AH EXAM 3

Identify the items in this detail of Zhang Zeduan's handscroll painting Peace Reigns along the River.

A lashed-bamboo structure advertises the location of a wine shop. Someone from the bridge has thrown a rope to help guide the boat. Some crew at the front of the boat try to catch it, as others frantically lower the boat's mast. A vendor has spread scissors for sale on a mat on the ground at the near side of the bridge. Two porters carry a passenger in a palanquin across the bridge. The prow of a boat emerges from underneath the bridge.

Why's it important to visit the Ka'ba in Mecca?

The Ka'ba in Mecca is important to two of the Five Pillars: it provides a physical orientation for daily prayers, and it is a destination for the pilgrimage (hajj).

The golden rhino of Mapungubwe is made of a single sheet of gold fastened over a wooden core.

The overlapping sheets of gold almost seem to approximate the appearance of an Asian, rather than an African, rhinoceros. This, and the fact that the golden rhinoceros has only one horn, like the Asian species, has led some scholars to speculate that this object may have been originally imported to the region from Asia.

Fill in the blanks to complete the passage about the Oseberg burial ship.

The ship's bow and stern have a(n) zoomorphic form featuring spiraling snake shapes that are similar to the interlace patterns of art of other cultures, such as the Celts. The decorative bands of animals biting one another on the top and bottom of the hull are carved in low relief.

This object was associated with a specific pastime of many Mesoamerican nobles. What was that pastime?

This object mimicked the shape of body protectors used by athletes in the rubber-ball game.

Define Qu'ran

a core islamic text that muslims believe was revealed by muhammed by god (muhammed spoke the word as god)....

Define Caliphate

An islamic state

Evidence of Abbasid ornamental style comes from secular sites and sacred ones. Match each item or term to the Abbasid ornament it relates to.

Both the stucco wall panel and the carved teakwood minbar are elaborately ornamented in the Samarra Style. Note that the ornamentation is nonrepresentational and that the surfaces are subdivided into smaller, framed units, resulting in a disciplined and organized composition of many different patterns.

Identify the main components of the painted decoration of the interior of the Church of Abuna Yemata Guh.

Depicted in the dome of the church, these saints included the founder of the church and other Syrian missionaries. Wearing a rich blue robe, the Virgin Mary is set apart from the other saints in her own frame. These saints on the walls of the church are distinguished by the different colors of their haloes and garments. These features, like others in the church, resemble those seen in textiles and baskets. They help distinguish the different zones of painting in the church.

Scholars from all over the caliphate undertook translations and scientific research in areas such as math, medicine, and astronomy at an institution called the House of Wisdom, located in a major city. In the same city, algebra was developed and successful cataract surgery was performed. The city's paper mill provided essential material for knowledge production.Select the city where the House of Wisdom was located on the map.

During the Abbasid period, this city was called Madinat al-Salam, meaning City of Peace. The city's paper mill also provided material for producing Qur'ans, such as this one written by Ibn al-Bawwab.

The frequent occurrence of the number 8 and multiples of 8 at Borobudur suggests that the auspicious associations with that number are brought to bear on this spiritual site.

Eight, representing infinity, is one of the most sacred numbers in Hindu-Buddhist belief systems, and 108 (or 1,008) is a long-standing auspicious number. Multiples of the numbers 8 and 108 recur throughout Borobudur.

T/F: The largest pre-modern Hindu temple complex is located in India.

People tend to associate monumental Hindu temple construction with India, but in fact the largest pre-modern Hindu temple complex is Angkor Wat, located in Cambodia. Angkor Wat covers 494 acres, an area four times more extensive than Vatican City in Rome.

The Carolingian innovation in church design pictured here at the Imperial Abbey of Corvey is called what?

Perhaps inspired by Charlemagne's efforts to build up the western entrance of his palace church in Aachen, where Charlemagne himself sat to participate in the Mass, the emphasis on the westwork or western elevation of a church was an important Carolingian innovation that exerted a powerful influence on later church building.

What is the meaning behind the snaky beings carved into the cleft of the Great Relief at Mamallapuram?

A deep rectangular basin sits below the relief and runs along its length. Originally, on the ledge above, a tank collected rainwater. Scholars hypothesize that the water was probably released to flow down the cleft to the basin as a spectacle on special occasions.

The Bayeux Embroidery tells the story of William the Conqueror's conquest of England. It was commissioned by the king's half-brother, Bishop Odo, to serve as a visual narrative of the event.

Fill in the blanks to complete the following passage.

Place the terms or ornament descriptions onto the corresponding parts of the vases.

A dragon among clouds dominates the body of the vase. Its form encourages viewers' eyes to circle around the vase. The neck is divided into two registers with plantain leaves along with the inscription (shown on one vase) above and a phoenix below. The very bottom, or lowest portion, of a vessel is called its foot. The mouth is decorated with a band of floral scrolls. The upper part of the shoulder has a convex band ornamented with floral scrolls. The handles take the form of elephant heads.

Gero, the Archbishop of Cologne, commissioned the life-size Gero Crucifix in the late tenth century. Because it was once believed to hold holy items related to the Crucifixion and the celebration of the Mass in a cavity behind Christ's head, this sculpture served as a speaking reliquary. Although Jesus Christ is considered to be both fully human and divine, this sculpture emphasizes his humanity. Unlike earlier representations of Christ on the cross, the Gero Crucifix conveys terrible suffering.

A speaking reliquary includes relics connected to the form of the container in which they are placed. This crucifix was believed to contain a piece of the consecrated host—which symbolizes the body of Jesus Christ—and a fragment of the True Cross. Perhaps inspired by contemporary Byzantine depictions of the same subject, the Gero Crucifix takes an emotional approach to its subject that was not seen to this extent previously in western Europe. This crucifix seems to invite the viewer to feel the pain and suffering of Christ on the cross, rather than to regard the icon as a static and remote depiction of a scriptural event in the past.

Match each architectural term to the image that illustrates it. Note that some terms may not have a match.

A squinch is one of the forms used to place a dome on a square, since the curved niche helps make the transition between the different shapes. This squinch depicts the Annunciation, using the curvature of the niche to show the meeting between Gabriel and Mary. The mosaic of Jesus Christ from the cupola of the Church of the Dormition at Daphni is placed at the center of a vast dome that looms over the central space of the church. This view of the nave of Hagia Eirene shows the bare interior of churches under the influence of iconoclasm. This view of the apse of Hosios Loukas shows the way that space was organized in a Byzantine church, so that the summit of the dome shows Jesus Christ and the apse below him shows the Virgin Mary, who mediates between the worshiper and God above.

Match each context or interpretation to the corresponding artwork.

According to an inscription on these altar vases, the donor dedicated them to a deified military figure and gave them to a Daoist temple. Su Shi expresses feelings of exile in his Poems Written on the Cold Food Festival. Vajrabhairava, the wrathful manifestation of the bodhisattva of wisdom, presides at the center of this mandala, which may be used to facilitate visualization practice.

Which of the following architectural features appear in the Church of St. Andrew at Borgund?

Along the roofline are protective monsters that defend the church from evil. staves: These upright timber posts are unique to the architecture of Scandinavia. The chancel is the space in a church around the altar. The chancel in this church is quite large in proportion to the other spaces. Although somewhat different in form from a more traditional basilica, this church does have a nave and a side aisle on either side. This church does not have the entry foyer known as a narthex.

Ambrogio Lorenzetti painted frescoes in the Sala dei Nove that have secular iconography showing allegories of good and bad government.

Ambrogio Lorenzetti painted frescoes in the Sala dei Nove that have secular iconography showing allegories of good and bad government.

What French Gothic cathedral has the tallest nave, reaching a height of 144 feet?

Amiens Cathedral

The bamboo in Guan Daosheng's Bamboo Groves in Mist and Rain has one meaning: it symbolizes grief.

Bamboo has many meanings. It could conjure the image of a woman painter, or symbolize resilience, or refer to grief. Whether one particular meaning was intended by Guan Daosheng or interpreted by Lady Chuguo (the original recipient) is uncertain. Indeed, the multivalency of the painting may have been what made it resonate.

The kings of Ile-Ife commissioned artworks made of durable materials, like terra-cotta, copper alloys, and stone, that have lasted over seven hundred years. What were these objects used for?

Because the materials were durable and the practices and ceremonies were ongoing, these objects have survived in greater numbers than many other types of objects from early African cultures.

Identify the main characters in the miniature of David composing the psalms from the Paris Psalter.

Bethlehem is depicted as a person, not a place, consistent with the Classical practice of personification. David is shown at the center of the miniature, playing his harp, in an echo of the Classical figure of Orpheus. (I think Lyre means harp) Melody is a Classical personification of an idea or concept. Such personifications were common in Early Byzantine art and were also part of the Classical revival in the Middle Byzantine period.

Match the following Momoyama period (1573-1615) artists to their artworks.

Chōjirō, the patriarch of Raku ware, made this teabowl called Muichibutsu, translatable as "holding nothing." Kanō Naizen of the distinguished Kanō lineage, or school of painters painted this namban byōbu. Namban byōbu are screen paintings with the subject of "southern barbarians," or foreigners (especially Europeans, such as the Portuguese). Tea master Sen no Rikyū is credited with designing the Taian teahouse, which has a style suitable for wabi-cha, a rustic style of tea ceremony he promoted.

T/F: This mosaic of Empress Theodora depicts her and her entourage standing in the apse of the Church of San Vitale.

False: Both the fountain and the niche over the empress's head suggest that she is standing elsewhere in the church. Women were not allowed in the apse of the church, so she would not have been shown standing there in the mosaic.

Place the artworks onto the appropriate city on the map.

Dadu (present-day Beijing) was established by the Mongols as the capital of the Yuan dynasty. Li Song was a court painter of the Southern Song dynasty. Dong Yuan lived and painted during the Southern Tang dynasty (937-975), a regional kingdom with a capital in present-day Nanjing. The artist of this triptych, Fachang Muqi, belonged to one of the five major Chan temples in the Southern Song capital. Guo Xi was a court painter of the Northern Song dynasty, which had its capital in Kaifeng.

What artwork expresses the point of view of a historical woman?

Empress Yang Meizi commissioned this painting from court painter Ma Yuan, and the empress inscribed it with her own poetic couplet. The artwork conveys a coquettish invitation.

Literati painters' preferred medium was ink and colors on silk.

FALSE

T/F: The Insular figure shown here reflects the technical inadequacy of the painter.

FALSE

T/F: The builders of the arched sandstone screen, constructed in front of the prayer chamber of the Qutb Mosque, used a keystone, the typical method for arches in Islamic architecture.

FALSE: Keystone use is typical in Islamic architecture, but the builders of this sandstone screen used corbels. The corbels are the sandstone blocks that extend incrementally to support the structure above.

The central practices for Muslims are called the __________________. They are the profession of faith; praying five times daily toward the Ka'ba in Mecca; giving a percentage of income to charity; fasting from sunrise to sunset during Ramadan; and, if able, performing the pilgrimage to _________ at least once in one's lifetime.

Five Pillars of Islam; Mecca

What advice does the artist Guo Xi give to painters of landscape?

Guo writes: "Go in person to the countryside. . . . To discover the overall layout of rivers and valleys in a real landscape, you look at them from a distance. To discover their individual characteristics, you look at them from nearby." The style of his Early Spring suggests his own keen observation.

Identify the features of the Mausoleum of Isma'il Samani, the earliest surviving Muslim royal tomb, by placing the labels onto the correct areas on the image.

Identical doors on each of the four sides are recessed; that is, they are set slightly behind the boundary of the exterior walls. The Samanid tomb is a tapering cube topped by a central dome. Nested arches rise above identical doors on each of the four sides of Isma'il Samani's mausoleum. The elaborate brickwork gives the building a textured surface, similar to basket weave on this portion of the wall. Each corner of the mausoleum is punctuated by a cupola, a dome-like element, on the roof. The clerestory is a high-up section of the wall with a row of windows.

What painting bears an inscription by Empress Yang?

In Apricot Blossoms, Empress Yang's lines combine with Ma Yuan's painting to personify the flowers, creating a seductive invitation to the emperor to come enjoy the pleasures of the bedchamber with her.

Which of the following works of Carolingian and Ottonian art were influenced by the art of Byzantium?

In addition to its purple parchment, which is similar to parchment used in early Byzantine manuscripts, the Coronation Gospels bear the signature of a priest with the Greek name Demetrius, who may have been the illuminator or the scribe of this work, suggesting that this manuscript might have been made by a Byzantine artist in the Carolingian court. The image of the young Jesus Christ enthroned on his mother's lap was a popular one in Byzantine art and may have influenced this sculpture. Like contemporary Byzantine imagery, this depiction of Jesus Christ on the cross emphasizes the emotional dimension of the scene, as well as his physical suffering.

Place the scriptural scenes onto their correct locations on the doors of St. Michael.

In early medieval art, Eve is often contrasted with the Virgin Mary: one is connected to sin and the other to redemption. The Creation of Eve is important to the program of the bronze doors at Hildesheim because of this contrast. On the doors, the scene of Adam and Eve eating the fruit of the tree of knowledge is opposite the scene of the Crucifixion, the image of redemption. In this scene, God scolds Adam, who points to Eve, who blames the serpent. The position of this panel makes a long diagonal with the Creation of Eve, connecting and contrasting the two women.

This bowl emulating Chinese stoneware with a Kufic inscription dates to the ninth century, in the Abbasid period.

In the center interior of the bowl, the Arabic word for "happiness" is twice inscribed in Kufic script. Note that Arabic is a language that may be written in different scripts.

Emperor Shōmu believed that religious piety could bring Buddha's protection to the nation. Thus, in 743 he commissioned a monumental sculpture of Birushana Buddha, the cosmic Buddha who transcends time and space. In 752, after nearly ten years' work, the icon was consecrated by means of a(n) "eye-opening" ceremony, performed by the Indian monk Bodhisena. This monumental Buddhist icon is housed in the Daibutsu-den.

In the centuries since the consecration, the icon of the Birushana Buddha has largely been destroyed by fire. The present 53-foot-high Birushana Buddha comprises original portions with areas of restoration dating to the thirteenth and seventeenth centuries.

What is remarkable about the columns at the Qutb Mosque complex?

Inscriptions suggest that the spolia are a statement of the Ghurids' military conquest. Note that the columns were manipulated and modified: they were stacked to achieve the necessary height and carved further to remove the noses or eyes of human and animal figures to conform to the Muslim religious context.

Place the mosaics from the Church of San Vitale in Ravenna onto their position on the plan drawing.

Justinian and his entourage appear on the north wall of the sanctuary, on the right side of Jesus Christ who looms above.

Select the features of the Great Mosque at Djenne that are typical of mosque architecture.

Minarets were used to call the faithful to prayer five times a day. Although not all mosques have them, most do. Mosque architecture accommodates worshipers who prostrate themselves on rugs while they pray. The large space of the prayer hall at Djenne is quite typical of mosques in this period.

What statement about the conical structure at Great Zimbabwe is not true?

Near the conical structure is a wall that has bands of dark stone that may evoke a zebra, but they do not appear on the conical structure itself.

Archaeologists believe that these stone walls, which close or narrow the gaps between boulders, were built to enclose sacred spaces where the kings of Great Zimbabwe worshiped God and the ancestors and prayed for rain. Archaeologists deduced this by drawing on present-day Shona religious ideas concerning the environment and deceased leaders.

Not only did Great Zimbabwe shape the identity of the Shona people in the past, but because it gave its name to the modern nation, it continues to do so in the present day. Architectural features of the site and archaeological findings suggest that some of the beliefs and practices associated with Great Zimbabwe in the past also continue to endure today.

Match each description to the corresponding Carolingian or Ottonian work of art. Note that some descriptions may not have matches.

Not only did these gemstones add value to the book cover, but they also were believed to exert protective force over the pages within.

T/F: Smaller cities took the place of the previous great capital cities in Mesoamerica and the Andean region during the period between 600 and 1300.

Only Mesoamerica divided into smaller regional states after the fall of the Teotihuacan metropolis. The Andean region saw the creation of large empires during this period.

Match each term to the image that depicts it. Note that some terms may not have matches.

Originally found in metalwork, this three-part motif was quickly adopted in Christian manuscripts, perhaps because of its trinitarian associations. Interlaced forms are found in Insular from both before and after the return of Christianity to the British Isles in the seventh century. The interlaced creatures in the Lindisfarne Gospels seem to be hybrids with ears, beaks, and four legs. This technique features enamel or gems separated into compartmented designs by flattened strips of wire known as cloisons.

Match each medium to the correct work of art. Note that some media may not have a match.

Painted panel -This work of art is painted in tempera and gilding on a wood panel, like most icons. The dark color of the Virgin's robe contrasts with the shimmering gold background, making both stand out. Fresco, the Italian word for "fresh," denotes paint on fresh plaster. The paint and the damp plaster form a more durable bond than paint on dry plaster, but the technique demands planning and precision, because once dry, the plaster cannot be remoistened. This scene, a mosaic assembled of thousands of tesserae, adorns the interior of a church. This illumination is from a codex of the psalms. The medium allows for rich colors and great detail, so we can see great variation of shading and contour on each figure.

Identify where each object is from by placing the images onto the appropriate region on the map. Note that regions might have multiple matches.

Shell jewelry with complex iconography could be found in several North American cultures during this period, including cultures around the Gulf of Mexico from Florida and the Mississippi Delta to the Mexican state of Veracruz. Naturalistic portraiture that depicted the ruler as an idealized figure was typical of the Maya of Mesoamerica during this period.

Identify the true and false statements about the royal tomb monument from the kingdom of Aksum.

Some of the carvings on the monolith resemble windows and others resemble beams; both of these are thought to relate to construction features of palaces.

Identify the main characters of sacred importance in the Anastasis fresco at the Church of Our Savior in Chora by placing the labels onto the image.

Surrounded by a mandorla, Christ is at the center of the composition. Adam appears on the right side of Jesus Christ, and he leans out of his tomb over all the scattered hardware from the broken doors of Hell that lie on the ground. Bound and secured beneath the doors of Hell, Satan has been vanquished in this image. Bound and secured beneath the doors of hell, Satan has been vanquished in this image.

The Mamluk dynasty was formed by mamluks, or enslaved soldiers, of Central Asian origin. These men had been taken as boys from non-Muslim families, converted to Islam, and trained to be members of elite troops.

TRUE

Identify the key figures in this mandala by placing the labels onto the correct areas on the image.

Ten monks wearing characteristically orange, patchwork shawls are seated in ten of fourteen lotus-petal-shaped niches in the top register of this mandala. The central deity of this mandala is Vajrabhairava, the wrathful manifestation of the bodhisattva of wisdom. Portraits of consorts to Tugh Temür and his brother are positioned at the lower right. The lower corners of religious artwork were common places for portraits of donors. Tugh Temür reigned as Emperor Wenzong. He wears white, while his elder brother wears blue. The lower corners of religious artwork were common places for portraits of donors.

Match each Carolingian or Ottonian artwork to its precedent.

The Column of Bishop Bernward, with its imagery of the Passion of Jesus Christ, was modeled on the Column of Trajan, with its military victory. The purple parchment of the Coronation Gospels recalls earlier manuscripts like the Vienna Genesis, with their imperial associations. Charlemagne quite deliberately modeled the Palatine Chapel in Aachen on San Vitale in Ravenna as he sought to revive the Christian era of the Roman Empire. Bishop Bernward knew the decorated wooden doors of the Church of Santa Sabina in Rome, and he modeled the bronze doors he had cast for the Abbey of St. Michael at Hildesheim on them.

What feature of the gadl (book of the lives of saints) does not support its attribution to an artist working for an imperial court?

The goatskin and other hides, as well as the colorful pigments used to create this manuscript, are typical of the region and are found in works that were not produced in an imperial context.

Match each description to the correct detail from the Great Relief at Mamallapuram. Some images may match with more than one description.

The Pallavas' royal emblem is the lion with one paw raised. This motif emphasizes the message of protective leadership of the Pallava rulers. This cat tricks mice into trusting it by pretending to perform penance. This element adds humor as well as a warning for viewers: beware of false leaders. In the story Arjuna and Shiva argue over a killed boar, but in the Great Relief the boar is shown alive. Without this crucial narrative element, the Great Relief is purposefully multivalent; that is, more than one meaning may coexist. Bhagiratha may be thanking Vishnu for helping to convince Shiva to break Ganga's fall with his matted locks. The cleft in the center of the Great Relief represents Ganga (the Ganges River).

We can use iconography to identify different types of Buddhist sculptures. Match each iconographical feature to the identification it supports. Refer to this image.

The Water-Moon Guanyin sits with his right arm resting on his raised right knee. This pose distinguishes the Water-Moon Guanyin from other manifestations of Guanyin. A tiny figure of a seated Amitabha Buddha in the crown distinguishes the bodhisattva Guanyin from other bodhisattvas. The presence of jewelry—including crowns, bracelets, and necklaces—differentiates a bodhisattva from a buddha.

Match each iconographic element to the corresponding work of Middle Byzantine art.

The archangel Gabriel greets Mary in this scene of the Annunciation that capitalizes on the curved space of the squinch to bridge the distance between the two figures. In this fresco painting, the Virgin Mary mourns her dead son in a landscape, while angels weep for him in the heavens. As is frequently the case in Byzantine art, Jesus Christ is shown naked in the Jordan River, attended by angels and baptized by the apostle John. This miniature of David composing the psalms connects the scriptural king with the Classical tradition of the musician Orpheus.

Match each Northern Song artist to his artwork.

The artist Fan Kuan painted this monumental landscape, Travelers among Streams and Mountains around the year 1000. It predates European landscape paintings by centuries. The court artist Guo Xi painted Early Spring in 1072. Guo is also the author of a treatise on landscape, The Lofty Appeal of Forests and Streams. Court artist Zhang Zeduan painted Peace Reigns along the River, which is an example of ruled-line painting, or jiehua. The scholar-official Su Shi wrote Poems Written on the Cold Food Festival in 1082 during a time when he was banished from court. Emperor Huizong is credited with Five-Colored Parakeet on Blossoming Apricot Tree, which combines the arts of poetry, calligraphy, and painting into a single artwork. This combination is known as the "three perfections."Match each Northern Song artist to his artwork.

Fill in the blanks to complete the passage about the Katholikon at Hosios Loukas.

The building, which lacks a longitudinal plan and ambulatory, is not particularly well suited for large public processions. Instead, it functions as an intimate gathering place, evoking communion with the saints. As the art historian Otto Demus argues, the church serves as "a(n) icon in space." Within the edifice, the space of the worshiper is joined with the pictorial space in which holy figures exist.

Besides the name of the calligrapher, Ibn al-Bawwab, what additional information about this Qur'an is given by the colophon page?

The colophon pages records a date of 391 AH (equivalent to 1000-1001 CE). Additionally, it records the place of creation, Baghdad.

What artwork does not contain an image of the Maya ruler?

The conventionalized faces and the bodies that are formed like pillars are evidence that this is not a Maya portrait. Ruler portraits in the Late Classic Maya period were naturalistic portrayals, even if the ruler was depicted as an idealized figure.

Identify the architectural features of Hagia Sophia by placing the labels onto the image.

The dome is supported by pendentives, which make the transition from circle to square, so that the dome is supported by the piers of the church, rather than on a cylinder. The apse was the ritual focus of the church, where the altar was placed. The half domes add to the grandeur of the church, elongating the central plan into a more basilican form. The narthex is the porch at the entrance to the church. The aisles were the spaces from which men witnessed the procession and the Mass.

Which of the following materials were used to make the Blue Qur'an?

The entire text was written in gold ink, making this Qur'an especially luxurious. Indigo dye gives the Qur'an pages their dark-blue color. The circle at the lower right was made with silver (now tarnished). It marks the start of a new chapter. Parchment is a writing surface prepared from the skin of certain animals. The skin is treated, stretched, and polished.

Identify the elements of the Barberini carving by placing the labels onto the correct areas on the image.

The figure on the ivory carved in the highest relief, Justinian is shown triumphant on horseback, holding a battle standard to indicate his victory over his enemies. This female figure is a Classical personification of the earth, a reminder of the continuities between the Byzantine and Classical traditions. Jesus raises his hand in blessing, approving the actions of Justinian below him. These figures are shown bringing tribute to indicate their subordinate position to the Byzantine emperor. This Nike figure is a symbol of victory.

The Council argued that efforts to localize the divine in art address only the visible materiality of creatures and fail to recognize the spiritual presence of the sacred and the irreducible omnipresence of God.

The iconoclastic Council of 754 believed that images were an imperfect means of accessing the divine, because they could depict only one aspect of God rather than God's entire spiritual character. The Council argued that the differences between the mortal and the immortal prevented humans from being able to capture and represent something that was boundless and immaterial.

Identify the elements of this gold-alloy pendant by placing the labels onto the correct areas on the image.

The lower register of this ceremonial cup (kero) exhibits floral patterns, as in the drooping flower seen here.

Identify the parts of Himeji Castle by placing the labels onto the correct areas on the image.

The main keep is the main tower, the most secure and defensible structure of Himeji Castle. In this photograph, the main keep is the tallest tower (on the right). In castle architecture, baileys are high-walled courtyards that expose attackers. The main bailey of Himeji Castle is just south of the main keep. The fortified corridor of masonry rises steeply from the inner moat. The inner moat of Himeji Castle wraps around several baileys, the fortified corridor, numerous towers, and the keeps, thereby protecting the castle's occupants. The approach to the front gate of Himeji Castle requires crossing the inner moat. If attackers cross the front gate, then they will find themselves highly exposed in the third bailey.

Match each description to the corresponding bowl.

The main motif in the ornamentation of this bowl is a seated man. Birds and fish are arranged around the man, and they echo the round shape of the bowl. A blend of metal oxides, clay, and a gum agent was used to create an iridescent luster finish, mimicking the look of gold or silver.

WHat's design of the minaret based on?

The minaret of the Great Mosque of Qayrawan has a square design based on a nearby Roman lighthouse. The Mosque of Qayrawan in Tunisia has a generous courtyard. This mosque was built by the Aghlabids, a local dynasty at the behest of the Abbasids.

Identify the features of the Complex of Sultan Hasan by placing the labels onto the correct locations on the plan.

The minbar is the stepped pulpit shown in the right half of this photograph. The sermon at Friday noon is delivered from the minbar.

Generally speaking, aniconism is a feature of Islamic art. Which of the following artworks is strictly aniconic?

The mosaics in the Great Mosque of Damascus feature buildings, but no human figures or animals appear. This stucco sculpture portrays an Umayyad prince. It is not aniconic, but its context is a secular space.

Identify the features in the Karatay Madrasa interior by placing the labels onto the correct areas on the image.

The pendentives (the curved triangular areas that connect the dome to its supporting wall or pier) are decorated with what seems to be a geometric pattern but is in fact Kufic script, giving the names of Muhammad, the first four caliphs, and the prophets David, Jesus, and Moses. The narrow band at the base of the dome has a frieze of Qur'anic inscriptions.

Muhammad's house in Medina sets the model for mosques. According to that model, which of the following features are the necessary architectural components for the crucial liturgical practice of prayer as practiced by Muslims?

The qibla wall is the visual indicator that tells Muslims where to face in prayer. A stepped pulpit, the minbar, is usually placed directly next to the mihrab on the qibla wall (as it is in the Great Mosque of Qayrawan). A Friday sermon may be given from the minbar, but a mosque need not have a minbar.

Identify the parts of the Kandariya Temple by placing the labels onto the image.

The slightly curved tower, or shikhara, rises directly above the sanctum; together, the two act as an axis connecting the earth and heavens. The garbhagriha is a Hindu temple's innermost sanctum; it is a small, dark space where the main icon of a deity is housed. The amalaka is a stone disk shaped like an amala (a lobed fruit said to have purifying medicinal powers), which sits atop the shikhara of a north Indian Hindu temple. Several porches and halls are aligned and located before the sanctum. A high platform elevates the Kandariya Temple, architecturally emphasizing this sacred structure. The icon of the deity is housed in the garbhagriha. There, the worshiper may receive darshan.

Match the period or attitude related to iconoclasm to each work of art or architecture.

The sparse, undecorated interior of Hagia Eirene demonstrates the kind of sacred art that was acceptable to iconoclasts: only a simple cross, with no human figures, was permitted. This work of art was made for St. Catherine's Monastery on Mount Sinai. Because of the monastery's remote location, this icon survived the destruction of images that characterized iconoclasm in the Byzantine world.

Identify the following parts of the Great Mosque of Damascus by placing the labels onto the image.

The three minarets of the Great Mosque of Damascus were not original to the structure. Minarets did not appear on mosques until the ninth century. Porticoes, projecting into the courtyard and supported by columns, provide shelter around the courtyard. Muslims use ablutions fountains to wash ritually before prayer. The courtyard provides an open space for communal prayer. At the Great Mosque of Damascus, the qibla wall, which features the mihrab, is further indicated by the gabled roof with dome. This prayer chamber takes the form of a substantial hypostyle hall, which is a large room with rows of columns or pillars supporting the roof.

Identify the features of this brass figure of an Oni that indicate the power and status of the king.

These beads were once painted red that were a privilege of royalty.

Identify the features of the Great Mosque at Djenne as relating to either the Great Mosque at Qayrawan in Tunisia or local Mande beliefs.

This area, where the faithful could gather before entering the prayer hall, was found in many mosques, including the one at Qayrawan. These towers are found at Qayrawan and also in mosques elsewhere in the Sahara region and the Sahel. The hall where worship took place is a feature of this structure that seems to have been based on the model of the Great Mosque at Qayrawan in Tunisia. Mande beliefs about ostrich eggs are tied to ideas about life and regeneration that were later tied to Muslim teachings about blessings.

Scholar-officials who worked in the government forged an alternate set of aesthetic values in their artwork. Su Shi, who is the calligrapher of this artwork, rejected the elegance of Wang Xizhi's style for awkwardness, which was interpreted as authentic and spontaneous. When adapted to painting, this new aesthetic viewpoint embraced by literati rejected technical refinement as merely imitative of nature. Instead, they preferred abstraction and expressiveness, which conveyed individuality.

This calligraphy, Poems Written on the Cold Food Festival, is by scholar-official Su Shi. His views on calligraphy as an expressive art are the basis for an alternative approach to painting. He criticized artists whose primary concern was "form-likeness," or fidelity to physical appearances. Instead, Su promoted painting as a medium closer to poetry and calligraphy, which aimed to express the artist's thoughts and feelings.

Match each name or term to the corresponding artwork created under the Mamluks.

This glass lamp, ornamented with enamel and gold, was made around 1360. The mihrab is the vaulted niche shown in the left half of this photograph. The mihrab indicates the direction of Mecca. This brass basin, ornamented with gold, silver, and niello, was made around 1320-40. This photograph pictures an interior detail of the mosque in the Complex of Sultan Hasan, built in 1356-62. Muhammad ibn al-Zayn made this brass basin, which proudly bears his name six times. This glass lamp was specially made for the Complex of Sultan Hasan in Cairo, Egypt. It is one of fifty that survive. The minbar is the stepped pulpit shown in the right half of this photograph. The sermon at Friday noon bar is delivered from the minbar.

Influenced by the Great Mosque at Qayrawan far to the north in Tunisia, the minaret of this congregational mosque has a similar square base. The Chinguetti minaret is topped not by a dome, however, but by horn-like projections, and on each is a piece of iron that supports a(n) ostrich egg. Mande beliefs tie these durable eggs to ideas about life and regeneration—beliefs that can be easily meshed with Muslim teachings about blessings known as baraka.

This passage articulates the range of influences that shaped the Great Mosque at Chinguetti. Although mosque architecture tends to be highly conventionalized, it was adapted to the needs and beliefs of the local populations.

Which of the following objects were included as burial offerings for the honored dead?

This seed jar would have been kept in an apartment. The Ancestral Puebloans lived in what is now the southwestern United States during the period from 600 to 1300.

Identify the features of the miniature of St. Matthew from the Lindisfarne Gospels by placing the labels onto the correct areas on the image.

This winged figure is the symbol of Matthew. He exemplifies the humanity of Jesus Christ described in the Gospel of Matthew, which begins with the human genealogy of Jesse, King David's father, traced all the way through to Joseph, the Virgin Mary, and Jesus himself.

Islam is an Abrahamic faith, meaning that it—like Judaism and Christianity—recognizes Abraham, the father of the Jewish people, as the first monotheist.

True

Identify the following artworks and descriptions as pertaining to either Zhao Mengfu or Guan Daosheng.

Zhao Mengfu painted The Mind Landscape of Xie Youyu. Guan Daosheng was talented in poetry, calligraphy, and painting. Guan Daosheng painted Bamboo Groves in Mist and Rain. The style of The Mind Landscape of Xie Youyu is archaistic in its dominant blue-green colors, which recall scenes of Buddhist paradises prominent in the Tang dynasty (618-960), and the fancifully shaped trees and discrete spaces between them, which echo artworks of an even earlier period, the Six Dynasties. Given his family background, Zhao may have been expected to take a loyalist stance, but instead he agreed to serve in the Yuan government.

Match each medium or time period to the corresponding Buddhist artwork.

ink and color on silk - The monk-artist Fachang Muqi painted with ink and colors on silk to make this triptych, White-Robed Guanyin, Gibbons, and Crane. wood with traces of pigment - The The Bodhisattva Guanyin (Avalokiteshvara) in Water-Moon Form was made of willow wood and painted. The Mandala of Vajrabhairava is a silk tapestry. The Liao dynasty (907-1125) was founded by the Khitan, semi-nomadic peoples from northeast Asia. During their time in power, the Liao were active patrons of Buddhism, sponsoring the construction of temples and the making of icons such as the Bodhisattva Guanyin (Avalokiteshvara) in Water-Moon Form. The painter of this triptych, Fachang Muqi, belonged to one of the five major Chan temples located in the Southern Song capital. These temples not only supported religious practice but also nourished intellectual exchange with scholar-officials and with monks from regions outside the Southern Song borders, including Japan. The bottom corners of this mandala feature donor portraits. At the left are the Yuan emperor Tugh Temür (known as Wenzong, ruled 1328-1332) wearing a white robe and his elder brother wearing blue; their consorts appear in the opposite corner. The imagery of the mandala attests to Mongol patronage of Buddhism and, more generally, to the close relationship between politics and religion during the Yuan dynasty.

What innovation allowed Gothic churches to have greater height in the nave than Romanesque churches were able to achieve?

pointed arch

Define calligraphy

the art of emotive or decorative hand lettering or handwriting, is an apt art form for sacred texts.