomies like old versus young are really myths.
find little support for predictions of intergenerational conflict in the future.
Macro-level theories focus on small-scale events. describe people and their relationships. encompasses studies of how individuals change as they age. focus on large-scale events.
focus on large-scale events.
Micro-level theories look at social systems and whole societies. focus on large-scale events. focus on small-scale events. encompass studies of how societies treat their older people.
focus on small-scale events.
Some social scientists divide the economy into the goods producing and the service sectors. Workers in the goods producing sector tend to ________ while workers in the service sector tend to ________. follow traditional retirement patterns; show less traditional retirement patterns show less traditional retirement patterns; follow traditional retirement patterns defer retirement by choice; work longer because they need the income work longer because they need the income; defer retirement by choice
follow traditional retirement patterns; show less traditional retirement patterns
Minority elders currently tend to under-use the health care system. formal supports. the educational system. the economic system.
formal supports.
Public policies related to Social Security need to change now to prepare for future demands. Changes will include all but one of the following: an adjustment of benefit levels further decreases in payroll taxes an increase in the retirement age an increase in payments into the system
further decreases in payroll taxes
Gerontologists place changes in older people into one of three categories. Which of the following is not a category of change? age effect cohort effect gender effect period effect
gender effect
The retirement income system in the United States consists of government pension programs and private savings. government pension programs and employment pensions. private savings and employment pensions. government pension programs, employment pensions, and private savings.
government pension programs, employment pensions, and private savings.
Because of low pensions and disability, African Americans, women, and people with low socioeconomic status had trouble reentering the workforce after retirement. These findings suggest that these minorities must find creative ways of generating supplementary income. have fewer retirement options than whites. must demand greater compensation from the government to balance out this inequity. constitute a new category of elderly called the "willing to work."
have fewer retirement options than whites.
Funeral practices and rituals function to help resolve family conflicts. help the bereaved family cope with grief and re-establish community bonds after the loss of a community member. take the bereaved family's attention away from the death of the individual, and reaffirm life's deeper meaning. give family and friends the opportunity to cut ties with the deceased and continue on with their lives.
help the bereaved family cope with grief and re-establish community bonds after the loss of a community member.
Because of ________, many grandparents may find themselves in very complex family situations. widowhood high divorce rates among their children the downturn of the economy illness
high divorce rates among their children
Early research on retirement saw it as a life-crisis and a time of disengagement. Recent work has found high life satisfaction, good mental health, and improved physical health among many retirees. that retirement continues to have negative effects on most elderly, for example depression and a sense of purposelessness. that only those people with positive attitudes in youth and adulthood carried that attitude into retirement, allowing them to cope with the stress of retirement that retirement has little or no effect on retirees' mental or physical health.
high life satisfaction, good mental health, and improved physical health among many retirees.
Higher rates of men, as compared to women, live with a spouse in old age. This is due to higher rates of widowhood among older men and a tendency among women to remarry. the tendency of men to remarry. divorce. high rates of widowhood among older women.
high rates of widowhood among older women.
The following three phenomena contributed to the dramatic rise of health care costs: higher physicians fees, more expensive treatments, and increased hospital costs rising number of old people, higher physicians fees and increases in research and development costs for pharmaceuticals pension outlays, more expensive treatments, and increased hospital costs Medicare/Medicaid costs, increased hospital costs, and pension outlays
higher physicians fees, more expensive treatments, and increased hospital costs
Kraus and Raab label disuse of the body in old age ________ disease. This syndrome leads to much of the decline in the body in later life. Dychtwald hypothecate hypoatrophy hypokinetic
hypokinetic
Many widows report that widowhood stripped them of their identities. Van den Hoonaard (1997. calls this disengagement. identity foreclosure. role relevance. abandonment.
identity foreclosure.
Even a good relationship will face a number of strains in later life. For instance, couples may spend too much time in joint activities. roles may remain the same and the relationship stagnates. ill health can lead to strains in marital satisfaction. couples perceive money and income related problems as escalating in old age.
ill health can lead to strains in marital satisfaction.
The Baby Boom generation will carry its social activism into later life. Boomers intend to stay active by serving society in encore careers. periodically. in protest. by retiring.
in encore careers.
One of the main problems with advance directives is that they are not enforceable by law, and therefore doctors and family frequently disregard them. many people cannot or will not write a living will because their religion condemns it as a form of suicide. in some cases people will change their minds as they near death, but they will not get a chance to change their living will. it does not fulfill its main function of relieving doctors of responsibility for stopping treatment.
in some cases people will change their minds as they near death, but they will not get a chance to change their living will.
Social gerontology makes up a part of the total body of gerontological knowledge and is not included in the total body of gerontological knowledge includes the psychosocial, the socioeconomic-environmental, and practice-related studies of aging. views aging from the perspective of the economic system
includes the psychosocial, the socioeconomic-environmental, and practice-related studies of aging.
Gerontologists are now showing an interest in minority aging because the proportion of minority group members in the older population will remain stable. decrease. increase. greatly decrease.
increase
In the future the political power of older people and their ability to affect the basic operations of society will come from their ability to vote as a block. strength in advocacy. radical activism. increased population.
increased population.
Age stratification theory links group behavior to social life. individuals to social life. individual aging to social institutions. group behavior to social institutions.
individual aging to social institutions.
In the future, retirement will depend on finding a new optimal age at which a person should be encouraged to leave work. the viability of Social Security into the 21st century. how successful retirement counseling helps people plan ahead. individual choice, the economy, marital status, personal finances, and health.
individual choice, the economy, marital status, personal finances, and health.
Finances, health, or the desire for leisure activity are examples of ________ leading to retirement. individual reasons institutional forces problems changes
individual reasons
Psychosocial studies look at the changes that take place inside the individual and between individuals and groups. between individuals and economic institutions. the changes that take place between individuals and their environments. within the DNA of an aging person.
inside the individual and between individuals and groups.
Some nurses reported that the present health care system ________ the quality of palliative care services. interfered with improved does not affect has mixed effects on
interfered with
Biologists distinguish between two cause of aging: ________ aging due to normal physical functions, and ________ aging due to environment. intrinsic; extrinsic time; intrinsic extrinsic; intrinsic time; progressive
intrinsic; extrinsic
Compassionate ageism recognizes the complexity of older people's needs. is the belief that older people are needy and deserve special policies to help them. views older people as gentle, consensus-oriented, and not willing to fight for their interests. views older people as wise, intelligent people able to give over their own happiness and well-being in favor of benefiting the overall society.
is the belief that older people are needy and deserve special policies to help them.
The federal government set up the Pension Benefit Guaranty Corporation (PBGC. to insure private defined benefit pension plans. Critics are calling for a review of the PBGC because it doesn't want legislation that demands employers have the funds in place to meet worker's future pensions. it pays more than the worker's company on failed pension policies, thus creating a budget deficit every year. it has too large a deficit to cover under-funded pension plans if they fail. the government only predicted to cover 15-18 million retirees, and it now covers 40 million people.
it has too large a deficit to cover under-funded pension plans if they fail.
The social model of health care aims to keep older people in the community. prevent disease. reduce disability. cure illness.
keep older people in the community.
People can adapt to many physical changes in their bodies and still enjoy a good sex life. But this requires access to the latest medical equipment like pumps, jellies, and injections. retaining the same steady pattern of sexual activity that was established during middle age. that couples learning to trust each other during times of great personal vulnerability. knowledge about sex in later life and good communication between the partners.
knowledge about sex in later life and good communication between the partners.
Stereotyping can prevent discrimination and ageism. force people to confront the truth about the elderly. allows us to correctly judge people and treat them fairly. lead to prejudice, discrimination, and inappropriate treatment.
lead to prejudice, discrimination, and inappropriate treatment.
Studies show that women have ________ leisure time in later life compared to men. more less the same amount of no
less
The ________ links early life experiences to action and attitudes in later life. leveling perspective life course perspective multiple jeopardy perspective conflict perspective
life course perspective
The ________ puts minority aging in the context of personal history, culture, world events, and the conditions in the wider society. conflict perspective life course perspective age stratification theory functional perspective
life course perspective
The diseases of old age result from poverty. lack of education. accidents. life-long stress on the body.
life-long stress on the body.
Poor pensions, low pay, and a broken work record all lead to ________ for women. low income in retirement. high income in retirement. early retirement. later retirement
low income in retirement.
Minority older people have ________ income rates than whites. lower better the same exponentially lower
lower
The ________ migration takes place when an older person moves from a community setting to an institution. major chronic disability kinship amenity assistance-seeking
major chronic disability
Male caregivers favor ________ help, while women more often give ________ help. personal; managerial managerial; personal managerial; administrative emotional; managerial
managerial; personal
The U.S. Age Discrimination in Employment Act (ADEA) prohibits stereotyping of older people. victimization of older people. mandatory retirement at any age. unfair business practices.
mandatory retirement at any age.
Examples of normative age graded events are marriage and retirement. depression and war. illness and accidents. assassination and the baby boom
marriage and retirement.
Overuse of the ________ model leads to high costs for care and sometimes over-medicalized services. medical social health promotion structural
medical
Surgery, rehabilitation through physical therapy, and drug therapy are the preferred methods of the ________ model. medical health promotion hospice health care
medical
The Social Security system needs reform, such as raising revenues, reducing benefits, and investing funds to offer guaranteed payments to individuals. meet its obligations. redistribute revenues to low-income beneficiaries. offer disability insurance.
meet its obligations.
After the loss of a spouse, studies show that widowed women have less social supports and confidants than widowed men. compared to men, women marry more quickly after widowhood. men more often experience loneliness. widowhood may have a more devastating effect on men's finances than on women's finances.
men more often experience loneliness.
What are the two levels of theories that scientists use? micro-level theories and macro-level theories exchange theories and subculture theory modernization theory and interactionist theory exchange theory and modernization theory
micro-level theories and macro-level theories
The dependency ratio gives a crude measure of how many ________ exist to support younger and older people in the population. older people middle aged people younger people men
middle aged people
The major causes of population changes are migration, birth rates, and death rates. migration, birth rates, and suicides. birth rates, death rates, and suicide. disasters, death rates, and migration.
migration, birth rates, and death rates.
By the year 2030, the proportion of ________ in the older population will increase. children men women minorities
minorities
Gerontologists who study minority aging must keep ________ in mind. minority group diversity dominant group diversity minority group similarity dominant group similarity
minority group diversity
One example of a macro-level theory is modernization theory. exchange theory. subculture theory. interactionist theory.
modernization theory.
Aging in place often entails ________ a home to suit a person's changing physical condition. modifying renting leasing purchasing
modifying
The ________ a person has, the ________ the chance that he or she will enroll in an education program later in life. more education; less more income; less more education; greater less income; greater
more education; greater
Horna defines peripheral leisure activities as those that require few resources, have low cost, and easy access. greater cognitive skills and physical dexterity. more resources, take place outside the home, and need more effort to engage in. less commitment on the person's part, and does not interfere with life-sustaining functions.
more resources, take place outside the home, and need more effort to engage in.
Wisdom makes older people more skilled at working on problems related to real life situations. boring and tiresome. less able to enhance the quality of life for everyone. less able to function in daily life.
more skilled at working on problems related to real life situations.
A study of women and retirement shows that women have a ________ career path compared to men. less varied more varied less fulfilling more fulfilling
more varied
Palmore's research on the FAQ suggests that most people know little about aging and have many misconceptions. most people know more about the social rather than physical aspects of aging. the most frequent misconceptions about aging come mostly from the elderly. people with less education scored best on the FAQ.
most people know little about aging and have many misconceptions.
Long-term care does not include in-home service. community-based services. institutional care. municipal hospitals.
municipal hospitals.
Neighborhoods and buildings grow older as people age in place. When at least half the people in a neighborhood or building are age 60 or over, gerontologists call this a(n. naturally occurring retirement community (NORC.. planned retirement community (PRC.. elder cottage housing opportunity (ECHO.. congregated housing facility.
naturally occurring retirement community (NORC..
Nursing homes are for older people who prefer to live in a neighborhood with people their own age. need medical care in addition to personal care. tend to have low incomes and come from minority groups. once lived in publicly sponsored apartments but have since required more care.
need medical care in addition to personal care.
One social condition that contributes to the interest in anti-aging science and medicine is Baby Boomers value old age. a trend to view aging as normal. physical inactivity. new scientific findings that may slow or reverse the aging process.
new scientific findings that may slow or reverse the aging process.
For all the benefits gained from exercise, people generally show declines in physical activity with age. Continuity theory proposes that this phenomena results from the continuation of the pattern of inactivity set by past older people. continues the pattern of perceiving physical activity as a young person's endeavor. occurs because older people follow the same pattern of activity or inactivity in old age that they followed in middle age. appears because of the overall average 1 percent annual decline in many human functions.
occurs because older people follow the same pattern of activity or inactivity in old age that they followed in middle age.
The study of successful aging shows that people can develop strategies to cope with loss of function. people can live longer in declining health. people cannot avoid decline in old age. changes in diet, exercise, and lifestyle do not affect later life.
people can develop strategies to cope with loss of function.
In the 1960s governmental commitment to Medicare for senior citizens came about because of national regret over past mistreatment of seniors. of the growing prosperity of the nation it could afford to be generous to its senior citizens. of new sympathy for the elderly combined with shrewd campaigning and alliances with labor groups. doctors argued in favor of a national health plan to better service their patients growing demands
of new sympathy for the elderly combined with shrewd campaigning and alliances with labor groups.
Married couples have lower rates of hospitalization and nursing home placements because they have more leisure time than single people. spend less on expenses than single people. they have a higher income than single people. offer one another a live-in support system.
offer one another a live-in support system.
Studies of neighbors as caregivers show that they are unreliable and untrained to offer effective care. they are the last resource an older person will turn to before institutionalization. older people without families often rely on friends and neighbors for support. an older person with a network of neighbor caregivers can often replace the need to go into a nursing home.
older people without families often rely on friends and neighbors for support.
The benefit of the person-environment fit model is that it allows us to put housing options on an x-y axis comparing autonomy and competence. in terms of two conflicting forces: environmental press and security. on a continuum from least to most demanding. in a dialectic that emerges from the conflict between what people physically can do and what they want to do.
on a continuum from least to most demanding.
Researchers conclude that older people do as well as younger people in problem solving situations. in solving problems in defined situations. on problems related to real-life dilemmas. in answering clearly structured problems.
on problems related to real-life dilemmas.
Successful aging based on the SOC model encourages people, at whatever age or physical condition, to live in assisted living. optimize their abilities and compensate for losses. feel happy and fulfilled. blame disabled or ill people for their problems
optimize their abilities and compensate for losses.
The main psychological problems in old age are organic diseases. Alzheimer's disease and other mental disorders. depression and suicide. organic and functional disorders.
organic and functional disorders.
Some older people suffer from diseases like Alzheimer's, Parkinson's, and strokes. These are called social problems. organic diseases. inorganic diseases. psychological diseases
organic diseases.
Programs that do the same work as hospices, but that exist within an acute care hospital, are known as general care programs. ICUs (Intensive Care Units.. palliative care units . no-code blue wards.
palliative care units .
Retirees now have many options in retirement. These options range from early retirement to partial retirement. leisure activities. second careers. partial retirement to second careers.
partial retirement to second careers.
Older women have lower incomes than older men. This income gap based on gender among older people is explained by the greater number of women who survive into old age. the fact that women often report different sources of income than men. calculation errors in Social Security income formulae. past inequities between men and women and their different work histories.
past inequities between men and women and their different work histories.
Social Security is structured so that seniors get paid today from payments made by current workers. Economists call this a take-it-or-leave-it plan. pay-as-you-go plan. all-or-nothing plan. supplemental-security-income plan
pay-as-you-go plan.
Which of the following people showed the greatest likelihood of modifying their homes? people with health problems people in good health people who recently retired people with good pension plans
people with health problems
The U.S. today looks more like a ________ in which many racial and ethnic groups exist side by side. melting pot bicultural society pluralistic society assimilated society
pluralistic society
Among people aged 75 and over, declines in voting occur mostly due to lack of interest. poor health or disability. lack of transportation. a lack of political affiliations.
poor health or disability.
Men die younger than women, but women have ________ in later life. less illness poorer health more life-threatening illnesses better health
poorer health
Which of the following is not covered under Medicare's hospital insurance program? home health care care in a hospital prescription drugs care in a nursing home after a hospital stay
prescription drugs
The health promotion model focuses on prevention and reduced disability. medical diagnosis before illnesses become serious. community involvement in health care. the accessibility of medical treatment.
prevention and reduced disability.
Congress (McCann and Ventrell-Monses, 2010.) enacted the ADEA to hire older workers. hire younger workers. increase discrimination against older workers. promote the employment of older workers based on ability rather than age.
promote the employment of older workers based on ability rather than age.
An increase in the number of older people and longer life expectancies will lead to more retirees in the future. To cope with this increase the government has committed itself to finding alternative revenue to finance Social Security. decided to reduce benefits and programs until the year 2027. raised the age of retirement to keep people at work longer. made the minimum requirements for Social Security more restrictive.
raised the age of retirement to keep people at work longer.
Gerontologists have proposed reforms for each part of the retirement income system. Which of the following is not included in these reforms? increased payments into the Social Security system portability and vesting for private pensions prevention of misuses of pension funds reduced coverage for older workers
reduced coverage for older workers
Among older people, the most popular context for volunteering is a hospital. religious organization. nursing home . school.
religious organization.
A study of older people's incomes shows that rich and poor older people begin in different financial situations, but over time, these groups grow to become indistinguishable. retirement almost always leads to long-term decline in income and a consequent decline in living standards. the economic condition of older people remains similar across age, gender, marital status, living arrangement, and race. rich people gained the most through Social Security.
retirement almost always leads to long-term decline in income and a consequent decline in living standards.
One form of home equity conversion allows people to get a monthly loan based on their age, current interest rates, and the house's value. They repay the loan on a set date. This is known as a negative mortgage. deferred payment loan. home equity loan. reverse loan.
reverse loan
Which of the following is not a reason why long-term care insurance is a poor bet for most people? the restrictions and conditions placed on the policy the high cost of policies people's varying life circumstances rising inflation erodes the covering power of the policy
rising inflation erodes the covering power of the policy
When offering pension plans, many companies now opt for a defined contribution plan rather than defined benefit plans. Defined contribution plans promise a set amount to workers when they retire based on final salary and number of years of service. promise a set amount to workers when they retire based on average salary and number of years of service. say how much workers have to pay into the plan, and guarantee a set return. say how much workers have to pay into the plan, but do not guarantee a set return.
say how much workers have to pay into the plan, but do not guarantee a set return.
The government's position on aging has led to the creation of a safety net that confuses the people it attempts to serve. serves older people. best serves those who need it most: the poor and minority older person. has become the model for other developed countries, particularly Canada and England.
serves older people.
Compared to older women, older men have a remarriage rate six times higher. six times lower. two times higher. two times lower.
six times higher.
The effects of senescence differs from person to person, but in general, ________ declines with age eyesight hearing memory skin elasticity
skin elasticity
Socioeconomic-environmental studies examine the effects of aging on sociologists. the body. creativity. social institutions.
social institutions.
Research on ________ finds a decrease in religious participation within the cohort. the Baby Boom generation older African Americans Mexican Americans women
the Baby Boom generation
Health care for older people has begun to shift towards the ________ because of the high cost of institutional care. medical model health promotion model social model medical and health models
social model
The study of life events looks at the influence of ________ on human development. society age history health
society
Studies show that ________ most often served as primary caregivers. children spouses doctors social workers
spouses
Which of the following is not one of the suggested means for extending the number of years an older person drives? changes in driving patterns education programs state required vision tests for older drivers new highway designs
state required vision tests for older drivers
The large size of the Baby Boom generation, a smaller number of future workers, and an increase in life expectancy will improve the Social Security system. strain and cause a shortfall in Social Security payments. force the system to go broke. help the Social Security system ensure a better old age for everyone.
strain and cause a shortfall in Social Security payments.
According to Rowe and Kahn (1998., ________ is the ability to 1. maintain a low risk of disease, 2. maintain high levels of mental and physical functions, and 3. actively engage in life. successful aging true aging morbidity compassion SOC
successful aging
New devices and new medical therapies are examples of improvements in ________ that can help older people cope with disabilities. technology environment self-care lifestyle
technology
Improvements in ________ could lead to better functioning in later life. lifestyle self-care technology technology, lifestyle, self-care, and the environment
technology, lifestyle, self-care, and the environment
Aging in place requires serious consideration on the part of the older person because it can be dangerous. that people have the capability to live in the setting they choose. that people have an environment that gives the person a feeling of security and well-being. that people live in the same home for at least 21-30 years.
that people have an environment that gives the person a feeling of security and well-being.
Demographers use three measures to describe population. Which of the following is not a measure of population aging? the absolute number of older people in a population the median age of the population the educational level of the population the increased proportion of older people
the educational level of the population
The research on grief and grieving finds all of the following common experiences among mourners except the feeling of loss. feelings of sorrow.
the feeling of loss.
Researchers describe five of the most common causes of elder abuse. Which of the following is not a common cause? the independency of the older person caregiver stress learned violence in the family impairment of the abuser by drugs, alcohol, mental retardation, etc.
the independency of the older person
The future goals of gerontology suggest that people can live longer. the possibility of human life extension is real and interventions that postpone human aging are possible. people can extend their lifespan but cannot stop the aging process at all. the human lifespan is finite and unchangeable
the possibility of human life extension is real and interventions that postpone human aging are possible
Biomedicine studies refers to the study of changes in the body that come with age. prescribing medicine to older people. studies of disease. studies of longevity.
the study of changes in the body that come with age.
Members of ________ will likely have access to and make the most of formal support systems. minority groups the white group the Hispanic American group the Chinese subgroup
the white group
Because of the sharp downturn in the economy, older workers who want to stay at work often find themselves forced into retirement. it easy to move to jobs in other areas. higher paying jobs in the service industry. an increase in job status and income.
themselves forced into retirement.
Which of the following reasons for studying aging was not given in the text? to help understand social issues to learn to work in a field that serves older people to enable older people to reverse or avoid the effects of aging to help older friends and relations to deal with the issues of later life
to enable older people to reverse or avoid the effects of aging
Which of the following is not a goal of hospices? to control pain to give people love and care to extend a person's life for as long as humanely possible to allow a person to die a simple death
to extend a person's life for as long as humanely possible
Older people express two main reasons why they resume dating: out of habit and to keep busy. to find a marital partner and to stay socially active. to increase social status and cope with the loss of the previous partner. as an outlet for romance and as a way to feel youthful.
to find a marital partner and to stay socially active.
People age 75 and over, compared to spouses 55-64, spend ________ as many hours on spousal care. twice three times four times five times
twice
Societies use age, gender, social class, and minority group membership to classify people. The multiple jeopardy theory states that a person with ________ or more of these characteristics will face an increased risk of death and illness. one two three four
two
A house that contains wheelchair-accessible entryways, kitchens, and bathrooms; single-lever faucets; non-slip flooring; and grab-bars is called a(n. limitless house. universal house. unconstrained house. flexible home.
universal house.
Research methods provide guides on how to publish scientific reports. ways to collect, analyze, and report information. results that cannot be verified. a set of concepts organized in a meaningful way.
ways to collect, analyze, and report information.
The term "dominant group" in the United States applies to the ________ population. white native Asian black
white
Disengagement theory sees ________ as inevitable and satisfying to the individual and society. aging death withdrawal sickness
withdrawal
A number of studies report a decrease in ________ memory with age. short-term sensory working long-term
working
Critics of current policy say that government programs should serve people based on their needs, not their age. The problem with this view is it is biased towards the middle class and fails poorer older people. unintentionally labels older people as poor, immobile, and a burden. would single out the poor and could give basic services the stigma of welfare. encourages many older people to define themselves as needy.
would single out the poor and could give basic services the stigma of welfare.
Today the nonwhite population in the U.S. is ________ than the white population. bigger older younger smaller
younger