AGRI 1319 Exqm 3

abomasum

-"true stomach" -gastric enzymes secreted by cells of stomach -break down the fermented and processed feed and bodies of microbes (A.A's, sugars, fats, etc) -passed along to mall and large intestine for absorption

fats

-LIPIDS -lipids from vegetables: oil -lipids in animals: fat -C,H,O *fat contains 2.25 times more energy per pound than carbohydrates

large intestine in ruminant system

-absorbs any needed fluids (water and salts) -absorption of some minerals (Ca, P, Mg) -synthesize vitamins (K)

puberty in swine: gilts

-age 4-8 months depending on breed and/or breed cross -weight: 150-260 pounds depending on breed

puberty in swine: boars

-age 5-8 months depending on breed -weight: 175-260 pounds

gilt/sow (female swine anatomy)

-anatomy and function as cow -cervix: long and spiraled -uterine horn: proportionally longer in sow than cow -ovary: multiple eggs per ovulation on both ovaries

function of calcium (Ca)

-bone growth -blood coagulation (clotting)

ruminants

-cattle, sheep, goats, deer -they don't need specific amino acids -They have microorganisms that aide in their digestive of food - They can utilize nutrients in cellulose which is unavailable to Monogastric - 4 chambered stomach

starch

-composed of many molecules of glucose found mainly in grains -easily broken down into single, simple glucose molecules; easily absorbed -get fat on these easily (found in feedlot rations, high grain diet) -ALPHA bonds= we can digest

water

-essential nutrient -most important, needed in most quantity daily -cheapest -makes up 50-80% of animal body

true breech

-feet first then tail -delivery: push forward and bring legs back into the birth canal

care for newborn calf

-first care is maternal: lick calf clean (navel chord, head, and nose) -attendant: check nose, fluid in lungs (spin calf, hit, drop on ground)

rumen funtctions

-functions as a storage and fermentation (change) -bacteria and protozoa thrive and break down roughages to obtain nutrients for use -digest complex carbohydrates (cellulose) -make essential amino acids -absorb fatty acids via papillae

protein

-fundamental component of all living tissue -major components: C,H,O,N -MUSCLE -only essential nutrient that contains nitrogen -nitrogen is the building block of amino acids -amino acids are the building blocks of protein -chain of amino acids

care for newborn calf cont.

-if calf born in corral/bare soil/filth: treat navel chord with iodine -calf should nurse within first few hours (colostrum)

function of fats in livestock diets

-increases palatability (taste) and intake -reduces dusts in ground feeds (serves as a binding agent) -used to simulate a healthy ovulation (AI or ET) -used to finish market animals -high fat produces better egg

signs of parturition

-isolation from herd -sunken tail head -swollen vulva -cervical plug -swelling and reddening of udder "strut" -nervousness -calf's changing birth posture -tail in the air

cellulose

-major component of plant cell walls -same as starches -broken down into energy (not as easily broken down, required input of energy) -doesn't have the fattening ability of starch -ruminant animals use rumen microbes to break down and capture energy -BETA bonds=we cannot break down

omasum

-many "plies" (layers) -primary function: to grind and squeeze and absorb away any excess liquids from the feed -feed leaves omasum 60-70% drier than when it entered

polysaccharides

-many monosaccharides fused together -called complex carbohydrates -ex: pasta

vitamins

-monogastrics can make 4 vitamins internally and the rest is from diet -ruminants can typically make all necessary vitamins internally

rectal palpitation

-most practical today in terms of accuracy, speed, and economics -can get accurate determination as early as 45 days (60-90 day average) -palpation of uterine artery

upside down breech

-most serious -when palpated you will feel the tail and encounter the point of the hock

dog sitting

-parturition abnormality -rear legs must be retracted (pushed back in line) to allow space for passage

head back

-parturition abnormality -push the head back and around

backwards

-parturition abnormality -usually no problem; time is very critical -often the calf pinches the umbilical cord in the birthing process

functions of water

-regulates body temp -carries nutrients -eliminates waste -necessary for digestion -supplies median for biochemical processes -supplies elements necessary for chemical breakdown of food

eructation

-release of co2 and methane gas -produced via microbial fermentation -prevents bloat -pressure pushes "bolus" of feed up back through esophagus to be re-chewed (cud) -re-chewing of feed is termed rumination "chewing their cud"

boar (male swine anatomy)

-same as bull -testes: hang behind-no scrotal circumference -penis: corkscrew shaped

monosaccharrides

-simplest carbs; contain 4-6 carbons -things that taste sweet

function of magnesium (mg)

-skeletal formation -enzyme systems -nerve impulses/muscle coordination -"grass tetany"

function of phosphorous (P)

-skeletal formation -protein synthesis -enzyme systems -reproduction

monogastrics

-swine, poultry, humans -all need specific amino acids in their diets -supplied by animal and certain plant products (mainly seeds) -can only synthesize 12 of 22 aa they require

amino acids

-the "cement" between links is peptide bond or peptide -builds into a protein chain

disaccharrides

-two sugars connected -ex: sucrose (table sugar), lactose (milk sugar), maltose (gives barley seeds a sweet taste)

routes of water loss

-urine -feces -evaporation from lungs and dissipation from skin (panting) -sweat

ultrasound

-visual image (proof) -can check the sex of fetus -can check for abnormalities

function of NaCl (salt)

-water regulation -ionic transport -chemical digestion

4 compartments of ruminant system

1. rumen 2. reticulum 3. omasum 4. abomasum

essential nutrients

1. water 2. protein 3. carbohydrates 4. fats 5. minerals 6. vitamins

length of estrus cycle in swine

2 days (1-4 days)

length of estrous cycle in swine

21 days avg (18-24 days)

time of ovulation

2nd day (30-36 hrs) after onset of estrus

length (time) of parturition

30 min-2 hours after seeing front feet

fat soluble vitamins

A, D, E, K

water soluble vitamins

B, C

nutrient

a component of feed that aids in support of life

fistula

a cow with a fistula (or passageway) connecting the cow's stomach with the outside

concentrate

a feedstuff that is high in energy and low in fiber. concentrates are 60-90% digestible (protein, carb, fat) -ex: cereal grains (corn, wheat, barley

roughage

a feedstuff that is high in fiber and low in energy. 50-65% digestible -ex: plant products (leaf, stem, stalk, roots, straw, grasses)

feed

a substance which after ingestion and digestion by the animal provides nutrients which are absorbed and utilized by the animal for -maintenance, fattening, reproduction, lactation, etc

polyunsaturated fatty acids

acids having more than 1 double bond

ruminants and water soluble vitamins

all (b and c) can be made by ruminants within the rumen -horses made them in their cecum

function of vitamins

allow for bodily reactions to occur at a proper pace -made in nature (organic) -needed in very small amounts -16 known vitamins

non-essential amino acids

amino acids that can be synthesized by the body and are different from essential amino acids that are obtained from food

essential amino acids

amino acids that cannot be made at all by mono gastric animals; must be supplied in their diet PVT TIM HALL

reticulum

anterior (in front) of rumen -primary function: to filter out potentially harmful ingested objects -"honey comb" -hardware disease: metal in reticulum

functions of proteins

antibodies, contractile proteins, hormonal protein, structural proteins

function of vitamin K

blood clotting

fat soluble

can be stored in the body typically in the liver and adipose tissue; do not have to be supplied on a daily basis -hypervitaminosis: excessive amounts can be toxic -vitamins a, d, e, k are fat soluble

water soluble

carried to body tissues but are not stored in the body; they are found in plant and animal foods or dietary supplements and must be taken daily -vitamins b and c -used daily: peed out

hydrolysis

chemical process of using water in breaking down feed

carbohydrates

composed of C,H,O -building blocks are sugars -compounds with a "one" suffix (lactose, glucose) -found daily in grains, roughages -plants are starting point of carbohydrates (photosynthesis)

non protein nitrogen

compounds that are not true protein in nature, but contain N and can be converted to protein by bacterial action in the ruminant -ex: urea -can be utilized by ruminants only

moisture

contents in the feed

LDL (bad) cholesterol

contributes to plaque, a thick hard deposit that can clog arteries and make them less flexible

microminerals cont.

excessive amounts are toxic -copper (cu): enzymes, oxygen transport -iron (fe): oxygen transport -selenium (se): tendons/ligaments, retained placentas

dry matter

feed-moisture=dry matter all the remaining (5) essential nutrients

management tools to increase calving during the day

feeding cattle at night (10 pm)

unsaturated fatty acids

have one or more double bonds -"good" for you

saturated fatty acids

have single bonds tying the carbon atoms together

normal parturition position

head first with nose between front feet problems: too large; hip lock

HDL (good) cholesterol

helps remove ldl cholesterol -carries cholesterol to cell -exercise causes more HDL to be produced

uterine horns in swine

horns are longer than they are in cows because more babies are birthed at a time

8 hours a day

how many hours per day does a cow chew her cud?

inorganic minerals

important in metabolic reactions -skeletal formation -protein synthesis -oxygen transport -fluid balance -acid/base regulation

esophageal groove

in nursing ruminants (calf, kid, etc.) milk is directed past the rumen into the abomasum by the esophageal groove. -canal like structure produced by the suckling response of the young

natural proteins

made by nature and found in plant and/or animal products

function of small intestine in ruminant system

major site of nutrient absorption

function of vitamin C

needed for healing wounds, and for repairing and maintaining bones and teeth

leg back

parturition abnormality

digestible protein

portion of protein that an animal can digest

bypass protein

protein that escapes digestion

function of carbohydrates

provide energy for -growth, lactation, reproduction, fattening, etc -found in C--H bonds -glucose: quick absorbable energy

relaxin

relaxes the pelvic opening; allows for it to become more elastic and stretch

function of vitamin A

repairs internal and external body linings and the eyes

function of vitamin E

reproduction, libido, muscle function

function of vitamin D

required for the proper use of Ca and P in bone growth and repair

macrominerals

required in large amounts

microminerals

required in small amounts -

grass tetany

results from low magnesium levels in the bloodstream of cattle -caused by high nitrogen fertilization reduces magnesium availability -typically occurs in spring between 45 and 60 degrees; grazing lush grass

monogastric vs ruminant

size, saliva (enzymes), rate of passage, feeds that can be utilized

function of vitamin B

stimulates the appetite; metabolism; breakdown of glucose

blood assay

take sample and test for progesterone levels

lysine

the most limiting amino acid in monogastric livestock diets -called limiting because if deficient the animals will not grow properly

estrUS

the period of mating activity in the female (receptive to the male)

estrous

the period of time from one heat (ovulation) to the next heat (ovulation)

rumination

the regurgitation and chewing of undigested feed

oxytocin

two functions: 1. milk let down response 2. uterine contractions

protein requirement for age of animal

younger=more -growing: needs aa's to build tissue pregnant and lactating=high -make food aa's or protein=milk