alabama driving things

STOPPING

A complete stop is required for the following: • At a STOP sign. When a stop sign is placed at the entrance to any street or highway, you must bring your vehicle to a complete stop. A vehicle approaching a STOP sign must stop at the marked stop line. If no stop line is marked, the vehicle must stop before entering the crosswalk on the near side of the intersection. If there is no crosswalk, the vehicle must stop before entering the crossing street at the point nearest the intersection where the driver has a clear view of approaching traffic. Proceed cautiously. You may have to stop a second time if your view was blocked at the first stop and there is conflicting traffic. • When coming from an alley, private driveway, or building within a business or residence district. Always stop before crossing the sidewalk or crosswalk area. • When a school patrol member is displaying an official flag in a STOP position. • At an intersection or crosswalk when traffic signal shows a red light or stop signal. Wait until the signal changes to green and the way is clear before proceeding. You may make a right turn after stopping for a red light if you are in the proper lane for such turn. You may make a left turn after stopping if you are driving on a one-way street and the street you turn left onto is a one-way street with traffic moving from right to left. In the case of both right and left turns after stopping for a red light, you must yield to other traffic and pedestrians lawfully proceeding through the intersection. Such turns cannot be made against a red light if a sign has been posted prohibiting such turn. If the traffic light is 6 0 C h a p t e r 6 / T r a f f i c L aw s Coming from either direction you must stop when you see these signals displayed. stop at least 20 feet from the bus. flashing amber lights are a pre-warning that the bus is preparing to stop to load or unload children. In rural areas, the light are used at least 300 feet before stopping and in municipalities at least 100 ft. Flashing red lights and extended stop area means that the bus is stopped to either load or unload school children. STOP STOP Hazard warning lights inoperative, treat the intersection as you would a four-way stop. • At railroad crossing where STOP signs are posted. • At a flashing red signal. This means the same as a STOP sign. • When directed by a flagman or any traffic control device at railroad crossings. • At bridges opening for water navigation. • When ordered to stop by a flagman at a construction site, or at any time when directed by a police officer. • After being involved in an accident, proceed only after complying with procedure defined by law. • When an emergency vehicle is coming toward you or approaches from behind, displaying flashing red or blue lights and activating a siren, you must pull over to the curb or side of the road and come to a complete stop. • At a yield sign if there are pedestrians or vehicles crossing the intersecting street or highway. • When you are following or meeting a school bus or church bus stopped on the road while the stop signal arm is extended and displaying flashing red lights. Remain stopped until the stop signal is retracted and red lights are turned off. You should also stop when meeting or following a school or church bus which is stopped on a four to six lane undivided highway. A stop is not required on a divided highway having four or more lanes which permits at least two lanes of traffic to travel in opposite directions when meeting a school or church bus which is stopped in the opposing roadway or if the school or church bus is stopped in a loading zone which is a part of or adjacent to such highway and where pedestrians are not permitted to cross the roadway.

signs ,signals and road markings

A thorough knowledge of traffic signs, signals and road markings is a must for all drivers. You must know them well enough to recognize them immediately and, in the case of regulatory signs, obey them without hesitation. Road signing has taken on a new look with greater use of symbols and pictures. These have the advantage of quicker recognition at higher speeds and at greater distances. In addition to becoming familiar with individual signs, it is important for the driver to recognize the shapes and colors of signs, because both are coded to the sign's type of message

SKIDDING

A vehicle skids when its tires lose their grip on the roadway. When your car begins to skid, the engine loses its pulling effect and the brakes lose their effectiveness. The steering wheel also seems to be ineffective. Since braking will only increase the velocity of the skid and cause the loss of steering control when the front wheels lock, do not apply pressure on the brake until you regain control of your forward direction. Then carefully apply the brakes if necessary. With any vehicle skid, the main idea is to keep the rear end from outrunning the front. So to overcome a skid, you must either slow the rear wheels somewhat or speed the front wheels. With a conventional rear-wheel drive vehicle, when you ease off the gas, the engine acts as a brake to slow the rear wheels slightly. This slows the rear-end slide and gives time for the front end to catch up and, combined with steering, will get the vehicle going straight again. To achievethesameeffect WITH FRONT-WHEEL DRIVE VEHICLES, you have to make the engine pull harder on the front wheels. STEPPING LIGHTLY ON THE GAS WILL INCREASE FRONT WHEEL SPEED, so the front end can catch up with the sliding rear end and straighten out the skid. In some situations there may not be enough room to step on the gas. The next best action is to disengage the transmission, either by jamming in the clutch with standard transmission vehicles or shifting into neutral with automatic transmission, and steer in the direction the rear of the vehicle is skidding. CAUTION: Many safety experts hesitate to recommend shifting into neutral because, in a panic of skidding, drivers may take their attention off the road or accidentally shift past neutral into reverse, and either reaction is potentially disastrous.

THE DRIVER

Accident records show that over 90 percent of the highway crashes are caused by driver error, lack of knowledge, inattention, physical or mental condition, improper attitude or faulty judgment. Any professional driver will tell you that it takes much more than basic skills to make a good driver. After learning and mastering the basics, a driver must continue to study the fine points of good driving and those physical and mental conditions that affect driving.

WINDSHIELD WIPERS/HEADLIGHTS

Alabama law requires that headlights be turned on when the windshield wipers of the vehicle are in use because of rain, sleet, or snow. Intermittent use of windshield wipers does not require headlight usage.

TEXTING WHILE DRIVING

Alabama's new law prohibits using a wireless device to write, send or read a text message, instant message or e-mail while operating a motor vehicle. The fine for violating the law is $25 for a first-time offense, $50 for a second offense and $75 for a third or subsequent offense. Also, for each offense, a two-point violation will be placed on the offender driving record.

ALABAMA'S SAFETY BELT AND CHILD RESTRAINT LAWS

Alabama's safety belt law requires that all front-seat occupants, regardless of age, be restrained. Alabama's child restraint law requires that children through age 15 must be restrained when riding in motor vehicles in Alabama. The law applies to occupants of front and back seats of passenger cars, pickup trucks, vans (with seating capacity of 10 or fewer), minivans and sport utility vehicles. Violators will have points assessed against their driver record, in addition to incurring a fine of $25. The law requires the following size appropriate restraint systems: Infant-only seat or convertible seat used in the rear-facing position until an infant is at least 1 year of age or 20 pounds. Convertible seat in the forward position or forward-facing seat until a child is at least 5 years of age or 40 pounds. Booster seat until a child is 6 years of age. Seat belt until a child is 15 years of age. WEARING SEAT BELTS IS THE MOST EFFECTIVE WAY TO REDUCE HEALTH AND SERIOUS INJURIES IN TRAFFIC CRASHES see picture

REPORT ALL TRAFFIC MISHAPS

Any injury of fatal crash must, by the quickest means of communication, be reported to the local police if it occurs within a municipality or to the State Troopers if it happens on a state highway. In case of injury, a fatality, or if damage to any vehicle or property in the crash amount to $500 or more, a written (Form SR-31) must be sent within 30 days, by the driver involved if the "at fault'' party was not insured at time of mishap. (If both parties were insured at time of accident then neither has to submit the SR-31 form). All correspondence should be mailed to: Alabama Law Enforcement Agency, Safety Responsibility Unit, P.O. Box 1471, Montgomery, AL 36102-1471. SR-31 Forms are available at local law enforcement agencies, state trooper post, driver license services or on line.

IMPLIED CONSENT LAW

Any person who operates a motor vehicle upon the public highways of this state shall be deemed to have given his consent to a chemical test or tests of his blood, breath, or urine to determine blood alcohol content. A driver under arrest for Driving Under the Influence, who refuses to submit to chemical breath tests when directed by an officer, shall have his driver license suspended. There are several things you should remember about alcohol: • Alcohol isa depressant, notastimulant. It slows normal reflexes, interferes with judgment, reduces alertness, and impairs observation. If some people feel stimulated after drinking, it is simply that their inhibitions are lowered, causing loss of caution and self-control. • It doesn't matter whether you are drinking beer, wine, or whiskey - it's the amount of alcohol which enters the blood that counts. • Alcohol can affect you differently at different times. A small amount will affect you more on an empty stomach than it usually would if you have food in your stomach. • While alcohol is absorbed rapidly into the system, it takes its time about leaving the body and the brain. Black coffee, food, or a cold shower might wake you, but they will not sober you. Once alcohol is in the blood stream, it must be broken down by theliverand oxidized; that is, turned into water and carbon dioxide and eliminated from the body through the kidneys and lungs. This process takes time.

PARKING

Any vehicle left standing along a rural highway for any reason must be moved off the paved or main traveled portion of the roadway. If the vehicle cannot be moved, you must take lighting and marking precautions to eliminate danger to other traffic.

NIGHT DRIVING

Approximately half the fatal motor vehicle crashes in Alabama occur during the hours of darkness. Several factors contribute to this despite the fact that traffic volume is light during this period. Vision: Most of the contributing factors in night-time crashes are directly or indirectly involved with vision. Over driving headlights is a common and dangerous practice. You should never drive so fast that you cannot stop within the distance you can see ahead with your lights. Headlights on high beam normally illuminate the roadway about 350 feet UNDER NORMAL CONDITIONS. Dimming headlights when meeting or following is required by law, as well as being a sensible driving practice. You must dim your headlights when within 500 feet of an oncoming vehicle and within 200 feet when following another vehicle. If you do not depress your headlights, you could cause the other driver to crash; and if it's an oncoming vehicle, the driver could crash into YOU. In most instances, if you depress your headlights, the oncoming driver will do likewise. If, after you depress yours, and the other driver fails to do so, keep yours depressed anyway. You prove nothing if you blind the approaching driver with your high beam because you are endangering yourself. Keep your lighting equipment clean and in good operating condition. In addition to insuring that all lights are operating properly, keep the lenses clean. Keep all glass on your vehicle free of defects and clean, including free of frost and steam. According to state law, headlights (not parking lights only) must be turned on from a half-hour after sunset to a half-hour before sunrise and during other periods of limited visibility when you cannot see clearly for at least 500 feet. As a general rule, if you are in doubt as to when lights are needed, turn them on low beam. In addition to improving your own vision, it helps others to see you. It is difficult to see at night. Watch carefully for highway signs, pedestrians, bicycles, slow-moving vehicles and animals on the road. For night driving, maps should be studied carefully in advance. If you have a companion, he or she can serve as a second pair of eyes for you. Have your "assistant driver" watch for signs and unexpected hazards. Eye fatigue is common in night driving. This can be relieved by keeping your eyes moving from the road to the sides— from near to far ahead, etc. Glare: Glare can seriously impair vision, many times to the point of causing temporary blindness. The most common glare encountered at night is that of oncoming headlights or the reflection of following lights in your rear view mirror. Glare from oncoming lights can be reduced by directing your vision AWAY from them. This is done by looking to the right-hand edge of the pavement and concentrating on the white striped line. For glare from the rear, use a day-night mirror or adjust your mirror to cut out most of the strong light from the rear. Emergencies: Emergencies are always worse at night than during the day. Traffic is lighter, your choices of action are limited, and danger is greater. Here are some "do's and don'ts" for night road emergencies: Pull well off the highway or on the shoulder. Activate four-way flashers and raise hood. Stay with the car, if possible, until help comes. If you MUST become a pedestrian, carry a light and walk on the left edge of the road or shoulder FACING the traffic. If you have flares or reflectors, place them from 100 to 500 feet to the rear of your vehicle on the right hand edge of the highway to warn other traffic. Speed: Excessive speed is more dangerous at night because of limited visibility. You can see only as far as your headlights carry, and at high speeds this does not give you sufficient stopping distance. Highways are posted for speed limits. Obey these limits, even if you know the road and feel that you can drive faster. These limits are imposed for many reasons, but principally to protect you from the unexpected. A deer leaps out in front of you or you come upon an accident before authorities arrive. Weather conditions may have damaged the road or a bridge. If you should doze or suffer some type of sudden attack, your chances of surviving are many times improved at lower speeds.

DRIVING IN FOG, SNOW and more

Avoid driving in fog or a snowstorm unless it's absolutely necessary. When visibility is limited, speed must be reduced and you must be ready to stop within the limits of your vision. Keep headlights on low beam to reduce the glaring reflection of your lights on the thick fog blanket or blinding snow. If it is impossible to see or you become weary of straining your eyes to see with such poor visibility, pull completely off the road, leave lights on and park. Wait until visibility improves. DRIVING IN HILLY COUNTRY Use extra caution when driving on narrow, hilly roads or where thick brush and wooded areas frequently block your view. There are many blind pockets within hilly areas and you may not realize another car is on the same road until it's within a few feet of you. Don't hesitate to use your horn, as you round hazardous curves to let the other drivers know they aren't alone on the narrow road. The law also forbids you to coast downhill with the transmission in neutral. CARBON MONOXIDE Carbon monoxide poisoning is much more likely to occur during wintertime driving when you are more apt to drive with all the windows closed and to warm the engine before using the car. Carbon monoxide fumes are odorless and deadly. Symptoms of carbon monoxide poisoning are sudden weariness, yawning, dizziness and nausea. The only cure is to go to an adequate supply of fresh air. Simple precautions to avoid carbon monoxide poisoning are: • Have the exhaust system checked regularly to be sure it does not leak. • Do not idle the motor or drive with all the windows closed tightly. • Do not warm up the motor while the vehicle is in a closed garage.

the death zone

CAUTION: The majority of children injured or killed in pupil transportation are not injured or killed on the bus, but outside the bus. Most are struck by motorists who fail to stop for the flashing red lights and extended stop signs. Thisareaaround thestopped school bus is referred to as the"DEATH ZONE.

CONCENTRATION

Concentration is one of the most important elements of safe driving. The driver's seat is no place for daydreaming, mental napping, window shopping, scenic viewing, or distracting conversation. Lack of concentration can dull a person's powers of observation and cause an accident that could have been avoided. Driving an automobile is a full-time job. There have been too many crashes, aer which the driver who survived said, "I don't know what happened."

entering the car

Develop a routine for entering and leaving your car. Adjust the seat, mirrors, and check passengers to be sure they are properly seated and do not interfere with your driving. Before switching on the ignition, buckle your safety belt and see that all passengers do likewise. If you are driving a hand-shift vehicle equipped with a manual transmission, push in the clutch before turning the ignition key. If you have an automatic transmission, be sure the indicator is in park or neutral and depress the brake pedal as you turn the key

how to observe traffic

During the test, you should turn your head when you observe traffic and look over your right shoulder while backing to indicate to the examiner you are aware of conditions around you.

ENTERING THE FREEWAY and interchanges

Entrance ramps are provided for entering freeways. These are short, one-way ramps that permit safe and easy entry. The entrance ramp will take you to a special acceleration lane. As you approach and enter the acceleration lane, increase speed to match that of vehicles in the through lanes, if possible. Watch for an opening, activate your turn signal, and merge smoothly with the other traffic. Drivers on the freeway should allow room for those entering, but you must yield to them if they do not. DO NOT come to a full stop in the acceleration lane unless absolutely necessary When a YIELD sign is in place at an entrance ramp with no acceleration lane, entering traffic must obey the YIELD sign and stop if necessary rather than force their way into the traffic stream. INTERCHANGES The intersection of two highways at different levels (over and under) with separate connecting roads for the transfer of traffic from one highway to the other is called an interchange. This design feature enables vehicles to cross, enter, or leave either highway without interfering with other vehicles. Four of the most common types of interchanges are called "directional," "cloverleaf," "diamond," and "trumpet" see picture

SAFETY TIPS FOR MOTORISTS

Expect a train on any track at anytime. Be cautious both day and night. • Never get trapped on a crossing. When traffic is heavy, wait until you are sure you can clear the crossing before proceeding. • Watch out for the second train. When the last car of the train passes, do not proceed until you are sure no train is coming on another track, especially from the other direction. • Never drive around gates. If the gates are down, stay in place and do not cross the tracks until they are raised. It is against the law to go around gates. • Never race a train to the crossing. Even if you try-you lose. • Nevershift gears onthecrossing.If your vehiclehasamanualtransmission, shift down and do not change gears while crossing the tracks. • Watch for vehicles that must stop at crossings. Be prepared to stop when you are following buses or trucks that are required to stop. • Alabama ranks #13 in the nation for highway-railroad crossing fatalities. • A motorist is 40 times more likely to die in a crash involving a train. • More people in the United States die each year in highway-railroad crossing crashes than in all aviation crashes combined. • Nearly 50% of vehicle/train collisions occur at crossings with active warning devices. • Walking or playing on railroad tracks, trestles, yards and equipment is illegal. The penalty may be death. • Cross tracks only at designated crossings. • If your vehicle stalls on a crossing, get everyone out of the vehicle immediately and away from the tracks. Call your local law enforcement agency for assistance. • Be aware that trains cannot stop quickly. A freight train travelling at 55 mph takes a mile or more to stop. That's the length of 18 football fields. • ALWAYS EXPECT A TRAIN.

FOLLOWING EMERGENCY VEHICLES

FOLLOWING EMERGENCY VEHICLES Only vehicles on necessary official business are permitted to follow within 500 feet of emergency vehicles on an emergency run. Don't drive over an unprotected fire hose unless authorized to do so by a police officer or fire department official.

SLIPPERY ROADS ARE HAZARDOUS

Follow other cars at a safe distance. Remember that on snow or ice it takes three to twelve times as much distance to stop your car as on dry pavement. Keep well back of the vehicle ahead of you to give yourself plenty of room to stop. To start on snow and ice, lower your engine speed to its very minimum. If you have a car with a clutch, let the clutch out very slowly in starting. If your wheels spin, start in second or high gear. This permits a smoother acceleration and should aid you in avoiding spinning or sliding the wheels. If you have an automatic transmission, accelerate slowly and smoothly. When stopping on packed snow or ice, apply the brakes gently. If you should have to stop suddenly on a slippery surface, pump your brakes. If your wheels lock, release the brake to get them rolling again, then squeeze down again and keep repeating the pumping action until the vehicle stops. Stopping this way will slow your vehicle gradually instead of causing it to skid. While making your stop, be sure to release the pressure on the brakes at the first hint the wheels are starting to slip; and do not depress the clutch to take the vehicle out of gear.

DRIVING THE FREEWAYS

Freeways are multi-lane, controlled access, divided highways that permit you to drive long distances without interruption, with minimum fatigue and maximum safety. There are no stops and cross traffic on the freeways. If you know how to use them properly you can get where you're going sooner and have a better chance to arrive safely. It is therefore important that you know and understand the distinctive features of freeways. Safe use of freeways demands knowledge of special types of hazards. Among other things, it requires that you keep pace with traffic and stay alert. Slower moving vehicles, those traveling at less than the normal speed of traffic at that time, MUST KEEP TO THE RIGHT. Cutting from one lane to another is a dangerous practice. Choose the lane in which traffic is moving at the pace you prefer and stay in it. If you must change lanes to pass or leave the freeway, check traffic carefully and signal well in advance of your move. In case of emergencies, such as mechanical breakdowns, park entirely off the traveled portion and stay with your vehicle if at all possible. Open the trunk, raise the hood if weather permits and tie a white cloth to a door handle or antenna, where it can best be seen. These are distress signals, and any law enforcement officer seeing them will give you assistance. Other than in a case of emergency, parking is not permitted on the freeway. For highway emergencies, to report accidents and drunk drivers, dial *HP or (*47) toll-free on your cell-phone to contact Alabama State Troopers.

pavemnet markings

Generally, there are four types of pavement markings: centerline striping, edge striping, crosswalks, and pavement messages. Centerlines: The centerline is the painted stripe in the center of the road, which separates traffic proceeding in opposite directions. Under the new Uniform Code, centerlines are to be painted yellow on two lane highways and white on multi-lane highways and one way streets. Broken lines are used in areas where there are no restrictions on passing when safe to do so. In those areas where passing is not allowed, a solid yellow line is painted alongside the broken line. If the solid yellow line is on your side of the centerline, you may not pass. If passing is not allowed for traffic in both directions, the broken line will be replaced by two solid yellow lines. Lane dividers: When a roadway consists of two or more traffic lanes for vehicles moving in one direction, the lanes are divided by broken white lines. These broken lines may be crossed when passing. Edge striping: In many areas, the right and/or left edges of the highway are marked with a solid white line. This line indicates the outside edge of the traffic lane, and may be crossed only by traffic moving to or from the shoulder. Occasionally yellow lines are used for left edgelines on divided roadways where traffic cannot pull entirely off the roadway, for marking of obstructions and islands, which must be passed on the right. White solid line: A normal solid white line is used to delineate the edge of a travel lane where travel in the same direction is permitted on both sides of the line but crossing the line is discouraged. A wide solid line is used for emphasis where crossing requires unusual care. Double solid white lines: A double solid white line is used to delineate a travel lane where travel is the same direction and is permitted on both sides of the line, but crossing the double lines is prohibited. Crosswalks: White solid lines are used to denote pedestrian crosswalks at intersections and, in some situations, between intersections. A driver must stop at all crosswalks which are occupied by pedestrians if there are no controlling signals. Pavement messages: In some areas, pavement messages are used to warn of conditions ahead, such as SCHOOL ZONE, RR CROSSING, etc. Such messages are lettered on the road surface in white paint. see book

to permit turning movements on and off the highway. LEAVING THE FREEWAY

Getting off the freeway at the right place requires advance planning and close observance of all signs. Prepare for your exit by moving into the proper lane well in advance. Signal your turn, move into the deceleration lane and reduce your speed as you prepare to enter the exit ramp. Never reduce speed suddenly on the freeway. As you move into the exit ramp, be prepared to yield or stop when you come to the intersecting roadway. If you miss your exit you must not stop, back up, or attempt to turnaround; proceed to the next exit and come back to the one you missed.

POSTURE AND STEERING

Good posture at the steering wheel is important. It will result in better vision, control, and ability to maneuver in an emergency. You should sit erect, comfortably gripping the outside rim of the steering wheel with both hands. Don't grip the wheel so tightly as to restrict reflexes but keep a firm grip to maintain control. Always keep both hands on the wheel except when it is necessary to remove one for signaling or for another purpose necessary to the operation of the vehicle.

HYDROPLANING -"WATER SKIING ON THE HIGHWAY"

Hydroplaning, as a cause of skids, has only recently been investigated. It takes place when you're driving on wet roads. At speeds up to 35 mph, most tires will "wipe" the road surface, the same way a windshield wiper cleans the windshield. As the speed increases, the tires cannot wipe the road as well and start to ride on a film of water, just like a set of water skis. In a standard passenger car, partial hydroplaning starts at about 35 mph and increases with speed to about 55 mph, at which point the tires may be totally on the water. In a severe rainstorm the tires lose all contact with the road at 55 mph. If this is the case, there is no friction available to brake, accelerate, or corner. A gust of wind, a change of road pitch or a slight turn can create an unpredictable and uncontrollable skid. Although our knowledge of hydroplaning is limited, we do know how you can handle it. The best thing to do is to take your foot off the accelerator and let the car slow down. If you skid while your car is only partially hydroplaning, you should be able to regain control by correcting the particular type of skid that occurs. If you're totally hydroplaning, about all you can do is release the accelerator and ride out the skid. To prevent hydroplaning, it is most helpful to have good tires with deep treads. The treads allow the water to escape from under the tires and tend to prevent complete hydroplaning at normal highway speeds. When the depth of the water exceeds the depth of the treads, complete hydroplaning can be expected at speeds above 50 mph.

WHAT TO DO IF YOU HAVE A CRASH

If you are involved in a traffic crash, you must stop at once and aid any injured persons. Call for medical assistance if necessary. Before the police arrive, use whatever means available to warn other traffic (flags, flares, etc). It is dangerous to move injured persons. You should avoid moving the injured unless it is absolutely necessary to remove them from areas threatened by fire or other dangers common to a crash scene. Keep the injured lying or sitting down until competent medical aid arrives. Apply first aid to the injured, making the persons as comfortable as possible. Treat for shock. Remember that a layman can give "too much first aid." It is wise for every motorist to become familiar with first aid treatment by enrolling in Red Cross sponsored courses or other training courses offered by groups and organizations. You may not only save another person's life with your knowledge, but it will also make you a more safety-conscious individual. Remember - you must STOP whenever you are involved in a crash. Give your name, address, and registration number and show your driver license to other persons involved. This applies to any type of accident.

YOUR PERSONALITY AFFECTS YOUR DRIVING

If you are worried, distracted, or if your mind is preoccupied, you cannot count on being sufficiently alert to drive safely. Home troubles, quarrels, misunderstandings, financial worries, serious illness in the family, personal fears, or over-confidence make you far more likely to have an accident. They can make you temporarily accident-prone. Strong emotions can work the same way. Persons who have just had violent arguments or who are angry or in grief, need some time for cooling off, or for making an adjustment before they drive. Taking it out behind the wheel on streets or highways is very poor judgment and can prove an expensive way to expend emotions. Worry and safe driving do not mix. If worried, ill, nervous, frightened, angry, or depressed, let someone else drive. As a well-adjusted person, you are more likely to make a good driver, partly because you are inclined to recognize that traffic situations require fair sharing of the road. You act, not merely from your personal point of view, but from the point of view of all street and highway users. You have developed social responsibility. There is something about getting behind the wheel and in control of the power, speed, and bulk of a car that reveals the type of individual you are. You can soon see whether you are inclined to be a bully, a thoughtless lawbreaker, and a self-centered lane-stealer; or whether you are reliable, courteous, and sportsmanlike. Whether a younger or an older driver, if you are psychologically and emotionally mature, your driving reflects your readiness to share the road in the interest of traffic safety. Good driving attitudes and sound actions reflect mental and emotional maturity

speed limits

In addition to the basic speed law, the traffic laws set up speed limits for normal driving conditions. Speeds in excess of such limits are prima facie evidence that they are unlawful, and you may be arrested. All speed limits in municipalities are maximum speeds. Statutory limits apply unless there have been other speed zones established and the limits are posted on official regulatory signs. see book for salutroy speed limits Minimum speed limits may also be set on some roadways. Where they are posted, any speed below that minimum is considered to be unlawful under normal weather, road, and traffic conditions. You must never drive so slowly that you will interfere with other cars or vehicles moving at normal safe speeds. Many accidents are caused by drivers who block or hinder other traffic by driving at speeds that are too low.

TURNING FROM FOUR-LANE HIGHWAYS

In making a right turn from a four-lane or divided highway, enter the right lane well in advance of the turn and make a tight turn into the right lane of the cross street. For a left turn, move to the lane nearest the center line or traffic divider and turn from the inside lane. Avoid a wide swing during your turn. Enter the cross street just to the right of the centerline. Some intersections are marked to permit turns from more than one lane and you may make your turns as indicated by signs or pavement markings.

STARTING FROM A PARKING PLACE

In preparing to leave a parallel parking spot, look over your shoulder as well as in rear view mirrors and wait until the way is clear before pulling into traffic. Indicate your intention by signaling. Enter traffic in the nearest lane and remain in that lane until it is safe to change into another lane.

GOOD DRIVING HABITS

It is just as easy to develop good driving habits as it is to fall into bad habits. Safety techniques begin the moment you step into the car. Start by forming good habits immediately and use them for EVERY trip, whether it's for just a few blocks or for several hundred miles.

LOADS MUST CONFORM TO LAW

It is unlawful to drive any vehicle so loaded or when there are such numbers of persons in excess of three in the front seat as to obstruct the driver's view to the front and sides or hinder the driver's control over his vehicle. A load must not extend more than 5 feet beyond both the front and rear, inclusive, of the vehicle. Ifaload projects 4 feet or morefrom therear ofa vehicle, a red flag at least 12 inches square must be attached at its end in daytime and ared light, visibleforat least 200 feet, must beattached to theend at night. On passenger vehicles, a load may not extend beyond the line of the tandem.

THROWING DEBRIS ON STREETS, HIGHWAYS

It is unlawful to throw or leave any bottles, nails, tacks, wires, cans, or any injurious items on any highway or to throw or drop objects at or upon a motor vehicle on the road.

TRAFFIC LAWS

Laws regulating the movement of traffic are an absolute necessity. Without traffic laws, all movements of vehicles on public roads would come to a complete stop in a very short time. Traffic laws apply to all who use the streets and roads - drivers of vehicles, operators of motorcycles and bicycles, and pedestrians. Traffic laws exist for your own protection. If you disobey them, you run the risk of killing or injuring yourself or someone else. From time to time, traffic laws are changed or modified by our State Legislature. Any important changes will be brought to the attention of drivers through the news media, driver education courses, law enforcement officers, and all other resources. Every driver should study the manual every few years to know the laws of the state. Listed here are the principle traffic laws as they apply to users of public streets and highways. Topics covered in other sections of this manual may be regulated by law, in addition to their value as safe operating suggestions for highway users.

SCHOOL BUSES

Many school buses activate amber flashing lights well in advance of the stop to warn other drivers.

HOW TO AVOID REAR END COLLISIONS

Most rear-end collisions are caused by following too closely. The space easiest to control is the space ahead of your vehicle. This space cushion is called "following distance." You must consider the speed of the traffic, the condition of the highway and allow yourself enough following distance to stop if necessary. For years, the rule-of-thumb formula for following distance was one car length for every ten miles per hour. Recently, a new formula was introduced which is even more positive and easier to apply, the "two-second rule." To use the two-second rule, choose a fixed object on the road ahead (such as a sign post, tree, overpass, bridge abutment, etc.). When the vehicle ahead passes that object, begin to count "One thousand one, one thousand two." If you reach the same object before you finish saying "one thousand two," you are following too closely and should gradually slow down until you've reached the safe following distance. The two-second rule applies to good and bad weather conditions. If the road and weather conditions are not good, increase your following distance to a four or five second count. The increased following limit also applies if you are driving vehicles with longer lengths than cars. You must also watch for brake lights on the vehicle ahead and be alert for diminishing distances between your car and the one ahead. If you see brake lights or notice the following distance getting less, shift your foot to the brake pedal promptly so you are ready to stop if necessary

YOUR VEHICLE

Motorists cannot be safe drivers unless their vehicles are properly equipped and in good mechanical condition. Alabama law specifies the safety equipment you must have on your vehicle. There are different regulations regarding different types of vehicles. BRAKES: All automobiles must have two separate methods of applying brakes. They must have a regular foot brake and a parking brake. MUFFLERS: Every vehicle must be equipped with a muffler in good working order. It must eliminate excessive or unusual noise such as a sharp popping or cracking sound. Muffler cutouts, bypasses or similar devices are forbidden. The exhaust system must not leak carbon monoxide fumes into the interior of the vehicle. The system should be checked periodically to be sure it is not leaking. WINDSHIELD WIPERS: Every motor vehicle having a windshield must be equipped with windshield wipers in good working order. REAR VIEW MIRRORS: To enable the driver to see 200 feet to the rear are required on all vehicles. LIGHTS: Motor vehicles must be equipped with at least two headlights (white lights), a rear license plate light, a brake light, and at least one red taillight. All lights must be visible from a distance of at least 500 feet. The high beam of the headlight must illuminate objects at a minimum of 350 feet and be in adjustment and alignment. Other vehicles must be equipped as required by law. OTHER LIGHTS: The use of both left and right turn signal lights or other pairs of lights flashing simultaneously to indicate a vehicular hazard is permitted. SAFETY BELTS: Statistics show that in a crash, steering assemblies cause 30 percent of fatal injuries,and another 40 percent of deathsarecaused by striking the windshield, windshield frame or instrument panel. Safety belts can prevent these "second Al a b a m a L aw E n f o r c e m e n t A g e n c y 79 collisions." For children under six years old, special child and infant restraints are needed to protect them from serious injury or death. Traffic accidents are the number one killer of children and these restraints for small children can prevent them from becoming "flying missiles" in a traffic crash. HORNS A horn (in good working order) is required on all motor vehicles. Use it to warn children, bicyclists, pedestrians and motorists you are passing. Bells, sirens or exhaust whistles may not be used except for emergency vehicles. Needless use of your horn may result in an arrest. It is unlawful to use a motor vehicle horn for any purpose except in giving warning when reasonably necessary to insure safe operation. Never use the horn to announce arrival or call your passengers. TIRES With the increasing number of miles being driven on high-speed highways, safe tires are important. It is important that you buy the proper tires for your particular car to be sure that they will carry the weight. Check tire pressure often and never drive with them under-inflated. When your car is being serviced, check your tires for cuts, bruises, foreign objects or other faults. If wear is uneven, have wheels and/or alignment inspected. Be sure that you have enough rubber; a tire is illegal if your tread is less than 1/16 inch deep. Treat your tires kindly, do not make "jack-rabbit" starts or screeching halts unless absolutely necessary. Take it easy on corners and over extremely rough surfaces. Take a break and let them cool during long trips during warm weather. Never use different types of tires. Check with your dealer about mixing types on front and back. Your spare tire should be checked periodically, you may need it. Mirror BrAKes horn sAFety glAss heAD lights gooD tires seAt Belts signAl lights liCense plAte AnD light pArKing BrAKe MuFFler AnD tight exhAust systeM BrAKe lights AnD tAil lights wipers 8 0 C h a p t e r 9 / Y o u r Ve h i c l e MAINTENANCE The only efficient, safe vehicle is one that is properly maintained. Brakes, exhaust systems, cooling systems, lights, windshield wipers, tires become worn and defective and need maintenance from time to time. If not properly maintained, any one of these items could be the cause of a serious accident. As a safety measure, it is advisable to have your car checked. In this way, defective equipment will be repaired. PLAN YOUR TRIP Plan your trip in advance. Use a map and decide exactly where to get on and off the freeway. CHECK YOUR CAR'S GASOLINE GAUGE and get fuel if you do not have enough for your trip. Check for water and oil needs. There are no service stations located directly on freeways. Make sure your car is in good mechanical condition. Check your tires, including spares, to make certain they are properly inflated, have good tread

CHANGING LANES

Never move from one lane to another until you make certain that you can do so safely. This means watching for safe clearance to the side, ahead and behind your vehicle. Do not rely solely on your mirror when checking for clearance. Glance over your shoulder to check the "blind spot" your mirror does not cover. You should show your intentions to other drivers by using turn signals or hand signals, but remember that a signal does not grant the right to change lanes. Whether you are changing to the next lane or, as may be necessary on multiple lane roadways, to some other lane, you must wait until it is safe to do so. Be sure your intentions are known. Signals should be continued until you are ready to make the actual turn. The correct hand signals are: • STOP OR DECREASE SPEED.....hand and arm extended downward. • LEFT TURN ......hand and arm extended out. • RIGHT TURN......hand and arm extended upward. see picture Improper turns are the cause of many traffic accidents. The pedestrian is often the victim of an improper turn at an intersection. A wrong turn on the highway where the pace is faster may result in tragedy. Make an extreme effort to learn and abide by correct procedures of turning.

OTHER TRAFFIC LAWS

OTHER TRAFFIC LAWS Backing is a dangerous maneuver and accounts for many crashes among all classes of drivers. If you are going to back the vehicle, it is a good practice to walk completely around the vehicle to be sure no person or obstacle is behind it. Before backing, you should look to the front, sides, and rear and continue to look over your right shoulder to the rear while backing. Do not depend on your mirror. Back slowly into the proper traffic lane with a minimum of movement. Follow the same rules when backing into traffic lanes after being parked at an angle. Backing is prohibited on controlled access highways (freeways and expressways) except for emergency vehicles in performance of their duties. Except for backing into a parking place, it is never advisable to back on a public street or road. If you back out of a driveway, always back into the nearest lane and proceed from there. Never back across other traffic lanes. Driving on shoulders is unlawful unless required by emergency conditions. It is never lawful, except under emergency conditions, to drive on the shoulder to pass another vehicle. Obstructions on windows are prohibited by state law. No sign, poster, or other materials may be placed on any window of a vehicle if it obstructs a driver's clear view of the highway.

RAILROAD CROSSINGS -ADVANCED WARNINGS

Railroad crossings are marked with one or more of the following devices: •The round railroad warning sign: It is yellow with a black X and the letters RR. It means a highway railroad crossing is ahead and is placed 750 feet before the track. •Pavement markings: In front of a railroad crossing, the pavement may be marked with a large X and two RR's. A yellow line in advance of the crossing means no passing. White lines on each side of the track show motorists where to stop when a train is approaching.\ see picture Flashing light signal: When lights begin to flash, you must always stop until it is safe to proceed. •Gates: When gates are being lowered the red flashing lights will warn you to stop. Remain stopped until the gates are raised and lights are no longer flashing. If a railroad crossing has no warning device, slow down, look and listen for trains before proceeding. •Railroad Crossbuck: These signs are found at most crossings. The driver should slow down and be prepared to stop upon sighting a train. If there is more than one track, a sign below the crossbuck indicates the number of tracks.

REGULATORY SIGNS

Regulatory signs regulate the movement of traffic. They are black and white with the exception of those shown in actual color, and MUST be obeyed. see book

RIGHT OF WAY AND YIELDING

Right of way rules are an aid to safe and smooth traffic flow. They emphasize courtesy and common sense. The violation of these rules is one of the main causes of traffic crashes. It's smart driving to obey right-of-way rules. The right-of-way rules include: • If two vehicles enter an intersection not controlled by signs or signals, and from different roadways at about the same time, the driver of the vehicle on the left shall yield to the vehicle on the right. If you enter an uncontrolled intersection at an unlawful speed, you lose any right of way which you might otherwise have. • Yield to emergency vehicles (such as ambulances, fire fighting apparatus, and police vehicles) when they are displaying a flashing red or blue light and sounding a siren or bell. Whether the emergency vehicle is overtaking or meeting you, pull to the side of the roadway and stop. In an intersection, clear it before stopping. Don't proceed until the emergency vehicle has passed. • The law requires you to stop and give right of way at any intersection to a blind person carrying a white cane tipped with red and holding the cane with arm extended, or using a guide dog. • Cars entering from a private road or driveway must stop and yield to cars on a public street or highway. SCHOOL BUS STOP STOP SCHOOL BUS STOP 6 2 C h a p t e r 6 / T r a f f i c L aw s • When entering an intersection where there is a yield sign facing you, slow down and, if necessary, stop to yield the right of way to vehicles and pedestrians legally crossing the roadway on which you are driving. • When making a left turn within an intersection or into an alley, driveway, or private road, you must yield the right of way to any vehicle approaching from the opposite direction when it is within the intersection or so close as to constitute an immediate hazard. • Vehicles entering an intersection on "green arrows" must yield to other traffic lawfully using the intersection. Many highway deaths and serious injuries occur on two-lane highways when vehicles collide head-on or sideswipe each other. Most of these are caused by improper or careless passing, and is almost always a violation of state law. Most two-lane highways in the state are adequately marked with solid yellow center stripes and prohibiting signs in areas where passing would be hazardous. In addition to those areas so marked, drivers must exercise extreme caution in all areas during the hours of darkness, poor visibility, and when road surfaces are slippery from rain, snow, or ice. On two-lane roads with traffic moving in both directions, you may pass traffic on the left if the pass can be completed safely without exceeding the speed limit. In preparing to pass, check the road ahead for sufficient distance and the road behind for other traffic that maybe preparing to pass you. Signal your intention to the driver ahead - a tap of the horn or a flick of headlights at night is helpful. Activate left turn signals before passing, and right turn signals after passing and before returning to the right lane. Do not return to the right lane too soon - not until you can see the entire front of the vehicle you have just passed in your interior rear view mirror. When another car is trying to pass you, stay in your own lane and don't increase speed. Passing on the right is permissible on one-way roadways and streets and highways marked for two or more lanes of traffic moving in the same direction. It is unlawful to drive on the shoulder to pass except during an emergency or when so directed by traffic authorities. When passing on the right, be sure to check traffic ahead and behind and use signals to show your intention. Use of the signal alone does not give you the right to pass. Be extremely cautious in passing on the right and watch the car you are passing carefully. In some states, this is a forbidden maneuver and out-of-state drivers may not expect it. You may not cross the center line to pass: • On a curve or hill where you cannot see a clear passing distance of at least 500 feet. • At a highway intersection. • When meeting an oncoming vehicle. • Where signs prohibit passing, or where there is a solid yellow line on your side of the center line. Double solid yellow prohibits traffic from both directions from crossing the center line to pass.

WHEN INVOLVED IN A CRASH

Secure the names and addresses of persons involved and any witnesses. Note other important relative factors. At the scene of the accident, drivers involved should, if requested by any person who is also involved in the accident, give the name and address of the insurance company providing the automobile liability insurance coverage and the name of the local insurance agent. If unable to furnish such information at the scene of the accident, the driver should do so later. If your vehicle hits an unattended vehicle, either notify the police, make an attempt to locate the owner of the parked vehicle, or leave a written notice in a conspicuous place on the unattended vehicle, giving your name and address. If a mishap damages any other type of property, notify the property owner. Crash REPORTS HELP THE ALABAMA LAW ENFORCEMENT AGENCY AND HIGHWAY TRAFFIC OFFICIALS EVALUATE TRAFFIC CRASHES SO THEY CAN IMPROVE HIGHWAY AND TRAFFIC CONDITIONS.

ADJUST TO DRIVING CONDITIONS

Since nearly all motorists learn to drive under normal conditions, many are not practiced in handling a car safely under conditions that change with the weather, light, emergencies, or with the changes that occur in the human body. Good, safe driving under all conditions does not come to a person naturally, but must be learned through study and experience. Since many of the conditions described in this chapter do not occur daily, you should study this chapter well so that you can react quickly and properly when they do occur.

CURVES

Slow down before entering curves because of the danger of running over the center line or leaving the roadway. A driver should enter a curve slow enough to enable him to accelerate slightly when actually rounding the curve.

SLOW SPEEDS OFTEN REQUIRED

Slower speeds are necessary when you approach or cross a street, highway, or railroad crossing and also when approaching flags, flares, or fuses on roads. Slow down when approaching crests of hills and curves

SPEED REGULATIONS

Speed may not always, in itself, be the primary cause of traffic crashes, but it all too often is the factor that turns a minor mishap into a fatal accident. The greatest danger of excessive speed lies in the increased severity rather than the frequency of collisions. Alabama's basic speed law provides that you must never drive a vehicle at a speed that is faster than reasonable under existing conditions. Consider road, weather, and your vehicle condition, as well as your own physical condition. What might be a reasonable speed at one time may not be reasonable at another time because of conditions.

highway hyponisis and fatuigue

Stop driving when you feel drowsy. Don't try to ght it. Pull off the highway at the rst rest stop or service area. If you are getting tired, a cup of coffee and a bit of stretching may be enough to wake you. If you are really sleepy, get off the highway and take a nap. Drowsiness is one of the greatest dangers in interstate highway driving. Don't rely on "stay-awake drugs." ey are likely to make your driving even more hazardous. It is advisable to take regular rest stops - every 100 miles or every two hours. Get out of the car and walk around to stretch your legs and relax. On long trips, it is a good idea to exercise your eyes. Expressway drivers are subject to "highway hypnosis"- a condition of drowsiness or unawareness brought on by monotony: the sound of the wind, the tires on the pavement and the steady hum of the engine. Keep shiing your eyes from one area of the roadway to another and focus them on various objects - near and far, le and right. Reading the highway signs also may help you to stay awake and drive safety.

MANDATORY LIABILITY INSURANCE LAW

The Alabama Mandatory Liability Insurance Law provides that no person shall operate, register, or maintain registration of a motor vehicle designed to be used on a public road or highway unless it is covered by a liability insurance policy. The law was passed to protect consumers when they are involved in an accident. Liability insurance policies must be issued by insurers licensed to do business in Alabama for no less than: • $25,000 for death or bodily injury to one person; • $50,000 for death or bodily injury to two or more persons; and • $25,000 for damage or destruction of property. An owner or operator convicted of a mandatory liability insurance violation 6 6 C h a p t e r 6 / T r a f f i c L aw s leFt slow/ stop right Al a b a m a L aw E n f o r c e m e n t A g e n c y 67 may be fined up to $500 for the first violation and up to $1,000 for the second or subsequent violation and/or a six month driver's license suspension

STOPPING DISTANCE

The distance required to stop your car is important in determining a safe driving speed. The chart below may be used as a guide, but actual stopping distances depend upon many factors. • Mental and physical reaction time of the driver. • Type and condition of the pavement. There is a great difference between rough, dry concrete and slippery brick or smooth asphalt. • The type and condition of tires - radial, bias ply, regular tread, snow tires, the amount of tread - all determine the traction you will have for stopping. The proper size tire for your vehicle is important; large, wide tires may help stop quicker on smooth, dry surfaces, but will skid or hydroplane easier on slippery or wet surfaces. Conversely, small narrow tires may "cut through" standing water but losestopping power overall because of less rubber on the road and poorer traction. Consult your owner's manual or with a car dealer for proper tire size for the vehicle you drive. • Chassis design, weight distribution, suspension, and shock absorbers. • Type of brakes, condition of brakes, and brake balance. In an emergency situation you can be in serious trouble if one or more of the brakes lock the wheels before the others fully take hold. • Wind direction and velocity. Drivers may not realize the difference a strong tail wind can make when trying to stop suddenly at high speed. look at he pictues in the book.

TRAFFIC SIGNS

The three types of traffic signs are classified according to function. They are regulatory, warning, and information or guide signs. KNOW THESE SIGNS BY THEIR SHAPES AND COLORS. see the book

Stopping for Railroad Croosings

The vehicles listed below are required to stop before crossing any railroad crossing: • School bus, church bus, or any passenger bus. • Trucks transporting flammables, explosives or other hazardous material. When approaching a railroad crossing. You must stop within 15 to 50 ft. The driver needs to slow down to allow himself enough time to be certain that he/she can stop when a train can first be seen. Railroad crossings protected by electric or mechanical signal devices require the operator to bring his/her vehicle to a complete stop. If there is more than one track, make certain all tracks are clear before crossing. You must also stop if the crossing gate is lowered or when a train is approaching. To avoid stalling, a driver should not change gears while crossing the track.

DRUGS

There are many drugs, which interfere with a person's ability to drive safely. These may be contained in prescriptions written by your doctor, or may be found in some of the remedies which you can buy without prescription. Here are a few things you should remember. • When taking prescription medicine, it is important to ask your doctor about any possible side effects that relate to driving. • Drugs, including some allergy remedies and cold pills that you can buy without prescription, may contain codeine, alcohol, antihistamines, or bromides. Each of these ingredients can affect your driving. • Antihistamines are drugs used for relief of nasal congestion due to colds, to combat allergies, and for other purposes. They may cause side effects such as inattention, confusion, and drowsiness. Some are used as an aid to sleep. • Barbiturates are sedatives used primarily for sleep. They include Phenobarbital, Sleep-Eze, and other preparations: Excessive use of these can produce symptoms similar to alcoholic intoxication - drowsiness, confusion, and lack of coordination. A user may experience tremor of hands, lips, and tongue, and have difficulty in thinking or talking clearly. A person so affected is unfit to drive. • The most dangerous types of drugs can be obtained only illegally. LSD and heroin are examples. They have the power to make users completely unaware of or indifferent to their surroundings. Anyone under the influence of such drugs must not try to operate a motor vehicle. • Marijuana: Studies show that users of marijuana have more arrests for traffic violations than other drivers. Many ignore traffic citations and continue to drive despite suspension or revocation of their driver licenses. Because little is actually known about the drug, many people feel that it is harmless, but experts agree that, for safety's sake, it should not be used when driving. • The drug-alcohol mix: Many times worse than alcohol or drugs used alone is the use of alcohol and drugs together. The use of these two drugs together produces serious effects on the mind and body and often death. According to some beliefs, if, for example, a "pop" pill gets you high, a drink with it will get you twice as high. WRONG! It doesn't just double the effect; it multiplies and, when overdone, has caused death. If you are using drugs for medicinal purposes, don't use alcohol at the same time.

DRIVING EMERGENCIES

There is one basic rule that applies in all driving situations, and especially in emergency situations - THINK BEFORE YOU ACT. Often, an instinctive reaction such as slamming on your brakes while skidding, may be the wrong reaction. The suggestions below are designed to help you if you are faced with a sudden driving emergency. Remember that these are only suggestions. In some emergency situations, there is little that the driver can do but hang on and hope. In other cases, a driver who understands the basic principles described below can minimize the consequences of a sudden emergency. • Blowouts: A blowout is a sudden collapse of a tire. This throws the vehicle out of control. To regain control, hold tightly to the steering wheel, steer straight and ease up on the accelerator. Do not brake until the vehicle is under control. You may receive warning of an impending blowout by a thumping sound caused by a bulge in the tire. If the tire is losing air rapidly, it will pull the car to the side. Under-inflation is one of the most common reasons for blowouts. • Loss of a wheel: This is a situation that is similar to a blowout. Often the warning signs are the same - a thumping noise and/or a pulling to one side. The same basic rules apply for recovery of control: hold tightly to the steering wheel, steer straight ahead, ease up on the accelerator, and do not brake until the vehicle has slowed down and is completely under control. • Steering failure: If you suddenly lose control of your steering and the wheel no longer responds to your turning movements, ease up on the accelerator, but do not brake. Your car may have enough natural balance to keep it moving forward as you slow it down. If you brake or try to shift gears, this sudden change in speed may throw the vehicle off balance and out of control. As the car slows down, you may be able to brake very gently to help bring it to a stop. • Brake failure: If your brake pedal suddenly sinks all the way to the floor, try pumping the pedal to build up the pressure. You will generally receive advance warning that your brakes are starting to fail when the pedal feels spongy and slowly continues to sink while being depressed. If pumping the pedal does not build up the pressure, use your emergency or parking brake, but apply gently so that you do not lock the brakes and throw your car into a skid. If you can shift to a lower gear, the engine will slow you down. You can turn off the engine - leaving the car in gear - and the engine will slow you down. If you have power steering or power brakes, you will lose this assistance when you turn off the engine. • Running off the pavement: If your wheels drift onto the shoulder of the road, don't try to swerve back onto the pavement because you might throw your car off balance. Instead, stay on the shoulder and reduce speed. After you've slowed down, turn gently back onto the pavement. • Car approaching in your lane. If you see a car coming toward you in your lane, pull to the right and slow down. Sound your horn. At night, flash your lights. You may wake up the drowsy or inattentive driver approaching you. Do not turn into the left lane because the driver of the oncoming vehicle might wake up and swing back into the path of your car. • Car attempting to pass you: If a car is attempting to pass you and cannot complete the movement because of oncoming traffic, you must act to prevent a crash, which could also involve you. If the passing car is at a point where the pass can be completed with your help, slow your speed to allow the driver to move ahead of you quickly. If it becomes definite that the driver cannot complete the pass and must drop back, increase your speed leaving room for the vehicle to again move in behind you. If the right shoulder is adequate and a crash is almost certain, move quickly onto the shoulder 7 4 C h a p t e r 7 / A d j u s t i n g t o Dr i v i n g C o n d i t i o n s to allow the passing car to move into your lane. • Stalling on railroad tracks: If your car stalls on railroad tracks and it has a manual transmission, you may be able to move it off the tracks by running the starter while the car is in low or second gear. If you have an automatic transmission, you will have to push the car off the tracks. If you cannot get the car off the tracks, and a train is approaching, abandon the vehicle, and quickly walk alongside the tracks in the direction of the approaching train so that you will not be struck by debris when the vehicle is hit. • Immersion: If your car plunges into deep water BUT DOES NOT SINK, immediately escape through a window. Opening a door, even if possible, will permit the water to enter the car more rapidly. If the car SINKS beneath the surface before you can escape, the weight of the engine will force the front end down first. This usually creates an air pocket in the back of the car. Get into the air area and breath deeply. When the car has settled you should be able to escape through a window. • Fire: If smoke comes from under the hood, get off the road and turn off the ignition. If no fire extinguisher is available, use dirt or sand to smother the fire. Do not use water, for burning gasoline will float on it and spread the blaze. • Overheating: You can help prevent overheating in slow-moving traffic by shifting into neutral and racing the engine briefly during stops. This will speed up the fan and the water pump. If steam begins to come from under the hood, yourcooling system is boiling. Pull to theside of theroad and turn off your engine. DO NOT OPEN THE RADIATOR CAP. • Headlight failure: If your headlights suddenly fail, try your parking lights and directional signals—one of the two may work and give you enough light to guide you as you leave the road. If your lights fail on a busy or lighted highway, you will probably have enough light from other sources to guide you off the road. If all the lights fail on a dark, deserted highway, slow down and try to keep your car on the pavement until you have reduced speed enough so that you can move onto the shoulder without striking an obstruction. • Windshield wiper failure: If your wipers suddenly fail in blinding rain or snow, slow down, roll down your side window, and put your head out so that you can see ahead. Then move your car off the highway. Use the same procedure if your hood should suddenly open and blind you. • Stuck accelerator pedal: If your accelerator pedal sticks, you may be able to free it by hooking your toe under the pedal and attempting to raise it. If not, you can turn the engine off and thus slow the vehicle down. If you have power steering or power brakes, you will lose this assistance when you cut the engine.

RULES FOR TURNS

These are some of the rules for making safe, courteous and legal turns: • Prepare for the turn before you get there. Don't make the decision to turn at the last moment. Observe and be alert. • Get into the proper turn lane well ahead of the place where you will make your turn. Be sure it is safe to make the change. • At least 100 feet before making the turn, signal your intentions. Continue the signal until you are ready to make the actual turn. Signals are given to inform both pedestrians and drivers of your intentions. Both hands should be on the steering wheel when actually turning. Pedestrians have the right of way over the motor vehicle. • Reduce speed before making turns. • Always finish your turn in the proper lane. • Make sure in advance that it is safe to turn. Check to the front, rear, and sides for cars and pedestrians, and also watch for situations developing in the street you will enter upon turning. • Be certain your signals are discontinued after completing a maneuver. • During the daytime, hand and arm signals may be used in addition to signal lights. Reflection of bright sunlight may make it difficult for other motorists to see your flashing signal light.

DIREcTIONAL INTERCHANGE and the 3 others

This type is used where a high volume of traffic desires to transfer between only two legs of the interchange. The directional ramp shown in the above illustration is designed to accommodate high volumes of traffic from west to north. Other movements are accomplished on the conventional diamond type ramps. CLOVERLEAF INTERCHANGE: Designed to allow turning movements off or onto the freeway from four directions, using loop type connections. It eliminates left turn and cross traffic conflicts for all movements. DIAMOND INTERCHANGE: Characterized by four ramps, allowing vehicles to enter or leave the main highway while flowing with the traffic. Left turns are made AFTER leaving the freeway. TRUMPET INTERCHANGE: Provides access to a freeway when another roadway connects, forming a "T" intersection. It is a variation of directional or diamond type interchanges to permit turning movements on and off the highway.

SHARING THE ROAD WITH bicycles

Traffic laws also apply to people on bicycles. That is, people on bicycles possess the same rights and responsibilities of the road as people in motor vehicles. Therefore, both drivers of motor vehicles and people on bicycles should be fully aware of all of the state's traffic laws and obey them. The following are specific laws that apply to people on bicycles that everyone should know: • Every person on a bicycle operating upon a roadway shall ride as close as practicable to the right curb or edge of the roadway, except under the following situations: o When passing another vehicle. o When preparing for a left turn. o When reasonably necessary to avoid road or traffic conditions such as debris, opening of car doors, pedestrians, etc. • People on bicycles may ride two abreast at all times. • People on bicycles are required to ride with the flow of traffic and signal for all turns, lane changes, or stops by using the same hand and arm signals as motor vehicle drivers. • Where a bicycle lane is available, people on bicycles must use it .A bicycle lane is defined as a portion of a roadway that has been designated by striping, signing, and pavement markings for preferential or exclusive use by people on bicycles. Neither sidewalks nor multipurpose paths qualify as designated bicycle lanes. In Alabama, it is illegal for people on bicycles to ride on the sidewalk. • People on bicycles who are under the age of 16 years are required to wear a securely fastened protective helmet when riding on public roadways, other public rights-of way, public bicycle paths and in public parks. ince people on bicycles travel under their own power, it is important for motor vehicle operators to be especially aware of them to prevent collisions. Following are special situations motor vehicle drivers must be aware of: • Whenever a bicycle lane has been established on a roadway, any person operating a motor vehicle on such a roadway shall not drive in the bicycle lane except to park where parking is permitted, to enter or leave the highway, or to prepare for a turn. • When turning across a bicycle lane, the driver shall drive the motor vehicle into the bicycle lane prior to making the turn and shall make the turn so long as such preparation for a turn shall not encroach upon the safety of the person on the bicycle in the lane. • Be especially careful when passing people on bicycles. Make sure there is enough room between the side of your vehicle and the bicycle. Alabama state law requires that you pass a person on a bicycle with a distance of not less than three feet between your motor vehicle and the person on a bicycle. Be aware that when traveling at higher speeds, motor vehicles create strong wind currents which can batter a person on a bicycle, even resulting in an accident. Operators of motor vehicles need to be especially cautious and courteous when passing people on bicycles. • Pass a person on a bicycle with the same caution and respect as you would another motor vehicle. Avoid passing when traveling uphill or in a curve, areas where visibility is limited or obstructed. Do not pass when there are other vehicles present in the lane into which you must travel in order to safely pass the person on the bicycle. If the road is narrow and you are unable to safely pass a person on a bicycle, do not follow too closely and do not blast the person on the bicycle with your horn. Remain behind the person on the bicycle at a safe interval until you are able to pass. • Remember that a person on a bicycle is sometimes difficult to see amid other traffic. Be especially watchful at intersections, when crossing sidewalks, or when entering or leaving alleys or driveways. • During wet weather, the braking ability of a bicycle is greatly reduced. Motorists should be prepared to compensate for the person on a bicycle's decreased ability to slow or stop. • According to Alabama State Law, bicycles should be equipped with lights or reflectors for nighttime riding. However, the hours of darkness or poor visibility are potentially dangerous. Use extra caution during these hours. Please remember that in the event ofacollision between a person driving a motor vehicle and a person riding a bicycle, the person on a bicycle is largely unprotected and a collision could very likely result in serious injury or even death for him or her. Therefore, as a person operating the motor vehicle - the more dangerous and maneuverable vehicle - you should practice added care, caution, and concern when encountering people on bicycles while driving.

causes for immediate failure of driving test

Violation of a traffic law. • A dangerous action. • Any accident which you could have prevented, regardless of legal fault. • Lack of cooperation or a refusal to perform any maneuver.

MOVE-OVER LAW

When approaching emergency vehicles stopped with flashing emergency lights, or wreckers displaying flashing amber lights, motorists on roadways with four or more lanes must vacate the lane closest to the emergency vehicle or wrecker. When changing lanes is unsafe or not possible, the driver must slow to a speed that isat least 15 miles per hour less then the posted speed limit. If driving on a two-lane road, the driver must move as far away from the emergency vehicle or wrecker as possible within his or her lane and slow to a speed that is 15 miles per hour less than the posted speed limit when the posted speed is 25 miles per hour or greater ortravel 10 miles per hour when the posted speed limit is 20 miles per hour or less.

PEDESTRIANS

When automobiles became popular as a means of traveling from one place to another, a problem arose as pedestrians and motor vehicles had to share the same roadways. There have been numbers of pedestrians killed or injured in collisions with vehicles. These numbers could be greatly reduced if motorists were more observant of pedestrian rights. Be especially alert for pedestrians: • On streets on which cars are parked. • During the hours of darkness or poor visibility. • At places where people cross - near mailboxes, institutions, churches, play areas, bus stops, etc. • During morning and afternoon when children are going to and from school or at play. • Beespecially alert for older people who moveslowly and cannot see or hear well. 6 4 C h a p t e r 6 / T r a f f i c L aw s At sometime or another, every driver is a pedestrian and the traffic laws are written for both driver and pedestrian. DRIVERS MUST: • Yield the right of way to pedestrians. • Not pass (overtake)another vehiclestopped for pedestrians in acrosswalk. • Stop for school children and school safety patrols directing the movement of children. • Yield to blind pedestrians carrying a white or metallic cane, with or without a red tip, or using a guide dog when such blind person enters an intersection of any street, alley or other public highway. • Not block crosswalks when at a stop sign or waiting on a red light. • Stop for a school bus displaying an extended stop arm. • Exercise extreme care to avoid hitting a pedestrian. PEDESTRIANS MUST: • Obey traffic control signals at intersections. • Use sidewalks where provided and usable. • Walk on the left side of the roadway giving way to oncoming traffic. • Yield to all vehicles when crossing at points other than within a marked crosswalk or in a crosswalk (extension of the sidewalk) at an intersection. • Not stand in the roadway while hitchhiking.

THREE-POINT TURN

When making a three-point-turn, turning your vehicle around so that you are driving in the opposite direction from the direction that you were traveling, the three-point-turn must be made without endangering other traffic. They are normally permitted where your vehicle can be seen for a great distance and where traffic is such that making a three-point-turn would not constitute a hazard. Three-point turns are not permitted on interstate freeways, on curves, or near the top of hills where you cannot be seen by drivers of other vehicles approaching from either direction within 500 feet. Three-point turns are governed by local ordinances and there may be no signs to warn you. Prohibitory signs are usually posted at hazardous locations.

PARKING ON A HILL

When parking on a hill you must make sure your car does not roll into traffic if the brakes do not hold. Always set the hand brake. Shift to the PARK position if you have one. If not, shift to reverse or low gear. If you park where there is a curb: Facing downhill, turn your wheels toward the curb and shift into reverse gear or PARK. Facing uphill turn your wheels away from the curb and shift into low gear or PARK. If there are no curbs, turn your wheels toward the edge of the road, whether facing uphill or downhill see picture A. Downhill with or without a curb, turn wheels toward curb. B. Uphill with curb, turn wheels away from curb. C. Uphill without curb, turn wheels to the right. Parking is NOT allowed at the following places: • Within intersections. • On a crosswalk or a sidewalk. • Within 20 feet of a crosswalk at an uncontrolled intersection. • Within 30 feet of any flashing beacon, stop sign, or traffic control signal located at the side of a roadway. • Within 50 feet of the nearest rail of a railroad crossing. • Within 15 feet of a fire hydrant. • In front of a driveway. • Upon any bridge or in a tunnel. • On the roadway side of any vehicle parked at the curb or the edge of a highway. • Beside a curb that is painted yellow, or where official signs prohibit parking. steps in parell parking A. Car 2 pulls even with car 1. B. Car 2 maneuvers gently toward the space. C. Car 2 turns wheels sharply. D. Car 2 begins straightening wheels. E. Wheels on car should be turned parallel to the curb.

IF YOU WITNESS A TRAFFIC MISHAP OR CRASH

When reporting a crash and requesting aid, be sure to give the exact location, if the road is blocked and the probable damage as well as injuries. Accuracy helps police respond quickly to the scene. In the best interest of traffic safety and enforcement, all crashes should be reported to the law enforcement agency that has jurisdiction.

SHARING THE ROAD WITH LARGE VEHICLES

When sharing the road with trucks, buses or other large vehicles, there are some special tips that are important to remember: No-Zones are danger areas around trucks and buses where crashes are more likely to occur. Some of the No-Zones are blind spots where your car "disappears" from the view of the truck or bus driver. Side No-Zones: Don't hang out on either side of trucks or buses! They have large blind spots on both sides. If you can't see the driver's face in the side-view mirror, the driver can't see you. If that driver needs to change lanes for any reason, you could be in big trouble. This is especially true if there is an accident situation and the driver must take evasive action. When passing a truck or bus, always try to pass on the left and do it as quickly as possible. Get your vehicle ahead of the vehicle you are passing so the driver can see you. Do not ride alongside a truck or bus. Rear No-Zones: Avoid tailgating! Unlike cars, trucks and buses have huge no-zones directly behind them that may extend as far as 200 feet. The truck or bus driver can't see your car and you can't see what is occurring ahead of you. If the truck or bus driver brakes suddenly, you have no place to go. When following a large vehicle at night, always dim your headlights. Bright lights will blind the driver when they reflect off the side mirrors of the bus or truck. Front No-Zones: Pass safely! Don't cut in too quickly after passing a large vehicle. Look for the entire front of the vehicle in your rear-view mirror before pulling in front and don't slow down. Truck and bus drivers need nearly two times more room to stop. A National Safety Council study of reaction time and braking distance found that at speeds of 55 miles per hour, a passenger car needs 193 feet to stop safely and a loaded truck needs 430 feet. Backing No-Zones: Pay closer attention! Never cross behind a truck or bus that is backing up. Hundreds of accidents occur each year because motorists and pedestrians ignore a backing vehicle. Drivers of large vehicles cannot see directly behind them. They may not be able to see you. Turning No-Zones: Avoid the "squeeze play"! Truck and bus drivers need to swing wide to the left to safely make a right turn. Watch the driver's signal. When the right turn signal is blinking, do not attempt to pass on the right. The driver will not be able to see you and you will become trapped. It is best to wait until the truck or bus has completed the maneuver before proceeding.

DOCUMENTS REQUIRED AT TRAFFIC STOPS

When stopped for a traffic violation or at an equipment check, the following three documents must be produced by the driver. • Driver License • Proof of Insurance • Vehicle Registration

CELLULAR PHONE USAGE

When using your cellular phone while driving, always remember your No. 1 responsibility is driving. If you do use a cellular phone, take the following precautions: Always assess traffic conditions before calling. • Be familiar with the telephone keypad - use speed dial, if possible. • Place calls when stopped or have a passenger call. • Ensure phone is within easy reach. • Use speaker phone/hands-free device. • Avoid intense, emotional or complicated conversations. • Avoid talking on phone in congested traffic or bad weather. • Pull off the road to dial or complete a conversation

SHARING THE ROAD WITH MOTORCYCLES

Why is it so important to be aware of motorcycles and their operation? Primarily because motorcycles are not easily identified in traffic. Motorcycles are only about two feet wide compared with the five-to-six-foot width of an automobile. Even when seen, it's difficult for some drivers to judge how far away motorcyclists are. Finally, even when seen and the distance away is correctly judged, some drivers can't tell how fast motorcyclists are traveling. Being alert to this special perceptual problem and how motorcyclists react in specific situations can help to avoid colliding with motorcyclists in traffic. The following are a few of the specific situations that call for special attention by motorcyclists and the driver Left turns in front of an oncoming motorcyclist account for a large percentage of car/cycle injury producing accidents. The problem of not seeing the motorcyclist is two fold: car drivers may fail to pick the cyclist out of the traffic scene, or drivers may fail to judge the speed of the oncoming motorcycle. The correct behavior is to: LOOK AND LOOK AGAIN. MAKE SURE YOU KNOW THE SPEED OF THE MOTORCYCLE BEFORE MAKING A LEFT TURN. Turn signals are not automatically self-canceling on most motorcycle at times, the rider may forget to turn the signal off. Before making a turn in front of any vehicle, BE SURE THE VEHICLE IS TURNING and not continuing straight with a forgotten turn signal still blinking. Following distance behind the motorcyclist should be the same 2-second following distance given any other vehicle. Following too closely may make the rider nervous, causing the rider's attention to be distracted from the road and traffic ahead. Lane usage for the motorcyclist is critical. Motorcycles are entitled to the same full lane width as all other vehicles. A skilled motorcycle operator is CONSTANTLY CHANGING positions within a lane to maximize being seen, to see the roadway better, and to compensate for objects on or near the road. Drivers should never move into the same lane alongside a motorcycle even if the lane is wide and cyclist is riding far to one side. It is not only illegal, but extremely hazardous Inclement weather and slippery surfaces can be real problems for motorcycles. Drivers should allow even more following distance for motorcyclists when it's dark, raining, or the road surface is wet and slippery. Skilled motorcycle riders will slow down under these conditions. Remember that motorcycles only have two wheels compared to four for a car. Be alert to the problem of glare that rain and wet surfaces create, especially at night. It is easy to lose sight of a motorcycle and its rider under the best of circumstances. Rain, wind, dust, and smog affect the cyclist's vision. The cyclist's face shield, windshield, or goggles help but cannot completely overcome all the vision limitations under these conditions. Cross winds can be hazardous to motorcyclists. Windy conditions can actually move a motorcycle out of its lane of travel. Areas to look out for are wide-open, long stretches of highways and bridges. Fast-moving, large trucks have been known to create windblasts, which can startle a motorcyclist, and under certain conditions, actually move the motorcyclist out of the path of travel. Drivers should be alert to these conditions to prepare themselves for the possible quick change in speed or direction of the motorcycle. ' Road surfaces and things in the road that do not normally affect other vehicles can create problems for the cyclist. Gravel, debris, pavement seams, small animals, and even manhole covers may cause the motorcyclist to change speed or direction. Railroad grade crossings may be rough or cross the road at an angle. The rider may slow down or change direction so the tracks can be crossed head on. The cyclist may rise off the seat to help cushion the shock of a rough crossing. Metal or grated bridges create a wobbling sensation in the front tire of the motorcycle greater than the feeling experienced in a car. This wobbling sensation may cause the inexperienced motorcyclist to quickly change direction or slow down. Grooved pavement, when first encountered by a motorcyclist, may create a similar wobbling sensation. To overcompensate for this feeling, the rider may slow down or change lanes suddenly. Regardless of who is legally at fault in car/cycle accidents, the motorcyclist usually is the loser. The driver's general awareness of motorcycles in traffic, combined with special attention in the situations described above, can reduce motorcycle accidents, injuries, and fatalities

WINTER DRIVING

Winter driving brings its own particular dangers. Increased hours of darkness along with fog, rain, snow, sleet, and ice increase driving hazards. The smart driver prepares for these adverse conditions. In most instances, bad weather cannot be blamed for accidents. A thoughtful driver offsets the hazards of winter by following these additional safe-driving practices. Before driving, start the engine and let it warm up while you remove snow and ice from the car (especially the hood) and windows. Continue to warm at a fast idle until the heater and defroster are warm. Be sure that windshieldwashing fluid contains an anti-freeze solution. On extremely cold days, be cautious about using windshield washer and wipers at high speeds. Even if the fluid contains antifreeze, high speed combined with extreme cold can freeze 7 0 C h a p t e r 7 / A d j u s t i n g t o Dr i v i n g C o n d i t i o n s the solution on the windshield and totally obscure your vision. Get the feel of the road. Try your brakes while driving slowly to find out just how slippery the road is and then adjust your speed to the situation. Snow treads on the drive wheels are recommended for general driving during snow. They greatly improve general traction, including starting and stopping. Don't be over-confident because you have them on. You still must drive at less than normal speed on snow and allow more room for stopping. Although snow treads are a great help under normal winter driving conditions, they do not give proper traction on ice. For extremely icy conditions, hard packed snow, and very deep snow, reinforced tire chains are the best.

ON THE ROAD

You must drive within a single traffic lane without weaving from one lane to another or straddling the lane marking. You are in a traffic lane whenever driving on any street or highway. A traffic lane is part of a street or highway wide enough to permit safe operation of a vehicle or line of vehicles. Often lanes are not marked, but they are there whether marked or not.

warning signs see them

in book

medical aspects of driving

physical condition has an important bearing on a person's driving ability. Alcohol, drugs, illness or disability are factors that may cause or contribute to trac crashes.

PROPER TURNING RULES

• Plan ahead. • Be in the proper lane well before the turn (follow proper steps to change lanes). • Signal the direction you plan to turn. • Reduce your speed and check for persons and vehicles in your turning path. • Turn into the proper lane (see Turning Diagrams). • Adjust speed to the flow of traffic. see picture on the manual

things to know to pass the road test

• Right and left turns • Signaling (hand or approved electrical devices) • Use of marked and unmarked lanes of traffic • Backing of vehicle • Observance of traffic signs and signals • Making a quick stop • General control of vehicle • Observation • Three point turn. Stop vehicle at right edge of curb. When safe, make sharp left turn; back vehicle. Move forward in right lane. Do not bump curb or use driveway. • Parking (uphill or downhill)

SAFETY RULES FOR PEDESTRIANS

• When walking on a roadway, stay as near to the left side as possible and in single file. • During the hours of darkness or poor visibility, carry a light or wear clothing trimmed with reflective materials. Since all clothing is not trimmed with reflective materials, it is a good rule always to wear light-colored clothing. • Through vehicles are required to yield to you in intersections and cross safely. • Be aware of a driver's difficulty in stopping quickly when streets are slippery and when visibility is poor. • Besurethat the driver sees you. Besure you've madeeyecontact before you proceed.