aj

The police use this to decide whether to fully enforce the law in a given situation.

Discretion

Police legitimacy has been a national issue for the last 1000 years.

False

Most law enforcement authority lies at the _______ level.

local

The four sources of law are Constitutions, Statutes, Case Law and ____________ __________.

Administrative Rules

The Pennsylvania and Auburn systems emphasized vigorous social interaction.

False

The criminal law has developed steadily throughout history, without social or political influence.

False

Inmates' lawyers used these two amendments to convince the courts to reconsider their stance toward prisons.

Eighth and Fourteenth.

Evidence that the police acquire by illegal seizures may be presented in court, according to the Fourth Amendment.

False

Prison reform began in the 1930s.

False

The phrase "double marginality" refers to the double-standard found in many police departments that allows police officer candidates who are both women and minorities, to earn extra points on entry level Civil Service examinations.

False

Tort law is a form of criminal law.

False

Violent crime is usually random, lacks clear patterns, and it almost always doesn't have a clear purpose.

False

Which amendment protects citizens from illegal searches and seizures?

Fourth Amendment.

Inmates may be granted this for behaving in prison, which can significantly reduce their sentences.

Good time.

The multiple goals of the criminal justice system include

Incapacitation, retribution, and rehabilitation.

Which of the following is NOT a goal of the criminal justice system?

Incarceration

These types of crimes seek to deter people from planning and attempting to break the law.

Inchoate offenses

This form of punishment sent inmates from their home countries and provided new lands and colonies with labor.

Transportation

August Vollmer's police reform movement focused on six issues, one of which was that policing should be free of political influence.

True

Cesare Beccaria and Jeremy Bentham developed revolutionary ideas about the causes of crime and criminal behavior.

True

Crime is measured in four major ways: The Uniform Crime Reports (UCR), the National Incident-based Reporting System (NIBRS), victimization surveys, and self-report studies.

True

Discrimination that is prohibited in society may sometimes be permitted in prisons.

True

Integrated theories of crime recognize that traditional biological, psychological, and sociological theories are of limited use in explaining why crime occurs.

True

Offenders may be diverted to alternative programs at a number of points in the criminal justice system.

True

Police patrol has three primary goals: to deter crime, enhance feelings of public safety & make officers available for service.

True

Sources of errors in the UCR can be either unintentional or intentional

True

To ensure adequate supervision, dangerous probationers may be placed _____.

On intensive supervision probation.

Deprivation of liberty and deprivation of security are two _____.

Pains of imprisonment.

Which theory seeks not to explain why people break the law, but instead explores what keeps most people from breaking the law?

Social Control Theory

Courts are generally bound by the decisions of previous courts by the doctrine of precedent, also called _______ _________ the doctrine under which courts adhere to legal precedent.

Stare decisis

The Chicago School are criminological theories that rely, in part, on individuals' demographics and geographic location to explain criminal behavior.

True

The Magna Carta limited the king's power and provided for the rights of citizens. It influenced many modern legal and constitutional principles.

True

The actual crime rate does not always accurately reflect the public's perception of the crime rate.

True

The idea of incarceration as the only punishment for convicted offenders is relatively recent.

True

The institution of the police is fairly recent.

True

The law not only defines socially unacceptable behaviors, but also regulates how behavior is punished.

True

The occupational culture of the police fosters certain personality characteristics in officers.

True

There are more offenders on probation than in prison or on parole.

True

There is a gap between the public's fear of crime and the actual threat of crime.

True

Society has two broad ways of controlling crime: _____________and ______________.

formal crime control and informal crime control

The earliest explanations for deviant behavior attributed crime to ________ _______.

supernatural forces

The primary institution of socialization in society is _____________.

the family

Common law is based on this doctrine.

Precedent

This is a special language used by prison inmates.

Argot

The first 10 amendments to the Constitution are called the ___________.

Bill of Rights

Sociologists use this term to explain how the actions of an individual are transmitted into group actions.

Collective behavior

______ ______ is based on the doctrine of precedent. The idea that similar cases should be treated in a similar manner.

Common law/Case law

__________ policing and ____________ policing are influenced by broken-windows theory.

Community; problem-oriented

This penal system allowed inmates to eat and work together but prohibited speaking and face-to-face contact.

Congregate-and-silent system.

Which theory argues that all relationships exhibit a power differential, and a balance between the amount of control one has and the amount that one is controlled that determines how or whether he or she will break the law?

Control Balance Theory

The most serious penalties are reserved for these offense

Crimes against persons

A case between an individual and the government in this type of law.

Criminal

This theory observes that people of color are over-represented at every decision point of the criminal justice system.

Critical Race Theory

Sir Walter Crofton invented this system in which inmates received conditional release and were supervised by local police.

Ticket-of-leave system.

These three activities define the probation officer's job.

Investigation; supervision; service.

Diversion programs are based on this theory.

Labeling theory.

The probation officer investigates the offender's _____.

Legal history and social history.

English policing contributed these three features to US policing:

Limited police authority, local control & a fragmented system

Inmates could earn release, as well as privileges, goods, and services, with this system.

Marks-of-commendation system.

Which of the following is what we know with substantial confidence about police use of force?

Police use force infrequently

These have replaced many of the classic prison argot roles identified by Sykes.

Prison gangs.

These are two of the obstacles that inmates face when returning to society.

Prisonization and stigmatization.

A probation officer who suspects criminal activity does not need this Fourth Amendment provision to search a probationer's residence, car, or person.

Probable cause.

This system isolated inmates so that they would not contaminate one another with antisocial thoughts.

Separate-and-silent system.

This punishment sentenced an offender to death and reprieved him or her at the last moment before execution

Shock death.

This was the first successful bill to create a permanent, public police force.

The Metropolitan Police Act.

The major source of nationwide crime data is the ___________.

Uniform Crime Report

The most extensive and useful measure of crime available. This program collects data on about 98% of the US population.

Uniform Crime Report (UCR

An action taken by a person or a group of people that violates the rules of a society to the point that someone is harmed or the interests of that society are harmed is typically a ___________________.

crime

Offenses that occur but are not reported are called the _______ _________ of crime.

dark figure

The positivist school of criminology was a natural outgrowth of the rise of the _________ __________.

scientific method

The rules, habits, and customs a society uses to enforce conformity to its norms are methods of __________ ___________.

social control

Because crime is __________ __________, what is considered an offense at one place and time may be considered normal or even heroic behavior in another context.

socially defined

One early method to determine guilt or innocence was _____ ______ ________.

trial by ordeal