ALI Encyclopedia of Counseling: Group Counseling and Group Work (NCE)

In some literature, group cohesiveness, or "we-ness" is known as (a) group unity (b) a sociogram (c) Karpman's triangle (d) the transition stage

(a) group unity

A major group dynamic is group development. This is usually expressed in terms of (a) the number of hours of group conflict (b) theories of group stages (c) the Rosenthal effect (d) the Hawthorne effect

(b) theories of group stages

Everybody picks on (a) the gatekeeper (b) the harmonizer, or the conciliator (c) the scapegoat (d) the storyteller, the intellectualizer, the attacker, and the joker

(c) the scapegoat

Most experts in the field of group counseling would agree that the most important trait for group members is the ability (a) to open up (b) to listen (c) to trust (d) to convey empathy

(c) to trust Irvin Yalom feels that the main factor in selecting participants for a group is that members can feel cohesive. High denial, low motivation, and low intelligence are associated with premature termination from group therapy

A group has (a) a membership which can be defined (b) some degree of unity and interaction (c) a shared purpose (d) all of the above

(d) all of the above

In a group, task roles (a) help solve problems (b) aid in terms of goal setting and keep the group focused (c) are seen as positive (d) all of the above

(d) all of the above

Group planning occurs (a) in the initial stage (b) in the stage after the transition or conflict stage (c) in the final stage, also known as the termination stage (d) before the group begins and continues throughout the life of the group

(d) before the group begins and continues throughout the life of the group

When a leader attempts to relate one person's predicament to another person's predicament, it is known as (a) summarization (b) clarification (c) blocking (d) linking

(d) linking

The follower goes along with whatever the rest of the group thinks. From a personality standpoint, the follower is (a) aggressive (b) assertive (c) practicing excitation (d) nonassertive

(d) nonassertive

Which statement made by a group leader in a residential center for adolescents focuses on product rather than process? (a) "Ken has not stolen for a week and thus is eligible for supplementary tokens." (b) Karen looks down when Bill discusses relationships" (c) "It sounds like there is a deep sense of hurt..." (d) "Oh, so you fold your arms and sort of close up when Carey mentions the angry side of your personality"

(a) "Ken has not stolen for a week and thus is eligible for supplementary tokens."

A counselor is screening clients for a new group at the college counseling center. Which client would most likely be the poorest choice for a group member? (a) A first-year student who is suicidal and sociopathic (b) A second-year student who stutters (c) A graduate student with a facial tic (d) A fourth-year student with obsessive-compulsive (OCD) tendencies

(a) A first-year student who is suicidal and sociopathic

Primary groups are (a) preventative and attempt to ward off problems (b) always follow a person-centered paradigm (c) generally utilized for long-term psychotherapy (d) always focused on the client's childhood

(a) Preventative and attempt to ward off problems the types of groups are primary, secondary, and tertiary primary group example: A group which teaches birth control to prevent teen pregnancy secondary group example: A group that deals with grief or shyness tertiary group example: Groups focused on individual difficulties that are more difficult and longstanding, such as an addiction group

Some theorists object to the word unstructured in group work because (a) a group cannot not have structure (b) only structured groups are effective (c) unstructured groups are hardly therapeutic (d) unstructured refers only to counseling and not to therapeutic groups

(a) a group cannot not have structure Some research indicates that structured exercises in the initial stages of the group can facilitate better communication

According to researchers, groups are effective (a) although researchers cannot pinpoint precisely why this is true (b) due to increased transference in group work (c) due to better morale in a group setting (d) due to the emphasis on cognitive restructuring

(a) although researchers cannot pinpoint precisely why this is true

In terms of group risks (a) an ethical leader will discuss them during the initial session with a client (b) an ethical leader should never discuss risks with a client (c) research has demonstrated that the less said about them, the better the group will interact (d) an ethical leader allows the group to discover risks and work through them at their own pace

(a) an ethical leader will discuss them during the initial session with a client

According to the risky shift phenomenon, a group decision will (a) be less conservative than the average group member's decision, prior to the group discussion (b) be more conservative than the average group member's decision, prior to the group discussion (c) often be aggressive or illegal (d) violate the group's confidentiality norms

(a) be less conservative than the average group member's decision, prior to group discussion

The ACA and the ASGW division recommend screening for potential group members (a) for all groups (b) only when the group is in a hospital inpatient setting (c) only when the group is composed of minors (d) only if the group deals with chemical dependency

(a) for all groups A professional counselor uses a screening process in order to determine who is appropriate and who will not be appropriate for a given group **If a prospective group member is undergoing individual counseling and therapy, the group leader, after securing the client's permission, should contact the person performing the individual treatment before making a final decision

Group cohesiveness refers to (a) forces which tend to bind group members together (b) an analysis of group content (c) a common coleadership style (d) a style of leadership

(a) forces which tend to bind group members together Cohesiveness is a sense of caring for the group and the other group members. The term "cohesiveness" is associated with Kurt Lewin's "field theory" in which cohesiveness was seen as a binding force between group members "positive valence" As cohesiveness goes up, absenteeism and other negative factors go down while productivity and commitment also go up Lewin was a key player in the T-Group movement in the US

Irvin Yalom is a famous existentialist therapist and a pioneer in the group movement. He suggested these four group stages: orientation, conflict, cohesion, and termination. In 1977, Tuckman and Jensen reviewed 25 years of research and came up with five stages: forming, storming, norming, performing, and adjourning. Which stage in Tuckman and Jensen's paradigm is similar to Yalom's orientation stage? (a) forming (b) storming (c) norming (d) performing

(a) forming

A female group member is obviously not participating. A group member playing the _______ is most likely to mention this and urge her to participate (a) gatekeeper (b) interrogator (c) scapegoat (d) storyteller

(a) gatekeeper One popular notion is that these roles relate to the person's pattern of behavior in his or her nuclear family, and if appropriate, the group leader can explore this hypotheses.

Experts predict that in the future, (a) group leaders will be more like life-skills trainers (b) group leaders will become more person-centered (c) group leaders will return to a psycho dynamic viewpoint (d) groups will lose their popularity and eventually die out

(a) group leaders will be more like life-skills trainers

Maintenance roles, like task roles, are positive since such roles (a) help to maintain the group (b) are self-serving (c) help promote autocratic leading (d) always stress the importance of the here and now

(a) help to maintain the group "task" and "maintenance" can refer to member roles OR leadership styles/techniques. Often when the member maturity is low, the group leader's style will be "high-task" and "low-relationship" meaning they will be directive versus including more of the member's opinons

One major disadvantage of a closed group versus an open group is that (a) if everyone quits, you will be left with no group members (b) closed groups cannot provide depth therapy (c) it promotes paranoid feelings in group members (d) closed groups are much more structured

(a) if everyone quits, you will be left with no group members

One advantage of group work is that a counselor can see more clients in a given period of time. One disadvantage is that a counselor can be too focused on group processes and (a) individual issues are not properly examined (b) the group becomes too behavioristic (c) a and b (d) the group focuses too much on content

(a) individual issues are not properly examined The counselor has lost sight of the CONTENT and is instead focused on the process, hence individual issues are neglected

A group leader who is counseling children under 10 years of age could best enhance the treatment process by (a) involving parents and asking them for input (b) keeping the parents uninvolved (c) reminding the children to speak softly at all times (d) b and c

(a) involving the parents and asking them for input can reduce resistance and improve cooperation.

Coleadership (a) is helpful when one leader is experiencing counter-transference (b) exacerbates the harm of countertransference (c) has no impact on the issue of countertransference (d) eliminates all difficulties associated with countertransference

(a) is helpful when one leader is experiencing counter-transference

A major advantage of group work versus individual work is that (a) members learn to give help in addition to receiving it and group sessions generally cost less (i.e., they are more economical) than individual counseling sessions (b) the leader has a less complex role than that of an individual counselor (c) the group leader nearly always possess more training than an individual counselor (d) all of the above

(a) members learn to give help in addition to receiving it and group sessions generally cost less (i.e., they are more economical) than individual counseling sessions

The number of people in an open group is generally (a) more stable than in a closed group (b) much smaller after an extended period of time than in a closed group (c) significantly larger than in a closed group (d) more dependent on the group leader's marketing skills than in a closed group

(a) more stable than in a closed group In an open group, if six people drop out, you could replace them with six new members. This is not true for a closed group

Coleadership (a) reduces burnout and helps ensure safety (b) increases burnout (c) has no impact on burnout (d) should not be used for open groups

(a) reduces burnout and helps ensure safety

During the initial session of a group the leader explains that no smoking and no cursing will be permitted. This is known as (a) setting ground rules (b) ambivalent transference (c) blocking (d) scapegoating

(a) setting ground rules When ground rules become the standard of behavior, then it is known as a "norm"

A group leader who asks each group member to recapitulate what he or she has learned during a given session is promoting (a) summarization, the act of briefly stating what has transpired or discussed (b) clarification, the ac of making certain that the leader and the group truly understand the key factors related to what a member is attempting to communicate (c) blocking, the act of putting a halt to a group member;s actions that might have a negative impact on other group members (d) linking, the act of pointing out similarities between clients

(a) summarization, the act of briefly stating what has transpired or discussed

Fights between subgroups and members showing rebellion against the leader generally occur in (a) the second stage known as the control stage or the transition stage (b) the first stage known as the orientation stage or the formation stage (c) the separation stage (d) the intimacy stage

(a) the second stage known as the control stage or the transition stage

A hierarchy, or pecking order, among members occurs in (a) the stage of storming, also known as the power-control stage (b) the orientation stage (c) the separation stage (d) the intimacy stage

(a) the stage of storming, also known as the power-control stage

Coleaders are apt to work at cross purposes when (a) they do not meet between group sessions (b) they do meet between group sessions (c) they are master's level practitioners (d) they are doctoral-level practitioners

(a) they do not meet between group sessions

When a group member is speaking, it is best for the counselor to (a) try and face the group member (b) not face the group member, as this does not appear genuine in a group setting (c) smile while listening (d) suppress genuine emotion

(a) try and face the group member

Strategies that focus on an individual member of the group are known as (a) vertical interventions (b) horizontal interventions (c) crossed transactions (d) parallel transactions

(a) vertical interventions also known as "intrapersonal interventions" choices "c" and "d" refer to TA.

The term "group therapy" was coined in 1931 by (a) Frank Parsons, the father of guidance (also referred to as vocational guidance) (b) Jacob Moreno, the father of psychodrama (c) E.G. Williamson, associated with the Minnesota Viewpoint (d) Fritz Perls, the father of gestalt therapy

(b) Jacob Moreno, the father of psychodrama although Frank Parsons did NOT coin the term group therapy, his work did help set the stage for this practice since he relied on groups to conduct group work related to career and vocational choice, and thus he has indeed been considered a serious figure in the history of the group movement Perls is also considered a major figure in the history of group therapy, especially his work and Esalen Institute in Big Sur, CA Joseph H. Pratt formed what might well be the first counseling/therapy groups from approximately 1905-1923. the groups dealt with the issue of tuberculosis.

Which of these factors is NOT delineated by Irvin Yalom as a curative factor? (a) Altruism, universality, and existential learning (b) Manifest dream content and insight into the unconscious mind (c) Catharsis, cohesiveness, and instillation of hope (d) Imitative behavior and reenactment of family experiences

(b) Manifest dream content and insight into the unconscious mind

A group setting has a flexible seating arrangement in which clients are free to sit wherever they wish. In this setting, it is likely that (a) a male client in a designer suit and a female client in cutoff jeans will sit close together (b) a Cuban male client in a designer suit and an Asian male client in another brand of designer suit will sit close together (c) a white female client in a designer outfit and a while male client in a pair of old jeans and an undershirt will sit close together (d) a male client in a designer suit and a female client in a jogging suit and old tennis shoes with holes in them will sit close together

(b) a Cuban male client in a designer suit and an Asian male client in another brand of designer suit will sit close together The likelihood is that people who are similar or believe they have something in common initially will sit together. Some evidence points to the fact that social class means more than race in terms of group seating

A group is classified as secondary. This implies that (a) it is preventive and attempts to ward off problems (b) a difficulty or disturbance is present (c) two therapists are utilized (d) all of the above

(b) a difficulty or disturbance is present

Group specialists define role conflict as (a) tension between two group members who have assumed two different roles (b) a situation in which there is a discrepancy between the way a member is expected to behave and they way he or she actually behaves (c) tension between the group leader and a group member (d) members criticizing other members between group sessions

(b) a situation in which there is a discrepancy between the way a member is expected to behave and they way he or she actually behaves

The word "dynamic" means the group is (a) normal (b) always changing (c) static (d) defined in an operational manner

(b) always changing

In the late 1930s, researchers identified three basic leadership styles: (a) directive, non-directive, and semi-passive (b) autocratic, democratic, and laissez faire (c) relaxed, anxious, and tense (d) assertive, non assertive, and aggressive

(b) autocratic, democratic, and laissez faire

When an adolescent complains about his or her parents in the group it is best to (a) jump on the bandwagon and agree with the child (b) avoid taking sides but help him or her see the parents' point of view via a therapeutic technique such as role-playing (c) talk only about positive experiences (d) immediately put the child in the hot seat

(b) avoid taking sides but help him or her see the parents' point of view via a therapeutic technique such as role-playing

The ____ may secretely wish that he or she was running the group (a) follower (b) gatekeeper (c) social isolate (d) harmonizer

(b) gatekeeper Choice "d" (the harmonizer) can also be called the "conciliator" or the person who tries to make certain that everything is going smoothly

Some theorists feel that group therapy differs from group counseling (which is also called an interpersonal problem-solving group) in that (a) group counseling would be of longer duration (b) group therapy, also dubbed as a personality reconstruction group, would be of longer duration (c) group counseling requires far more training (d) group therapy addresses a less-disturbed population of clients

(b) group therapy, also dubbed as a personality reconstruction group, would be of longer duration

The autocratic or authoritarian leader may give orders to the group, while the laissez faire leader (a) assigns a group member as the authoritarian (b) has a hands-off policy and participates very little, with the group basically taking responsibility for itself (c) has the most desirable style of leadership (d) nearly always run open-ended groups

(b) has a hands-off policy and participates very little, with the group basically taking responsibility for itself

Strategies that approach the group as a whole are known as (a) vertical interventions (b) horizontal interventions (c) crossed transactions (d) parallel transactions

(b) horizontal interventions also called "interpersonal interventions"

One major advantage of a closed group versus an open group is (a) cost effectiveness (b) it promotes cohesiveness (c) it lessens counselor burnout (d) it allows the members to meet less frequently

(b) it promotes cohesiveness

Most experts would agree that an effective counseling group for children has (a) more members than an adult group (b) less members than an adult group (c) at least two group leaders (d) 9 or 12 members

(b) less members than an adult group

Weight Watchers is a (a) T-group, also called a training group (b) self-help or support group, as is AA (c) psychotherapy group (d) marathon group

(b) self-help or support group like AA

Most experts would agree that overall (a) structured exercises are more effective than unstructured techniques (b) structured exercises are less effective than unstructured techniques (c) all well-trained therapists favor structured exercises over unstructured techniques (d) ethical guidelines must forbid unstructured techniques because they can be dangerous to the depressed or anxious client

(b) structured exercises are less effective than unstructured techniques Although structured group exercises (like assignments from the leader) are popular and beneficial, they are generally not as effective as unstructured methods. Yalom posited that structured exercises can create a situation where group stages are passed over. In addition, the exercise itself often serves to purge feelings too rapidly when members are not emotionally equipped to handle this. Can also lead to too much dependence on the leader Study found that group leaders who utilized many structured exercises were more popular but the outcome for the group participants was lower Group exercises must correspond to the level of group development.

Some research demonstrates that (a) structured exercises early in the group impaired later communication between group members (b) structured exercises with feedback early in the group served to improve communication between group members (c) autocratic or authoritarian leadership styles promote communication best (d) structured exercises are never appropriate

(b) structured exercises with feedback early in the group served to improve communication between group members

A group participant wants to drop out of a group. Since the group is "closed" most experts would agree that (a) the leader must insist the client stay (b) the client is allowed to withdraw (c) the leader should allow other members to put pressure on the participant to stay (d) a and c

(b) the client is allowed to withdraw

Which theorist's (or theorists') work has been classified as a preface to the group movement? (a) Sigmund Freud (b) C.G. Jung (c) Alfred Adler and Jesse B. Davis (d) Marsha Linehan, who created DBT

(c) Alfred Adler and Jesse B. Davis

A counselor is conducting a screening for clients who wish to participate in a counseling group which will meet Tuesday nights at his private practice office. Which client would most likely be the poorest choice for a group member? (a) A shy librarian (b) An anxious salesman with no group experience (c) An extremely hostile and belligerent construction worker (d) A student with 16 hours toward her M.Ed in counseling

(c) An extremely hostile and belligerent construction worker

Noted psychotherapy author and scholar Raymond Corsini once referred to the early 1940s as the "modern era" of group work. In the 1940s, the two organizations for group therapy were created and group work became a legitimate specialty. The groups are (a) NASW and NBCC (b) ASGW and AAS (c) The American Society for Group Psychotherapy and Psychodrama (ASGPP) spawned by the work of Jacob Moreno in 1942 and the American Group Psychotherapy Association (AGPA) in which resulted from the effort of Samuel Richard Slavson in 1943 (d) AACD and APA

(c) The American Society for Group Psychotherapy and Psychodrama (ASGPP) spawned by the work of Jacob Moreno in 1942 and the American Group Psychotherapy Association (AGPA) in which resulted from the effort of Samuel Richard Slavson in 1943

Cohesiveness or group unity, is desirable. It promotes bonding and a sense of "we-ness" between group members. When cohesiveness is strong, nevertheless, it also can be negative as (a) it can stunt creativity (b) it can boost conformity (c) a and b (d) it can cause the group to split into factions

(c) a and b

An adept group leader will (a) attempt to safeguard clients against risks (b) work to reduce risks and dangers (c) a and b (d) let the group handle the dangers on their own

(c) a and b Ideally, informed consent happens in the screening process before group even begins, but this is not always possible

One distinct disadvantage of an open group is that (a) new members are not accepted after the first meeting (b) the leader does not control the screening process (c) a member who begins after the first meeting has missed information or experiences (d) the group is generally too behavioristic for depth therapy to occur

(c) a member who begins after the first meeting has missed information or experiences

When a counselor reads the journals in this field, it becomes evident that (a) group counseling has more research than individual counseling (b) researchers and practitioners are working very closely to provide accurate and effective group strategies (c) a researcher/practitioner split exists in group work (d) no journals focus solely on group work

(c) a researcher/practitioner split exists in group work

Group therapy initially flourished in the United States due to (a) Freud's lectures in this country (b) a shortage of competent career counselors (c) a shortage of individual therapists during WWII (d) pressure from non directive therapists pushing encounter groups

(c) a shortage of individual therapists during WWII

A group member who insists on asking other members inappropriate questions is known as a Peeping Tom or (a) an energizer (b) a scapegoat (c) an interrogator (d) a follower

(c) an interrogator

The initial group stage has been called forming, orientation, or the preaffiliation stage. This stage is characterized by (a) avoidance-avoidance conflicts (b) a tendency for members to compete with the leader for power (c) approach-avoidance behavior (d) members working on the interpretation of unconscious behavior

(c) approach-avoidance behavior

In a healthy group, members (a) assume a role and never change it (b) have no roles (c) are flexible and can change roles (d) spend a great deal of time practicing role reversal

(c) are flexible and can change roles

A leader who wishes to stop inappropriate discussion should rely on (a) summarization (b) clarification (c) blocking (d) linking

(c) blocking

A group therapist is constructing a diagram to better understand the dynamics between subgroups and members. This is called (a) sculpturing (b) ego state analysis (c) charting a pictorial sociogram (d) charting the variance

(c) charting a pictorial sociogram remember, choice "b" (ego state analysis) is a common practice in transactional analysis (TA) in which the counselor helps the client discern out of which ego state (Parent, Child, or Adult) he or she is primarily operating in a given situation

The study of group operations is often called (a) group desensitization (b) the hot seat technique (c) group dynamics (d) structuring the group

(c) group dynamics Group dynamics refers to the study of the interrelationships and interactions between group members. Group stages, cohesiveness, leadership style, and decision making are prime examples of group dynamics

A group leader who wishes to assess the impact of the group ideally would (a) hand out a written evaluation from during the final session (b) hold a follow-up session so members can share experiences (c) have an outside "observer" sit in during group sessions and consequently rate the level of behavioral change (d) give each member a pretest and a posttest utilizing a projective measure

(c) have an outside "observer" sit in during group sessions and consequently rate the level of behavioral change all answers are correct, however choice "c" is the best option. Research in the area of group work has been criticized for not using independent observers

Prior to the 1960s, most counseling took place (a) in a group setting (b) with the entire family present (c) in a dyadic relationship (d) in bheavior therapy clinics

(c) in a dyadic relationship A dyad is a unit of two functioning as a pair. In this case, the counselor and the counselee form the pair. The popularity of family therapy and behavior therapy was not evident in the 1950s.

A group leader who utilizes an abundance of group exercises is (a) probably not running an assertiveness training group (b) is running an unstructured group (c) is running a structured group (d) is invariably running a self-help group

(c) is running a structured group

Gerald Corey, who has written extensively on group therapy, believes ______ is necessary for an effective group leader (a) a master's degree in guidance and counseling (b) a doctorate in counselor education (c) participation in a therapeutic group and participation in a leader's group (even if the individual is well-educated and licensed and certified) (d) three credit hours in a graduate course in group therapy

(c) participation in a therapeutic group and participation in a leader's group (even if the individual is well-educated and licensed and certified)

In terms of research and the group leader's personality (a) extroverts are the most effective group leaders (b) introverts are the most effective leaders (c) qualities such as flexibility, enthusiasm, and common sense may be helpful to a very small degree (d) qualities such as flexibility, enthusiasm, and common sense have a tremendous positive impact

(c) qualities such as flexibility, enthusiasm, and common sense may be helpful to a very small degree research has not indicated any significant characteristics that majorly help leading a group

When comparing the autocratic, democratic, and laissez faire styles (a) the autocratic is the most desirable (b) the laissez faire is the most desirable (c) the democratic, or what Sam Gladding called a facilitator, is the most desireable (d) there is no discernible difference in effectiveness

(c) the democratic, or what Sam Gladding called a facilitator, is the most desirable

A client would generally feel the most suspicious of others in (a) the final stage of separation or termination (b) the intimacy stage (c) the group formation/exploratory stage (d) a group with coleadership, also known as cofacilitation

(c) the group formation/exploratory stage

T-groups often stress ways employees can express themselves in an effective manner. The "T" in t-groups merely stands for (a) techniques (b) taxonomy (c) training (d) testing

(c) training

Which statement made by a doctoral-level counselor is illustrative of a leader focused on process rather than product? (a) "Jim seems more relaxed today" (b) "Sally seems a bit self-critical this evening" (c) "I hear a lot of sadness in Betty's voice" (d) "You wince whenever Jane raises her voice"

(d) "You wince whenever Jane raises her voice" Process focuses on the manner in which the communication transpires. All of the other choices are focused on content, or the material being presented.

Most experts would agree that an effective adult counseling group has _______ members (a) 9 to 12 (b) 3 to 5 (c) 11 to 16 (d) 5 or 6 to 8

(d) 5 or 6 to 8 An ideal group would have about eight adults

Group members assume roles within a group. Which of the following is not a group role? (a) Energizer (b) Scapegoat (c) Gatekeeper (d) Reactive schizophrenia

(d) Reactive schizophrenia

A major limitation related to group work is that (a) REBT cannot be utilized in group therapy (b) it is not really cost effective (c) gestalt therapy cannot be used in a group setting (d) a group leader can lose control and members could experience emotional harm

(d) a group leader can lose control and members could experience emotional harm

Experts firmly believe that a common weakness in many groups is (a) setting too many goals (b) using a male and a female coleader (c) that the leader uses a democratic style (d) a lack of goal setting

(d) a lack of goal setting Most experts see choice "b" the use of a male and a female coleader as a distinct advantage Often goals are defined yet they are too vague

Coleadership, also referred to as cofacilitation, can be a disadvantage when (a) leaders are working against each other; this can fragment the group (b) leaders are intimate with each other (c) leaders question each other's competence (d) all of the above

(d) all of the above if there are problems between coleaders, it is generally best if such difficulties are aired in a format that models effective conflict resolution during the session rather than "pretending everything is wonderful"

A group with more than one leader is said to utilize coleaders. Coleadership is desirable because (a) the group can go on even if one leader is absent (b) two leaders can focus on group dynamics better than one leader since two individuals will have better observational skills (c) leaders can process their feelings between sessions (d) all of the above

(d) all of the above two leaders can supply more feedback as well and can learn from each other and model effective communication for the group

A group setting has a flexible seating arrangement in which clients are free to sit wherever they wish. In this setting, it is likely that (a) an African American client and a white leader would sit close together (b) a Latino/a client and an African American leader would sit close together (c) an Asian American client and an African American leader would sit close together (d) an Asian American leader and an Asian American client would sit close together

(d) an Asian American leader and an Asian American client would sit close together

Although task roles and maintenance roles are indeed positive, the group can suffer if the group is not flexible and remains in one or the other role too long since (a) an effective group needs some self-serving roles (b) if a group gets stuck in task roles, interaction suffers (c) if a group gets stuck in maintenance roles, little work (or tasks) will be accomplished (d) b and c

(d) b and c

Self-serving or individual roles are negative inasmuch as (a) they promote democratic leadership (b) they work against the group (c) they serve the individual and not the group (d) b and c

(d) b and c

A counselor suggests that her client join an assertiveness training group. Most assertiveness training groups are (a) unstructured (b) psychodynamic or person-centered (c) focused heavily on existential concerns (d) behavioristic and highly structured

(d) behavioristic and highly structured Some theorists use the term "structured group" only when discussing a group that focuses on a specific topic or theme. For example, assertiveness training, stress management, or coping with test-anxiety

The final group stage (also called the termination stage) is geared toward (a) developing intimacy (b) working through power and control issues (c) exploration (d) breaking away

(d) breaking away this phase has also been called "consolidaton"

Groups can be open or closed. The two differ in that (a) open groups are limited to hospital settings (b) in an open group, members can socialize between group meetings (c) closed groups always employ coleaders (d) closed groups allow no new members after the group begins

(d) closed groups allow no new members after the group begins

Group norms (a) exist only in encounter groups (b) exist only in career counseling groups (c) are not related to group cohesiveness (d) govern acceptable behavior and group rules

(d) govern acceptable behavior and group rules Norms are explicit (i.e., spoken) and implicit (not spoken) rules which tell group members how to behave and how not to behave in a given situation Norms actually refer to "expected behaviors" ALL groups have norms!! Norms can vary based on group type and status

A screening for group members can be doe in a group or privately. Although private screening interviews are not as cost effective or as time efficient as group screening, many group leaders feel that private screening sessions are superior (a) because they intensify transference (b) because they encourage catharsis (c) because they intensify abreaction (d) in terms of counselor-client interaction

(d) in terms of counselor-client interaction

A group therapist must make (a) fewer decisions than an individual therapist (b) the same number of decisions as an individual therapist (c) modality changes for each group (d) more decisions than an individual therapist

(d) more decisions than an individual therapist

R.K. Conyne suggested that group intervention is intended to (a) ferret out unconscious material (b) enhance rational self-talk (c) illuminate dysfunctional nonverbal behavior (d) prevent, correct, and enhance behavior

(d) prevent, correct, and enhance behavior

The final stage suggested by theories of group stages generally deals with issues of (a) group tasks (b) transition (c) power and control (d) separation and termination

(d) separation and termination the ideal situation would be that termination takes place after the group and its members have reached their goals and have not further unfinished business

Which statement best depicts a major advantage of group work? (a) group work usually focuses on the here and now (b) group work is always time limited (c) group work is always superior for career counseling (d) the group setting is somewhat analogous to the communication and interaction of everyday life

(d) the group setting is somewhat analogous to the communication and interaction of everyday life

Group content refers to material discussed in a group setting. Group process refers to (a) analysis of the unconscious (b) analysis of the ego (c) the T-group paradigm (d) the manner in which discussions and transactions occur

(d) the manner in which discussions and transactions occur choice c, T-group, merely means "Training Groups"

Group norms refer to (a) a statistically normal group composed of 8 to 12 members (b) a statistically normal group composed of 12 to 14 members (c) a normal group with no cultural differences (d) the range of acceptable behavior within a group

(d) the range of acceptable behavior within a group

When comparing a tertiary group with a primary or secondary group (a) the tertiary group focuses less on individual members (b) the tertiary group focuses more on the here and now (c) the tertiary group is less likely to deal with severe pathology (d) the tertiary group is more likely to deal with severe pathology

(d) the tertiary group is more likely to deal with severe pathology

Although the length of group counseling sessions will vary, most experts would agree that _______ is plenty of time even when critical issues are being examined (a) three hours per session (b) one hour per session (c) six hours per session (d) two hours per session

(d) two hours per session One and a half hours to 2 hours is sufficient for adult group work. Children's sessions will be shorter and often will need more frequent sessions

Groups promote the concept of universality, which suggests that (a) we are unique and so are our problems (b) there is a universal way to solve nearly any difficulty (c) a and b (d) we are not the only ones in the world with a given problem

(d) we are not the only ones in the world with a given problem