Alam LSU Hist 2100 Intro to Asia Hist Final Exam
Explain how the politics between East and West Pakistan led to the formation of Bangladesh and the Indo-Pak war of 1971
- Cultural and linguistic differences between East and West Pakistan caused tension - West Pakistan dominated politics and marginalized East Pakistan - Urdu declared as national language in 1948, led to protests and demands for Bengali recognition - 1970 general elections won by Bengali nationalist party, but West Pakistan refused to recognize the results - Civil war broke out, East Pakistan declared independence and formed Bangladesh - India intervened, leading to Indo-Pak war of 1971 - Pakistan was defeated, and the Simla Agreement established the Line of Control in Kashmir and formalized the ceasefire - Formation of Bangladesh changed the political landscape of South Asia.
Explain the rise of opium trade and how it shifted balance against China in favor of the British.
- In the 18th century, the British East India Company began to import large quantities of tea from China to meet growing demand in Britain. - To pay for tea and other Chinese goods, the British started to export opium, which was grown in British-controlled India, to China. - Opium was highly addictive, and its use became widespread in China, causing social and economic problems and draining the country of silver, which was used to pay for the drug. - In response to these problems, the Chinese government banned the import and use of opium, leading to a crackdown on the trade and the destruction of British opium in 1839. - Under the Treaty of Nanking (1842), China was forced to open five ports to foreign trade, cede Hong Kong to Britain, and pay a large indemnity to Britain. - The opium trade continued to grow, and by the 1850s, opium accounted for over a third of British exports to China. - The opium trade helped to fuel British demand for Chinese goods and gave the British a powerful bargaining chip in their dealings with China. - Over time, the opium trade and other unequal treaties imposed on China by Western powers contributed to the decline of the Qing dynasty and the erosion of China's sovereignty.
Discuss the demands of anti-caste movements in contemporary South Asia
- Modern Social Movements to address caste; desire equality, similar to demands for racial equality - 'Dalit' or 'Untouchable:' 'crushed' or 'broken' (Sanskrit); used by lowest caste to identify themselves - Demands: Education, employment, political representation, alleviation of poverty, check violence against low-caste - Contemporary politics: affirmative action in universities
Explain the current refugee crisis created in Southeast and South Asia by the ethnic cleansing of Rohingya.
1. Ethnic Cleansing: The Rohingya, a Muslim minority group in Myanmar, have faced ethnic cleansing and persecution by the Myanmar government and military forces. 2. Forced displacement: The violence against the Rohingya has resulted in a massive wave of forced displacement, with thousands of refugees fleeing to neighboring countries such as Bangladesh, Malaysia, and Thailand. 3. Overcrowded refugee camps: The large number of refugees has overwhelmed existing refugee camps, leading to overcrowding and poor living conditions. 4. Humanitarian crisis: The Rohingya refugee crisis has resulted in a humanitarian crisis, with refugees facing food shortages, lack of access to healthcare, and other basic necessities. 5. International response: The international community has condemned the violence against the Rohingya and provided humanitarian aid to the refugees, but the crisis remains ongoing with the need for long-term solutions.
Explain how colonial India emerged as the largest producer of tea in the world by the first half of the twentieth century.
1. Introduction of tea cultivation: Tea was introduced to India in the early 19th century by the British East India Company, who established tea plantations in Assam and Darjeeling. 2. Favorable growing conditions: India's climate and soil proved to be ideal for tea cultivation, which contributed to the country's success in the industry. 3. Technological advancements: India adopted several technological advancements, including the CTC (crush, tear, curl) method of processing tea, which resulted in a higher yield of tea. 4. Expansion of tea cultivation: The British government encouraged the expansion of tea cultivation in India, which led to the establishment of several new plantations in other regions such as the Nilgiris and the Kangra Valley. 5. Global demand: India's tea industry flourished in the first half of the 20th century due to the growing global demand for tea. Indian tea was considered to be of high quality and was exported to various countries, which contributed to India's status as the largest producer of tea in the world.
Explain how Britain's imperial policy in China was shaped by tea trade.
1800: trade in Chinese tea was lucrative for British merchants Chinese only traded in silver EIC started smuggling opium into China, for which they demanded payment in silver 1839: Opium sales in China paid for the entire tea trade 1848: EIC sent Robert Fortune to bring (steal secrets) of tea horticulture and manufacturing ØTo break Chinese monopoly on tea production ØEIC started tea production in the eastern region of India: Assam ØChinese tea deemed suitable in 1841 ØConsumed vast tracts of land for tea plantation; run by indentured servitude ØConditions for workers harsh; like slavery ØEarly 20th century: India became the largest producer of tea
The__________________ of the Muslim League demanded a state of Pakistan
1940 Lahore Resolution
______________________________started in 1927 as a conference to advocate for education for women.
All India Women's Conference (AIWC)
__________ is referred to as father of the Constitution of India and a leading figure in the fight for social equality and democracy.
B.R Ambedkar
Soon after the overthrowal of Tokugawa shogunate, samurais from Choshu and Satsuma produced an ___________ that lay out the vision of Meiji Japan.
Charter Oath of 1868
________________ was the leader of the Nationalists, and ruled China from Nanjing for almost a decade from 1928-1938 called the Nanjing decade.
Chiang Kai-shek
1.At the Battle of Plassey in 1757, __________ defeated the ruler of Bengal.
East India Company
The ______________ of Vietnam was tolerant of Catholic missionaries, but ________________ and later rulers were suspicious.
Gia Long emperor...................Minh Mang
___________________ provided a critique of Chinese male feminism and founded the journal Tianyi (Natural Justice).
He-Yin Zhen
The text, ___________ was published by Gandhi in 1909 and demanded full independence from British rule.
Hind Swaraj
____________ founded the Vietnamese Communist Party in February 1930
Ho Chi Minh
Britain acquired the island of ___________ based on Treaty of Nanjing in 1842
Hong Kong
China rules Hong Kong under the ________________________________________________ policy
Hong Kong Special Administrative Region
1.Russo-Japanese War of 1904-1905 concluded with ___________ victory.
Japanese
__________________was one of the founders of the 'propaganda movement' that aimed to bring attention to the injustices of Spanish colonial rule in the Philippines
Jose Rizal
______________________ delivered a speech called 'Daughters in Boxes' on 12 October 1883 that criticized the family system in Japan.
Kishida Toshiko
The Korean Armistice Agreement led to the creation of __________________ along the 38th parallel.
Korean Demilitarized Zone (DMZ)
_________________was a Spanish trading ship that linked Philippines with Mexico across the Pacific in the early modern world.
Manila Galleon
___________________________was created by the DRV government for unification of Vietnam.
National Liberation Front (Viet Cong)
The __________ became victorious after 1777, and united Vietnam under their rule
Nguyen dynasty
Explain the achievements of Phule and Ambedkar in ending caste inequality.
Phule ØJyotirao Phule (1827-1890): Social reformer and educator; Born in western India Ø1848: lower castes and women were marginalized and education was vital for their emancipation ØEstablished schools that provided education for lower castes Ø Gulamgiri (Slavery), 1873: Critique of the caste system as a kind of slavery; racial theory of caste: Brahmins were viewed as Aryans which were a foreign race' (cruel and depraved) Ambedkar ØB.R Ambedkar (1891-1956): jurist, economist, politician and reformer ØIndia's first law minister, father of the Constitution of India. ØBorn in central India; family subject to socio-economic discrimination ØEducation: undergraduate in Bombay; Phd from Columbia University and further degrees from London School of Economics. ØInfluenced by John Dewey, James Shotwell and Edwin Seligman Ø1920s: launched active movements against caste; formed the blueprint for justice and social equality ØLower castes are a minority entitled to special representation; founded a political party 'Independent Labor Party.'
Discuss the rise Hindutva politics and its challenges to Muslim and Christian minorities of India
RSS launched its party called Bharatiya Jana Sangh in 1951; later became BJP BJP (Bharatiya Janata Party, Indian People's Party): Political party that represents RSS; several BJP leaders hail from RSS branches Largest political party with a cultural and ideological base; currently in government (Prime Minister: Narendra Modi) Problems: 1. Riots against Muslims (Bombay in 1992 and in the state of Gujarat in 2002) 2. Lynching by mobs over consumption of beef; fueled by Whatsapp messages and rumors 3. Kashmir
Violence against __________________ in Burma since 2017 has created an international refugee crisis in southeast and south Asia.
Rohingya Muslims
The Awami Party of East Pakistan was led by _______________
Sheikh Mujibur Rahman
After the formation of PRC, Chiang Kai-shek, his army and the government retreated to __________ and established their government there.
Taiwan
_________________ written by Lu Yu in 760 CE discusses the origins and the methods of tea production along with a history of tea consumption.
The Classic of Tea
Summarize Gandhi-Ambedkar disagreement on caste from your primary source reading
The Gandhi-Ambedkar debate was a significant exchange of ideas between two influential leaders of India's freedom movement regarding the issue of caste discrimination. Mahatma Gandhi believed in the concept of varnashrama dharma, where caste divisions are based on occupation and not birth. He advocated for the upliftment of the so-called "lower castes" through education and social reform. B.R. Ambedkar, on the other hand, argued that the caste system was inherently discriminatory and that the "lower castes" needed political power to break free from its oppressive structures. He believed that the only way to eradicate caste-based discrimination was through constitutional reforms and affirmative action policies. Gandhi and Ambedkar had differing views on how to achieve social justice for the oppressed castes. While Gandhi focused on individual reform, Ambedkar believed that political power and legal measures were necessary to address the issue. Despite their differences, both Gandhi and Ambedkar worked towards the goal of a casteless society and played important roles in shaping India's political landscape. Their debate remains relevant to this day and continues to inspire discussions on social justice and equality.
1.Discuss shogun's signing of economic treaties with US, and the civil war that engulfed Japan soon afterwards.
Treaty of Kanagawa (1854) Shogunate signed a treaty with US: (1) American ships were allowed at Shimoda and Hakodate, and could obtain coal and other supplies. (2) US had the right to consul in Shimoda. Harris Treaty (1858) (1) Japan was to open six cities- Edo, Osaka, Kanagawa (Yokohama), Hyogo (Kobe), Nagasaki and Niigata to foreign residence and trades just as the Chinese ports had earlier been opened. (2) Low tariffs on imported goods (3) Allow foreign residents and visitors extraterritoriality; Japan soon signed such treaties with the Netherlands, Britain, France and Russia. Civil War ØSatsuma-Choshu Alliance: military alliance between the feudal domains of Satsuma and Choshu formed in 1866 to combine their efforts to restore imperial rule and overthrow the Tokugawa shogunate. ØEmperor Komei dies in 1867. Ø1867-1868: Civil War between armies of various domains and Tokugawa forces to abolish the shogunate. ØMilitary units from Satsuma, Choshu and Tosa advanced to Edo in 1867, and Tokugawa surrendered. Ø Capital moved to Edo (renamed Tokyo in 1869), and his son Meiji was crowned in 1868. ØJapan is militarily weak, mostly agricultural with little technological development and limited Western influence
_______________ divided Southeast Asian archipelago into Dutch and British colonies where Dutch controlled islands south of Singapore while the British controlled Singapore and Malacca.
Treaty of London
Discuss the main tenets of the Treaty of Nanjing and Treaty of Tianjin in the wake of the opium wars.
Treaty of Nanjing (1842): §(1) Acquired the island of Hong Kong §(2) Right to trade in five treaty ports including Shanghai and Guangzhou (Canton) §(3) Granted indemnity of 12 million silver dollars to the British Treaty of Tianjin (1858): (1) Opening of ten more ports. (2) Permission of Westerners, including Christian missionaries to travel throughout China (3) Indemnity of 4 million ounces of silver to the British and 2 million to the French. (4) Extraterritoriality to Westerners.
Under ___________________, Spain transferred the colony of Philippines to the US
Treaty of Paris, 1898
Explain the process of French colonization of Vietnam including Treaty of Saigon and the treaties of Hue of 1883 and 1884, and the formation of Indochina
Treaty of Saigon (1862): French received Saigon and three of the southern provinces; Opening of three ports to trade Ø1867: take over three more southern provinces and established the French colony of Cochinchina (Cochinchina) in the South. ØDeath of Vietnamese emperor Tu Duc; succession crisis and another treaty. Ø Treaty of Hue (Harmand Treaty) in August 1883 ceded Tonkin (north Vietnam) to the French as a new protectorate. Ø A second Treaty of Hue in June 1884 allowed the French to take over the whole of Dai Nam (Annam: central Vietnam). ØFrench Indochina (Indochine Français), 1887: Union was formed that joined Cambodia to Annam, Tonkin and Conchinchina under French administration. ØLaos added to the union in 1893.
Burma ceded two coastal provinces, Arakan and Tenasserim, under the ________________________
Treaty of Yandabo
Discuss the relation between feminism and nationalism? What are the paradoxes and contradictions inherent to this question.
Two views: 1. Women participated in anti-colonial revolt Women arrested during the non-cooperation movement; boycott foreign goods and defy British laws. Nationalism and feminism in the non-Western world: Allies 2. Nationalism against feminism: Home and family seen as the place of tradition; attempts to change it were a threat to self and identity.
____________are Muslim Turkic ethnic group living in Xinjiang province of China
Uighur
1.Nationalist Party and CCP in China formed a ________________ in 1926 as a policy to build a strong state.
United Front
Hindutva: Who is a Hindu was written by __________________
V.D Savarkar
___________ were a coalition of forces, led by the Vietnamese Communists to achieve independence during World War II
Viet Minh
Asiatic Society of Bengal was founded by __________, a scholar of Asia
William Jones
Pakistan People's Party of West Pakistan was led by _________________
Zulfikar Ali Bhutto
Drinking ________was imbued with spiritual quality that reflected Buddhist, Taoist and Confucian thought
tea
Discuss the politics of 'one country, two systems' in Hong Kong.
Ø"One country, two systems": Special Administrative regions (SAR) (Hong Kong and Macau) [HKSAR] ØSARs have a degree of autonomy and enjoy executive, legislative and judicial power ØHong Kong Basic Law: Constitutional document of HKSAR, which is a combination of English common law and local legislation. Ø2003: Fears of reduction in autonomy ØJune 2014: PRC issued a paper on HKSAR: 'The Practice of 'One Country, Two Systems' Policy in Hong Kong Special Administrative Region'
Discuss the Spanish colonization of Philippines
Ø1571: Spanish conquered a small town, Manila; base for expansion of Christianity and Spanish rule ØSouthern islands populated by Muslims (Moros) or by those who believed in animistic spirits ØSpanish population grew steadily and was Spain's outpost in the East; Manila became the capital of Spanish East Indies ØAdministered from the Viceroyalty of New Spain (Mexico); 1821, administered directly from Spain. ØManila Galleon: Spanish trading ships that linked Philippines (Manila) with Mexico (Acapulco); largely carried Chinese goods (silk, spices) from Manila ØSpanish payment was in the form of Mexican silver dollars
Discuss the main features of moderates and nationalists in South Asia and explain how they differ from each other.
Ø1885: Indian National Congress founded; greater share in government ØLegitimate role in government and advocated constitutional reforms ØAssociation with England was an advantage ØReforms and Benefits of British rule: widow remarriage and women's education; introduction of railways and telegraph; peace and order, better security and administration; critique of caste ØCritiques: Economic Drain theory: wealth draining out of India because it supported British empire without any economic benefits, Dadabhai Naraoji (1925-1917) ---------------------------------------------- ØWrote in regional languages instead of English ØMass support against the British and considered 'benefits' unimportant. ØDemand: Full Independence from British rule: Self-Rule (Swaraj) ØSwadeshi Movement (self-sufficiency): Boycott of British goods ØRejected methods of reconciliation and dialogue ØDisadvantages of Imperialism: Imposition of foreign rule, alien culture and economic exploitation outweighed any benefits.
ØDiscuss the emergence of feminism in China and the critique of male feminism by Chinese women.
Ø1907: first government girls' school (Curriculum: 'good wife, wise mother') ØEmergence of women's magazines: Examined the linkages between patriarchy and nation's political crisis (Nüzi shijie: Women's World) ØHe-Yin Zhen (1884-1920): Provided a critique of male feminism, founded the journal Tianyi (Natural Justice); married to Liu Shipei, who was an anarchist. Ø(1) allows men and nations, instead of women, to acquire distinction Ø(2) men needed women to alleviate the burden of family's livelihood due to growing poverty Ø (3) Women educated to be 'good wives, wise mothers' because men cannot bear the responsibility of raising family ØWomen's oppression was rooted in economic systems and exploitation of women's labor.
Explain the birth of CCP in China and the civil war between Communists and Nationalists that led to the formation of People's Republic of China.
Ø1936-1946: Communist Party based in Yanan ØParty membership increased as people fled inwards ØMobilized and helped peasants during the war; Mao campaigned to instill a vision where peasants would be vanguards of a new future and a revolution. ØMay 1943: Chairman of the Central Committee and became party's main leader. ØAugust 1945: Japan surrendered; Civil War between Nationalists and Communists ensued (1945-1947) ØEarly 1949: Chiang Kai-shek, his army and the government retreated to Taiwan and established their government there. Ø1 October 1949: Mao Zedong formally proclaimed the founding of People's Republic of China.
Explain the Japanese occupation of Burma and the Burmese nationalist politics during the Second World war.
Ø1937: Burma separated from Indian colony Ø1941: 'Thirty Comrades': Thirty men fled Burma to obtain military training in Hainan, China to fight the British; assisted by the Japanese. Leader was Aung Sen; Burmese Independence Army formed in December 1941. ØJapan occupied Burma in early 1942; early support but eventual disillusionment. Ø1944: Demoralized and depressed. ØAugust 1944: AFPFL (Anti-Fascist People's Freedom League); all parties united. ØJapanese withdrew in August 1945 ØIndependence: January 4, 1948.
Discuss the trajectory of postcolonial Burma and the current crisis created by the Rohingya ethnic cleansing.
Ø1948-1962: Elections held Ø1962: Military coup and government came under direct control by the military. Ø1989: name changed to Myanmar Ø1990 Elections: Victory of National League of Democracy (NLD) led by Aung San Suu Kyi; subsequent leader of democracy movement, under house arrest Ø2011-2012: Reforms; release of Aung San Suu Kyi and several other political prisoners. Ø2016: State Counsellor created for Aung San Suu Kyi to have a greater role Ø2020: Military seized power in a coup.
Explain the main goals and purposes of the Occupation of Japan from 1945-1952.
Ø6.6 million Japanese soldiers and civilians in East Asia: Labor camps in Soviet Union; killed by the Chinese in Manchuria, refugee camps in Korea, POWs in British and Dutch colonies (not returned till 1947). ØTokyo War Crimes Trial: 1946 (International Military Tribunal for the Far East) ØOccupation: Surrender to 1952 (Treaty of San Francisco), overseen by General Douglas MacArthur (Supreme Commander of the Allied Powers); 1 million soldiers. ØChanges under SCAP : (1) Emperor lost his 'divine' status. Ø(2) New Constitution replaced the Meiji constitution: rights to education, health care, police protection, work and a minimum standard of living; freedom of assembly, speech and religion. Controversial: (Article 9: Renunciation of War) Ø2) A new civil code that emphasized equality of the sexes. Ø3) American schools as the model: primary, middle and high school
Explain the politics of the case of Tibet as an autonomous region in China.
ØAcquired by the Qing dynasty; power lay with Lamaist Buddhist monasteries. Ø1911: Qing dynasty ends; Dalai Lama proclaims Tibet independent. ØDalai Lama is the spiritual leader of Tibetan Buddhism; headed (or their regents) the government. ØSeries of talks begin between Tibet and PRC after the Communist takeover on Tibet incorporation into China; mediated by Britain and India. ØPLA crossed into Tibetan territory in October 1950. ØTibetan representatives and the PRC Government signed the Seventeen Point Agreement in 1951, authorizing Chinese sovereignty in Tibet. ØPressures of collectivization and Great Leap Forward led to Tibetan revolt in March 1959; revolt suppressed; both sides dissolved the agreement. ØThe 14th Dalai Lama fled to India (CTA); PRC governs it as Tibet Autonomous Region, established in 1965.
ØExplain the grounds for French military intervention in Vietnam in 1847, 1858 and 1859.
ØApril 1847: French navy attacked Da Nang on grounds of religious persecution of Catholic missionaries. ØAugust 1858: French attacked Da Nang again in retaliation for the execution of two missionaries Ø1859: French attacked Saigon (today's Ho Chi-Minh City); motivated also by economic concerns that it could be a major port for trade. 3 Major Causes: 1. Colonial officials who worried that France was becoming a 'satellite' state of Britain in Southeast Asia 2. growing number of merchants and manufacturers interested in overseas markets who favored more Asian ports opened to European trade 3. Nationalist intellectuals: Task of France was now to spread the principles of the French Revolution to the rest of the world.
Explain American intervention in the Philippine revolution and US occupation of Philippines in the first half of the twentieth century.
ØApril 1898: US launched naval blockade of the Spanish colony of Cuba ØUS Navy defeated the Spanish navy at the 'Battle of Manila Bay' ØEmilio Aguinaldo sailed to Philippines on a U.S ship and were waiting signal from Commodore Dewey ØSecured the surrender of Manila from Spaniards under a treaty between US and Spain Ø2 June 1898: Aguinaldo proclaimed independence from Spain ØTreaty of Paris, 1898: Spain ceded control of Philippines to US
Explain the colonization of Burma during the three Anglo-Burmese wars of the nineteenth century.
ØColonial Rule: Colonial invasion characterized by wars and conflict with the British ØThree Major Wars: (1) First Anglo-Burmese War, 1824-1826 (2) Second Anglo-Burmese War, 1852 (3) Third Anglo-Burmese War, 1885 ØFirst Anglo-Burmese War: Fought over the control of Northeast India between Burmese kingdom and British (East India Company) ØTreaty of Yandabo: (1) Burma ceded two coastal provinces (Arakan and Tenasserim) (2) pay one million pounds. (3) Have a British Resident stationed at the Burmese royal court ØResult: British gained control of Northeast India (Assam) ØSecond Anglo-Burmese War, 1852: Issues relating to treaty and trade; EIC wished to control trade in Burma as Rangoon became an important port ØPegu part of Company's control (Lower Burma): Lower Burma annexed by the British ØThird Anglo-Burmese War, 1885: (1) British suspicion of French: French exerting control over Indochina; Burmese close to the French.
Discuss CCP in power particularly the program of Great Leap Forward in the late 50s
ØCommunist Party: Central Committee, Politburo and Standing Committee (Mao Zedong, Liu Shaoqi, Zhou Enlai, Zhu De, Chen Yun) ØMao (1953): Chairman of the Communist Party, Chairman of the Military Affairs Commission and Chairman of PRC. ØRebuild China as a socialist, egalitarian nation. ØEmpower peasants and workers; limit the influence of landlords, capitalists ------------------------------------------------------------- ØChina should transform itself into a mighty nation from a poor one. ØIndustrialization could be achieved through people's power, in the form of mass mobilization of labor. ØGoal: Surpass industrial output of Britain in 15 years; jump start industrialization. ØAgricultural collectives were organized into communes; peasants were organized into production brigades and referred to as fighters. ØFactories, schools and communes set up 'steel furnaces' Result: Exaggerated reporting from local CCP cadres; focus on steel production led to decline in agricultural production; lack of adequate technology ØEstimated 30 million deaths due to famine; starvation deaths due to shortage of grain.
Discuss the violence during Partition and its effect on people's lives.
ØCreation of two States: Pakistan (West Pakistan and East Pakistan) and India ØForced Migration of Muslims from Indian mainland to Pakistan and of Hindus and Sikhs from Pakistan to India ØViolence and riots between religious communities in areas of migration. ØLoss of property; displacement of whole population. Division of families. ØRefugee population ØSexual violence against women.
How has the suicide of Dalit student Rohith Vemula informed progressive politics in India
ØDiscrimination against lower castes or Dalits; feel alienated and marginalized. Ø17 January 2016: Suicide of Dalit student Rohit Vemula at University of Hyderabad; member of Ambedkar Students Association (ASA) ØAltercation between ABVP (students' wing of BJP) and ASA; Rohit and 4 other students suspended in 2015; barred from public spaces and stipend withheld ØProtests by progressive groups in universities after his suicide; described as 'institutional murder'
Discuss Anglo-Dutch imperial rivalry and founding of Singapore in Southeast Asia.
ØDutch prohibited British ships ØEstablished a port in southern Malay that would challenge Dutch supremacy (Singapore: a fishing village) Ø1824: Treaty of London: Division of Indian archipelago. Dutch will control islands south of Singapore while the British control Singapore and Malacca ØBritish-controlled region became Malaysia and Dutch-controlled islands became Indonesia.
Explain the colonization Southeast Asian islands by the Dutch in the early modern period
ØEarly 1600s: Rise of the Dutch; VOC (Dutch East India Company) ØEstablished the city of Batavia (now Jakarta) for trade and expansion in the island of Java. ØVOC had authority over all Java to safeguard commercial interest by 1770s. ØMonopoly over nutmeg, peppers, clove and cinnamon; added cash crops like coffee, sugar and indigo ØVOC dissolved in 1800 due to mismanagement and corruption ØJava divided into nine units, each under a revenue official, all under Hermann Daendels (1808-1810) ØLaw courts administered justice according to customary usage (adat) ØCheck the growth of British in the region
Discuss the various economic and political changes instituted by the Meiji transformation.
ØEconomic (Industrialization): government-built railway and shipping lines, telegraph and telephone systems, shipyards, mines, munitions works, and consumer industries including that of sugar, glass, textiles, cement, chemicals, and other important products (because of financial burden the government sold these industries to private entrepreneurs in 1880). ØEducation: national educational system started in 1872: western style education and ideological indoctrination. ØPolitical: a constitution in 1889, creating an elected parliament called the Diet; drafted by Ito Hirobumi that defined the emperor as sovereign and sacred but also gave rights to citizens. ØChanges in legal system: a new criminal and civil code modeled after those of France and Germany Religious: State Shinto (1870s onwards): Separate Shinto from Buddhism; removed Buddhist icons, rituals and priests from shrine-temple complexes (Shinto and Buddhism were fused
How did English East India Company expand its control in India and became a sovereign power instead of just being a trading company
ØEnglish East India Company (EIC; formed in 1613): Permission to trade at Indian ports (Indian Ocean trade). ØPorts were important centers of British trade and power; EIC had monopoly over Indian Ocean trade Ø Competition with the Dutch (Dutch East India Company: VOC) & the French (French East India Company) ØTrading goods: Textiles (cotton, silk), spices, indigo, saltpeter, tea. ØFor India, textiles was a major export along with indigo and saltpeter ØTrading companies had military to quell competition
What were the problems of EIC rule that led to the revolt of 1857.
ØExpanded inland towards rest of South Asia through economic and military intervention Ø 1. Politics: Greater domination of EIC in internal politics, and increase in racism Ø(a) Subsidiary alliance: Indian states dependent on EIC military for their protection Ø(b) Doctrine of Lapse: a state 'lapses' into EIC control if it doesn't have a 'biological' heir; increased racism against Indians. Ø2. Religion and Education: 1813 Charter Act: Christian missionaries in India; proselytization. English Education Act, 1835: Education only in English; increased racism against Indians. Ø3. Economics: Increasing poverty amongst peasants and farmers: Exploitative practices of wealthy landlords and merchants ----------------------------------------------- ØBegan as a mutiny in the EIC army near Delhi; erupted into other mutinies and civilian rebellions. ØRebels reached Delhi and declared Bahadur Shah Zafar (last Mughal emperor) as their leader. ØSpread to other parts of India ØIndian States aligned either with EIC or rebelled ØEIC/ British Empire won
Explain the politics of First Indochina War that led to the division of Vietnam
ØFrench do not recognize DRV, and try to bring back Emperor Bao Dai (Chief of State of Vietnam). Full war: 1946-1954. ØFollowing the establishment of PRC in 1949, Beijing recognized DRV in 1950 followed by Soviet Union. ØProvided Viet Minh with military assistance to fight the French; US worried about communist expansion after PRC. ØUS supported the French in Vietnam after the start of Korean War in 1950; French defeated and surrendered on May 7, 1954. ØGeneva Conference (8 May 1954): Independence granted to Vietnam, Laos and Cambodia; ØDivided Vietnam along 17 parallel: northern part under the control of Viet Minh rebels led by Ho Chi Minh, and a regroupment zone of French forces in the south, who appointed Ngo Dinh Diem as PM.
ØExplain the nature of family and gender relations during the Meiji era in Japan.
ØGood Wife, Wise Mother'(ryosai kenbo): women mastered domestic skills and raise intelligent children for the nation; promoted nationalist and conservative years till WWII ØEmerged in the latter part of Meiji period and continued till Second World War to promote conservative and nationalist state policy. ØFukuzawa Yukichi, Mori Arinori and Nakamura Masanao . ØNakamura Masanao (educator); translated Self-Help by Samuel Smiles and On Liberty by J.S Mill ØPeople's Rights Movement (1880s): elected legislature, civil rights and low taxes ØKishida Toshiko (1863-1901, Shoen): Women's equality was an indicator of civilization. ØDelivered a speech called 'Daughters in Boxes' on 12 October, 1883; arrested afterwards ØJogaku zasshi (Women's Education Magazine): feminist journal. ØFukuda Hideko (1865-1927): Involved in People's Rights Movement; pushed for gender reforms and democratic changes in Japan ØSekai fujin (Women of the World)
Explain how the Meiji state eliminated the power of the daimyos after the abolition of the Tokugawa shogunate
ØGovernment was centralized: domains abolished, and prefectures established. ØDaimyos disinherited land and they received small stipends and were encouraged to join another line of work (agriculture, forestry, business). Øby 1876 the government banned the wearing of the samurai's swords and the former samurai cut off their top knots in favor of Western-style haircuts. Øthe armies of each domain were disbanded, and a national army based on universal conscription was created in 1872 ØSlogan of the Day: "Rich Country, Strong Army."
ØExplain the US intervention in Vietnam and the 'Americanization' of the Indochina War.
ØGulf of Tonkin incident (August 1964): two Vietnamese torpedo boats attacked a US navy ship, USS Maddox; a probable second attack ØLyndon Johnson ordered airstrikes in the north and US Congress passed Gulf of Tonkin Resolution allowing president to take military action with out declaring war. ØUS troops in South Vietnam in 1965; fighting North Vietnamese soldiers. Ø1969: 541,000 US troops in Vietnam. ØAntiwar protests in US; Johnson becomes unpopular; Richard Nixon elected in 1968. Ø27 January, 1973 (Paris Accords of 1973): Wind down US presence in Vietnam. Ø1975: South Vietnamese army defeated; Vietnam reunified in 1975 as Socialist Republic of Vietnam.
Discuss the Japanese 'Way of Tea' and the influence of tea consumption on Zen Buddhist ritual.
ØHarmony (Wa): harmony between guests, hosts, nature and setting ØRespect (Kei): sincerety towards another regardless of rank of status ØPurity (Sei): to spiritually cleanse oneself ØTranquility (Jaku): inner peace that results from the first three principles.
Discuss the decline of Mughal empire and the beginnings of British empire in South Asia.
ØImperial expansion put strain on finances and royal treasury ØCommercialization and urbanization in different parts of the country; rich elites rebelled against the emperor. ØIncreasing power of local governors who rebelled against the king ØRise of smaller kingdoms called successor states; center unable to control powerful regions
ØExplain the demands made by Korean feminists to address sexual slavery by Japan during World War II.
ØKorean Council for the Women Drafted into Military Sexual Slavery by Japan formed in 1990 Demands on the Japanese government: (1) Acknowledgement of the Japanese government's crimes against the former military sex slaves. (2) Disclosure of the complete details of these crimes. (3) A formal apology for the crimes. (4) Erection of memorial for the victims. (5) Payment of reparation to the victims and their families. (6) Inclusion of the history of military sexual slavery in Japanese school textbooks and educational curricula. (7) Appropriate punishment for criminals.
Explain the problems with social reform in the nineteenth century.
ØMen commented on condition of women in society ('woman question') ØNot aware of women's lives Ø'Social Reform:' Widow remarriage; women's education; segregation ØLegislation: Hindu Widow Remarriage Act (1856) Ø'Social Reform' debates: Focused on tradition and identity, not women. ØDid not address lower caste women. ØWomen's voice absent ØNature of debates: Educated women make good mothers and manage the home well; it would serve the nation well. (national regeneration) ØEducation becomes a vehicle for nationalism and domesticity. ØEmergence of 'reformist patriarchy' instead of women's liberation. ØColonialism did not bring women's emancipation but a new strict order.
Explain the politics of the case of Xinjiang as an autonomous region in China.
ØMuslim, Turkic ethnic group living in Xinjiang province; culturally close to Central Asia nations (Uzbekistan, Kyrgyzstan and Kazakhstan) Ø2014: Allegations of widespread human rights abuses against the China including internment camps where a million Uighurs are said to be have been detained. ØChina's position: 'Re-education camps' to prevent spread of separatism and terrorism. ØUN report: OHCHR Assessment of human rights concerns in the Xinjiang Uyghur Autonomous Region, People Republic of China (31 August 2022)
ØDiscuss the events and politics of the Korean War.
ØNorth and South provoked each other with cross-border raids; stopped from full-scale invasion by Soviet Union and the US. ØJune 25, 1950: Kim Il Sung launched an invasion; Soviets supplied weapons and planes but not troops. ØUS forces dispatched as 'police action' instead of war; won approval of a UN force under the command of Douglas MacArthur. ØBattles continued till 1953; Chinese troops also involved. ØSyngman Rhee signed an armistice in 1953. ØCreation of Korean Demilitarized Zone (DMZ) ØMillions dead (2-5); extreme devastation and industrial capacity destroyed.
Explain the goals and phases of the cultural revolution in China from 1966-1976.
ØPhase 1 (1966-1968): Red Guards attacked teachers, parents, and party cadres ØCampaign against the Four Olds: Old customs, Old habits, Old culture, and Old thinking. ØCarried little red books, Quotations from Chairman Mao. ØRansacked homes, libraries and museums to find books and artwork to set on fire; Armed struggle ensued between factions, against regional and national military forces. ØPhase 2 (1968-1976): Mao disbanded the Red Guards to prevent a civil war; sent them off to work in the countryside. Ø1971: Mao's health declined; death of Mao officially ended the Cultural Revolution
Discuss the causes of the birth of Burmese nationalism
ØPolitical humiliation and destruction of the old system: Burmese not part of political power ØEconomic Discontent: Large tracts of land brought under rice cultivation but Burmese were alienated from land; insecurity and suffering amongst peasant blamed on Anglo-Saxon law. Ø Buddhist hostility: Buddhist monasteries dependent on the Burmese monarchy for survival; left powerless after 1885. Christian missionaries further challenged Buddhist culture and monasteries as centers of learning. Ø Formation of YMBA (1906): Young Men's Buddhist Association YMBA set up schools that became centers of national awareness. ØAgitation and protests in the 1930s: Directed at moneylenders; opposed presence of Indian immigration and presence in Burma. ØIndians came as civil servants, moneylenders and laborers.
Explain the Filipino demand for freedom against Spanish rule and the Philippine revolution in the late nineteenth century
ØPost 1800: Trade led to rise of an entrepreneurial class in Manila Ø1852-1872: Liberal phase of colonial policy 1.Compulsory and free primary education 2.Spanish language and literature taught 3.Debating societies, libraries and newspapers flourished. ØJose Rizal (1861-1896):left for Spain at 18; one of many Filipino students studying in Europe ØAim: Call for reforms; called the 'Propaganda Movement ØBring attention to the injustices committed by the Spanish authorities
ØExplain the politics of Cold War in East Asia as it led to the division of Korea after the end of Second World War.
ØPotsdam Conference (May-June 1945) reaffirmed the Cairo Declaration. Japan surrenders in August 1945. Ø Cold War: August 8, 1945: Russian troops entered Korea from the north; US entered on August 15, 1945. ØUS-Soviet agreement to divide Korea along the 38th parallel to administer the surrender of Japanese forces. ØSoviets picked socialist Jo Mansik to lead the northern region; US picked Syngman Rhee ØMillions of Koreans living abroad in Japan and Manchuria returned to the country. ØKim II Sung active in the northern branch of KCP (Korean Communist Party) ØJanuary 1946, Soviets replaced Jo Mansik with Kim Il (il) Sung. ØUS-Soviet division of Korea soon reflected social and political differences.
ØExplain society and state under Kim Il Sung in Democratic People's Republic of Korea.
ØReplaced communism and Marxism with juche, the ideology of the state (mix of Korean nationalism and self-reliance). ØNew Hierarchy: Party members, government officials, military officers, anti-Japanese guerilla fighters were on top. Nonparty workers, peasants and clerical workers were in the middle. Descendants of landlords, capitalists and dissidents were outcasts; Catholic priests and Protestant ministers. ØCreation of a personality cult; built giant statues of himself. ØAll government agencies under the president's office. ØSubordinated KWP (Korean Workers' Party) to his command. ØKim Il Sung died in 1994; Kim Jong Il succeeded him and was known as the 'supreme leader.'
Discuss the Japanese invasion of Manchuria and the advent of the second Sino-Japanese War
ØSeptember 1931: Bomb exploded on Southern Manchurian Railroad ØJapan attacked Shanghai in early 1932, and invaded Manchuria establishing puppet state called Machukuo in March 1932. ØLeague of Nations refused to recognize the state; Japan resigned from League of Nations in 1933 ØJapanese aggression led to the formation of a Second United Front between Communists and Nationalists in China in 1936 (e. 1941); western powers unable to check Japanese consolidation ØJuly 1937: Marco Polo Bridge or July 7 Incident: Battle between Chinese army and Japanese Imperial Army outside a fortress in Beijing; start of World War II in Asia. ØAttack on Shanghai (August -November 1937) ØAttack on Nanjing (December 1937): Killings of ordinary civilians and sexual violence (Rape of Nanjing).
ØExplain the Vietnamese nationalist resistance to French rule in early twentieth century.
ØSeveral Rebellions to French rule from 1858-1896. ØPhan Boi Chau (1867 - 1940): Realized that East would continue to be a victim of Western exploitation unless it accepted modern Western knowledge and political ideas. ØIn 1905, Chau went to Japan for study; inspired by Sun Yatsen and Meiji Japan. ØSupported the Chinese 1911 Republican Revolution. ØPhan Chu Trinh (1872-1926): He also studied in Japan; inspired by Fukuzawa Yukichi. ØFounded school in Hanoi (later closed by the French) ØArrested by the French but later released.
ØDiscuss the emergence of dictatorship and authoritarian rule in Republic of Korea after the Korean War.
ØSyngman Rhee (1953-1961) constructed a dictatorship based on the police, new army and a centralized bureaucracy. ØNational Security Law (1949): used to arrest supporters of 'enemy state' (North Korea). Ø1960; student protests but police fired at the demonstrators ØMay, 1961: Park Chung Hee: Held elections but used the bureaucracy, police, army and KCIA to maintain power and coerce voters. Repressive from 1972-1979. ØInflation and labor protests ended his regime in 1979. ØChun Doo Hwan (1979-1987): Declared martial law, closed universities, banned political activity, suspended the National Assembly and arrested hundreds of students and opposition politicians. ØDemocracy arrived in 1997 and civilian presidents have ruled ROK since 1992.
Discuss the Canton trade system under the Qing dynasty.
ØThis regulation limited trade with European merchants to the city of Canton in southern China (Guangzhou) and granted a group of Chinese merchants the monopoly for this trade. This group was known as the Cohong ØRole of Cohong: handle commercial matters, ensure that custom duties were paid and that foreigners conducted themselves properly. ØTrade through the Canton System proved very lucrative for China - New World silver influx benefited Chinese economy (1650-1750) - Spanish set up silver mines in the Americas after 1570 - Silver became the principal source of the Spanish Crown and epitomized the Atlantic world's economy - Europeans used silver to buy Chinese goods like silk, cotton, tea, and porcelain - Chinese artisans specialized in production for export, supporting the global silver trade.
Discuss Vietnamese resistance during the Second World War
ØTripartite Pact, September 1940: Axis alliance with Germany and Italy; Vichy France granted them control over northern French Indochina (Colonial Vietnam). ØMay 1941: Viet Minh, a coalition of forces, led by the Vietnamese Communists to achieve independence. ØConducted guerilla warfare against the Japanese. ØFollowing Japan's surrender, Viet Minh occupied Hanoi and Saigon in August 1945, and declared the establishment of Democratic Republic of Vietnam (DRV). (Emperor Bao Dai formally abdicated, ending the Nguyen dynasty). ØAllied powers already agreed that Chiang Kai-shek's Chinese Nationalist forces would occupy northern Vietnam after Japan's surrender and British troops would occupy southern Vietnam. ØMay 1946: French declared southern Vietnam (Cochinchina) under French control.
Discuss the Indonesian nationalist movement and the birth of Republic of Indonesia.
ØTwo types of elites: priyayi (interior Java islands) and santri (coastal and commercial community). ØSarekat Islam (Islamic Association): Economic organization working to advance interests of Muslim merchants; started working for self-government ØDemands: Modernization, self-government and socialism ØRadical wing breaks to form Communist Party of Indonesia (PKI), in 1920. Ø1923-1926: PKI organized strikes and demonstrations Ø1926: PKI proclaimed a republic but crushed by the Dutch.
Explain how the course of World War 1 led to the May Fourth movement in China.
ØWorld War I (1914-1918): Triple Entente (France, Russian, Britain, Japan); Triple Alliance (Germany, Austria-Hungary and Italy) ØJapan and Britain seized German holdings (Shandong peninsula) after the beginning of WWI in 1914. ØTreaty of Versailles: Treaty that concluded peace after World War I; China expected Shandong (a German sphere of influence under Japanese control)to be returned to China ØThe Allied Powers or Entente Powers left Shandong to Japan ØMay 4, 1919: Chinese public discovered the news. ØMassive demonstrations in Shanghai, Nanjing, Wuhan, Fuzhou, Guangzhou, and other major cities against Japan. ØBoycott of Japanese goods.
Discuss the Greater East Asian war accompanying Japanese ultranationalism and the surrender of Japan in August 1945.
ØWorld War II: Allied Powers (France, Soviet Union, Britain, US, ROC); Axis Powers (Germany, Italy, Japan) ØTripartite Pact, September 1940: Axis alliance with Germany and Italy; Vichy France granted them control over northern French Indochina (Colonial Vietnam) ØSeptember 1941: Japanese troops moved into northern Indochina. ØUS President Roosevelt imposes embargo on oil exports to Japan ØDecember 1941: attack on US naval base at Pearl Harbor; US enters World War II ØAttacks on British Hong Kong, British Malaya, Guam and the Philippines. ØEarly 1942: Attacks on Singapore, Dutch East Indies (Indonesia, Dutch colony) and Burma (Burma Campaign) ------------------------------------------------------------ ØJuly 26, 1945: Potsdam Declaration by Truman, Churchill and Stalin: Unconditional surrender of Japan ØDetonation of atomic bombs: 6 August 1945 (Hiroshima) and 8 August 1945 (Nagasaki) Ø14 August, 1945: Japanese surrender
Discuss the state of French Indochina focusing on colonial government and economy
Øa source of raw materials and a market for goods produced by French industries. ØExport of raw materials: Rice, coal, rare minerals, and rubber; coffee, tea, sugar (plantations) ØDiscouraged the development of local industries, preventing economic development in the colony. ØDifficult lives for peasants: forced to build infrastructure and work on plantations; suffered from disease and malnutrition. Ø Uneven Western, French-style education for a few elites but most Vietnamese were excluded. ØFrench-speaking Vietnamese were inspired by French ideals of liberty, equality and fraternity but were blocked from admission to high colonial society
