Agricultural Science Exam 2

Hardwood:

Angiosperm 1. Deciduous 2. Produce seeds in a covering

Characteristics of domesticated animals:

Bred in captivity for human benefit Complete control of breeding/reproduction Control territory Control food supply

Tall Fescue

Bunch grass Seed Tolerant of acid soil, low fertility, and grazing Responds to fertilizer Used for pasture, hay, utility turf, lawns Mowing height 1 ½ to 3 inches Production Sept-Dec and March-June, "summer slump" Endophyte - Fungi associated with fescue

Grass Plant Uses:

1. Beatification of landscape 2. Food for animals (primarily ruminants) 3. Soil conservation 4. Water-shed management for urban water supplies 5. Rotation with row crops 6. Source of organic matter for crops 7. Wildlife food 8. Biomass production for energy

Wheat nutrition:

1. Complex Carbohydrates - energy 2. Fiber 3. Whole grain vs Enriched white flour Whole grain Contains wheat bran, germ and endosperm Good source of B-vitamins, vitamin E, and protein More trace minerals and dietary fiber than enriched Also contains antioxidants and may reduce risk of heart disease, cancer and diabetes Enriched Contains endosperm only Supplemented with iron and B-vitamins (thiamin, niacin, riboflavin and folic acid) More than twice as much folic acid than whole wheat 4. Fortified flour indicates something is added to increase nutritional status

Types of Corn:

1. Dent corn Field corn, yellow dent corn Yellow is Primary corn commodity for ethanol and livestock White corn - dent corn with white kernel and whiter starch Used for tortilla chips, snack foods Increasing demand 2. Flint corn Popcorn Indian corn 3. Blue corn Blue or blue and white kernels Used in cereals, tortillas, cornmeal, corn chips, pancake mixes 4. Sweet corn Fresh market, canning crop, corn-on-the-cob

Peanut Harvesting:

1. Digging Digger (also called a peanut plow) loosens the plant and cuts the roots A shaker lifts the plant, shakes the soil from the pods and inverts the plants 2. Combining After the inverted plants dries for 2-3 days Peanut combine (also called a thresher or peanut picker) separates the pods from the vines. Vines are returned to the field

Vegetable processing:

1. Farmer produces raw vegetables through a contract 2. Contract specifies production techniques, price per ton, quality level and standards 3. Usually low margin, high acreage 4. Four major processing crops Sweet corn, peas, snap beans, tomatoes 5. Usually Large to Very Large Scale Dehydration Canning Freezing Pickling 6. The "BIG 4" Corn Tomatoes Snap Beans Peas

Corn growth:

1. Flower is monoecious Stamens and pistils found in separate flower parts on same plant Stamens = tassels Pistillate flower lower on plant; silk = style and stigma 2. Tassel produces 2-5 million grains of pollen 3. Each kernel (800/ear) has its own silk which is fertilized by an individual grain of pollen Blank spots in ear are kernels which were not fertilized

Corn Harvest:

1. Grain Most common means of corn harvest Harvest based on percent moisture Harvest with a combine Dried to 12% moisture (forced air dryer or on stalk) 2. Stalks Can be tilled into ground Baled for livestock bedding 3. Silage Entire plant chopped into livestock feed Fermented to improve digestibility of plant 4. Grazing Very limited

Wheat Classes:

1. Hard Red Winter Yeast breads, hard rolls, flat breads, all- purpose flour 2. Hard Red Spring Hearth bread, rolls, croissants, bagels, pizza crust 3. Soft Red Winter Crackers, cereal, pita and flat breads 4. Durum Premium pasta products, couscous and some Mediterranean breads 5. Hard White Asian noodles, whole wheat products, pan bread, flat bread 6. Soft White Cakes, cookies, pastries, Asian-style noodles, Middle Eastern flatbreads

Animal Use of Forages:

1. Herbivores Convert low value or waste products into milk, meat, wool, leather 2. Process is inefficient (10-20% efficiency) 3. Domestic animal units that utilize grass Cattle, buffalo, sheep and goats Horses, mules, and donkeys Camels, llamas, alpacas

Peanut Products:

1. Peanut butter Contains a minimum of 90% peanuts (sweeteners and salt added for flavor, stabilizers added to prevent oil separation) Peanuts are ground, heated to 170oF, stabilizers are added, cooled rapidly to 120oF 2. Peanut paste - 100% ground peanuts 3. Peanut flour Used in confectionery products, seasoning blends, bakery mixes, frostings, fillings, cereal bars, and nutritional bars 4. Peanut oil 5. Roasted peanuts **George Washington Carver Research at Tuskegee Institute in Alabama in early 1900's Developed over 300 uses for peanuts**

Steps to ensure success when grass is planted:

1. Plant at proper time of year 2. Provide proper drainage and grading 3. Condition soil 4. Apply fresh, vigorous seed, sod, plugs or sprigs 5. Provide adequate moisture 6. Mow new lawn to correct height

In the past 30 years corn farmers have...

1. Reduced erosion 2. Reduced irrigation 3. Lessened energy use per bushel 4. Increased production 5. Lessened greenhouse gas emissions

Peanut Types:

1. Runner 80% of peanuts grown in U.S. High proportion used in peanut butter 2. Virginia 15% of total U.S. production Largest kernels Account for most peanuts roasted and eaten in shells 3. Spanish 4% of U. S. production Smaller kernels with reddish-brown skin Used in peanut candy, salted nuts, peanut butter Highest oil content 4. Valencia Less than 1% of U.S. production Three or more small kernels in a pod Very sweet peanuts Roasted and sold in shell; excellent for boiled peanuts

Establishing Grass:

1. Seeding Most common, least expensive 2. Sodding Usually most costly, instant lawn 3. Plugging Plant small sections of sod (4 in2) 12 to 18 in apart Used for rhizome and stolon producing grasses 4. Sprigging Pieces of grass shoot (rhizome or stolon) planted 12 inches apart

Soybean Uses:

1. Soybean meal Protein source Poultry, swine, cattle, fish, dogs, cats Wood adhesives, biodegradable plastics, printing inks and textiles 2. Soybean oil Margarine, salad dressing, cooking oil, soy ink, soy plastic, hydraulic fluid, candles, industrial lubricants, crayons, concrete sealers, engine oil, fuel (biodiesel) 3. Soy lecithin Emulsifier: example- keeps chocolate smooth and creamy 4. Soybean hulls Livestock feed

Growing Rice:

1. Warm, long growing season and abundant water. 2. Upland rice is planted in a prepared seedbed with a grain drill. 3. Lowland rice is planted by distributing sprouted seed into muddy or flooded field. 4. Nitrogen and phosphorus fertilizer. Soil test to determine need. 5. Little insect or disease problems in U.S. 6. Weeds controlled by air application. 7. Harvest with combine after draining field.

Domestication of cattle:

5,800 BC Bos taurus 2,500 BC Bos indicus Origin Eurasia Ancestor - Auroch (giant wild ox) Cave paintings 6' shoulder and 6-8' horn span Bad temper 1627 - last know Auroch died in a Poland zoo Products - milk, meat, leather Key to agrarian revolution - draft animal Social importance Language development alphabet "Stock market, bull market" Source of wealth Bartering Mobile food storage Development of US west

Domestication of swine:

7,000 BC Omnivore Origin - Eurasia European wild boar East Indian pig Domestication Pests - hunted for control as much as for food during early farming periods Not a good "herding" animal, but content with housing/pen arrangement Prolificacy in suitable environment Best suited for tropical to temperate environment - lack sweat glands 1493 - Columbus left 9 pigs in the West Indies 13 years later pigs were severe pest - destruction of crops, killing other animals 1539 - Hernando De Soto took 13 pigs to Florida, 700+ in three years. Escapees become foundation for feral wild hogs in U.S. Value Meat, lard, leather

How many different apple varieties in the world?

7,500

Cat domestication:

7,500 BC Origin Europe - European wild cat Asia - African/Asian wild cat Self-domestication - similar to dogs Enhanced agricultural output - grain storage - attracts rodents - attracts predators (less flight zone) - increase in population - taming - domestication

Dog facts:

78 million owned dogs in the United States. Four in ten (or 54.4 million) U.S. households own at least one dog. 63% own one dog. 24% own two dogs. 13% own three or more dogs. On average, owners have almost two dogs (1.7). An equal number of male and female dogs are owned in the U.S. 20% of owned dogs were adopted from an animal shelter. Dog owners spent an average of $235 on veterinary related expenses each year. 7 out of 10 owned dogs are spayed or neutered.

Cat facts:

85.8 million owned cats in the United States. 3 in 10 (or 42.9 million) U.S. households own at least one cat. 49% own one cat On average, owners have two (2.1) cats. A slightly greater percentage (51%) of owned cats are female. 20% of owned cats were adopted from an animal shelter. Cat owners spent an average of $160 on veterinary related expenses in the past 12 months. 8 of 10 owned cats are spayed or neutered.

Domestication of sheep:

9,000 BC Sheep Size Highly gregarious (especially sheep) Wide utilization of feed resources Variety of useful products Meat Milk Wool Leather

Wheat Kernel parts:

AKA "wheat berry" Seed from which the wheat plant grows Milled to produce flour Endosperm Contains protein, carbohydrates, iron, and many B-vitamins Bran Contains B-vitamins, trace minerals and ingestible cellulose Germ The embryo Contains B-vitamins and trace minerals

Fuel:

Burn manure Historically, and some in developing countries, burned directly as an energy source Some interest in burning poultry litter to produce electricity Ethanol Poultry litter has been used experimentally to produce ethanol Methane production from biodigestors Simple, crude designs used in developing countries Some use in Europe Methane produced from breakdown of manure is captured and used as "natural gas"

Almonds:

California - >80% world production U.S. is number one producer Grafted trees Long-lived (25 + years) Bloom in February Harvest in late July Tree shaker- shake nuts from tree Rake nuts into rows Harvester sweeps up from ground Alternate bearing

Bermudagrass:

Common bermudagrass Seed, rhizomes and stolons Hybrid bermudagrass Rhizomes and stolons Greater yield and/or nutritive value than common Highly drought tolerant Highly grazing tolerant Very responsive to fertilization Used for hay, pasture, lawns, athletic fields Mowing height 1 to 2 inches

Growing Soybeans:

Commonly rotated with corn Can "double crop" with wheat in southeast Plant wheat in the fall Harvest wheat in June Plant soybeans in June Harvest soybeans in September-October Plant wheat in October

Soil conservation:

Convert vegetation into nutrients for useful purposes Well-managed grazing can enhance the soil by Reducing erosion and moisture loss Spreading animal waste to enhance soil organic matter

What are the main Row Crops?

Corn, Soybeans, Peanuts

Peanuts:

Dicot Legume Originated in South America Introduced to North America in 1700's U.S. grows about 10% of the world's peanuts on about 3% of world's peanut acreage Peanut is actually a "pea" and not a "nut" Short plant Blossoms Form on branches Pollinated Elongated stems (pegs) grow downward from the base of the blossoms and extend into the soil 2 to 3 inches deep Pegs swell and develop into pods that contain the seed

Criteria for domestication:

Diet Growth Rate Breed in Captivity Disposition Less likely to panic Size Social Heirarchy

Difference between dirt and soil?

Dirt is what you sweep up off the floor, while soil allows for plant growth

Natural Grassland vs. Improved Pasture

Disadvantages of natural grasslands: Shorter productive season Nutritive value is low Tall bunch grass is not tolerant of hard grazing Low soil fertility - do not respond well to fertilizer Improved or planted pasture Grasses and legumes selected for grazing, hay or other value Better nutritional value Can withstand hard grazing Respond well to fertilizer

List of domesticated animals:

Dog Cat Sheep Goats Cattle Horse Donkey Pig Chicken Turkey

Soybeans:

Domesticated in China One of first crops domesticated Dicot Legume - nitrogen fixation

Why consume meat?

Excellent source of protein Excellent source of essential amino acids in almost the same ratio as body tissues (balanced protein) Minerals Contains all needed minerals except Ca Excellent source of iron, zinc, and magnesium Minerals in meat are very bioavailable Vitamins Excellent source of B vitamins Animal foods are the only natural source of vitamin B12 Energy Lipids Fatty acids, Triglycerides (2.25x energy vs. simple carbohydrates) Cholesterol Phospholipids Amino acids in meat can also be converted to energy Enhanced diet palatability Family meals, special occasion meals and social gatherings often center around animal products

Apples:

Extremely adapted to many climates Propagated by grafting Dwarf root stock Need Cross Pollination Fruit production begins 3-5 years after grafting Flower bud develops from spur (2 year or older wood) 5 flowers from each spur If all 5 grow a fruit-small, knotty apples Thin out to get 1-2 fruit/spur

Corn Uses:

Feed 47% Export 17% Food, Seed, Industrial Ethanol 17% HFCS 4.1% Starch 2.2% Corn sweeteners 1.9% Cereal/other 1.5% Alcohol 1.1% Surplus 7.9%

How is rock weathered to form soil?

Glacial movements, water run off, Plant roots growing between cracks, temp fluctuations, cracks filled with freezing water Also, various chemical reactions can break down rocks

Tall Fescue Endophyte:

Grass Improves persistence Cattle Reduced feed intake Lower weight gains Increased heat stress Lameness, loss of tips of tails or ears, sloughing of hooves Horses Abortions Prolonged pregnancy Foaling problems Retained placenta Low or no milk production Solutions Dilute tall fescue with other forages Do not feed to pregnant mares Endophyte concentrates in the seedhead - avoid letting tall fescue form seed heads Endophyte free or friendly endophyte varieties

Cone-bearing:

Gymnosperm 1. Cone-bearing 2. Produce seeds without a covering 3. Evergreen

Development of civilization:

Increase quantity of food available (store surplus) Decrease labor required (free to pursue other activities) Draft - farming/transport Led to development of market economies Primary factor in warfare Horse Control of food supply No human society lacking domestic animals has moved beyond hunter/gather stage

Hardpan:

Is a highly compacted layer of earth that cannot be penetrated. Naturally occurs due to sodium accumulation Artificially occurs due to heavy machinery pushing down Can be broken up with sub-sailer plows or certain plants

Subsoil:

Layers under topsoil below tillage depth, not as conducive to root growth, but may contain vital nutrients and water, root penetration can be hindered by: Hard-pan (impermeable layer)/compaction acidity, poor drainage (water logged)

Cat facts:

Least domesticated among major animals Readily revert to feral state Breed type limits some breeds Persian - smushed nose Siamese - eyes Extreme long or short hair (no hair) Key component to diminish feral activity - kitten socialization Feral animals - solitary or commensal colonies Rehab for feral cats - almost impossible

Silviculture/ planting density

Low planting density Allows possible alternative use of land early in tree growth (for ex. grazing livestock) High planting density Fewer, smaller knots, less taper, higher density wood

Biomedical research with animals:

Many animals have been used as models for human medical treatment 1996 survey of living Nobel Laureates for medicine found unanimous support for animal research. Commonly used animals include: mice, rats, horse, cow, sheep, dog, rabbit, monkey, pig, guinea pig

Corn:

Monocot, number 1 crop in United States, most grown in the midwest or "corn belt"

Grass Characteristics:

Monocots Most used for grazing and turf are perennials Structurally adapted for survival under grazing Short basal internodes Leaves grow from basal meristem Leaf bases protect apical meristem from damage Fibrous root system anchors plant, making it difficult for animal to pluck it from soil.

Milk:

Naturally produced to feed young 90% of milk is produced by cows Balanced protein High in energy High in vitamins and minerals (especially calcium) Normally, pasteurized and has vitamin D added

What is the North Georgia soil profile?

North Georgia soil is for the most part a red color, as oxygen has bonded with iron creating "rust"

Pecans:

Only commercial tree nut native to U.S. Most varieties begin to bear nuts 5-10 years after planting May produce over 300 years Alternate bearing Cross-pollination is important for production Harvest in October-December Georgia is number one producer in U.S.

Tree Tissue Layers and Functions:

Outer bark Keeps out moisture from rain, and prevents losing moisture to dry air, insulates against cold and heat, and protects from insects. Inner bark, or "phloem", Pipeline through which food is passed. Dies and turns to cork to become part of the protective outer bark. Cambium cell layer Growing part of the trunk. Produces new bark and new wood in response to hormones, called "auxins", which stimulate growth in cells. Auxins are produced by leaf buds as they start growing in spring. Sapwood or "xylem" Pipeline for water moving up to the leaves. Sapwood is new wood. As newer rings of sapwood are laid down, inner cells lose their vitality and turn to heartwood. Heartwood Central, supporting pillar Composite of hollow, needlelike cellulose fibers bound together by a chemical glue called lignin, it is in many ways as strong as steel. A piece 12" long and 1" by 2" in cross section set vertically can support a weight of twenty tons!

Fruit Tree Grafting:

Precocity Dwarfing Ease of propagation Pollen source Sturdiness Success: Vascular Cambium alignment Disease and insect rootstock

Eggs:

Produced by chickens Protein dense Balanced protein to meet dietary needs Highly digestible protein (cooked egg protein is more digestible than raw egg protein)

Mineral components of soil?

Sand (large particle size), Silt (medium particle size), Clay (small particle size) Proportions of these components determine soil texture

Dog domestication:

Self Domestication- Pemba - Africa Village Dogs Size Disposition - People are alpha No ownership/care/ direct contact Commensal Combo of Self and Human Domestication- Stage 1: Self-Domestication Stage 2: Strict captivity - limit breeding Stage 3: Intentional breeding Stage 4: Trait standardization Stage 5: Eliminate wild species (genes)

Domestication process of herbivores:

Shift from pure hunting to herd management Control movement of herds Selective removal of young males Alters sex ratio Alters age structure Breeding Isolation from wild type

How is soil formed?

Soil is formed from weathered rock.

Medium for plant growth

Soil supports a plant physically and gives it the macro, secondary and micro nutrients it needs.

Cat's relationship with humans:

Symbiotic - humans (elimination of pests):cat (shelter/suppl. food) Commensal - present in same location as man - consume leftovers/eliminates pest Exploitive captives (Biologist term) - captive of humans, but exploit relationship to their benefit Pet concept (affluent societies)

Grape Uses:

Table grapes - "Thompson Seedless" 15% of U.S. production Harvest based on color/appearance/taste Seedless - pollination, fertilization, embryonic plant dies (hormone treatment Raisins - "Thompson Seedless" 30% of U.S. production Cut and left in place to dry in the sun Juice, jelly - Various 5% of U.S. production Harvest based on sugar content Wine - Various 50% of U.S. production Harvest grapes based on sugar level and pH Lab sample

What is soil?

The medium for plant growth

What is special about the way some Louisiana farmers grow their rice?

They grow rice to harvest crayfish. When the crayfish get big enough, the trap them and sell/ eat them

Wood Quality:

Tight knot or intergrown knot Where a living branch intersects the stem Wood grain is distorted but knot is physically attached to surrounding wood Loose knot or black not Where dead branches intersect the stem No physical connection to the surrounding wood and interrupted grain Knots reduce wood strength (loose knots to a far greater extent)

The rate of soil formation depend on what?

Topography (elevation and steepness of land), Parent Material, Climate (direct and indirect) Biota (organic matter level), Time

Tree Growth:

Trees are dormant in winter Earlywood, or springwood wood formed early in growing season, lighter in color. Latewood, or summerwood formed late in growing season, stronger and darker. Growth rings or annual rings

Oranges:

Tropical evergreen tree Most trees are grafted Flowers grow on current (new) growth Self-pollinate Harvest by hand

Rice Categories:

Upland rice Lowland rice- grown in standing water, this is how most rice is grown

Oats Uses:

Used as animal feed (horse), breakfast cereal, oat bran

Medical advances with animals:

Vaccine for smallpox (cow) Vaccine for rabies (dog, rabbit) Insulin discovered (dog, fish) Vaccine for polio (mouse, monkey) Open heart surgery and cardiac pacemakers (dog) Organ transplantation advances (dog, sheep, cow, pig) Laproscopic surgical techniques (pig)

Fibers:

Wool, mohair, cashmere, angora Shear/cut once or twice per year Spin into thread and weave into cloth

Can plants be grown without soil?

Yes. Plants can be grown in water but require a specific environment like a greenhouse and are high maintenance.

Silt:

can observe with a microscope, has a medium ability to hold nutrients and water

Clay:

can observe with an electronic microscope, has a high ability to hold nutrients and water

Sand:

can observe with the naked eye, has a low ability to hold nutrients and water

Grass Structure:

look @ picture on desktop

Rye Uses:

livestock feed, flour, pasture, winter cover to reduce erosion

Soil pH:

pH - a measure of H+ ions Lower numeric value = increased acidity Acids: vinegar (pH ~ 3.0) lemon juice (pH ~ 2.0) battery acid (pH ~ 0.5) Bases: sodium bicarbonate (pH ~8.5) milk of magnesia (pH ~10.5) bleach (pH ~12.5) Neutral pH = 7 Soil pH influences the availability of nutrients Most crops (cotton, small grains, corn, soybeans) like pH to be ~4.8 to 6.5 Average soil pH in GA ~4.48 Soil pH can be increased with lime (ground limestone). Calcium in lime replaces H bound to soil particle = increased pH Must lime every few years, depending upon soil properties, acidity, fertilization, crop, rainfall, etc.

Cork:

peel layer off of tree, used primarily for wine stoppers

Wheat:

small grain, monocot, number one plant worldwide in terms of acreage used to grow the plant, harvested somewhere every month of the year, 42 states, U.S. is largest exporter of wheat, member of the grass family

Barley Uses:

used for alcoholic beverages, livestock feed, and very little food use