All Bell Ringers
Having won major victories in the 1866 elections, the Republican Congress passed the ______.
First Reconstruction Act
(Q007) Which of the following was a theme of Puritan thought?
People enter this world as either the "elect" or the "damned."
There were demands in the 20th century to have federal regulations of broadcast media. Which of the following was NOT a reason for this?
Regulations would ensure that one political viewpoint was represented.
The case of Plessey v. Ferguson established a long-lasting tradition of "separate but equal" facilities in the United States.
True
Voter turnout among young adults is the lowest since 1971.
True
Voting on the House and Senate floor is the most public legislative act members of Congress undertake.
True
When a group member is rewarded with new connections and access to other members of the group through participation in the group, he/she is receiving a social benefit.
True
When it first met, the Supreme Court had a total of six justices, per the Judiciary Act of 1789.
True
Which of the following is the only part of the federal judiciary actually mentioned in the Constitution?
U.S. Supreme Court
What drove al-Awlaki to defend his faith with violence?
U.S. policy of war in Iraq, Afghanistan, and Pakistan
For Chester Barnard, ______ was central to the success of a bureaucracy and overcoming its challenges.
leadership
Amanda Collins claimed the right of herself and others to ______.
legally carry firearms on college and university campuses
The act of considering, debating, and revising preferences by elected representatives is defined as ______.
legislative deliberation
Elections confer ______ on the laws passed and the public policies enacted in the minds of Americans.
legitimacy
The three-pronged test developed by the Supreme Court in order to determine whether a law or action violates the Establishment Clause is known as which of the following?
lemon test
Since the middle of the 1960s, civil rights cases that reach the Supreme Court generally deal with what two issues?
busing and affirmative action
Politics is best described as the process of ______.
influencing actions and policies of a government
Federal judges serve for ______, assuming good behavior.
life
During the Progressive Era, many investigative journalists were nicknamed ______.
muckrakers
The final phase of the nomination process takes place at the party's ______ convention.
national
The concluding phase of the nomination process takes place in ______.
national conventions
Among legislative bodies in the world's democracies, the U.S. Congress is the most active and independent in terms of its ability to make ______.
national policy
rights which people are born with that cannot be taken away by kings or rulers with absolute power are described as
natural rights
The suppression of women's rights was often justified by the claim that women ______.
needed to be protected and shut out of normal elements of public life
Which of the following best describes the pattern of growth for American bureaucracy?
periods of little growth followed by periods of rapid growth
Reflecting on an incumbent's past performance in an election is called ______ voting.
retrospective
The movement of individuals between government and lobbying positions is known as the ______ phenomenon.
revolving door
Which of the following institutions were seen as particularly dangerous to the white order?
schools
Formally, the first spouse ______.
serves no role
The primary administrative units in the federal bureaucracy are ______.
the 15 cabinet departments
Committee chairs have considerable influence, especially in setting ______.
the committee's agenda
Ultimately, the Supreme Court's ruling in Scott v. Sandford threatened ______.
the constitutionality of any state laws against slavery
The case of McCulloch v. Maryland cited which of the following Constitutional clauses?
the necessary and proper clause
The framers of the Constitution feared ______.
the office of the president might become too powerful
What action immediately catalyzed the 2017 "Unite the Right" rally in Charlottesville, Virginia?
the removal of statues of Confederate generals
Which of the following best defines suffrage?
the right to vote
While the Constitution offers little guidance on which cases the Supreme Court does or does not take, justices have adopted the custom of ______.
the rule of four
Which of the following statements best describes the Greek system of democracy?
Power is held by the common people.
Which of the following best explains the outcome of the Mergens' case?
The Court upheld students' rights to establish faith-based clubs and organizations on high school campuses.
Based on your textbook, which of the following statements is most correct with regard to the Declaration of Independence?
The Declaration of Independence was highly edited and hotly debated.
What pamphlet, authored by Esther DeBerdt Reed and published in June 1780, laid out the necessity for colonial women to organize aid to the revolutionary cause?
The Sentiments of the American Woman
Benjamin Franklin's proposal for a unified political body was NOT adopted by adopted by colonial governments for which of the following reasons?
The colonies did not want to give up their own sovereighnty.
Monarchies, theocracies, and oligarchies all share which of the following?
They admit no external challenges to their power or authority.
At times, slaves in Virginia and other slaveholding colonies organized in order to rise up against their owners.
True
British officials and soldiers criticized American patriots for their continuing the practice of slavery.
True
If we accept the date of independence as the date in which the Second Continental Congress accepted Richard Henry Lee's resolution on independence instead of the day in which Jefferson's Declaration of Independence was accepted, Independence Day would be moved up two days.
True
Both black slaves and indigenous peoples had which of the following in common?
a struggle to maintain traditional ways of life and culture
Which of the following best describes the term "laissez faire"?
a system that has no regulation or control of private enterprise
Politics and government are seen as ______.
closely connected to each other
A complicating factor for the British revenue policies of the 1760s was that they were instituted during a period of economic ______.
depression
The Baron de Montesquieu proposed that power should be ______.
divided between different branches
Which of the following was most responsible for Great Britain's increased desire to exert centralized control over its colonies?
increasing military debt
Why isn't the United States a direct democracy?
it is too large
Thomas Jefferson saw his primary role in drafting the Declaration of Independence as ______.
justifying and defending American independence using logic
The primary means of political propaganda during the 1760s was most probably the ______.
pamphlet
The case studies of Bridget Mergens and the Boyd County GSA were similar in that both cases ______.
relied on the 1984 Equal Access Act for legal foundation
Which of the following was a unique exception to the suppression of female participation in colonial times?
religion
The purpose of the Equal Access Act of 1984 was to ______.
restrict the ability of public high schools to limit faith-based clubs and organizations
A common phrase associated with resistance to British tax policy was, "No taxation without representation!" With this, colonists truly meant ______.
taxation should be controlled by colonial legislatures
When Thomas Jefferson wrote about the "pursuit of happiness" in the Declaration of Independence he was actually tapping into _______.
the American Dream
In 1773, the Sons of Liberty in Boston created a man-made crisis in order to push away the possibility of reconciling with Great Britain. Their action has been referred to as ______ by historians.
the Boston Tea Party
Why is the American governmental system so complex?
to safeguard the rights of the people
Which form of government admits no limitations on its power and allows no competing centers of political power?
totalitarian
What did fellow clergymen want Dr. King to do following his punishment for Birmingham protests?
withdraw from protesting
The CIA is an example of an independent executive agency.
True
Efforts to mobilize voters or potential voters are given the acronym ______.
GOTV
In order to influence the process of overseeing executive agencies, Congress has established the ______.
General Accountability Office
The Constitution clearly places political authority in the hands of the people.
True
The Constitution does not offer many specifics as to what it means to execute the laws.
True
The Speaker of the House is second in the line of succession (behind the vice president) to the presidency in the event of the president's death, resignation, removal from office, or inability to conduct the office's duties.
True
The Supreme Court can exercise both original and appellate jurisdiction.
True
The Supreme Court cases Korematsu v. United States (1944) and Youngstown Sheet & Tube Co. v. Sawyer (1952) both focused on the legality of presidential executive orders.
True
The Supreme Court decision that established judicial review over federal laws was Marbury v. Madison (1803).
True
The Supreme Court has found there to be a right to privacy in the Constitution and the Bill of Rights.
True
In the weeks before the Constitutional Convention in 1787, even James Madison had ______.
worked out few specifics for the "national executive"
If the Supreme Court decides to hear a case, it issues a(n) ______.
writ of certiorari
The Supreme Court has declared the death penalty to be inherently in violation of the 8th Amendment.
False
The Supreme Court must hear all cases brought before it.
False
What observation did Representative John Conyers (D-Mich) make about the treatment of African Americans by police?
"There are virtually no African-American males who have not been stopped for driving while black."
a strong president that would serve for life
Alexander Hamilton proposed ______.
Beverly is a fervent believer in working hard for an election campaign and when that campaign's candidate wins office, being rewarded for her service with a cushy, well-paying federal job. Based solely on this fact about her, Beverly most likely has a portrait of which president hanging in her office?
Andrew Jackson
Which two presidents have been impeached?
Andrew Johnson and Bill Clinton
In which part of the Constitution is the right to demand a writ of habeas corpus enumerated?
Article I
carry out laws passed by Congress
As chief executive, the president's responsibility is to ______.
The proposer and greatest supporter of the Albany plan was ______.
Benjamin Franklin
Which of the following statements is not true about forms of broadcast media?
Broadcast media outlets largely avoided politics.
Recent empirical studies by political scientists have backed up the theories about interest group influence propagated by whom?
C. Wright Mills
Angel McClary Raich and Diane Monson filed suit against the federal government in which state?
California
(Q017) Cecilius Calvert envisioned Maryland as a refuge for
Catholics.
Raich and Monson were using marijuana under California's ______.
Compassionate Use Act
Why have party leaders preferred ping-ponging a bill instead of going to conference in modern Congresses?
Conference is subject to a potential filibuster.
Which of the following questions is central to measuring public opinion?
Does the aggregate sum of "public opinion" constitute a meaningful communication or just noise?
Which two candidates found themselves unexpectedly emerging as major forces as political outsiders during the 2016 campaign season?
Donald Trump and Bernie Sanders
According to the text, the most powerful first lady was most probably ______.
Edith Bolling Galt Wilson
In 1996, Australian media entrepreneur Rupert Murdoch launched which news channel?
Fox News
The most significant economic crisis in U.S. history was the ______.
Great Depression
In the late 19th century, the primary theme of both national and state policy in the United States was one of ______.
It found that the NRA had exceeded its constitutional authority to regulate commerce.
changes in the fundamental structure of the American government
In the minds of Madison and those who shared his views, the hope was that the Annapolis Convention might lead to ______.
financial crisis, the fear of foreign invasion, and the threat of internal discord
In the years following the revolution, the American states and the government they created struggled against ______.
regulators
Indebted farmers who focused their protests and attentions on the courts in order to stall or forgo bankruptcy proceedings against their land in 1786 were known as ______.
The subject of sexual assault on campuses surfaced on the national stage in September 2014 when President Barack Obama and Vice President Joe Biden announced the formation of a national campaign on the issue called ______.
It's On Us
(Q032) Pocahontas married
John Rolfe.
Which of the following ethnic groups is least likely to vote?
Latina and Latino Americans
Many state political party organizations are struggling today. What is the most significant explanation for this?
Many non-party groups are able to raise large sums of money for political causes.
In which of the following cases did the Supreme Court require a specific warning be read to anyone who is suspected of criminal activity?
Miranda v. Arizona
Which of the following best describes the relationship between modern presidents and their parties?
Modern presidents serve as unofficial but real leaders of their own political parties.
Which of the following cases involved a banner that read "Bong Hits 4 Jesus"?
Morse v. Frederick
In 1947, President Harry S. Truman signed into law the ______, which created the National Security Council as well as the Central Intelligence Agency.
National Security Act
President Roosevelt's plan for tackling the Great Depression was known as the ______.
New Deal
(Q033) The Indian leader, ____, led a surprise attack that killed one-quarter of Virginia's settlers in a single day.
Opechancanough
Justice Harlan, the lone dissenter on the Supreme Court in the Plessey decision, argued which of the following?
Our Constitution is color-blind and does not know or tolerate classes.
The ______ created the first U.S. Civil Service Commission to draw up and enforce rules on hiring, promotion, and tenure of office within the civil service.
Pendleton Act
Which of the following best describes the relationship between candidates and their party?
Politicians rely on their party to help them get elected but in doing so grant power to party leaders.
(Q025) Who was the most prominent Native American leader in the original area of English settlement in Virginia?
Powhatan
Which state refused to send a delegate to the Constitutional Convention in Philadelphia?
Rhode Island
Which president was close to impeachment but chose to resign instead?
Richard Nixon
In which of the following cases did the Supreme Court uphold restrictions on obscenity and pornography and establish a working definition of obscenity?
Roth v. United States
Besides using legal action to force campuses to address sexual assault incidents, how did Landen Gambill use political participation to call attention to her concerns?
She petitioned lawmakers to prohibit concealed carrying of weapons on campus.
Included in the Second New Deal was which of the following important government programs?
Social Security
Which of the following was the Court's main defense for its decision in Plessey v. Ferguson?
Social prejudices cannot be overcome by legislation.
federalists; anti-federalists
Supporters of the Constitution were known as ______ and opponents to the Constitution were called ______.
Which was the highest court to take up the case of Angel Raich and Diane Monson?
Supreme
Which of the following is a view shared by both supporters and opponents of concealed carrying of weapons laws?
The American higher education system is failing students with its handling of sexual assault cases.
The Supreme Court has the power to set a precedent that acts as a basis for deciding cases in the future.
True
The Supreme Court has upheld restrictions on obscenity and pornography.
True
False
The Constitution is written so as to make it easy to amend it by popular vote.
a combination of equal and proportional representation
The Great Compromise established which of the following forms of government?
Which of the following is the best example of political mobilization ?
The National Democratic Party establishes moveon.org in order to register young voters.
Which of the following statements is inaccurate regarding the practice of gerrymandering?
The Supreme Court has declared partisan redistricting to be inherently unconstitutional.
white residents of slaveholding states
The Three-Fifths Compromise favored which group of people the most?
True
The Virginia Plan laid out a strong national government, while the New Jersey Plan called for a weak one.
unicameral
The confederal government was ______.
votes in the Electoral College
The president is elected by which of the following methods?
Which of the following best describes the federal judicial selection process?
The president selects a nominee and the Senate votes to confirm the nomination.
Federal systems divide the sovereignty of citizens between two or more levels of government
True
Which of the following best describes the state of the current media?
The definition of the media has been redefined due to the development of the Internet and social media.
blueprint for a new government
The delegates to the Constitutional Convention would see the new document they created as a(n) ______.
separation of powers
The distribution of powers across institutions including the legislative, executive, and judicial branches is known as ______.
checks and balances
The doctrine of separation of powers is popularly known as ______.
confederation
The first form of American government was a ______.
Which of the following statements is factually accurate about the decision in Texas v. Johnson (1989)?
The justices found that the restriction on free speech cannot be abridged even for offensive expression like flag burning.
what kind of change?
The main question for those who called for political change in America's early history was ______.
western lands
The most acrimonious disagreements between colonies were over control of ______.
how states would be represented
The most contentious issue of the Constitutional Convention was ______.
Pennsylvania
The most democratic of the state constitutions in 1787 was that of ______.
Which of the following statements is true about Americans' perceptions of the media?
The perception of media bias depends on a person's own political viewpoints.
True
The term "federalist" was chosen ironically by Constitutional supporters because it generally meant more of a balance between the power of states and the national government.
From 1947 to 2004, per-capita federal expenditures continued to rise.
True
2
Under the Great Compromise, each state would be allowed ______ representatives in the Senate.
In which of the following court cases was ownership of certain types of weapons, such as sawed-off shotguns and machine guns, restricted by the Supreme Court?
United States v. Miller
One of the most enduring and controversial legacies of the Nixon presidency was the passage of the ______ over Nixon's veto.
War Powers Resolution
The growth of Latina and Latino voters is expected to be concentrated within the ______.
West and Southwest
Since the presidential election of 1980, which of the following voting trends is most accurate?
Women have voted at a slightly higher rate than men.
Which of the following sentences describes the role of women in the revolutionary period?
Women spoke, wrote, and acted against the restrictions on their own rights and liberties.
Which of the following best describes the outcome of the Seneca Falls Convention?
a "cascade" of women's rights conventions
In order to resolve differences between the House and Senate versions of a bill, a bill is referred to ______.
a conference committee
What policy decision did banks want the Federal Reserve and the Treasury Department to make?
a large national bailout
For the framers of the Constitution, the war-making power of the presidency was ______.
a limited one
Which of the following is an example of a free rider?
a man who gets a union wage without joining the AFL-CIO
By its nature, a representative democracy requires ______.
action
Nontraditional Internet news sources often get their stories from a process called ______.
aggregating
To be eligible to hold the office of the presidency, a candidate must ______.
be a natural-born American citizen
Cabinet departments are headed by ______.
cabinet secretaries
Which of the following are states prohibited from doing?
entering into treaties with foreign governments
If a Senator wishes to delay a vote on a piece of legislation by continuously talking/debating the issues, he/she has initiated a ______.
filibuster
The FDIC is an example a __________.
government corporation
In analyzing a set of legislative districts, experts sometimes find an uneven distribution of the population among them. This is best described as ______.
malapportionment
The ______ allows committee members to make changes to a bill before the committee reports it to the floor.
markup session
Philip E. Converse found that ______.
masses do not learn from elites
In order to lessen the "cost" of voting, some reformers have recommended holding national elections ______.
on weekends or by declaring Election Day a national holiday
When the plaintiffs and defendants in a case appear before the Supreme Court, they must present ______.
oral arguments.
Traditionally, most of the drama in an American presidential election is between ______ or ______.
parties; candidates
Political scientist Robert Dahl, in confronting the question of how a democratic system works amid an inequality of resources, focused his attention on the theory of ______.
pluralism
Isabella went to city hall to submit a variance request for a deck on the second story of her home. She wants this deck because her neighbor, Yousef, just built a wall between their properties for privacy but this wall has obstructed the Isabella's view of the valley below. Upon entering the permits office, Isabella sees Yousef working behind the counter. She worries he may drag his feet in approving the variance for her deck or even deny it for his own aims, i.e., that he wants to maintain his personal privacy. This situation exemplifies the ______.
principal-agent problem
A strategy through which presidents reach out directly to the American people with the hope that they will, in turn, put pressure upon their representatives and Senators to press for a president's policy goals is known as going ______.
public
The act of "standing for" one's constituents in government is defined as ______.
representation
One of the most important statements about where the people's authority is located is the ______ clause.
supremacy
(Q044) New Englanders in the 1600s engaged in a profitable trade with
the West Indies.
(Q002) One key motivation behind many early English settlers in the American colonies was
the desire to escape from the spiritual corruptions of England.
Citizen journalism is possible due to ______.
the development of new technology
In the American political system, the president acts as head of ______.
the executive branch
For the first 10 years following the Brown v. Board decision, which branch of government had the greatest role in the fight for desegregation?
the judicial branch
The ingenious method of communicating that Occupy Wall Street invented was called ______.
the people's mic
Earmarks are popular for all of the following reasons EXCEPT ______.
they put the needs of a few beneficiaries ahead of the needs of the nation as a whole
In which of the following ways did Emma Sulkowicz convert her private experiences into public political action?
through nontraditional political protest
On what basis did Anthony Downs consider the decision not to vote a rational one?
time commitment and intellectual effort
0 out of 10 points Why was the bailout that finally passed in late 2008 significantly larger than the initial proposal of $500 million?
to peel off enough of the no votes in the House so that the bill could proceed to the Senate
Why was the bailout that finally passed in late 2008 significantly larger than the initial proposal of $500 million?
to peel off enough of the no votes in the House so that the bill could proceed to the Senate
(Q024) Which of the following crops did John Rolfe introduce to the English colonies?
tobacco
The Sanders campaign message that seemed to resonate most with voters who supported him was that the playing field is ______.
unacceptably tilted toward the top 1% of Americans
The Constitution's vague language created a ______ second in command.
weak
During the uncertain political environment of the 1770s, support for American independence was ______.
weak and openly split
Delegates to the Constitutional Convention agreed that the judicial branch would be the ______ of the three branches of government.
weakest
Interest groups vary on the basis of their ______.
wealth, political clout, and access to governmental officials
(Q019) Having fled religious intolerance in England, the Puritans in Massachusetts
were intolerant of persons who disagreed with their version of Christianity.
(Q035) Within the Puritan community, the family was considered the foundation of a strong community while unmarried persons
were viewed as a danger to the social fabric of the community.
How old must someone be before attaining the office of president of the United States?
35 years
Presidential elections are conducted every ______ years.
4
Delegates to the Congressional Convention settled on a term of ______.
4 years with the possibility of reelection
In 2014, slightly less than ______ of voting-age Americans showed up at the polls.
40%
The size of the House is currently fixed at ______ members.
435
By 1970, slightly more than ______ of African American children in the South were attending integrated schools.
50%
In a majority election, when a candidate fails to win at least ______ of the vote, they must meet the second-place candidate in a runoff election.
50%
In response to the slow implementation of the Rehabilitation Act of 1974, individuals across the nation began a series of nonviolent activities called the ______.
504 sit-ins
The right to just compensation when a person's private property is taken for public use can be found in which part of the Bill of Rights?
5th Amendment
In Barron v. Baltimore, the Supreme Court ruled that John Barron's claim that Baltimore had deprived him of his property without just compensation was not valid, because the ______ was only intended to apply to the federal government, not the states.
5th Amendment's due process clause
The Republican Growth and Opportunity Project report has also been labeled as the ______.
"autopsy report"
Whether true or not, scandals often crowd out discussions of policy. This is a pattern that political scientist Larry Sabato has called a ______.
"feeding frenzy"
the process of ordering the records of a case from the lower court is nicknamed ______.
"granting cert"
The national law that allows someone to register to vote while getting or renewing their driver's license has been nicknamed the ______ law
"motor-voter"
Thomas Paine challenged the legitimacy of the British monarchy and refuted arguments in favor of reconciling England and the Colonies by calling King George a ______.
"royal brute"
The group of women members of Congress, led by Representative Barbara Boxer, who actively protested the confirmation of Justice Clarence Thomas, was nicknamed the ______ by the press.
"women of Iwo Jima"
In the 2016 presidential campaign, roughly ______ in total was spent in support of each of the campaigns of the incumbent president and the challenger.
$1.5 billion
One study in March 2016 estimated that Donald Trump had received ______ in free media coverage.
$2 billion
When total candidate and outside spending on other national elections was added to that of the presidential election, the total spent in 2016 was about ______.
$7 billion
The modern Supreme Court receives, on average, between ______ and ______ petitions from lower courts per year.
8,000; 9,000
An issue before the Supreme Court dealing with a death penalty case would most probably involve which of the following amendments in the Bill of Rights?
8th
By 2010, the number of people self-identifying with multiple races had increased to about ______ Americans.
9 million
Which amendment was designed to protect rights not specified in the Constitution or the Bill of Rights?
9th
Roughly ______ presidential appointments require Senate confirmation.
1,000
Of the roughly 6,500 political appointees in the executive branch, about ______ require Senate confirmation.
1,500
The right to a speedy trial was incorporated to the states in which year?
1963
Which of the following amendments prevented states from denying the right to vote based on sex (gender)?
19th Amendment
Following the Gitlow case in 1925, the Supreme Court began issuing a series of decisions incorporating most of which amendment to the Constitution to the states?
1st
In the 2010 case of Citizens United v. Federal Election Commission, the Supreme Court ruled that independent, uncoordinated political speech by corporations during political campaigns is protected by the ______ Amendment.
1st
By 1964, 10 years after the Court's Brown ruling, what percentage of African American children attended integrated schools?
2%
By the end of what year did the American housing market crash, when nine major banks were teetering on the brink of ruin?
2008
The 1990s witnessed the rise of which new outlet for television and television news?
24-hour cable news
The ______ Amendment, passed in 1967, established the modern rules of succession and also established a process for replacing a vice president who has left office during his or her term.
25th
Which constitutional amendment gave individuals 18 and over the right to vote?
26th
In the 2016 elections, approximately ______ Latinos and Latinas were eligible voters.
27 million
The most recent amendment in the Bill of Rights to be incorporated to the states was the ______.
2nd
Which amendment in the Bill of Rights deals with the right to own a firearm?
2nd
Because of how the House and the Senate are composed, each state is guaranteed a minimum of ______ vote(s) in the Electoral College.
3
In order to stagger the elections of senators, the Senate was divided into ______ "classes."
3
The American bureaucracy has grown to nearly ______ civilian employees.
3 million
Which of the following scenarios accurately exemplifies the concept of linked fate?
A black man from Ohio travels to Ferguson, Missouri to take part in a protest.
Which of the following is a clear and consistent pattern in electoral participation?
A high degree of correlation exists between socioeconomic status and electoral behavior.
Justice Vinson's replacement as Chief Justice was ______.
Earl Warren
Which of the following best describes the results of the Pew Survey following the Michael Brown incident?
Eighty percent of black respondents indicated concern for "important issues about race," while only 37% of white respondents agreed.
Which of the following best describes the political impact of the Carry That Weight project?
Elected officials took notice and introduced proposed legislation aimed at curbing sexual violence.
After the landmark decision in Marbury v. Madison (1803), the Marshall Court used the power of judicial review numerous times to strike down an act of Congress.
False
Alexis de Tocqueville was struck by America's passion for individuality.
False
All bills to raise revenue must originate in the House, and the Senate does not get involved in this process.
False
American public opinion is frozen in time due to the tools with which it is measured and the technologies through which it is expressed.
False
Americans have a tradition of high levels of electoral participation.
False
Among legislative bodies in the world's democracies, the U.S. Congress is the least active and independent in terms of its ability to make national policy.
False
An individual who enjoys collective goods while also helping to secure them would be a free rider.
False
As Bridget Mergens' case proceeded, there was a high degree of certainty that the Court would affirm her assertions against her school.
False
As a result of the collapse of the Soviet Union in 1991, one area of the federal bureaucracy that continued to grow was defense.
False
As the 2016 presidential and congressional elections moved from debates and commercials to the party nomination process, it became evident that the American Latina and Latino vote would fail to play a major role.
False
Based on U.S. history up until the 1930s, the New Deal's expansion of federal government power can be seen as inevitable.
False
By the 1970s, the decreasing trend in reelection rates for congressional incumbents had become so pronounced that the theory of incumbency advantage had been dispelled in the minds of most political scholars.
False
College policies and actions in response to sexual assault and domestic violence on college campuses are specifically addressed in Title VII of the Civil Rights Act of 1964.
False
Congress formally controls most of the federal bureaucracy.
False
Congress has three types of committees: standing, joint, and select.
False
Delegates to the Constitutional Convention were greatly divided as to whether the new government should be more powerful than that under the Articles of Confederation.
False
Donald Trump entered the White House in January 2017 wildly popular with Republicans.
False
Each and every new party system in American history has brought with it at least one new major party.
False
Emma Sulkowicz's Carry that Weight campaign saw little political impact beyond the campus of Columbia University
False
European settlement and exploration were accepted by indigenous peoples without opposition.
False
Flag burning is considered hate speech and is therefore illegal in most states.
False
Following the Civil War, the Supreme Court emerged as a defender of African American Civil Rights.
False
From its beginnings, the National Industrial Recovery Act was widely acclaimed.
False
From the start, the American Revolutionary War went well for the Americans, with a series of victories and logistical successes.
False
Fundamental rights and freedoms citizens possess and that are protected from unreasonable government are referred to as civil rights.
False
Government corporations act as administrative links within the federal government.
False
In 2011, the House of Representatives was unable to institute a ban on earmarks.
False
In setting out the "codes of fair competition," Chief Justice Hughes would write in his Schechter opinion that "assertions of extra constitutional authority" were appropriate in an environment of national economic emergency and consistent with the boundaries of the 10th Amendment.
False
In the 1992 election, women's PACs played a relatively minor role in financing and advising the campaigns of women's elections.
False
In the American political system, the president acts as head of the legislative branch.
False
In the late 18th and early 19th centuries, daily and weekly newspapers reached a relatively large portion of the population.
False
Individual political opinions are considered set in stone at an early age.
False
Institutional voting factors can often act as barriers to voting.
False
Interest groups rarely involve themselves in the election process.
False
James Madison was one of the only Founding Fathers NOT to own slaves.
False
Judicial review is the authority of a court to create new laws and actions over other branches and levels of government so as to become the highest law in the land.
False
Labor groups account for the largest number and the largest amount of campaign donations of all categories.
False
Latino and Latina voters express connections to their common Hispanic heritage rather than their individual nations of origin.
False
Like George Washington, James Madison freed his slaves upon his death.
False
Lobbying is most accurately thought of as a singular process rather than an ongoing one.
False
Media outlets that cater to specialized audiences are said to practice partisan journalism.
False
More than 75% of the people who died in Hurricane Katrina were elderly.
False
Most House rules are found in the Constitution.
False
Most intelligence sources, including the CIA and FBI directors, felt that the 2016 election would be the only time that a foreign government would try to influence a U.S. election.
False
Occupy Wall Street would be a good example of an astroturf lobbying effort.
False
Once in office, elected officials are free to conduct their own political careers with little intervention from their political party leadership.
False
One Native American was a delegate to the Constitutional Convention.
False
One main difference between Republicans and Democrats in the assignment and selection of delegates is that the Republicans include the use of superdelegates, while Democrats do not.
False
One of the least effective predictors of public opinion is an individual's identification with a political party.
False
Party identification and political ideology are synonyms. They mean the exact same thing.
False
Political candidates dread soft news, which they view as having no value for them politically, and decline, for example, to be interviewed on talk shows.
False
Selective benefits are goods that are made available to anyone whose interests are addressed by an interest group.
False
Since World War II, all presidential nominees to the Supreme Court have received at least a confirmation vote in the Senate, unless those nominees rescinded their nominations.
False
Southern states actively embraced the Court's order to desegregate their public schools.
False
State courts are structured much differently than the federal courts.
False
Studies have demonstrated that the phenomenon of partisan polarization has NOT been observed in American politics.
False
Supporters of net neutrality believe companies that provide the "highways" of the Internet and broadband age should be able to charge more to content providers whose "livestock" chew up more bandwidth.
False
The American news media is currently experiencing a period of unprecedented stability.
False
The American political culture is based upon the principles of equal social and economic outcomes.
False
The Bill of Rights was included with the original draft of the Constitution in 1787.
False
The Chairman of the Joint Chiefs of Staff is at the top of the entire military chain of command.
False
The Citizens United decision allows super PACs to spend unlimited amounts of money whether or NOT they are connected or coordinating with a candidate's campaign.
False
The Congressional power of impeachment applies only to the president of the United States.
False
The Constitution expressly gives Congress the power to establish an air force.
False
The Constitution requires House members to be property holders.
False
The Democratic and Republican Parties have both worked to encourage the growth of third parties.
False
The First Civil Service Commission was created under the Hatch Act.
False
The Supreme Court has never overturned a president's executive order.
False
The argument between Chief Justice Roger Brooke Taney and President Abraham Lincoln in Ex Parte Merryman was over the issue of presidential writs of attainder.
False
The blurring of the lines between news and entertainment and the demands placed on the news to attract a commercial audience have also pressured reporters to be more objective.
False
The call of individuals like Amanda Collins, who fought for the right to carry a concealed weapon on her college campus, have NOT been converted into state or national law.
False
The constitutional basis for the assault on educational segregation in the courts was the equal protection clause of the 15th Amendment.
False
The decision in Sechter Poultry Corp. v. U.S. would reinforce the constitutionality of FDR's New Deal Programs.
False
The deregulation of media outlets has led to an increase in their diversity.
False
The distinction between an interest group and a social movement is neat and clean.
False
The federal court system as we know it today is specifically outlined and described in the U.S. Constitution.
False
The federal district courts are at the top of the nation's federal court pyramid.
False
The filibuster has existed in the same form and according to the same rules since it was first used in the Senate in 1789.
False
The first stage of the legislative process is the assignment of a bill to a committee and/or subcommittee for consideration.
False
The first system of federalism in U.S. history was a tradition of cooperative federalism.
False
The incidents at Ferguson, Missouri are evidence that social media plays only a small role in transmitting and collecting political information, attitudes and ideologies today.
False
The latter part of the 19th century and early decades of the 20th century were characterized by a form of federalism known as coercive federalism.
False
The main supporters of a federal Bill of Rights were the Federalists.
False
The main worry of Thurgood Marshall and his team in the Brown v. Board case was that the Supreme Court might disagree with the argument that African American students had been treated unfairly.
False
The most recently incorporated rights brought down to the states involved the 3rd Amendment.
False
The most significant expansion of national power through the use of categorical grants-in-aid in the post-New Deal era occurred during the presidency of Richard Nixon.
False
The news media only has been highly partisan in the United States since approximately the year 2000.
False
The organization of authority within the federal bureaucracy and the tasks they undertake have little impact on how well a bureaucracy functions.
False
The piece of legislation that most impacted the civil rights of disabled individuals was Section VII of the Civil Rights Act of 1964.
False
The power elite is limited to the top-ranking elected officials in government.
False
The president has unlimited power over the actions of Congress.
False
The primary administrative units of the federal bureaucracy are the three branches of government.
False
The primary mechanism used to incorporate the Bill of Rights to the states is the due process clause of the 5th Amendment to the Constitution.
False
The quest for women's rights was fully achieved once the 19th Amendment was passed.
False
The responsible party model requires little or no party cohesion in order to succeed.
False
The threat of firing an employee would be considered an incentive in Barnard's people-centered model of bureaucracy.
False
The use of yellow journalism in the late 19th and early 20th centuries resulted in a decrease in newspaper and magazine sales.
False
The vast majority of conflicts over power in America are handled through a system of direct democracy.
False
There is a strict and unambiguous separation of church and state when addressing matters of education.
False
Thomas Paine was the founder of the Sons of Liberty.
False
Though perfect economic equality is impossible, we're very close to it in the United States at present.
False
Though theoretically possible, it has never happened that a U.S. presidential candidate has been elected president and has lost the popular vote.
False
To be fair, parties try to encourage prospective candidates within their own ranks who aren't seen as having a good chance of winning.
False
Unorthodox lawmaking has become increasingly rarely used, particularly with regard to major legislation.
False
When a case is granted "cert," the next step is to schedule it for oral arguments.
False
When bureaucrats in regulatory agencies undermine effective regulation in order to promote their own interests at the expense of the agency's mission, it can be described as bureaucratic drift.
False
When it comes to political socialization, schools get there first and families second.
False
While the ways in which parties structure their nomination processes have changed and continue to change, the general trend in modern campaigns has been one of increasing exclusion.
False
With the Judiciary Act of 1801, the Federalists increased the size of the Supreme Court from six to nine justices and reorganized the federal courts so as to create more vacancies.
False
In the 1970s, following the Watergate scandal, Congress passed the ______.
Federal Election Campaign Act
The bureaucratic entity that is charged with overseeing and implementing national campaign finance laws is the ______.
Federal Election Commission
In the days, weeks, and months that followed Hurricane Katrina, residents of the Gulf Coast were looking to the ______ to step in and lead the recovery effort.
Federal Emergency and Management Agency
The ______ established the Federal Radio Commission and required broadcasters to obtain a license to broadcast on specific frequencies.
Federal Radio Act (1927)
two-stage
Amending the Constitution is a ______ process.
The belief in the special character of the United States as a uniquely free nation based on the ideals of democracy and individual liberty is best described as ______.
American exceptionalism
When Puritan leader John Winthrop stated in 1630 that New Englanders "must Consider that we shall be as a City upon a Hill, the eyes of all people are upon us," he was articulating, in an early manner, what concept?
American exceptionalism
Thomas Paine unified the colonists into action at a time when many were ready to receive the message by drawing on which of the following ideas?
Americans had a unique destiny and history
True
Americans would refer to "These United States..." rather than "The United States," demonstrating a desire to maintain strong states' rights.
In which of the following scenarios is the federal employee acting illegally under the Hatch Act of 1939, as amended by the Federal Employees Political Activities Act of 1993?
An IRS agent encourages a person under audit to vote for a particular candidate.
The portion of the Constitution that states "The Executive Power shall be vested in a President of the United States of America" can be found in ______.
Article II
The power to impeach is found in ______ of the Constitution.
Article II, Section 4
Constitutional courts refer to courts Congress was authorized to create under ______ of the Constitution.
Article III
The war principally between France and Great Britain and other European nations across the globe was known as the ______ in North America.
French and Indian War
The most significant expansion of national power through the use of categorical grants-in-aid in the post-New Deal era was under Lyndon Johnson's ______.
Great Society
Which of the following cases involved the right to use contraceptives?
Griswold v. Connecticut
An important difference between the House and the Senate is the role of the ______ in the House legislative process, which has no equally powerful counterpart in the Senate.
House Rules Committee
The most direct assistant to the Speaker of the House is the ______.
House majority leader
Which of the following statements is not true about the differences between the two chambers of Congress?
House members are more insulated from public opinion than their Senate colleagues.
Which second-wave women's rights leader impacted the movement through her 1963 book The Feminine Mystique?
Betty Friedan
In an effort to effectively control the ballooning growth of campaign contributions, Congress passed the ______.
Bipartisan Campaign Reform Act
Which statement articulates the correct relationship between categorical grants, block grants, and grants-in-aid?
Block grants and categorical grants are different types of grants-in-aid.
announce and justify their separation from Great Britain; create a new nation
In comparing the Declaration of Independence to the U.S. Constitution, the authors of the Declaration felt the need to ______, while the framers of the Constitution sought to ______.
False
In drawing the powers of each of the three branches, it is clear that Congress intended for the executive branch to exert power over the others.
Why isn't the United States a direct democracy?
It is too large.
What impact did the Declaration of Rights and Grievances have in lessening pressures between Great Britain and the colonies?
It led to the repeal of the Stamp Act but had little effect on the desire for independence.
In the neutrality test, which of the following conditions must be met as a condition of restricting religious expression in the course of legitimate state action?
It must not single out a specific faith over nonfaith.
(Q003) What was the impact of European wood reductions upon Native American tribes?
It reduced the availability of animals for hunting.
How did the Bill of Rights, as interpreted in the nineteenth century, apply to state and federal government?
It restrained only the powers of the federal government.
determine if a law, part of a law, or an act of government is in violation of the Constitution
Judicial review gives the judicial branch of government the authority to ______.
strong enough to govern without threatening individual rights
Madison, together with a group of similarly practical men, sought to create a republic that would be ______.
The German sociologist who attempted to define the boundaries and characteristics of bureaucratic organization was ______.
Max Weber
In which court case was the 2nd Amendment incorporated to the states?
McDonald v. Chicago
Which of the following programs was included in President Johnson's Great Society?
Medicare
Which of the following best describes the minimalist paradigm?
Most people fall short of what we expect them to know, think about, and pay attention to in the complicated world of politics and policy.
Which of the following statements about cooperative federalism is accurate?
Cooperative federalism's origins can be found in the late 19th century.
The Internet was first developed and deployed through a collaboration between ______ and ______.
DARPA; research universities
Replacement of British textiles, in particular, brought colonial women together in which of the following organizations?
Daughters of Liberty
The right to peacefully assemble was incorporated in which of the following cases?
De Jonge v. Oregon
On what date did the Bill of Rights formally become part of the Constitution?
December 15, 1791
the New Jersey Plan
Delegates from smaller states proposed which of the following?
Supreme Court
Delegates to the Constitutional Convention decided that judicial power should be held by the ______.
government mistrust
Delegates to the Second Continental Congress had to confront issues that involved the problem of ______.
fix the Articles of Confederation as necessary
Delegates who had been sent to the Constitutional Convention in Philadelphia were specifically authorized to ______.
True
One of the most important divisions during the Constitutional Convention was over the issue of slavery.
Which of the following is the foundational case involving a woman's right to have an abortion?
Roe v. Wade
The clear and present danger test is associated with which of the following cases?
Schenck v. United States
In which Supreme Court case were slaves, former slaves, and their descendants deemed property and NOT citizens?
Scott v. Sandford
A teacher wishes to sponsor an after-school prayer group during noninstructional time while off duty. What stance does the Supreme Court currently take on this issue?
Teachers may participate in religious activities while not in their official capacity and during noninstructional off-duty time.
Which of the following states had passed laws allowing concealed carrying of weapons on college campuses as of 2016?
Texas
The reason it is hard to win a presidency with only a small number of states is because ______.
Texas and California (the two largest states) tend to vote in opposite directions
ensure that states recognized the contracts and legal proceedings of other states
The "full faith and credit" clause of the Constitution was intended to ______.
slaves
The Three-Fifths Compromise counted which of the following as three fifths of a persons for purposes of Congressional representation?
Benjamin Franklin's proposal for a unified political body was NOT adopted by colonial governments for which of the following reasons?
The colonies did not wish to give up their own sovereignty.
Shay's Rebellion
The grassroots popular uprising against state government in Massachusetts, which added a sense of urgency to elites, was called ______.
False
The power of judicial review was explicitly granted to the judicial branch in the Constitution.
the commerce and the necessary-and-proper clauses
The powers embodied in which of the following strengthened the Congress vis-à-vis under the confederal system?
economic and political
The roots of the rebellion in Massachusetts were ______.
Which of the following do all of the members of the U.S. Congress have in common?
They are there to represent voter interests.
After citizens began to take action with events such as the Montgomery Bus Boycott, what reaction did the executive and legislative branches of government have in response?
They became more directly involved.
As the Democratic party gained political power in Southern states and the will of the Republican Party began to fade, what happened to the gains made by African Americans?
They began to disappear.
Why principally would people decide not to act in the political process in the United States?
They feel that action may not lead to real change.
Which of the following describes the paradox of factions?
They may be potentially dangerous, but the Constitution virtually guarantees their formation.
Why do the Department of Health and Human Services and the Department of the Treasury have large budgets relative to more prestigious departments, like State and Justice?
They oversee large federal payments.
In the end, which of the following was Congress's policy decision?
They passed a full bailout bill.
Which of the following describes the current turnout trend the best?
Turnout rates in presidential elections are higher than those for midterm elections.
Donald Trump made frequent use of what social media application while campaigning?
a large number of citizens use their power to trample on the rights of smaller groups
Tyranny of the minority occurs when ______.
The agency responsible for planning and operating the New Orleans levee and pump system was the ______.
U.S. Army Corps of Engineers
At the top of the federal judicial system is/are the ______.
U.S. Supreme Court
Which of the following groups would most likely be considered voting-eligible?
U.S. residents 18 years or older
As the Vietnam War progressed, American casualties mounted, and protests against American involvement spread and grew, trusted television journalist ______ questioned if the war had become unwinnable.
Walter Cronkite
One of the earliest and most influential advocates of the minimalist paradigm was ______.
Walter Lippmann
The first state or territory in the United States to make moves toward compliance with the Supreme Court's ruling in Brown v. Board of Education was ______.
Washington, D.C
Images of bureaucrats who mindlessly follow rules and operating procedures whether or not they actually get things done have historically been given the term "red tape."
True
In a pluralistic society, the distribution of power among many competing groups serves to keep any one of them in check.
True
In a representative democracy, governments are charged with enacting citizen concerns and preferences into laws and policies
True
In forming his first cabinet, George Washington tried to assure members of the new nation that his government would be competent and representative of all of the 13 states.
True
In its 1954 decision in Brown v. Board of Education, the Supreme Court ruled that the standing policy of "separate but equal" was inherently unequal.
True
In order to establish "inferior courts" in the federal judiciary, the first Congress passed the Judiciary Act of 1789.
True
In reality, political parties are basically a large collection of state organizations that, in turn, are loose collections of local groups.
True
In terms of drama, 2016 was different because many of the major candidates were seen as too extreme to pose a legitimate threat to the political establishment.
True
In the 2016 U.S. presidential election, the winner of the presidency did not win a majority of the popular vote.
True
In the Slaughterhouse Cases (1873), the Supreme Court interpreted the 14th Amendment narrowly, limiting its purview to one race.
True
In the current party system, the Republican Party's base has been shifting away from the Northeast and toward the rapidly growing South.
True
Independent voters are more likely to split a ticket than people who are partisans.
True
Inside lobbying efforts focus on the content of a piece of legislation as well as the levels of funding for agencies and programs through the appropriation process.
True
Interests groups are involved in elections in a variety of manners, not just by providing financial resources.
True
Iron triangles are the coordinated and mutually beneficial activities of interest groups, Congress, and the bureaucracy to achieve a set of shared policy goals, sometimes against the general interests of society of the specific groups within it.
True
James Q. Wilson's model of bureaucracy focused on outputs and outcomes.
True
Joint committees contain members of both the House and the Senate.
True
Landen Gambill circulated a petition to multiple state legislatures arguing against allowing campus carry policies.
True
Many first-time candidates for Congress bring with them a set of policy objectives rather than one specific issue.
True
Many states criticize the use of categorical grants because of the "carrots" and "sticks" that often come with them.
True
Net neutrality is under threat with the Trump administration.
True
One of the consequences of media deregulation has been the need to shape media coverage to attract as wide an audience as possible.
True
Only a vote of 3/5 of senators, called cloture, can end a filibuster.
True
Only those candidates with the strongest personal desire to act in politics decide to face the long odds against success.
True
Organizing large group efforts and social movements would be considered outside electoral processes.
True
Other than saying that the president should "take care that the laws should be faithfully executed," the Constitution does not give much detail on how the president is supposed to run the federal government.
True
Political ideology and party identification are closely related but distinct concepts.
True
Political scientist John Geer has argued that negative campaign ads may actually increase the quality of information available to voters as they make choices in elections.
True
Political scientist Larry Bartels has described momentum or "Big Mo" as the most important resource that a candidate for national office can have.
True
Private corporations and companies are considered bureaucracies.
True
Selective incorporation involves the piecemeal application of individual rights on a case-by-case basis by the Supreme Court over time.
True
Senators Ted Cruz and Marco Rubio share a common Cuban heritage.
True
The "countermajoritarian difficulty" occurs when the Court exercises control NOT on behalf of the prevailing majority but against it.
True
The American legal system is based on dual systems of federal and state courts that share the tradition of the adversarial system of justice.
True
The Bill of Rights was originally intended to contain the first 12 amendments to the Constitution
True
The cases included in arguments for Brown v. Board of Education of Topeka, Kansas, dealt with whether it was constitutionally permissible to legally segregate African American and white children in public schools on the basis of race.
True
The central purpose of representative government is stated in the Declaration of Independence.
True
The effects of national events and crises on opinions and attitudes work on a highly individual level.
True
The elastic clause grants Congress the authority to legislate as necessary to carry out constitutionally granted powers.
True
The expansion of national power under Roosevelt's New Deal led to an entrenchment of cooperative federalism.
True
The fairness doctrine has ceased to be rigorously enforced, partly because of the growth in cable television channels and shows.
True
The legal process in which the plaintiff and defendant agree to an outcome prior to the handing out of a verdict is known as plea bargaining.
True
The order issued from the Supreme Court after four justices concur that the body should hear the case is known as a writ of certiorari.
True
The power of a presidential veto lies as much in its threat as in the use of the actual veto.
True
The problem with Latina and Latino voting is that their potential voting population far exceeds the number of Latinas and Latinos who actually participate in the voting process.
True
Thomas Jefferson's theory as to how matters of church and state should be addressed was called the "Wall of Separation."
True
While the Constitution did not explicitly prohibit women from holding the office of president, at the time of ratification, women were generally denied the right to vote or to hold political office within their states.
True
While the Constitution did not prohibit women from holding office, most of the states did.
True
While the majority of cases are handled in the state courts, many of the cases that have the greatest impact on large numbers of Americans happen in the federal court system.
True
homas Jefferson's theory as to how matters of church and state should be addressed was called the "Wall of Separation."
True
Alexander Hamilton; Patrick Henry
While ______ was one of the greatest proponents of a strong national government, ______ would serve as one of its greatest opponents.
people
While small states wanted the states themselves to approve new constitutional amendments, the nationalists wanted the ______ to decide.
A news reporter is covering an accident between a car and a motorcycle. This reporter is biased against the city government for overtaxing her property and not responding to her complaints. As a result of her bias, she employs framing to portray the car accident as ______.
a failure of clear road signage
The 6th Amendment is important because of which of the following protections?
a fair and speedy public trial
Which of the following is a power prohibited to the national government without the express consent of the state's citizens?
admitting new states
For the most part, media outlets are largely organized to attract ______.
advertisers
The Senate's major role in assuring a well-qualified bureaucracy is its ______.
advice and consent
What type of power does the national party have over the state and local parties beneath it?
advisory
A policy designed to address the consequences of previous discrimination by providing advantages to individuals based upon their identities is defined as ______.
affirmative action
Besides ethnicity, differences in voter turnout in recent elections between men and women are also connected with ______.
age
When agencies tasked with regulating businesses, industries, or other interest groups are populated by individuals with close ties to the very firms that they are supposed to regulate, it is described as ______.
agency capture
The Supreme Court has original jurisdiction over which of the following cases?
all cases affecting ambassadors, ministers, and consuls or when a state is a party
Which of the following cases may begin in the federal judiciary?
all of these
When the Supreme Court issues a ruling, ______.
all states and courts in the United States must follow it
When comparing voter turnout as a percentage of registered voters, the United States ranks ______.
along with or above most other OECD nations
For political scientists Linda Fowler and Robert McClure, the main factor that sets declared candidates apart from "the unseen candidates" is political ______.
ambition
An interested party (such as an interest group) may submit its opinions to the Court in the form of a(n) ______.
amicus curiae brief
Interest groups most often try to influence judicial decisions by way of ______.
amicus curiae briefs
The dual systems of federal and state court share in common which of the following traditions?
an adversarial system of justice
In May 2013, Attorney General Eric Holder formally acknowledged ______.
an earlier drone strike that targeted an American citizen
A bicameral legislature is(was) ______.
an example of a check and balance system within Congress
(Q006) Which of the following was a trend of sixteenth- and seventeenth-century English society?
an increase in urban population
Nearly everything pertaining to candidates and campaigns for Congress is profoundly influenced by whether a candidate is ______.
an incumbent
The first and potentially biggest worry in considering the power and use of judicial review derives from the fact that Supreme Court justices ______.
are not elected
In response to the debate over the Bill of Rights, Alexander Hamilton argued any such Bill of Rights would ______.
be dangerous to individual liberty
While Congress may have the broader power to "make war," the Founding Fathers feared that the nation might ______.
be unable to respond quickly to threats when Congress was not in session
While often criticized, cable news channels are ______.
becoming more like what newspapers had been before—unapologetically partisan
The president's role in focusing Americans' attention on specific issues and events and in making sense of tragedies and challenges is referred to as being the ______.
chief communicator
In a parliamentary, system, the ______ has the choice of when to "call" an election.
chief national executive
Which of the following is NOT an example of a president's role described in the Constitution?
chief of party
Nonprofessionals who cover or document news and events or offer their own analyses of them are called ______.
citizen journalists
With technological revolutions in the 20th century, demands for regulation came from ______.
citizens and content providers
Information is a central part of representative government because ______.
citizens must have some knowledge of what their elected representatives are up to
Because of ballot roll-off, votes in which of the following races are likely to be fewest on a ballot, all else being equal?
city councilman
In Greensboro, North Carolina in 1960, African American men and women sat at the "whites only" section of segregated lunch counters, fully expecting to be arrested for breaking the law, in anticipation of publicizing the immorality of segregation. These people were engaging in an action of ______.
civil disobedience
The intentional breaking of a law for the purpose of calling attention to an injustice is best described as ______.
civil disobedience
The intentional refusal to obey a law in order to call attention to its injustice is defined as ______.
civil disobedience
The category of law that covers cases involving private rights and relationships between individuals and groups is ______.
civil law
The fundamental guarantees ensuring equal treatment and protecting against discrimination under the laws of a nation are called ______.
civil rights
Organizations that act to serve and promote the interests of their clients are known as ______.
clientele agencies
The president's power to pardon can be controversial when the subject has ______.
close personal ties to the president
A system in which primary elections are open only to registered voters from a particular political party is called a(n) ______.
closed primary
In order to stop a filibuster, a 3/5 vote of Senators known as a ______ must be achieved.
cloture
Sonya Sotomayor was considered by many to be the "riskiest choice" for Supreme Court nominee in 2009 because of her public remarks on the ______.
importance of identity and personal history in judicial decision making
Civic engagement can best be defined as working to ______.
improve society through political and nonpolitical activities
In the Declaration of Independence, those rights that are described as "self-evident" are also referred to as ______.
inalienable rights
Inducements that leaders of a bureaucracy can offer to their employees to spur successful performance are known as ______.
incentives
Which of the following best describes the primary cause of ballot roll-off?
incomplete knowledge of candidates
Except in cases of impeachment, the president has the power to release from all legal consequences and restore the benefits of citizenship to individuals arising from the commitment of federal crimes. This is known as the president's power of/to ______.
pardon
Congress is separated into two chambers that are increasingly divided along ______ lines.
partisan
By taking political positions and supporting candidates and parties, early newspapers were acting as a ______.
partisan press
Efforts by state and local governments to act in Washington, D.C., on behalf of their own needs are known as ______.
intergovernmental lobbying
Since they operate under looser regulatory constraints than the broadcast networks, television news has become more ______ and less ______.
partisan; objective
The reigning political paradox of our era is ______.
partisanship is strong but parties are weak
Congressional party leaders work through ______ in order to set up goals, choose leaders, assign members to committees, and try to present a unified voice to the American electorate through the media.
party caucuses and party conferences
Both Donald Trump and Bernie Sanders failed to concentrate their campaigns on the so-called ______ and actually gained favor among voters for it.
party establishment
Committee membership is determined and negotiated by ______.
party leaders
Electors are chosen from ______.
party leaders and loyal activists
Due to his celebrity and his extensive news coverage, Donald Trump did not have to depend on ______ in his run for president.
party resources
Eras of stability of the composition of political parties and the issues around which they coalesce, brought on by shorter periods of intense change, are known as ______.
party systems
Which section was deleted from the first draft of the Declaration of Independence?
passage on slavery
As a part of his reforms, Andrew Jackson employed political ______, filling administrative positions as rewards for support rather than solely based on merit.
patronage
After the 1830s, newspapers were nicknamed the ______.
penny press
The Constitution clearly establishes that ultimate political authority rests with the ______.
people
An individual's identification with a particular ______ is a powerful informational shortcut for voters in order to evaluate candidates and form opinions about them.
political party
Partisan gerrymandering is designed to give specific advantage to a(n) ______.
political party
In applying scientific principles learned from the natural world to human political action and interaction, major contributions were made to which of the following?
political science
The variety of experiences and factors that contributes to our understanding of, attitudes toward, and values in the political space is defined as ______.
political socialization
Anti-establishment campaigns that focus on candidates as "outsiders" with criticism of party elites are generally reflective of the trend known as ______.
populism
Unlike civil liberties, civil rights require ______.
positive action
Because they require action to ensure their expression, civil rights are sometimes called ______.
positive freedoms
A group composed of the top echelons of people in the business world in government and in the military is known as the ______.
power elite
Social movements like the civil rights movement and LGBT movement have most often used which of the following tactics?
protest and civil disobedience
The case of Board of Education v. Allen (1968) dealt with which of the following issues?
providing private religious schools with textbooks at taxpayers' expense
Talk radio broadcasts have been criticized for their efforts to ______.
provoke emotional responses
The results of Drs. Clark and Clark's psychological experiments were used as evidence of the ______.
psychological damage caused by segregation
The news "bosses" of the penny press were the ______.
public
According to your textbook, the battle over Ferguson quickly became a battle over ______, with a need to tell stories from a particular point of view.
public opinion
While John Marshall's Supreme Court affirmed national power under the necessary and proper clause and the commerce Clause, it did so with an eye toward ______.
public opinion
Systematic attempts to make inferences about the opinions of large numbers of individuals by carefully sampling and asking questions to a small, randomly assigned sample of the larger population are defined as ______.
public opinion surveys
Which of the following would be a good example of collective goods?
public transportation
Which of the following is considered a negative campaign tactic rather than a truly reflective poll?
push poll
The executive branch of government is charged with ______.
putting the nation's laws into effect
Which of the following types of harassment occurs when employers request or demand sexual favors in return for advancement in employment?
quid pro quo
Courts most likely use a "strict scrutiny" standard to address which of the following types of discrimination?
racial
The turnout rate for voting-age Americans is highly correlated with which of the following?
racial and ethnic identity
According to a recent study by the Pew Research Center, young-adult Americans today are ______.
racially diverse and relatively unattached to organized politics
The Interstate Commerce Commission was created in 1887 to monitor price setting and other practices in by the ______.
railroads
An increasingly important prerequisite in selecting a Speaker is the ability to ______.
raise money for other members of one's party
Which of the following is an example of an implied power?
raising an air force
A key challenge to sampling is one of ______.
random selection
According to early research into bureaucracies by Max Weber, bureaucratic power rests upon ______.
rational-legal authority
Qualified challengers for congressional office often ______ before running for office.
rationally wait for an open seat
After the assassination of President Abraham Lincoln, President Andrew Johnson's post-Civil War policies pushed for laws that would ______.
readmit Southern states with little regard for African American civil rights
A critical point in which public support shifts substantially from one party to another is known as ______.
realignment
As chief diplomat, the president has the power to ______.
receive ambassadors
When the president chooses a person to fill a position that requires the advice and consent of the Senate in a period when the Senate is not in session, it is called a(n) ______.
recess appointment
Congress can expedite legislation through a more streamlined process. This is called ______.
reconciliation
Perhaps the most important factor paving the way for newcomers to run for Congress in 1992 was the ______.
record number of open seats
The process that occurs when states redraw their electoral district boundaries following an official census is known as ______.
redistricting
Rules that are established at the federal and state levels in order to govern who can vote and how, when, and where they vote are categorized as ______.
registration requirements
What did Southern states do in reaction to the 14th Amendment?
rejected or ratified modified versions of it
In settling on how executive branch officers were selected, the most contentious question facing the delegates in Philadelphia in 1787 was how these people would be ______.
removed
Recently, the Supreme Court has extended its Gideon v. Wainwright decision by ______.
requiring criminal defendants receive "effective" legal representation not just representation
Those individuals who participate on your survey are known as ______.
respondents
The proposal for party reform that emphasizes cohesive partisan positions that present voters with a clear set of choices and allows members' voices to be effectively incorporated into party positions and issues is defined as the ______ model.
responsible party
In terms of measuring the preferences of constituents, the deeper challenge with elections is that they tend to ______.
revolve around a small set of issues for which voters have intense preferences
The norm of ______ generally allows senators to nominate lower-lever federal judges to serve in their states with the expectation that they will be confirmed without significant opposition.
senatorial courtesy
Federal employees with higher-level supervisory and administrative responsibilities who are paid and treated more like vice presidents of businesses than political figures are ______.
senior executive service members
In the case of McLaurin v. Oklahoma State Regents for Higher Education, the Supreme Court found ______.
separate treatment within Oklahoma's graduate school violated Mr. McLaurin's civil rights
The Carry That Weight protest about ______ at ______.
sexual assault; Columbia University
The confirmation hearings of Clarence Thomas were marred by allegations of ______.
sexual harassment
Political science is the study of how individuals and institutions ______.
shape political outcomes
Madison's years of preparation allowed him to ______.
shape the agenda of debates
Institutional factors to voting are ______.
shaped by laws and procedures surrounding the election process
(Q010) The English "enclosure" movement of the 1500s and 1600s forced small farmers off "commons" land so that the land could be taken up by
sheep
For the past 150 years, control of government has been ______.
shifting back and forth between the Democratic and Republican Parties
Text written by presidents while signing a bill into law that usually consists of political statements or reasons for signing the bill and/or a president's interpretation of the law itself is best described as a ______.
signing statement
Expression that defames a person's character in spoken form is called ______.
slander
The second deleted section of the Declaration of Independence dealt with charges against the king involving inciting ______.
slave rebellions
the second deleted section of the Declaration of Independence dealt with charges against the king involving inciting
slave rebellions
According to the textbook, deletion of which of the following topics from the first draft of the Declaration of Independence had the most significance?
slavery
Driving much of the politics and tensions in the middle of the 19th century was the issue of ______.
slavery
The third-party system was primarily influenced by the issue of ______.
slavery
Which of the following best describes the level of compliance of Southern states to Brown II?
slow at best
One of the most important developments in the Internet age has been the rise of ______ media like Facebook.
social
Many people join professional associations with the hope of networking with or meeting influential people in their field. This would be an example of ______.
social benefits
As America moved toward revolution, colonial Americans saw improvements in ______.
social equality with the exception of Southern plantation societies
Forms of electronic communications that enable users to create and share content or to participate in social networking are called ______.
social media
Hillary Clinton's strategy to reach out to Hispanic voters was highly criticized in ______.
social media
A group of individuals that comes together to make social or political changes and to place issues and ideas on the political agenda would best be described as a ______.
social movement
Associations of individuals that come together to change things or to keep things from changing by calling attention to a set of perceived injustices or wrongs in order to get policy makers to act and/or to educate the people are best described as ______.
social movements
As organizations, political parties seek to unify people under a shared banner of ______ goals.
social, economic, and ideological
A government that allows private firms to operate but with significant intervention by the government, which may include controlling ownership of sectors of the economy, is best described as having a ______ economic system.
socialist
In the U.S. context, a person who supports government-controlled health care and transportation systems would most likely be a ______.
socialist
The measure that captures an individual's wealth, income, occupation, and educational attainment is best defined as ______.
socioeconomic status
Stories that focus on celebrity and personality rather than underlying issues are known as ______.
soft news
An especially important filer of amici curiae is the United States' ______.
solicitor general
Successful lobbyists must have ______.
solid, useful policy knowledge as well as the ability to be heard by those in government
An unintended consequence of the equal time rule and the fairness doctrine was that ______.
some news stations stopped covering politics altogether
The current view of most scholars of media and American politics lies ______.
somewhere in between the direct and limited effects models
In order to impact current and future elections, Latinas and Latinos must ______.
speak with a coordinated voice
The model that focuses on the political actions of individual justices as they try to make the best use of personal and official resources in order to obtain a specific set of policy objectives is called the ______.
strategic model
In comparison to other bills in Congress, the process for reconciliation bills is more ______.
streamlined
The reaction of the nation to the Brown v. Board decision was ______.
strong and immediate, but not uniform
The Supreme Court rulings in Lawrence v. Texas (2003) and Roe v. Wade (1973) are similar in that both ______.
struck down Texas laws
Because of the ability for party groups to legally raise and spend large sums of money, many state party organizations are ______.
struggling
A major problem with the clear and present danger test is its ______.
subjectivity
According to the Constitution, local governments are ______.
subordinate to and reliant upon state governments
The degree to which elected representatives or Senators do or do not represent the interests and policy preferences of their constituents is called ______.
substantive representation
What is the most important responsibility of the vice president according to the Constitution?
succeeding the president in case he or she cannot serve
In the wake of the Supreme Court's decision in Citizens United, ______ are allowed to spend unlimited amounts during a political campaign as long as the spending is NOT coordinated with that campaign.
super PACs
Democratic officeholders and other party leaders who cast votes in the formal stages of the nomination process and are not tied to the outcomes of any state results are called ______.
superdelegates
The detention of John Merryman was an important case in presidential power because of President Lincoln's assertion of the power to ______.
suspend habeas corpus
States in which no one political party tends to dominate national elections are described as _____
swing states
States in which no one political party tends to dominate national elections are described as ______.
swing states
Donald Trump's tendency to ______ led many conservative Republicans to question whether he would remain faithful to their party.
switch parties
Protected expression in the form of images, signs, etc. would best be described as ______.
symbolic speech
Many observers could interpret the events of Ferguson, along with the August 5 shooting of John Crawford and the death of Eric Garner in Staten Island, New York, as evidence of ______.
systemic police mistreatment of blacks
Some experts argue that broadening the number of racial categories allowed in the census might unfortunately ______.
take away from gains in equality and civil rights
Because banks could not produce enough loans to supply the mortgage-backed securities market, they began to ______.
take bigger and bigger risks
Which of these is a fundamental prerequisite to achieving the "American Dream"?
talent and hard work
The first and perhaps foremost role of interest groups in the electoral process is ______.
targeted distribution of financial resources
In 2010, President Obama proposed extending ______, which angered Senator Sanders because they would benefit the wealthy more than the working class.
tax cuts
The case of Everson v. Board of Education (1947) dealt with which of the following issues?
taxpayer support for religious education
Social movements may fail to lead to lasting social change but still may have an impact on domestic policy by ______.
teaching members of future movements important lessons
Which of the following are all valid themes of today's media?
technology, dramatic change, and partisan politics
The connection between the nation's media and American politics has been shaped by which of the following?
technology, politics, the rights of a free press, and the need to preserve national security
In contrast to iron triangles, issue networks are often ______.
temporary
Two ways in which lobbyists use information to try to advance their interest group's positions are ______.
testifying at Congressional committee meetings and providing members of Congress with research reports
The foundation for extending protections in the Bill of Rights to state laws and actions are found in ______.
the 14th Amendment's due process clause
Those who argued early for the importance of freedom of expression were influenced by which of the following laws?
the Alien and Sedition Acts
The real audience of the State of the Union address is ______.
the American people
In February 2015, U.S. Senator Claire McCaskill (D-MO) and 11 other senators introduced which of the following pieces of legislation as an immediate result of the Carry That Weight movement?
the Campus Accountability and Safety Act
Which of the following was the most crucial legal catalyst to the second-wave fight for women's rights?
the Civil Rights Act of 1964
The death of Anwar al-Awlaki was apparently the first time since ______ that the U.S. government had carried out the deliberate killing of an American citizen as a wartime enemy without trial.
the Civil War
Since the power to suspend habeas corpus appears in Article I Section 9 of the Constitution, Justice Taney argued that the power to suspend habeas corpus was given only to ______.
the Congress
Under the Constitution, the limitations of presidential power were placed primarily in the hands of ______.
the Congress
Many of the rules governing the budgetary process in Congress were set in ______.
the Congressional Budget Act of 1974
Marijuana is considered a class I narcotic under which of the following federal laws?
the Controlled Substances Act of 1970
The specific law at issue in the case of United States v. Windsor (2013) was ______.
the Defense of Marriage Act
The legal basis of Bridget Mergens' claim against her high school was which of the following?
the Equal Access Act of 1984
Which of the following is a collection of agencies and offices that assist the president in an advisory and policy-making capacity?
the Executive Office of the President
In explaining the Court's Decision in Gonzalez v. Raich, the court went back to the policies of ______.
the Great Depression
Which faction of the Republican Party has become increasingly influential in the past few years?
the House Freedom Caucus
(Q014) In 1619, the first elected assembly in colonial America was
the House of Burgesses in Virginia.
In order to flesh out the "nature and the organization" of the nation's system of courts, Congress passed ______.
the Judiciary Act of 1789
Which of the following would be an example of a public interest group?
the Mexican American Legal Defense and Education Fund
The decision in Dred Scott v. Sandford in 1857 overturned what act of Congress?
the Missouri Compromise
Which of the following would be considered an example of an independent executive agency?
the National Aeronautics and Space Administration
Which of the following, because of its efforts to right a perceived social wrong, would be considered an interest group that spawned a social movement?
the National Association for the Advancement of Colored People
Which of the following would be the best example of an economic interest group?
the National Automotive Dealers Association
The case of New York Times v. United States dealt with the prior restraint of what famous document?
the Pentagon Papers
The GOP or "Grand Old Party" refers to ______.
the Republican Party
The two major political parties in the United States at present are ______.
the Republican Party and the Democratic Party
The event that crystalized the commitment of women to run for Congress in 1992 was ______.
the Senate confirmation hearings of Clarence Thomas
Which radical organization was most visible and vocal in its dissent against British tax policies of the 1760s?
the Sons of Liberty
Martin Luther King was one of the founders and the president of which of the following organizations?
the Southern Christian Leadership Conference
The problem of countermajoritarianism occurs when ______.
the Supreme Court exercises judicial control against the prevailing majority
Which of the following Supreme Court standards applies to gender discrimination?
intermediate scrutiny
The role of the federal judiciary is to ______.
interpret and apply the laws of the nation
In Gibbons v. Ogden, the case involving steamboat operators on the Hudson River, the Supreme Cort affirmed Congress's ability to regulate ______.
interstate commerce
In its "strong women fight back" video, the Leadership Institute called for viewers to ______.
invite other "like-minded groups"
Zaller's theory of consideration says that our ______.
knowledge and emotions both come into play when forming an opinion
One important faction within the Democratic Party that has pushed the party to call for a raise in the minimum wage is ______.
labor unions
During the debates over the Articles in the Second Continental Congress, mistrust of other colonies crystallized in conflicts over ______.
land, representation, and sovereignty
The most important power of Congress is ______.
lawmaking
Which of the following best describes the three broad areas of Congressional power?
lawmaking, budgeting, and oversight
Political participation is composed of the different ways in which individuals take action to shape the ______.
laws and policies of a government
A phenomenon that occurs when a presidential candidate's increasing popularity results in increased support for congressional leaders of the same party is known as a ______.
coattail effect
Benjamin Page and Robert Shapiro contend that public opinion is a ______ phenomenon.
collective
Political action that occurs when individuals contribute energy, time, or money to a larger group goal is called ______.
collective action
Benefits or desirable outcomes that individuals can enjoy or profit from even if they do not help achieve or secure them are known as ______.
collective goods
Unlike France and Spain, Great Britain lacked a cohesive ______.
colonial policy
While citizen journalists may operate in a variety of contexts, one of the most extreme is ______.
combat and military operations abroad
Perhaps the most fateful role that the Constitution creates for the president is his or her authority as ______.
commander in chief
Under the ______ clause, Congress has claimed the authority to define nearly all productive activity as interstate commerce.
commerce
The shaping of content and focus of news based on the desire to capture the market of news consumers is called ______.
commercial bias
To divide the workload, both the House and the Senate have established the ______ system.
committee
In order to ensure that funds appropriated for programs are being spent efficiently, legally, and in accordance with the law's intent, Congress may conduct ______.
committee and subcommittee hearings
Once a nominee is selected, their problem becomes one of ______.
communicating beyond his or her "base" of voters
A government that acts on behalf of all workers in a society by controlling all of the means of production and distribution is best described as having a ______.
communist system
Arrange the following economic systems from the one with most government oversight to the one with the least oversight.
communist, socialist, capitalist, laissez-faire
The theory of pluralism is one in which ______.
competition among groups serves to keep any one of them in check
British colonization had which of the following effects on traditional native ways of life?
comprehensive and total
Powers to tax, borrow money, establish courts, charter banks and corporations, and pass and enforce laws, are called ______ in the United States.
concurrent powers
Which of the following would be considered electoral participation?
conducting a "get out the vote" campaign in order to increase voter turnout
Immediately following the death of Michael Brown, the Pew Research Center organized a survey by ______.
conducting a random sample of 1,000 American adults using landlines and cell phones
After hearing a case, an appeals court may ______.
confirm the original court's ruling, reverse the decision, or remand the case to a lower court
The most important factor in the decision to grant or deny a writ of certiorari in a case is whether the case presents a ______.
confusion about or alternate presentation of the law
As the size of the American republic and the complexity of issues before Congress have both grown, so has the size of ______.
congressional staff
For Chester Barnard, the essence of a bureaucracy is that it involves ______ in pursuit of a joint objective.
conscious coordination of activities
In many ways, colonial opposition to British policies was best described as ______.
conservative
A combination of cognition and affect that contributes to any one answer to any one question or evaluation is defined as ______.
consideration
Having successfully passed out of committee, bills proceed to ______.
consideration on the floors of the House and the Senate
Problems that arise when bureaucracies stray from their established goals and devote their energies and efforts to nonessential tasks are commonly referred to as bureaucratic ______.
drift
For much of the 19th century, the model of the relationship between states and nation in the United States was one of ______.
dual federalism
If a member of Congress wishes to get a project funded without writing a separate bill, they can attach it to a larger funding bill in the form of a(n) ______.
earmark
In 1913, the Department of Labor was broken in two with Commerce focusing on ______ and Labor focusing on ______.
economic growth; employee-employer relations and workplace conditions
Which interest groups account for the largest number and the largest amount of campaign donations in all categories of interest groups?
economic interest groups
As a part of President Johnson's Great Society program, the federal government saw an expansion of its powers in the policy area of ______.
education
Early efforts by women to secure their rights often centered around ______.
education
About what percentage of all petitions does the Supreme Court hear per year?
less than 1%
Of all of the concerns in New Orleans prior to Hurricane Katrina, perhaps most worrisome was the ______ system.
levee and pump
Expression that defames a person's character in writing or similar published media is called ______.
libel
A perennial critique of the American news media is that it demonstrates a ______ partisan bias.
liberal
In recent decades, the Democratic Party has been connected with policies of ______, and Republicans have been connected with policies of ______.
liberalism; conservatism
In his 1776 pamphlet entitled Liberty Further Extended Massachusetts Minister Lemuel Hayes argued ______.
liberty is a natural right
When the American people feel that the federal bureaucracy has failed, the president acts as a ______ for public outrage.
lightning rod
In devising a system in which power had to be shared between the three branches, the framers gave the president a(n) ______ role in the legislative process.
limited and mostly negative
Many Republicans blasted Donald Trump's promises to cut deals in order to benefit the U.S. economy as contradicting their philosophy of ______.
limited government
The Voting Rights Act of 1965 outlawed which of the following impediments to voting?
literacy tests
Which of the following would be an example of a Jim Crow law?
literacy tests
When the representative of a group interacts with government officials in order to advance that group's goals in the area of public policy, it could best be described as ______.
lobbying
Though NOT explicitly part of the federal structure, ______ governments also act in the political space to protect their own interests.
local
Which of the following is a limiting factor of most elections?
low turnout rates
In the 1976 case of Buckley v. Valeo, the U.S. Supreme Court ______.
maintained the constitutionality of restrictions on individual campaign contributions
The effect of racial and ethnic gerrymandering is the creation of ______ districts.
majority-minority
The purpose of Congress was to ______.
make laws
The shared purpose of social movements and individual actions is to ______.
make their voices heard in the political process
Besides the Affordable Care Act, which of the following policies was supported by Bernie Sanders?
making college education tuition free and debt free
Most recent efforts to regulate lobbying have focused on ______.
making the process more transparent
Sources of information that appeal to a large audience, including newspapers, radio, television, and Internet outlets, are known as the ______ media.
mass
The majority of individuals, who lack necessary levels of political information, are described as ______.
masses
Tangible benefits made available to members and contributors of a group are best described as ______.
material rewards
Members of AARP receive a monthly magazine and a free gift when they join. This is an example of ______.
material rewards or selective benefits
What objects did Emma Sulkowicz and other students carry in response to sexual violence on college campuses?
mattresses
American public opinion is difficult to understand because individuals ______.
may not actually have meaningful preferences
The study of the power of the news media in shaping individuals' political knowledge, preferences, and political behavior is called the ______.
media effect
Efforts to regulate the media have focused primarily on what two aspects?
media ownership and media content
First and foremost, money buys ______ in a candidate's campaign.
media time
The Framers believed that the requirements for legislative service in the House of Representatives should be based on ______.
merit
The system of hiring and promotion based on the results of competitive tests, education, and other qualifications rather than politics and personal consideration was called the ______.
merit system
A Federal Communications Commission rule that requires Internet service providers to treat all data equally, without discriminating based upon content or bandwidth demands, is called ______.
net neutrality
In the case of Employment Division v. Smith (1990), the court adopted which of the following tests?
neutrality test
President Nixon's roll-back on the expansion of national authority and its return to the states was called ______.
new federalism
The frenzy of media consolidation following the Telecommunications Act of 1996 placed many news organizations and their employees under ______.
new ownership
In 1961, John F. Kennedy gave the first live televised ______.
news conference
The variety of sources providing information and covering events is called the ______.
news media
Americans are increasingly getting their political information through the filter of ______.
news outlets that inform us of political issues
Media that caters to fragmented and specialized audiences is called ______.
niche journalism
(Q041) In what century did England grant most working-class men the right to vote?
nineteenth century
The formal process through which parties choose their candidates for political office is called ______.
nomination
Which of the following describes the stages of presidential election campaigns?
nomination and general election
Which of the following best describes a term referring to the lack of stable and coherent opinions on political issues and candidates?
nonattitude
How many presidents have been convicted and removed by the Senate?
none
Inherent in the minimalist critique is the idea that ______.
not all Americans have the same amount of political information
In November 2014, a grand jury announced Officer Wilson would ______.
not be indicted for the shooting
C. Wright Mills noted that the exercise of power may be seen ______.
not only in actions that are taken but in inaction or the prevention of actions
Which of the following was NOT a decisive factor for President Obama in nominating Sonia Sotomayor to the Supreme Court?
not wanting to shift the ideological makeup of the Supreme Court
Which of the following items is not characteristic of the new media?
objectivity
In general, the major parties try to make their case to the public by ______.
offering sharp contrasts to each other
In contrast to members of the House, Senators must be ______.
older
A system in which eligible voters may participate in a party's primary election regardless of that voter's partisan affiliation is called a(n) ______.
open primary
Because California's 24th District will have no incumbent running for office, it is described as a(n) ______.
open seat election
Political parties are best defined as ______.
organized groups of candidates, officeholders, voters, and activists that work together to elect candidates for political office
A court's authority to hear a case for the first time and find the facts of the case is called ______.
original jurisdiction
The ability to hear a case from its origin and to establish the facts pertaining to it, including conducting a trial and rendering a verdict, is known as ______.
original jurisdiction
(Q042) Henry Care, author of English Liberties (1680), demonstrates that seventeenth-century identities rested in part on negative images of
other nations.
Once the official campaign process begins, declared candidates must compete with ______.
others for their party's nomination
Of special concern in James Q. Wilson's analysis was the ability or inability to observe ______.
outputs and outcomes
Efforts that focus on reaching the constituents themselves rather than their representatives are described as ______.
outside lobbying
From the point of view of publishers and broadcasters, regulations were necessary to prevent ______.
overgrazing
A random sampling has been taken from a normally distributed American population of respondents with 60% white, 30% black, 10% Hispanic, 50% male, and 50% female. The sample contains the following characteristics: 90% white, 10% black, 0% Hispanic, 50% male, 50% female. This sampling is likely to contain which of the following sampling errors?
oversampling of white respondents
When Congress exercises authority to ensure that laws are implemented in the way that Congress intended when it passed them, the process is described as ______.
oversight
The earliest printed news material in America was the ______.
pamphlet
The Constitution of the Standing Rock Sioux Tribe includes a Bill of Rights that affirms many of the same fundamental liberties as the American Bill of Rights but unlike the American Bill of Rights, it also orders its government to act positively in the area of ______.
education
Which of the following is considered the most important contributor to an individual's socioeconomic status?
education
Which off the following is central to the strategies of the Green Dot movement?
education and intervention
A 2014 Pew Research Center survey concluded that the top five issues for Latino registered voters were, in order of perceived importance: ______.
education, jobs and the economy, health care, immigration, and conflicts in the Middle East
If outputs and outcomes are unknown by management, ______.
effective management is impossible
The necessary and proper clause is also called the ______ clause.
elastic
A political tool that gives elected officials broader knowledge of the overall preferences of the citizens as a whole is ______.
elections
Fed up with the state of the Democratic and Republican Party, you're thinking of creating a third party in 2018. On which issue would you most likely have success, at least initially, in differentiating your new party from the existing party?
elimination of PACs in campaign finance
The small number of Americans who have well-informed and well-reasoned opinions is known as ______.
elites
A small number of individuals, the ______, may have well-informed and well-reasoned opinions; however, the majority of individuals, the ______, do not.
elites; masses
The theory of governmental influence that focuses on the advantages that certain interests have in the political process based on the unequal distribution of economic and political power is called ______ theory.
elitist
Madison's solution to the problem of factions was to ______.
encourage competing factions
The Constitution grants Congress the power to legislate in various areas. These legislative powers written into the Constitution are called the ______.
enumerated powers
The ______ requires licensees to guarantee political candidates equal time to present their views and opinions.
equal time rule
In the American system of political culture, the emphasis in economic equality tends to be on which of the following?
equality of opportunity
The risks posed by linking individuals' lived experiences to policy preferences, whether by identifying those individuals by those policies or excluding them from advocating different policy objectives, is described as ______.
essentialism
Dual federalism ______.
evenly divided the people's sovereignty between the nation and the states
Which of the following is a prohibition on making something illegal and punishable when it was legal prior to the passage of a new law?
ex post facto law
Both the Skocpol and Skowronek studies highlight the question of American ______.
exceptionalism
In order to battle the effects of the Great Depression, President Roosevelt called for expanded ______ power.
executive
The ideas of Senatorial ratification of treaties and Congressional power to declare war were designed to force the ______ to work together.
executive and legislative branches
Besides the president (chief executive), at the top of the federal hierarchy of labor are ______.
executive political appointees
A political candidate wishes to get immediate feedback as to how voters are casting their ballots in an election. Which of the following types of surveys would he/she most likely select?
exit polling
When challengers decide to stand for office, above all else, they need ______.
experience and money
Long before officially campaigning, most candidates will form a(n) ______ committee in order to begin the fundraising process.
exploratory
Which of the following general powers were placed in the hands of the president?
expressed, implied, and delegated
(Q008) Which of the following was a characteristic of early New England society?
extensive autonomy and self-government in local affairs
Both Senator Bernie Sanders and Donald Trump would normally find themselves too ______ to pose a legitimate threat to their party's status quo.
extreme
President John Q. Smith has committed a series of "high crimes and misdemeanors" and has been impeached by the House of Representatives by a vote of 315-120. He now ______.
faces a trial in the Senate, wherein a two-thirds majority is needed to convict
As a safeguard against ______, the American federal system divides Americans' sovereignty between the nation and the states.
factions
The danger in interest groups and social movements is always one of ______.
factions that trample on the rights of others
The federal rule that expanded regulations of American political news coverage beyond just the provision of time for candidates to the content of political news coverage itself is called the ______.
fairness doctrine
Electors who change their mind in between the general election and the electoral college vote are known as ______.
faithless electors
Party identification is highly transmitted through which of the following?
families
If, during the nomination process, a candidate survived by appealing primarily to the extremes of the party, then he/she may be seen as too ______.
far right or far left for the average voter
In general, supporters of Bernie Sanders felt that the Democratic Party establishment in the 2016 presidential election ______.
favored Secretary Clinton
Under a ______ system of government, powers are shared between the national government and the states.
federal
The size and complexity of the executive branch establishment—especially the ______—can act as a powerful brake on presidential initiatives.
federal bureaucracy
The merit system produced the ______, as the permanent professional government employees concerned with administrative functions.
federal civil service
The middle level of the constitutional courts is occupied by the ______.
federal courts of appeal
Political scientist Theda Skocpol explained America's lack of developing a comprehensive social welfare system in comparison to that of Europe by describing the ______ as hostile to large-scale government intervention and American ______ as defending the benefits of political patronage.
federal courts; political parties
At the bottom level of the constitutional court system are the ______.
federal district courts
Which court(s) deliver a verdict through a jury trial?
federal district courts
In order to implement the Brown decision as a reality on the ground, the Court placed ______ in charge of actual desegregation efforts.
federal district judges
The ability of interest groups to lobby the executive branch is made possible by ______.
federal law requiring agencies to notify the public and solicit their input when establishing rules and procedures
The new system of government created by the Constitution in which government would be divided between the national and state levels is best described as ______.
federalism
Two important ways in which the framers of the Constitution tried to contain the dangers of faction were through ______.
federalism and separation of powers
An individual is prohibited from registering to vote because he/she was convicted of a serious crime. This is an example of ______.
felon disenfranchisement
Because of their complexity, caucuses tend to draw ______.
fewer participants
Expression of spoken, written, or symbolic speech that is likely to incite violence or disrupt the peace is defined as ______.
fighting words
When interest groups try to influence both whether or not the Supreme Court will agree to hear a case, as well as how the justices should rule once they do agree to hear it, they do what?
file amicus curiae briefs
According to data presented by opensecrets.org, the ______ sector accounted for the single largest group of contributions when analyzed by sector in 2016.
financial
The main consumers of early newspapers were the ______.
financial and political elite
In the aftermath of the financial crisis and Wall Street bailout debate, many Americans were calling for ______.
financial reform
The federal district courts are responsible for ______.
finding facts and delivering opinions on a case
The director of the Environmental Protection Agency has been in the news recently for overspending on luxuries for his office, such as a $250,000 bathroom renovation. A Congressional committee investigation is instigated. This is an example of ______.
fire alarm oversight
When Congress wanted to look into an on-going political crisis, it called immediate hearings, which are described as ______.
fire alarm oversight
In order to speak directly to American citizens about the Great Depression and, later, World War II, President Franklin Roosevelt used which of the following?
fireside chats
The Civil Rights Act of 1957 was the ______.
first piece of Civil Rights legislation since Reconstruction
(Q043) What marketable staple did the English pursue in New England?
fish
How many cases were included as a part of the Brown v. Board of Education case?
five
Unlike in parliamentary systems, American elections are notable for the fact that they occur on ______.
fixed and predictable schedules
One tool in which candidates assemble small groups of individuals for a directed conversation in which they hope to uncover patterns of thinking about issues and individuals is the ______.
focus group
Your great-grandfather was at Pearl Harbor in December of 1941. Before the Japanese attack, he did not support the United States being involved in World War II. After the attack, he almost instantly did. Thus, for your great grandfather, the Japanese attack on Pearl Harbor was a ______.
focusing event
The legal model focuses on ______.
focusing on applying law to the facts of a case, including past decisions
Soft news can act to engage individuals with ______ issues.
foreign policy
The revolving door phenomenon refers to ______.
former government officials going to work for lobbying firms, and government agencies recruiting former lobbyists for their experience and expertise
Those individuals who enjoy collective goods without contributing to them are called ______.
free riders
(Q040) The English belief in freedom as a common heritage helped to cast imperial wars against Spain as struggles between
freedom and tyranny.
To take advantage of the benefits of holding an early primary or caucus, many states try to engage in a process known as ______.
front-loading
Postwar economic prosperity allowed the nation to ______.
fund a large growth in national bureaucracy in defense and social services
Once selected by their parties, the nominees proceed to the ______.
general election campaign
Many times, states are accused of intentionally changing congressional district lines in order to benefit a specific group. This is an example of ______.
gerrymandering
Voluntary associations share common traits in that they ______.
get their rights to organize from the 1st Amendment
By upholding the constitutionality of laws and adding legitimacy in the minds of the American public to those laws passed by Congress, the Court risks ______.
giving a stamp of approval to the tyranny of the majority
Organizations that act to secure the interests of local, state, or foreign governments in the political process are known as ______.
governmental interest groups
(Q026) The Half-Way Covenant applied to whom?
grandchildren of the English Great Migration
All of the following were established by the Judiciary Act of 1789 EXCEPT ______.
granting the Supreme Court power to propose amendments to the Constitution
The inability to compromise and enact legislation driven by sharp polarization is known as ______.
gridlock
The most important way the 5th Amendment provides protections for those accused of crimes is by ______.
guaranteeing processes and procedures for their defense
As chief diplomat, the president is responsible for ______.
guiding national foreign policy
As chief diplomat, the president is responsible for ________.
guiding national foreign policy
Prior to the Seven Years War, British policy toward the colonies could best be described as ______.
hands-off
Unlike Congress, the president, and the Supreme Court, the federal bureaucracy differs in that it ______.
has a more direct impact on American lives
Which of the following is NOT a primary factor contributing to a candidate winning a congressional election?
having different demographic characteristics than the majority population of the candidate's district
(Q001) Among the problems facing the early settlers of Jamestown colony were
high rates of death and disease.
Recent data shows that young-adult voters are becoming ______.
highly involved in nontraditional political participation
In order for mortgage-backed securities to provide a return to their customers, ______.
home prices had to go up
Which of the following groups is most likely to be disenfranchised by residency requirements?
homeless individuals who may lack documentation
Following a convincing first-term victory, a president often enjoys a period of strong public approval called the ______ period.
honeymoon
Coverage of political campaigns that focuses more on the drama of the campaign than on policy issues is known as the ______.
horse race phenomenon
The roots of the financial crisis in the first decade of the 21st century were in the ______ market.
housing
An appellate court focuses on ______.
how the decision of the court was rendered within the context of the law
Once the founders settled on a single president, the most contentious issue facing the delegates was ______.
how the president would be selected
Recruitment is best described as the process through which political parties ______.
identify potential candidates
Two challenges faced by Senators Cruz and Rubio in the 2016 presidential election as they reached out to Latina and Latino voters were their ______.
identity as "Hispanics" and the diversity of their viewpoints
A person's beliefs about political goals, public policies, and which acts to shape individual electoral choices is called his or her political ______.
ideology
A perceived problem with Republican Hispanic candidates in 2016 was their viewpoint on the issue of ______.
immigration
As opposed to other ethnic protest groups, Latino/as have uniquely focused on issues such as ______.
immigration and labor
With a majority vote, the House of Representatives has the power to ______.
impeach the president
To remove an official from federal office, the House of Representatives votes to ______ and the Senate has the authority to ______, which will then remove the official from office.
impeach; convict
The bureaucracy's role in putting into action the laws that Congress has passed is known as ______.
implementation
Powers that are NOT explicitly spelled out in the Constitution, but are considered valid as means of carrying out the enumerated powers, are referred to as ______ powers.
implied
The portion of the Constitution authorizing the president to "require the Opinion, in writing, of the principal Office in each of the executive Departments..." is generally interpreted as creating the president's ______.
cabinet
The secretaries of the different department along with the vice president and the other heads of some major agencies that meet frequently are called the president's ______.
cabinet
The president's veto power ______.
can be used as a threat to influence Congress's actions
Political parties provide which of the following for potential voters?
candidate labeling
A win in an early primary/caucus state benefits a candidate by establishing ______.
candidate momentum
The NRA donates millions of dollars to political campaigns annually. This is an example of ______.
candidate support
According to political scientist John Aldrich, things get really interesting when ______.
candidates no longer feel that the party leadership is serving their own goals
A system in which economic activity is structured to allow private firms to make most or all of the decisions involving production and distribution of goods and services is best described as ________.
capitalist
A problem that occurs when a bureaucrat's own interests are more closely aligned with the targets of regulation than the mission of the agency, thus undermining effective regulation, is known as agency ______.
capture
Those federal employees whose ranks are clearly defined according to the General Service levels of government bureaucracy are referred to as ______.
career civil servants
By encouraging states to carry out national policy objectives, categorical grants act as a ______, and by threatening states with the withholding of funds if they fail to carry out government policy, categorical grants act as a ______
carrot; stick
As head of the executive branch, the president is responsible for ______.
carrying out the laws of the nation
The main form of a grant-in-aid during and after the New Deal has been the ______ grant.
categorical
In 1974, in the midst of an oil crisis, the federal government passed the National Maximum Speed Law, requiring states set their speed limits to a maximum of 55 MPH or lose federal transportation funding. This law exemplifies what concept?
categorical grants
A process through which a state's eligible voters gather to discuss candidates and issues and select delegates to represent their preferences in later stages of the nomination process is called a ______.
caucus
In the 1950s, Judith Heumann was refused attendance at her local elementary school for ______.
causing a potential fire hazard
State parties are governed by a(n) ______ comprised of elected members that govern the operations of the state party.
central committee
In a recent study by the Harvard School of Public Health, researchers ______.
challenged the effectiveness of self-defense gun use
In its immediate response to the Carry That Weight activities of Emma Sulkowicz and others, Columbia University chose to ______.
charge students up to $1,500 in "cleanup fees" for damages
A bicameral legislature with distinct differences between the House and the Senate established ______ within Congress and not just between Congress and the other branches.
checks and balances
When branches of government are allowed a level of oversight over each other, it is best described as ______.
checks and balances
Cases that make their way from the state courts to the federal courts generally involve questions arising under ______.
the U.S. Constitution
The highest level of the federal judiciary, which also acts as the highest court in the land, is ______.
the U.S. Supreme Court
The side that loses in a federal appellate court has the right to petition ______ for a possible appeal.
the U.S. Supreme Court
Which of the following represents a unitary political system?
the United Kingdom of Great Britain and Northern Ireland
Which executive official serves as president of the Senate and assumes the office of president of the United States in case of death, resignation, or impeachment?
the Vice President
Colonists who established Jamestown were backed and supported by ______.
the Virginia Company
The difference between open rules and closed rules that the House Rules Committee place on a bill under consideration have to do with ______.
the ability of representatives to offer amendments on the bill
As the head of the executive branch, the president is tasked to ensure that ______.
the apparatus of the executive bureaucracy faithfully executes the laws of the nation
What event, in the middle of the deliberations in Brown v. Board of Education, fortuitously aided the NAACP in its case?
the appointment of Earl Warren as chief justice
Immediately following the Michael Brown shooting, protesters were calling for ______.
the arrest and prosecution of the officer who shot Brown
In an early study using large sample surveys, a group of researchers made the observation that ______.
the average citizen is very much less involved in politics than is imagined
According to at least one political science professor, the decline of young-adult voting can best be attributed to ______.
the belief that young voters have no stake in the outcome of elections
Which of the following is most often used along with the necessary and proper and supremacy clauses to create federal law and policy?
the commerce clause
The coordinated (and mutually beneficial) activities of interest groups, Congress, and the bureaucracy to achieve shared policy goals, sometimes against the general interests of society or specific groups within it, best describes ______.
the iron triangle
(Q037) The event that started the Pequot War was
the killing of a fur trader by the Pequots.
The Constitution is least clear on the way(s) in which authority and power would be vested to ______.
the level of Congressional authority to regulate interstate commerce
The relationship between the states and the nation was permanently altered during Roosevelt's New Deal by increasing ______.
the level of Congressional authority to regulate interstate commerce
Which of the following decisions is considered binding?
the majority opinion
The beat system reflects ______.
the media's need to report the news efficiently and expertly
While many of the rules governing the nomination process are set by federal and state laws, the details about how things actually work are hammered out by ______.
the parties
Driving much of the bureaucracy's direct involvement in American lives are the demands of ______.
the people themselves
During the Standing Rock protests, the local, state, and national governments acted on behalf of ______.
the pipeline's owners, i.e., they effectively acted to undermine the protests so the pipeline could be completed quickly
Which of the following is NOT mentioned in the Constitution?
the power of judicial review
Which of the following is NOT an example of a president's expressed powers?
the power to introduce bills in Congress
The authority to remove a bureaucratic official from office lies with ______.
the president
Who traditionally chooses the national chair of his/her party?
the president
Question order is important in survey construction because ______.
the sequencing of questions can influence answers
Which of the following is most responsible for two-party dominance in the United States?
the single-member plurality system
In addition to the time and effort involved, what other factor is cited by many experts when arguing for the rationality of not voting?
the small chance any one person's vote will be decisive in any election
Senators were originally chosen by ______.
the state legislatures
In a criminal case, the plaintiff is always ______.
the state or federal government
Many anti-federalists feared ______.
the subjugation of individual and states' rights by an increasingly powerful judiciary
Which of the following best defines public opinion?
the sum of individual attitudes about governmental policies and issues
Which of the following technologies first allowed the instantaneous transmission of news over long distances in the mid- to late 19th century?
the telegraph
Dr. King's "Letter From Birmingham Jail" had arguments that centered around which of the following?
the theory of natural rights
The Standing Rock protestors in North Dakota came together over what issue?
water rights
Pollsters are likely to use weighting ______.
when observed results need to be adjusted according to what is known about specific proportions from the larger population
Much of the constitutional basis for the bureaucracy lies in ______.
Article II
The portion of the Constitution that describes the presidency is ______.
Article II
On August 9, 2015, demonstrators in Ferguson, Missouri, rallied to the slogan ______.
"Hands up, don't shoot"
Although the convention settled on the simple title "President of the United States," George Washington was said to have preferred ______.
"His High Mightiness, the President of the United States and Protector of Liberties"
What two camps do arguments about the meaning of public opinion fall into?
(1) The average citizen either doesn't have or is unable to express meaningful opinion and (2) even though they may lack sufficient political information, citizens can find ways to work around their lack of information through friends, institutions, and partisanship.
According to the text, the two questions about the federal judiciary that arise at a deeper level are ______.
(1) how political is it? and (2) how powerful is it?
Political Scientist V. O. Kelly, Jr. identified what three primary roles for potential parties in American representative democracy?
(1) recruitment/nomination, (2) labeling, and (3) policy enactment/opposition to other parties
Because of the efforts of Amanda Collins and other CCW activists, more than ______ state legislatures in 2018 were considering changing their state laws to allow for CCW on college campuses.
10
Powers that are NOT given to the federal government, and therefore are reserved to the states, come from the ______ Amendment to the Constitution.
10th
Theoretically, it is possible to become president by winning only ______ of the most populous states.
11
How many amendments were originally proposed for the Bill of Rights?
12
How many courts of appeals are in the federal judicial system?
13
Which of the following amendments prohibited slavery in the United States?
13th
In the Slaughterhouse Cases, the Supreme Court weighed in for the first time on the protections offered by the ______.
14th Amendment
The first time in the Constitution where the document explicitly restricts state laws is in the ______.
14th Amendment
Which Amendment to the Constitution allowed Congress to make laws necessary to affirm the voting rights of all freed men?
15th
What percentage of states require a photo identification in order to vote?
16%
Which of the following groups is least likely to vote in a national election?
18-34
constitution
A document that defines and creates a people politically, sets out the fundamental principles of governance, and creates the rules and institutions through which a people choose to self-govern is defined as a ______.
Which of the following statements is not true regarding party leadership?
A national party's decision is final and the state parties will comply with it.
unrestricted until at least 1808
According to the original wording of the Constitution, slavery was ______.
The largest percentage of difference between the voting patterns of men and women are seen in which of the following ethnicities?
African American
Which of the following presidents have faced successful House resolutions of impeachment?
Andrew Johnson and Bill Clinton
(Q027) Another name for the Church of England was the
Anglican Church.
______ has challenged the role of norms in constraining member behavior in recent years.
Animosity between members of the two political parties
(Q023) Which of the following events happened in the 1630s?
Anne Hutchinson's trial
some form of tyranny
Anti-federalists and federalists both feared ______.
Bill of Rights
Anti-federalists called for a ______ to be included in the Constitution.
the threat of aristocratic leaders
Antifederalist writer Mercy Otis Warren warned against ______.
The 9th Amendment arose from which of the following concerns?
Any enumerated list of rights in the Bill of Rights might not be complete.
Legislative courts are created under Congress's authority in ______ of the Constitution.
Article I
Which of the following statements best summarizes the majority decision in Schechter Poultry Corp. v. United States (1935)?
Because the commerce never left the state, it does not qualify as interstate commerce and the lower court's judgement was overturned.
13
Changing or amending the Articles required the approval of ______ states.
Bridget Mergens's request to start a new club on her high school campus was different because she wanted to start a campus-sponsored ______.
Christian Bible study club
______, like the Department of Agriculture, developed to serve the needs and interests of their clients, such as farmers.
Clientele agencies
Which of the following best describes the relationship between the president and Congress?
Congress's members and the president often have differing political goals.
The agency whose role is to provide information and estimates of the likely budgetary consequences of funding the agencies and programs created by Congress is the ______.
Congressional Budget Office
the promise of the government to pay its debts
Congressional currency, known as the continental, was backed by ______.
Which of the following best explains the assumptions of constituency?
Constituents have preferences and attitudes that can be meaningfully expressed and measured
The framework for the boundaries of constituency is set in the ______.
Constitution
The Latino candidates for the Republican nomination in 2016 shared which of the following Latino heritages?
Cuban American
During the fifth party system, the ______ dominated due to economic instability caused by the Great Depression.
Democratic Party
Hillary Clinton said that Senator Sanders wanted the United States to resemble ______, which had taxes of more than 26% of its GDP.
Denmark
The process for electing the president that involves the voting population choosing a slate of electors who are pledged to vote for the nominee in the presidential election is called the ______.
Electoral College
The most important case dealing with prayer in schools was ______.
Engle v. Vitale (1962)
(Q028) Among the suggested reasons why the English should colonize the New World were that
English settlements would reduce the Spanish empire and the influence of Catholicism.
=Interest groups rarely involve themselves in the election process.
False
According to data presented in the textbook, more than 50% of public schools in the South were desegregated within a year of the Brown v. Board decision.
False
According to opensecrets.org, the defense industry had the highest dollar amount of campaign contributions in 2016.
False
According to your author, freedom of religion is often considered the most fundamental affirmation of Americans' rights and liberties.
False
After a thorough investigation, federal officials determined that Angel Raich and Diane Monson were in compliance with national drug laws.
False
After making the decision to run for office, first-timers face a rather smooth path, as incumbents are fairly easy to defeat.
False
James Madison addressed the problem of factions in ______.
Federalist No. 10
Federalist arguments in response to Antifederalist concerns over the Bill of Rights were included in ______ by Alexander Hamilton.
Federalist No. 84
supporting the new Constitution and a strong national government
Federalists called for ______.
the Federalist Papers
Federalists made their strongest theoretical case for the new republic in a set of eighty-five essays known as ______.
On August 20, 1787, Charles Pinckney from South Carolina proposed the inclusion of which of the following guarantees to the Constitution?
Freedom of the Press
Which of the following news outlets had the least knowledgeable consumers according to a 2007 study published by the Pew Research Center?
Fox News Channel
Based on data presented in the textbook, which of the following presidents issued the greatest number of executive orders?
Franklin D. Roosevelt
In a speech before the Republican Party Convention in 1872, ______, a former slave, abolitionist leader, and noted orator, highlighted the incompleteness of efforts on behalf of African American civil rights and the dangers many continued to face.
Frederick Douglass
Which of the following statements correctly describes the relationship between redistricting and gerrymandering?
Gerrymandering is a specific type of redistricting.
Which of the following cases centered around the commerce and supremacy clauses of the Constitution?
Gibbons v. Ogden
In which case was the right to counsel for those unable to afford it incorporated to the states?
Gideon v. Wainwright
practical, tactical, and strategic men
Given the events at Annapolis and Philadelphia in 1786 and 1787, the best characterization of the Founders of the American Republic is that they were ______.
(Q018) In the religious view of the Puritans, you would get to heaven if
God predestined you to heaven or hell and no earthly act could change that.
The ______ keeps track of agencies created and funded by Congress.
Government Accountability Office
republics
Governments that are ruled by representatives who are elected by the people they represent are best described as ______.
President Roosevelt's efforts to combat the crisis of the ______, called the ______, resulted in an unprecedented expansion of the size of the bureaucracy in the federal government.
Great Depression; New Deal
Health care, education, housing, transit, job training, and urban renewal were all targets of President Johnson's ______ programs.
Great Society
The 1939 piece of legislation commonly known as the ______ restricted the actions of federal workers in the political realm with exceptions for the highest-level political appointees.
Hatch Act
What is the president's main advantage in shaping national foreign policy?
He or she is able to act quickly and decisively, unlike the House or Senate
What is the president's main advantage in shaping national foreign policy?
He or she is able to act quickly and decisively, unlike the House or Senate.
In 1957, what did President Eisenhower do in order to enforce a desegregation order in Little Rock, Arkansas?
He sent in federal troops.
Why did Oliver Brown pursue his case against the Topeka Board of Education?
He was concerned for his daughter's daily safety as she made her way to and from school.
Which of the following is considered the fastest growing ethnic group in the United States?
Hispanic Americans
Which of the following best presents the central question that underlies changes in today's media?
How effective are the news media in shaping Americans political understandings?
inequality of wealth
In Federalist 10, James Madison argued that ______ is the main driver of factionalization.
made its own money
In order to get around its lack of money and its inability to borrow from foreign nations, Congress ______.
federal district courts
In order to hear and decide federal cases, the judicial branch created by the Constitution included a system of ______.
slavery; equal representation
In response to the Articles of Confederation, some Southern states feared the restriction of ______, while the smaller states feared losing their ______.
Which of the following best describes the current voting habits of Latino and Latina voters?
In spite of their growing potential electoral power, they are not voting in rates comparable to white and African American voters.
(Q005) Which of the following was a feature of indentured servitude in seventeenth-century Virginia?
Indentured servants were held in bondage only for a limited period of time.
(Q030) One change in Indian life after the English colonists settled was that
Indian use of alcohol became increasingly common and disruptive to Native American culture.
By tradition, which state presidential primaries have been the first two on the schedule?
Iowa and New Hampshire
Which of the following was true of the Emancipation Proclamation?
It applied only to states under rebellion.
The Supreme Court's judgment in the case of Schechter Poultry Corp. V. United States had which of the following effects?
It found that the NRA had exceeded its constitutional authority to regulate commerce.
Which of the following was not a consequence of the Telecommunications Act of 1996?
It increased the diversity of news media outlets.
Why is selective interpretation "selective"?
It is carried out piecemeal and overtime.
What was the outcome of the United States v. Windsor case?
It struck down a part of the Defense of Marriage Act.
states
It was NOT unnatural at the time of the Second Continental Congress to envision a government in which ______ was/were the real center(s) of power.
(Q013) Which was a characteristic of Roger Williams's Rhode Island colony?
It was a refuge for religious nonconformists.
Of the following, what best describes the 2016 presidential election?
It was an election that featured outsiders.
Which of the following best describes the ultimate fate of the Equal Rights Amendment?
It was proposed but not ratified.
The skills and intellect of which of the following men were perhaps most important in the creation of the Constitution?
James Madison
the death of republics
James Madison researched which of the following topics prior to the Grand Convention?
factions
James Madison was concerned about groups of people who would collectively try to use the government to get what they wanted. He called these groups ______.
political scientists
James Madison was one of America's first ______.
The most prominent advocate for a strong and single executive was ______.
James Wilson
(Q009) The first permanent English settlement in the area now known as the United States was at
Jamestown, Virginia.
Laws passed by Southern states in order to preserve segregation and prevent African American men from exercising their 15th Amendment right to vote were called ______ laws.
Jim Crow
False
John Adams was a delegate to the Constitutional Convention in 1787.
In September 1960, candidates ______ and ______ participated in the first of a series of televised presidential debates in U.S. history.
John F. Kennedy; Richard M. Nixon
In which case did the Supreme Court establish a standard for procedures involved in obtaining evidence of a crime?
Katz v. United States
An unintended consequence of the Mergens decision was the application of the Equal Access Act to organizations and clubs related to ______.
LGBT associations
By 2008, which of the following facts was becoming clear?
Large numbers of Americans were wary of using taxpayer dollars to fund a bailout.
The focus of this chapter is on the ability of presidential and congressional candidates in the election of 2016 to capture the votes of ______.
Latinos and Latinas
Which of the following cases struck down a law banning same-sex sexual conduct?
Lawrence v. Texas
Which of the following cases allowed the Supreme Court to create a tool by which actions under the establishment clause of the Bill of Rights could be measured?
Lemon v. Kurtzman (1971)
logroll
Many experts argue that the preservation of slavery was the result of a trading of votes known as a ______.
Which of the following is NOT true regarding the president as chief executive?
Many of his or her powers as chief executive are described in the Constitution in great detail to limit presidential power.
In a survey of Americans, political scientist George Bishop asked respondents about their opinions on "the Public Act Affairs Act of 1975." What problem did his study reveal?
Many respondents lack sufficient subject knowledge.
The case through which 4th Amendment protections were incorporated to the states was ______.
Mapp v. Ohio
Researchers with the Pew Center periodically administer an instrument called ______, which is a test administered to random samples of Americans with questions covering political figures and current issues.
NEWSIQ
Which of the following organizations backed Amanda Collins in her fight for concealed weapons on college campuses?
NRA
______ are tools by which the American political system chooses its representatives, presidents, senators, and members of Congress.
National elections
The 2015 Supreme Court Case of ______ established marriage equality through the nation.
Obergfell v. Hodges
Which of the following cases struck down state bans on same-sex marriage and overturned both parts of the Defense of Marriage Act?
Obergfell v. Hodges
Which movement did Senator Sanders most endorse prior to his running for president?
Occupy Wall Street
Which of the following arguments was key to the NAACP's case in Sweatt v. Painter?
One must look beyond physical facilities when evaluating educational quality.
The first daily newspaper in the United States was the ______.
Pennsylvania Evening Post, and Daily Advisor
In which of the following cases did the Supreme Court uphold the constitutionality of legalized racial segregation?
Plessey v. Ferguson
The case of ______ was a landmark case in restricting the rights of African Americans following the Civil War by upholding the constitutionality of
Plessey v. Ferguson
The case of ______ was a landmark case in restricting the rights of African Americans following the Civil War by upholding the constitutionality of legalized racist segregation.
Plessey v. Ferguson
The decision in Brown v. Board of Education was responsible for overturning which of the following Supreme Court decisions?
Plessey v. Ferguson
In the 1926 case of Myers v. United States, which of the following was the most important outcome?
Presidents retained the authority to remove officials in the executive branch.
Which of the following best describes the difference between privileges and rights?
Privileges may be granted and withdrawn by government.
The period from 1890 to 1920 in which the role of the federal bureaucracy in the nation's life expanded along with attempts to take politics out of the bureaucracy itself is described as the ______.
Progressive Era
fear of domestic and foreign crises
Proponents of the new government seized on which of the following to push their agenda forward?
Today's radio talk shows are often, but not solely, used to distribute partisan messages for which of the following political parties?
Republican
equal representation
Smaller states supported a government that favored ______.
Who represents the government or the president before the Supreme Court?
Solicitor General
In December of 1860, the state of ______ made the threat of secession a reality.
South Carolina
In December 1860, ______.
South Carolina seceded from the Union
______ would have been most vocal in its complaints against Jefferson's initial draft of the Declaration of Independence
Southern plantation owners
William Randolph Hearst used yellow journalism in his publication, The New York Journal, to promote U.S. involvement in what became known as the ______.
Spanish American War
The only House leadership position described in the Constitution is the ______.
Speaker of the House
(Q021) Who was the English-speaking American Indian the Pilgrims encountered at Plymouth Bay in 1620?
Squanto
One of the most controversial of British revenue laws of the 1760s was the ______, which attempted to raise money through direct taxes on almost everything involved in trade.
Stamp Act
Article II Section 3 gives the president the authority and responsibility to give an annual ______.
State of the Union address to Congress
Which of the following does not accurately describe political parties?
State parties have no autonomy separate from the national parties.
True
States selected their representatives to the unicameral legislature and could choose the number of representatives they sent under the Articles of Confederation.
Which two major legal victories did the NAACP and Thurgood Marshall win in 1950?
Sweatt v. Painter and McLaurin v. Oklahoma State Regents for Higher Education
The press played a pivotal role in the ratification debates of the U.S. Constitution through the publication of ______.
The Federalist Papers and Anti-Federalist counterarguments
a small subset of elites
The movement to amend and to replace the Articles of Confederation in 1786 was led by ______.
elites
The one social factor that all of the delegates to the Constitutional Convention had in common was that they were all ______.
balance of political power
The vital change that took place between 1776 and 1787 was in the ______.
Which of the following is a problem inherent to straw polls?
Their target population is not randomly selected.
Why did the Boyd County GSA feel it was discriminated against?
Theirs was the only one of twenty proposed student groups to be denied.
Which of the following is a Constitutional requirement for becoming a Supreme Court justice?
There are no requirements for a Supreme Court justice.
According to a recent Harvard study, which of the following statements is most correct with regard to the American Dream?
Those with college degrees were more likely to say the American Dream is alive.
Who argued the Brown v. Board of Education case for the NAACP before the Supreme Court in 1952?
Thurgood Marshall
According to Senator McCaskill, colleges and universities that fail to respond to sexual assault complaints on their campuses are in violation of ______.
Title IX of the Higher Education Act of 1972
Cases involving sexual harassment have generally been evaluated on the basis of the discrimination provisions found in ______.
Title VII of the Civil Rights Act of 1964
"Children don't enjoy healthy food" is an example of a stereotype.
True
A key factor in determining voter participation is a person's socioeconomic status (SES).
True
A powerful tool to shape the behavior of governmental leaders in a republican system of government is the election.
True
A tactic that states have occasionally used and may continue to use in the future is passing state laws that are in direct violation of a federal law or policy, often by amending state constitutions to do so.
True
Alexander Hamilton's concern for "rights not enumerated" would be addressed in the 9th Amendment to the Constitution.
True
Anti-Federalists argued that by granting the power to overturn legislation in the Supreme Court, the nation would run the risk of unconstrained justices imposing their own views of what is constitutional and what is not.
True
Any interested party (such as an interest group) may submit its opinions to the Court through a document called an amicus curiae brief.
True
As a rule, the protection of civil rights requires positive action on the part of the government.
True
Both candidates in the 2016 presidential election received negative media attention.
True
Bureaucrats can often act as representatives of the American public.
True
By dividing authority over the federal bureaucracy among different branches, federal agencies and bureaus are often required to answer to more than one overseer.
True
Cabinet departments vary in size and budget.
True
Congressional elections are usually not conducive to amateurs, who often lack the knowledge, political organization, and well-honed political skills required for success in the high-stakes enterprise of a national campaign.
True
Congressional overrides of presidential vetoes are rather common.
True
Decisions by the federal judiciary can significantly impact bureaucratic behavior.
True
Delegates to the Constitutional Convention were in general agreement that the judicial branch would be the weakest of the three branches of government.
True
Economics accounts for both the rise and the fall of the 19th-century partisan press.
True
Federal and local officials were presented with data that predicted the path and potential of Hurricane Katrina with remarkable certainty.
True
First-timers, regardless of political party, gender, racial or ethnic identity, or religious preference, are all driven in part to advance and advocate for a set of policy goals in order to change the political conversation
True
Grassroots lobbying is used to focus on constituents themselves rather than on their representatives.
True
Hierarchal structure consists of super- and subordination in which there is a supervision of the lower offices by higher ones.
True
How we define ourselves in terms of race, gender, or ethnicity can form clear, consistent, and persistent patterns of similarity and division in American public opinion.
True
If a person is found not guilty in a state court, the person can be tried for a similar crime in federal court and vice versa.
True
selected their representatives and chose the number of representatives they sent
Under the Articles of Confederation, states ______.
______ has contributed to the growth of national power when combined with the necessary and proper Clause.
Vagueness in the language of the specific powers of national government
strong national government with a bicameral legislature using proportional representation in both houses
Virginia's delegation recommended a plan for representation that created a ______.
Why was James Madison such a proponent of voting?
Voting served as a counterweight to the dangers of faction.
Unlike Hillary Clinton, Bernie Sanders refused to accept campaign donations from ______.
Wall Street companies and their employees
It failed to rectify any of the issues for which the convention had been called.
What criticism did James Madison level at the New Jersey Plan?
Republican governments function best when the wishes of the people are taken into account at all times.
Which foundational concept about politics, based on his studies of previous republics, informed James Madison's thinking when co-authoring The Federalist Papers?
Shays commanded the largest regiment of the rebels and notably served in the American Revolution.
Which of the following accurately describes the role Daniel Shays played in the 1786 rebellion that bears his name?
Shays commanded the largest regiment of the rebels and notably served in the American Revolution.
Which of the following accurately describes the role Daniel Shays played in the 1786 rebellion that bears his name? Selected Answer:
It existed primarily to resolve disputes between states and had no enforcement power.
Which of the following best describes the judicial branch under the Articles of Confederation?
a group of disparate peoples who mistrusted others
Which of the following describes the situation of the thirteen British colonies by the 1770s?
the U.S. Constitution
Which of the following is superior to the others?
Thomas Jefferson
Which of the following men was NOT a delegate to the 1787 Constitutional Convention?
how to ensure the republic would survive
Which of the following political issues concerned James Madison the most in 1786 and 1787?
James Madison, John Jay, and Alexander Hamilton
Which triumvirate authored The Federalist Papers in 1787 and 1788?
Governor Morris
Who originally penned the words "We the people..."?
Alexander Hamilton
Who proposed that the presidency be clothed in so much authority that basically the office created a kingship?
In Abington School District v. Schempp, the Supreme Court ruled that ______.
a Pennsylvania school district's invocation of the Lord's prayer was unconstitutional
Lobbyists provide information to members of Congress that will help them make decisions on a piece of legislation, as well as push their interest group's agenda. This is testament to the fact that lobbying is ______.
a complex and nuanced process
In evaluating the membership of groups, most of the evidence points to ______.
a continued overrepresentation by the elite, powerful, and wealthy
(Q029) An indenture was
a contract for labor for a period of years.
The focus of reform under the Progressive Era targeted ______.
a corrupt, inefficient, and too-political bureaucracy
As of 2018, in several states, an adult may lawfully use marijuana recreationally according to state law. In the federal courts, this would be considered ______.
a criminal offense
Under the terms of the War Powers Resolution, a president may only introduce armed forces into conflict or likely conflict if which of the following conditions exist?
a declaration of war (by Congress), specific statutory authorization by Congress, or a national emergency created by an attack on the United States, its territories, or its armed forces
Compared to other democracies in the world, Americans get to exercise their right to vote with ______.
a much higher frequency
A random sample is ______.
a selection of people representing a larger population with no systematic errors
In his inaugural address in 1829, President Jackson railed against ______.
a sense of "ownership" of important administrative positions
(Q012) A "visible saint" was the term Puritans used to describe
a person who had experienced a conversion experience.
In the case of Gratz v. Bollinger, the Court ruled ______ was/were unconstitutional.
a points system
When voters elect their members of Congress and those representatives do NOT carry out their constituents' wishes once they are in Congress, ______ is present.
a principal-agent problem
The usual prerequisite for a would-be House Speaker is ______.
a record of successful service in the House
Which of the following do Bernie Sanders and Donald Trump share in common?
a refusal to rely on large outside contributions
(Q004) Which of the following was an outcome of the start of Chesapeake tobacco cultivation?
a rush of English newcomers in pursuit of land
In their 1996 book What Americans Know About Politics and Why It Matters, two researchers came to the finding that ______.
a significant percentage of Americans were unable to answer basic questions about American government
Rather than voting directly for president, voters in a national election are selecting ______.
a slate of electors who are pledged to vote for the winning nominee
An organization such as Black Lives Matter is an example of what form of political participation?
a social movement
In the years following the financial crisis, the AARP argued for ______.
a strengthening of Social Security
James Madison, George Washington, and Thomas Jefferson had which of the following in common?
a tradition of slave ownership
Initially, British colonists depended upon ______ of native people for their own survival.
adaptive technologies and agricultural advances
Many early activists for women's rights were also active in the ______ movement—the movement to end the practice of slavery.
abolitionist
Votes completed and submitted by a voter prior to the day of an election are best described as ______ ballots.
absentee
In December 2015, the Democratic Party presidential forerunner was likening herself to a Hispanic ______, which is translated as "grandmother."
abuela
Successful lobbyists must have or gain ______ representatives and senators in Congress, in addition to building relationships and donating money.
access to
(Q016) In 1600s Virginia, a feme sole could perform which of the following tasks?
acquire land
The advantage that the president has over Congress in foreign affairs is his/her ability to ______.
act quickly and decisively on the international stage
According to the theory of pluralism, the Occupy Wall Street Movement ______.
acted as a counterweight to the financial firms
Political scientist James Q. Wilson thought people mattered in bureaucracies, as did rules and procedures, but also ______.
actual tasks
According to Anthony Downs, voting is ______.
an irrational act because any one vote is not a decisive one
Which of the following groups was most concerned with the lack of a Bill of Rights in the Constitution?
antifederalists
Who may introduce a bill into Congress?
any member of Congress
After trial, a defendant is NOT satisfied with the outcome of his/her case and hires an attorney to request a review of the case, its verdict, and its sentence. A higher court agrees to review the case. This court most likely has ______.
appellate jurisdiction
The question of ______ for members of the judiciary remained unresolved until late in the Constitutional Convention of 1787.
appointment
The process of determining the number of representatives for each state is called ______.
apportionment
Congress funds the activities of bureaucratic agencies through the process of ______.
appropriation
Members of Congress gain power and influence ______.
as their congressional careers develop
When a group manufactures or presents the facade of grassroots support that does not really exist on its own or at least would not have happened without the "purchase" of support by the lobbying firm itself, political scientists refer to this as ______.
astroturf lobbying
Which of the following was Thurgood Marshall's most important contribution as chief counsel in the NAACP's fight for desegregation?
attention to detail
The process through which the political and policy preferences of individual justices shape their votes on cases rather than a neutral weighing of the facts and the law is described as the ______.
attitudinal model
As observed by Donald Trump, one important political trend, made evident early in the 2016 campaign season, was the ______.
attraction of new potential voters
A primary reason for the size of early American bureaucracy was its ______ society.
autonomous and mostly agrarian
Which of the following is a document that allows the punishment of an individual, including the death sentence, without a trial?
bill of attainder
The main worry of Thurgood Marshall and his team was that the Court would find ______.
black schools were unequal to white schools but not segregated
California's top-two primary system is also called a nonpartisan ______.
blanket primary
One of the main tools of President Nixon's attempts to reduce national authority was the use of ______.
block grants
A strategy used to create a greater presence of traditional network broadcast journalists in other venues has been to ______.
blur the lines between traditional and nontraditional news broadcasting
A poll conducted several months after Mr. Brown's shooting found that large majorities of Americans expressed support for the use of ______ by law enforcement to record their interactions with people.
body cameras
Which of the following is considered a concurrent power?
borrowing money
Legal documents presented by plaintiffs, defendants, and, at times, other interested parties outlining their arguments in writing are best described as ______.
briefs
For the majority of questions of public policy with which elected officials will have to contend, elections are too ______ to reveal useful information.
broad a tool
Outlets for news and other content that relies on mass-communications technology to bring stories directly into people's homes but are subject to stricter content regulations than cable television outlets and alternative sources of information are known as ______.
broadcast media
An organization designed to carry out specific tasks according to a prescribed set of rules and procedures is referred to as a(n) ______.
bureaucracy
An official employed within a government bureaucracy is called a(n) ______.
bureaucrat
John Merryman was being held by Abraham Lincoln and the Union troops on charges that he ______.
burned at least six railroad bridges
A strategy that calls for campus-wide education in the areas of domestic violence and sexual assault and the action of individuals to diffuse potentially violent or abusive situations is known as ______.
bystander intervention
At the most basic level, the rules governing the division of voters into ______ are laid out in the Constitution.
constituencies
When a court examines a law and applies the Constitution to determine whether the law or any part of it is in conflict with the Constitution, the process is best described as ______.
constitutional interpretation
The United States is, institutionally and fundamentally, a ______.
constitutional republic
The political goal of a politician who wishes to control the media is to ______.
control the message by focusing on one message per news cycle day
Under the New Deal, which type of federalism was entrenched?
cooperative federalism
Government benefits such as special provisions in the tax code that are provided to businesses in hopes of enabling them to succeed and keep workers on their payroll were referred to as ______ by Senator Sanders.
corporate welfare
A major limiting factor of early newspaper readership was the ______.
cost of a yearly subscription
According to public law scholar Alexander Bickel, judicial review acts as a ______ force in our system.
countermajoritarian
Which of the following are more apt to witness direct presidential involvement in the nomination process?
courts of appeal including the Supreme Court
In response to the Supreme Court decision in Schechter Poultry Corp. V. United States, the Roosevelt administration ______.
crafted an important set of programs and federal legislation known as the Second New Deal
Political leaders face the challenge of ______.
creating an attractive and consistent message that gets their candidates elected and maintains party cohesion
Actions determined to harm the community itself, such as committing an act of violence against another person, are considered the jurisdiction of ______.
criminal law
Periods of realignment may be ushered in by ______, which signal a change either in the balance of power between two major parties or the emergence of a new party system.
critical elections
A sociologist at George Washington University pointed out that one incident on its own might NOT move American public opinion, but a(n) ______ of these incidents might certainly shift public opinion.
critical mass
Which of the following is one of the most charged types of hate speech in the United States?
cross-burning
Amendment VIII to the Constitution protects against ______.
cruel and unusual punishment
The most contentious part of the 8th Amendment today is arguments over ______.
cruel and unusual punishment
(Q011) Employers saw "masterless men" in England as at
danger to society.
Lippmann described a public that is ______.
dangerously unreflective and vulnerable to attempts to shape our opinions
One way the major parties have limited the competitiveness of third parties is by preventing their candidates from taking part in presidential _____.
debates
From an organizational perspective, parties tend to be ______.
decentralized
Which of the following best describes the phases of a candidate's campaign?
decision to run, nomination process, party support
Thurgood Marshall's legal team needed the Supreme Court to ______.
declare that segregation itself is unequal
Following the election of Ronald Reagan, the federal bureaucracy began to ______.
decline (retrench) in size and scope
Americans are simultaneously witnessing a major ______ in daily newspaper readership and a ______ in social media, political talk shows, and the use of "celebrity" news sources.
decline; rise
The majority of Trump supporters state that they support him because he has tapped into their ______.
deep frustration with politics and political parties
The Pew Survey that followed the Michael Brown incident demonstrated that Americans were ______ about whether Mr. Brown's death reflected important issues about the state of race in America.
deeply divided
In an adversarial system of justice, the person or group against whom a case is brought in court is known as the ______.
defendant
Under Bill Clinton (1993-2001), the one area in which the federal bureaucracy began to see a significant reduction was ______.
defense policy
The part of the Obama administration's decision to target Anwar al-Awlaki that made many political experts uncomfortable was its ______.
degree of secrecy
In order to get a party's nomination, a candidate must get the support of ______.
delegates
In its 1955 Brown v. Board of Education of Topeka II decision, the Court ordered compliance with the Brown I case with all "______."
deliberate speed
A system of government in which power is held by the people in that society is best described as a(n) ______.
democracy
The framers of the Constitution did NOT want the election system to be too ______.
democratic
The grouping of individuals based on shared characteristics such as ancestry, race, ethnicity, and gender is known as ______.
demographics
Almost all petitions from the lower courts to have their cases heard by the Supreme Court are ______.
denied
According to your text, the act of eliminating laws or practices that intentionally separate individuals based upon personal characteristics such as racial identity is defined as ______.
desegregation
Your attorney in your civil rights case has just heard back from the Second Circuit Court of Appeal, who have decided against you in your appeal. Your attorney is ______.
despondent but slightly hopeful, as there's a small chance the Supreme Court will hear your case
The purpose of a grand jury is to ______.
determine whether an indictment will be presented
A national policy goal of returning authority to state or local governments is known as ______.
devolution
For the purposes of the courts, women ______.
did not exist
Technological advances during the 20th century brought news, political figures, and candidates into Americans' lives in a ______ way.
direct
Political mobilization efforts are divided into which of the following two categories?
direct and indirect
A system through which citizens communicate with their elected officials through phone calls, emails, or personal visits would best be described as ______.
direct communication
Less populous states were against which of the following methods of selecting the president?
direct popular election
The component of individual opinion that is the common focus of political experts is ______.
direction
Members of the House of Representatives are ______.
directly elected by eligible voters
In the House, a member may file a ______ to free a bill from an unfriendly committee and move it to the House floor for a vote.
discharge petition
Perhaps the largest factor leading to the decline in Native American populations was ______.
disease
Those justices that voted with the minority and who disagree with the majority opinion may wish to issue a(n) ______.
dissenting opinion
In the 19th century, the Supreme Court stated that the governments of the United States were ______.
distinct and independent
Vetoes are more likely during periods of ______.
divided government
In the early history of the United States, many of the framers saw political parties as ______.
divisive factions
The situation in which an individual is tried more than once for the exact same crime is called ______.
double jeopardy
President Roosevelt's policies fundamentally changed the relationship between the states and the national government by ______.
dramatically strengthening the role of the national government in the economy
Parties sometimes try to discourage prospective candidates because they fear that these candidates will ______.
draw votes away from the party's preferred choice
You are the manager for a campaign for the U.S. Senate. You are handed a poll with a sampling error (margin of error) of 10%. You deem this number unacceptable and demand it be lowered to get a better understanding of the electorate's opinion. What does the pollster have to do to lower the sampling error (margin of error)?
increase the number of respondents
In the months that followed the landfall of Hurricane Katrina in 2005, the American federal bureaucracy ______.
increased in national prominence
What effect did deregulation have on the diversity of the nation's major news outlets?
increasing consolidation
Which of the following was a policy supported by Bernie Sanders?
increasing taxes on the wealthy
In Congress, 80% or even 90% of those in office are successfully reelected. This is best explained because they have ______.
incumbency advantage
Elections are the key way in which Americans keep their elected officials in line with the threat of voting ______ out of office and voting in ______.
incumbents; challengers
(Q022) The expansion of tobacco cultivation in the early 1600s led to an increase in demand for which of the following labor groups?
indentured servants
The CIA is an example of a(n) ______ in which agencies otherwise similar to cabinet departments exist outside the cabinet structure and usually have a narrower focus of mission.
independent executive agency
During post-Civil War expansion, large corporations and railroads outgrew the ability of individual states to control and regulate them. This led to an increased federal role through the creation of ______.
independent federal agencies
Organizations that exist outside the major cabinet departments and whose job is to monitor and regulate specific sectors of the economy are defined as ______.
independent regulatory agencies
At its earliest stages, Emma Sulkowicz's Carry That Weight project could best be classified as a(n) ______.
individual act of political protest
As they assembled for the Constitutional Convention in spring 1787, a main concern among delegates was to secure the protection of ______.
individual rights
Legal segregation is best defined as the separation of ______.
individuals based upon their racial identities, by law
According to James Madison, which of the following posed the greatest danger to the American republic by encouraging factions?
inequality of wealth
The blurring of the lines between providing information and entertaining audiences when covering events is known as ______.
infotainment
Voting and supporting candidates are considered part of what category of political participation?
inside electoral processes
When lobbyists contact members of Congress (or their staff) directly to advocate for their group's position, they are practicing ______.
inside lobbying
In contrast to members of the House, Senators were meant to be more ______.
insulated from the public
In choosing men to serve as his cabinet secretaries, George Washington focused on their ______.
integrity and geographic origins
The strength of individual involvement and preference is defined as ______.
intensity
Which of the following is NOT a method by which representatives learn about their constituents' opinions?
interest group lobbying
Voluntary associations of people that come together with an agreed-upon set of political and policy objectives and who attempt to pull the levers of political power in the service of these defined goals are known as ______.
interest groups
The new media ______.
is a form of mass media since it reaches a large audience much faster than traditional media
Webs of influence among interest groups, policy makers, and policy advocates are known as ______.
issue networks
The Supreme Court tackles controversial issues such as abortion and gay marriage before Congress does. This exemplifies ______.
its agenda-setting power
Alexis de Tocqueville was struck by Americans' passion for ______.
joining groups
(Q034) The English colonies differed from the Spanish in that Spanish women could
jointly own all the wealth accumulated during marriage.
In comparison to the president's power of the sword and Congresses' power of the purse, Hamilton saw the judiciary as exercising the power of ______.
judgment
Which arm of the government interprets the Constitution and applies the laws of the nation?
judicial branch
Following oral arguments, cases in the Supreme Court proceed to ______.
judicial conference
The authority of the highest court in a political system to determine if a law is or is NOT in conflict with that government's highest law (the Constitution) is defined as ______.
judicial review
Marbury v. Madison (1803) was the Supreme Court decision that established ______.
judicial review over federal laws
(Q020) The Mayflower Compact of 1620 asserted that
just and equal laws made by male representatives onboard were to rule over others.
The nation's largest living generation of potential voters belongs to ______.
millennials
The goal of scientific polling is to ______.
minimize uncertainty while minimizing cost
What audience did Martin Luther King, Jr. target with his "Letter from Birmingham Jail"?
moderate whites
Many argue that by acting as a safety valve against poor, factious, or tyrannical legislation, the Supreme Court might actual make unwanted legislative outcomes more likely. This is described as the problem of ______.
moral hazard
One of the other calls for regulation dealt with the ______ of content of materials that went directly into American's homes.
morality
In Democracy in America, French philosopher and sociologist Alexis de Tocqueville wrote about his observations of American life when he visited the United States in 1831-32. He found that the Americans were ______.
more apt than people in other nations to want to join groups and associations
For political scientist Stephen Skowronek, the federal bureaucracy was ______.
more fragmented and decentralized than European counterparts
An initial consequence to the patronage system was to make the American bureaucracy ______.
more impartial, neutral, and driven by standard operating procedures and technical expertise
In a National Bureau of Economic Research study published in 2011, the authors reached the conclusion that the greatest risk taking was among those ______.
most active in lobbying
(Q031) In the first two years of Jamestown's existence, relations with the Indians were
mostly peaceful interactions and based on simple trade.
Campaigns and elections are both composed of many ______.
moving parts
Sonya Sotomayor was considered by many to be the "riskiest choice" for Supreme Court nominee in 2009 because of her public remarks on the ______.
mportance of identity and personal history in judicial decision making
The process of ______ describes the assignment of a bill to more than one committee, especially if the bill is large and complex.
multiple referral
At the end of the 2012 election cycle, Republicans recognized they ______.
must capture a larger percentage of Hispanic voters in the future
According to the research of C. Wright Mills, the greatest challenge is found in the ______.
nation's defense industry and its allies in government
Campaign ads that attack an opponent or opponents and try to raise doubts in voters' minds about them are known as ______.
negative campaign advertisements
In an adversarial system of justice, the person who brings the case is known as the ______.
plaintiff
Most criminal cases are resolved through ______.
plea bargaining
In most states, a successful congressional candidate only needs a ______ of votes in the primaries or general election.
plurality
The pressures that parties face to point out sharp differences between their positions and those of the opposition have led to increasing ______.
polarization
Powers used by states to protect and provide for their safety, health, and general welfare are called ______ powers.
police
When Congress continually monitors the actions of a bureaucracy, it participates in ______.
police patrol oversight
By placing limits on the privileges and immunities Clause of the 14th Amendment, the Supreme Court upheld the authority of states to exercise their ______.
police powers
The set of issues to which government officials, voters, and the public attend is known as the ______.
policy agenda
Many first-time candidates for Congress bring with them a set of ______ rather than one specific issue.
policy objectives
Defining the relative power of the two levels of government as well as how closely they are intertwined has occurred through the ______ process.
political
Groups of at least 50 individuals who contribute higher dollar amounts than individuals within federal limits are known as ______.
political action committees
A person's belief that he/she can make effective political change is defined as ______.
political efficacy
Half of the millennials surveyed in a 2014 study by the Pew Research Center self-identified as ______.
political independents
Watching political comedy shows such as The Daily Show may decrease individuals' support for and engagement with ______.
political institutions
Voting, volunteering, protesting, and organizing are all examples of ______.
political participation
Much of the formal structure of Congress revolves around the role of ______.
political parties
A judicial decision that guides future courts in handling similar cases is known as ______.
precedent
Madison's immediate concern in the spring of 1786 was ______.
preparing for the convention in Annapolis
The research findings of psychologists Kenneth and Mamie Clark were based on which of the following experiments?
presentation of black and white dolls to young children
The delegates to the Constitutional Convention distrusted the administrative power of the Crown but also knew that legislative bodies could be inefficient and slow in carrying out administrative tasks, so they let the ______ nominate executive branch officials.
president
The single authority most in charge of controlling the federal bureaucracy is the ______.
president of the United States
The heads of the 15 major executive branch departments make up the ______.
president's cabinet
According to data presented in your textbook, voter turnout is likely to be highest for ______.
presidential elections
The majority of states choose their delegates through ______.
presidential primary elections
Unlike Senator Sanders and most other presidential candidates, Donald Trump had never ______.
previously held elected office
Critics charge that allowing firms to charge for Internet service based on bandwidth use will lead to ______.
price discrimination
In most states, presidential nominees are selected by ______.
primaries
The challenge that arises when one actor tasks another to carry out their wishes in the presence of uncertainty and unequal information is called the ______ problem.
principal-agent
The 21st century has witnessed a marked decline in consumption of ______ media.
Suppressing an article prior to its publication would best be described as ______.
prior restraint
Which right not enumerated in the Constitution or Bill of Rights was central to the Windsor case?
privacy
XYZ Road Construction Company, a for-profit company, has been hired by the U.S. Department of Transportation to assist in construction a portion of a new federal interstate highway system. This is an example of a ______.
private contractor
In reforming bureaucracy, deregulation aims to aid, privatization seeks to provision functions for, and reinvention seeks to emulate ______.
private industry
Under the decision in Katz v. United States, law enforcement must not only obtain a warrant to conduct a search; they must also prove ______.
probable cause
A judicial standard requiring that fairness be applied to all participants equally is described as ______.
procedural justice
Economically, the decade of the 1930s was a period of ______.
prolonged deflation and scarce money
The current test for the restriction of political speech or action is ______.
promoting or inciting imminent lawless action
Public demonstration designed to call attention to the need for social action or change is best defined as ______.
protest
Participation in the electoral system may serve to remind Americans of their ______.
rights and liberties
Which of the following best defines civil liberties?
rights citizens possess that protect them from unfair governmental interference
When two or more agencies are charged with a similar mandate, particularly in times of budget cuts and scarce or dwindling appropriations, the condition is often described as interagency ______.
rivalry
When a bill comes to the floor of the House or Senate for a "yea," "nay," or "present" indication by members of Congress in order to be recorded, the process is called a(n) ______.
roll-call vote
For political scientist James Q. Wilson, ______ matter as much as individuals.
rules and procedures
The centrality of an individual's opinion in the sense of its ability to shape their views on other issues or candidate evaluations is defined as ______.
salience
The main problem with scientific polling is one of ______.
sampling
A barrel contains 1000 balls with 800 of them blue, 150 red, and 50 green. A sample of 100 balls is randomly selected from the barrel with the following results: 40 green, 10 red, and 60 blue. This would be a possible example of which of the following types of errors?
sampling error
Random-digit dialing carries which of the following possible errors?
sampling error
Which of the following plays the most important role in conveying civic education?
schools
A political candidate has constructed a survey instrument and intends to administer it to a randomly selected sampling of respondents who are divided by geographic region, political party membership, age, gender, and ethnicity. This would be an example of a ______.
scientific poll
An academic political researcher would be more apt to use which of the following poll types in order to obtain reliable information?
scientific surveys with randomly selected respondents and multiple random survey instruments
According to the text, the ingredients of successful diplomacy are ______.
secrecy, dispatch, unity, continuity, and access to information
According to Barnard, the job of the leader was to ______.
secure the cooperation of those within the organization
George Washington's decision not to ______ established a precedent that held until Franklin D. Roosevelt's presidency in the 1930s and 1940s.
seek a third term of office
In 2000, the U.S. Census allowed individuals to ______ for the first time.
select more than one racial category
Goods that are made available only to those who join or contribute to a group are best described as ______.
selective benefits
The AAA offers roadside assistance service only to its dues-paying members in good standing. This is an example of ______.
selective benefits
The piecemeal process through which the Supreme Court has applied the protections included in the Bill of Rights to the states can best be described as ______.
selective incorporation
According to the majority opinion of Justice Roger Taney in Scott v. Sandford, natural rights had been ______ bestowed.
selectively
Besides protection from double jeopardy and the right to a grand jury in federal cases, perhaps the most sweeping protection of the 5th Amendment is the protection against ______.
self-incrimination
Which of the following is a problem inherent in self-selected listener opinion polls?
self-selection bias
When a voter chooses a candidate from one party for one office and a candidate from a different party for another office on the ballot, this is known as ______ voting.
split-ticket
Following a successful election, the opportunity to clean house of one's opponents and install supporters in their place is referred to as the ______ system.
spoils
The degree of change over time in response to differently worded survey questions or in different contexts of a particular opinion is defined as ______.
stability
You believe that Puerto Rico should become a U.S. state. You believed this twenty years ago, ten years ago, now, and believe you will in another decade. Your long-held opinion on Puerto Rico's statehood exemplifies issue ______.
stability
Because individuals were changing with each new presidential administration, the need for ______ became important; otherwise little would get done.
standard operating procedures
The sets of rules governing the behavior of bureaucrats are commonly referred to as ______.
standard operating procedures
In addition to certain technical requirements, a petitioner to the Supreme Court must demonstrate that he/she has ______, which involves demonstrating an actual imminent harm from a law or action in question.
standing
The legal doctrine that requires justices to follow precedents set before them is called ______.
stare decisis
Ballot roll-off refers to a situation in which voters ______.
start the voting process but fail to complete the ballot
Under the federal system, cities depend upon ______ authority in order to operate.
state
In addition to the federal bureaucracy, an additional category of public bureaucracies exists through ______.
state and local bureaucracies
In the mid-19th century, as the original Federalist judges began to retire or passed away, many of their replacements held a stronger view of ______.
state authority
The times, places, and manner of holding elections for senators and representatives are prescribed by the ______.
state legislatures
The size of the Senate depends only upon the number of ______.
states
Under a confederal system, such as the Articles of Confederation, national power comes from the ______.
states
The 10th Amendment was created in order to protect ______.
states' rights
The Civil War was caused by slavery and by what federalism-related issue?
states' rights
The body of law that Congress creates is called ______.
statutory law
A key concept in Walter Lippmann's research was the ______.
stereotype
A preconceived, often oversimplified idea about something, which people apply as a filter to the world, is best described as a(n) ______.
stereotype
President Roosevelt's first priority was to strengthen the nation's crumbling ______ system.
stock
What part of the 14th Amendment served as the Constitutional basis for the NAACP assault on educational segregation in the South?
the equal protection clause
In the Brown v. Board decision, the Court found that legal segregation in public education is in conflict with which of the following?
the equal protection clause of the 14th Amendment
(Q039) Which of the following was promoted by Oliver Cromwell?
the expansion of Protestantism
The Albany Plan was
the failed attempt at colonial integration during the Seven Years' War
The Albany Plan was ______.
the failed attempt at colonial integration during the Seven Years' War
In its decision in Gonzales v. Raich (2005), the Supreme Court sided with ______.
the federal government
0 out of 10 points National political and congressional elections are, by tradition, held on ______.
the first Tuesday following the first Monday in November
National political and congressional elections are, by tradition, held on ______.
the first Tuesday following the first Monday in November
Which clause in the Constitution mandates that each state respects and enforces licenses and legal actions of other states?
the full faith and credit clause
Which of the following had the greatest impact on popularizing and spreading the message of American independence?
the printing press
When the race or ethnicity of respondents and interviewers impacts the outcome of a survey, political scientists refer to this as ______.
the race of interviewer effect
A problem with mortgage-backed securities was that ______.
the relationship between the borrower and the holder of the loan was totally disconnected
After the Seven Years' War, Great Britain was
the unquestioned European power in North America and Canada
After the Seven Years' War, Great Britain was ______.
the unquestioned European power in North America and Canada
Anwar al-Awlaki's primary weapon was ______.
the use of the Internet
In Federalist No. 78, Alexander Hamilton stated that the judiciary is ______.
the weakest of the three departments of power
Politically, one of the most important passages in the "Letter from Birmingham Jail" pointed to ______.
the white moderate as an obstacle to justice
In Congress, 1992 was known as the first year of ______.
the woman
During the entire decade of the 1930s, America's heartland experienced ______.
the worst drought in American history
Representatives act in the space of government to enact ______
their constituents' concerns
Representatives act in the space of government to enact ______.
their constituents' concerns
Straw polls and self-selected listener opinion polls share the same disadvantage, which means ______.
their samples are not random
The Court's decision in Brown had intentionally avoided stating a ______.
timeline on achieving integration
In the early years of its history, the American bureaucracy was ______ in comparison to what it turned into.
tiny
According to the preamble to the Declaration of Independence, what is the central purpose of representative government?
to guard and protect the fundamental rights and freedoms of its citizens
Why does an interest group engage in Astroturf lobbying?
to make an issue's public support appear larger than it is
(Q015) Colonial Virginia's economic substitute for gold was
tobacco.
In California's 24th District, Supervisor Carbajal was running under California's ______ system.
top-two primary
Based on 2015 electoral participation rates, the United States was ranked ______ in comparison to other democratic nations.
toward the bottom
Political scientist Edward S. Corwin concluded that, during wartime, the Constitution is ______.
transformed from a Constitution of Rights to a Constitution of Powers
This chapter focused on American public opinion in which of the following specific areas?
treatment of young African American men by law enforcement officials
______ Americans, those with more distinctive racial heritage, have increasingly called out a space for themselves in the discourse and policies surround race and identity.
true
From the perspective of federalism, there is(are) ______ level(s) of government.
two
In the Republican race of 2016, there were ______ Latino candidates running, while in the Democratic race, there were ______.
two; none
For most noncontroversial issues, a simple ______ request may be used in the Senate.
unanimous consent
Which of the following was a problem with placing the bureaucracy in the hands of the legislature?
undue delay
In announcing its decision in the Brown v. Board cases, the Supreme Court ruled that "separate educational facilities are inherently ______."
unequal
The authors of What Americans Know About Politics and Why It Matters found that with regard to political knowledge, it was ______.
unequally distributed
Federal regulations that must be followed by the states but whose costs must also be shouldered by the states are known as ______.
unfunded mandates
Under a ______ system, the structures of government are placed entirely in the hands of a national government.
unitary
Political scientist Barbara Sinclair used the term "______" to describe the realities of the modern legislative process.
unorthodox lawmaking
Hillary Clinton criticized many of the ideas of Bernie Sanders as ______.
unrealistic
An example of a "free rider" would be a person who ______.
uses a public park but pays no local taxes
The most important legislative power that the president is given by the Constitution is the ______.
veto
In order to effectively manage a bureaucracy, James Q. Wilson argues both outputs and outcomes must be ______.
visible
Groups and communities that join with each other in pursuit of collective interests and common goals are known as ______.
voluntary associations
Voting actually involves which of the following two actions?
voter registration and casting the ballot
According to recent election data, the number of eligible voters who chose to participate in the national elections increased from 36% in 2014 to 58% in 2016. This data could be used as evidence of an increase in which of the following?
voter turnout
In 2016, Trump and Sanders found themselves advancing in the electoral process based upon ______.
voters' profound disgust with politics as usual
African Americans began to make their presence felt in Washington, D.C. by ______.
voting in larger numbers
(Q038) The Levellers
wanted to greatly expand the right to vote.
Having a sizeable ______, especially early in a campaign, may discourage potential challengers from entering a political race.
war chest
A writ issued by a judge authorizing some law enforcement activity is called a ______.
warrant
One of the most interesting and important debates about American public opinion is ______.
whether public opinion actually exists
Economist Mancur Olson developed an influential theory on the logic of interest group participation in his study of ______.
why people choose not to participate
By its nature, representative democracy involves uncertainty in which candidates might ______.
win an election and how citizens decide which candidates to support
The Republican Party tends to assign its delegates using a ______.
winner-take-all system
The elections of both Bill Clinton in 1992 and George W. Bush in 2000 are examples of ______.
winning the presidency without winning the popular vote
The Associated Press took advantage of telegraph technology to create the world's first ______.
wire service
Some political scientists have emphasized the possibility of the ______ in which individuals, imperfectly informed, can come up with meaningful assessments of problems and situations.
wisdom of crowds
The Civil Rights Act of 1964 authorized the federal government to ______.
withhold grants from districts that did not integrate their schools
Which of the following best describes the president's role in the lawmaking process?
working with party leaders in both chambers to shape the legislative agenda
In an 1866 speech before the Eleventh Women's Rights Convention, Frances Ellen Watkins Harper argued white women's suffrage ______.
would also improve the situation of African Americans Answers:
In Federalist No. 78, Alexander Hamilton sought to reassure skeptical anti-federalists by arguing that the judiciary ______.
would be impartial and, compared to the other two branches, its power would be weak
The procedure through which a person can challenge what they see as an unlawful detention by issuing a written command is called ______.
writ of habeas corpus
Which of the following is a statement demanding that authorities in charge of a person's detention establish reasons for it?
writ of habeas corpus
(Q036) To counteract the attraction of Indian life, Puritan leaders suggested that colonists
write captivity narratives describing Indian brutality.
The use of sensational headlines, cartoons, graphics, and emotional language in order to influence public opinion is known as ______ journalism.
yellow
A common phrase associated with the planned strategy of colonial resistance was ______.
"No taxation without representation"
The systematic design to keep women out of involvement in government and public life could best be described as ______.
"protective oppression"
In April of 1773, a group of ______ in Massachusetts petitioned the government for a redress of their grievances, expressing their own natural rights as a reason for their freedom.
African Americans
The proposal for a union of British colonies in North America in which colonial legislatures would appoint delegates to form a law-making body under the direct leadership of Great Britain was referred to as the ______.
Albany Plan
In 1770, the confrontation between a mob of Bostonians and a small group of British soldiers beginning with taunts and snowballs and ending in the deaths of fie American colonials was referred to as the ______.
Boston Massacre
In many ways, women in revolutionary America were seen as active and visible participants.
False
Beginning in the 1770s, what happened to political power in the colonies?
It began to shift away from moderates to radical groups who called for independence.
The first permanent settlement in North America was at __________.
James Town
The first permanent settlement in North America was at ______.
Jamestown
Which European philosopher justified a people's right to revolt in order to replace an unjust government?
John Locke
