All of Unidad 7-Physical Science
Anything that has mass and takes up space is called Your answer: matter. energy. heterogeneous. homogeneous.
A
The density of a block of wood with a volume of 50 cubic centimeters and a mass of 100 grams is Your answer: 2 g/cm3 0.5 g/cm3 500 g/cm3 5,000 g/cm3
A
What is plasma? Your answer: ionized particles expanding particles shrinking particles decreasing kinetic energy
A
Use what you know about the particles in a gas to explain why a gas has no definite shape and no definite volume.
A gas has neither a definite shape nor definite volume because its particles spread apart and move freely in all directions, restricted only by the walls of its container.
Dry ice goes directly from a solid to a gas. This is an example of Your answer: condensation sublimation vaporization melting
B
How would you calculate the density of an object? Your answer: Divide its weight by its volume. Divide its mass by its volume. Multiply its volume times its mass. Multiply its weight times its mass.
B
Which state of matter has the most kinetic energy? Your answer: colloid gas liquid solid
B
The SI unit for mass is the Your answer: ounce. pound. kilogram. liter.
C
Nick opens a 2-liter bottle of Coke at a picnic. If the cap is left off the bottle, the Coke will become "flat" or lose its carbonation. Which statement BEST summarizes why the cap must be kept tightly in place if the Coke is to remain fresh? Your answer: The cap prevents the liquid in the Coke from evaporating. The cap keeps the atmospheric gases and liquid from mixing in the bottle. The cap keeps warm air from entering the two-liter bottle and raising the temperature of the Coke. The cap keeps the pressure of the gas in the bottle at a high level, preventing carbon dioxide from leaving the solution.
D
One example of a physical change is Your answer: burning paper. baking cookies. heating table sugar. dissolving salt in water.
D
The measurement of how much mass is contained in a given volume is called Your answer: weight. melting point. boiling point. density.
D
Properties of Matter: Chemical
Flammability Reactivity
Liquid to solid transformation
Freezing
Solid to Liquid transformation
Melting
Gas: Definite
NONE!
What are the properties of matter?
Physical properties (hardness, texture, density, color, state of matter, freezing point, melting point, boiling point) and chemical properties (flammability, reactivity).
Example: Crystalline-
Quartz
What are the general characteristics of solids?
Solids have a definite shape and definite volume.
What happens to the particles of a solid as it becomes a liquid?
The particles break free from their fixed positions and begin to move about.
What determines the shape and volume of a gas inside a container?
The shape and volume of a gas are the same as those of its container.
How does the thermal energy of solid water change as ice melts?
The thermal energy increases.
How are mass, weight, volume and density used to describe matter?
They are all used to measure matter. Mass is the measure of the amount of matter in an object; weight is the measure of the force of gravity on an object; volume is how much space an object occupies and density is how much mass is in a given space (mass/volume)
Liquid to gas transformation
Vaporization
What is the fog you see in the air around dry ice?
Water vapor; the water vapor in the air is cooled and condenses when dry ice sublimated.
How are the volume, temperature and pressure of a gas related?
When pressure of a gas at a constant temperature is increased, the volume of the gas decreases. When the pressure is decreased the volume increases. When the temperature of a gas at constant volume is increased, the pressure of the gas increases. When the temperature decreases, the pressure of the gas decreases (constant volume means that the gas is in a closed, rigid container.)
You are stranded in a blizzard. You need water to drink, and you're trying to stay warm. Should you melt snow and then drink it, or just eat snow? EXPLAIN!
You should melt snow and then drink it. If you eat snow, your body must use some of its valuable energy to change the snow to a liquid.
physical change
a change in a substance that does not change its identity
Boyle's Law
a principle that describes the relationship between the pressure and volume of a gas at constant temperature
Charle's Law
a principle that describes the relationship between the temperature and volume of a gas at constant pressure
solid
a state of matter that has a definite shape and a definite volume
Solid: Definite
definite volume definite shape
boiling point
each liquid boils at a certain temperature
Gas: Particle Movement
fly
liquid
have a definitive volume but not definite shape
gas
have no definite shape or volume
Gas: Energy
high
melting point
in nose pure substances, melting occurs at a specific temperature
Solid: Energy
low
thermal energy
measures the total energy of moving particles
Liquid: Energy
medium
surface tension
molecules that are closely packed at the surface of a liquid
boiling
occurs on the surface and throughout the liquid - liquid to gas
evaporation
occurs on the surface of the liquid - liquid to gas
Liquid: Definite
only definite volume
condensation
opposite of vaporization
amorphous solid
particles are not arranged in a regular pattern
sublimation
particles of a solid do not pass through the liquid state as they form
fluid
substances that flow freely (gases and liquids)
vaporization
the change from a liquid to a gas
melting
the change in state from a aloud to a liquid
freezing
the change of state from a liquid to solid
pressure
the force exerted on a surface divided by the total area over which the force is exerted
density
the ratio of the mass of a substance to its volume
What process occurs as pieces of dry ice gradually get smaller?
Sublimation - solid does not pass through the liquid state as they form a gas.
What property of liquids causes water to form droplets?
Surface tension - the result of the inward pull among the molecules of a liquid that bring the molecules on the surface closer together. Acts like a skin (think of the Jesus Christ lizard walking on water)
plasma
a gas-like state of matter consisting of a mixture of free electrons and atoms that are stripped of their electrons
viscosity
a liquid's resistance to flowing
mass
a measure of how much matter is in an object
Solid: Particle Movement
vibrate
How is gas pressure defined?
Gas pressure is the force of its outward push divided by the area of the walls of its container.
Example: Amorphous-
Glass
Properties of Matter: Physical
Hardness Texture Density Color State of Matter Freezing Point Boiling Point Melting Point
What type of relationship does the graph for Boyle's law show?
Inverse relationship; when one variable goes up, the other variable goes down.
Why does the evaporation of sweat cool your body on a warm day?
Your body supplies the thermal energy necessary to change the sweat from a liquid to a gas, causing the body to lose heat and become cooler.
chemical change
a change in which one or more substances combine or break apart to form new substances
physical property
a characteristic of a pure substance that can be observed without changing it into another substance
chemical property
a characteristic of a pure substance that describes its ability to change into a different substance
What processes occur during physical and chemical changes?
A substance that undergoes a physical change is still the same substance after the change. Unlike a physical change, a chemical change produces new substances with properties different from those of the original substances
A wet towel is hanging on a clothesline in the sun. The towel dries by the process of Your answer: boiling evaporation condensation sublimation
B
According to Boyle's law, the volume of a gas increases when its Your answer: pressure increases pressure decreases temperature decreases temperature increases
B
A gas at a constant temperature is confined to a cylinder with a movable piston (think of a syringe). The piston is slowly pushed into the cylinder, decreasing the volume of the gas. The pressure increases. What are the variables in this experiment? (What is changing?) Your answer: temperature and time time and volume volume and pressure pressure and temperature
C
A graph of Charles's law shows the relationship between Your answer: volume and density of a gas volume and pressure of a gas temperature and volume of a gas temperature and pressure of a gas
C
A sample of a substance has a high density yet low particle motion. This sample must be a Your answer: gas liquid solid plasma
C
Suzy inflates and ties off a balloon in her classroom and then takes it outside on a cold, winter day. Immediately, she notices that the balloon has gotten a little bit smaller. Why does this occur? Your answer: Because there are fewer molecules in the balloon outside. Because the air pressure is significantly higher when it is colder. Because the molecules in the balloon have slowed down with the temperature. Because the molecules shrink in size when exposed to the colder, outside air.
C
The measurement of how much matter an object contains is its volume. weight. mass. melting point.
C
The measurement of the force of gravity on an object is the object's Your answer: mass. volume. weight. density.
C
The volume of an irregular object can be measured by Your answer: multiplying the object's length, width, and height. dividing the object's density by its mass. submerging the object in water in a graduated cylinder. placing the object on a triple-beam balance.
C
Unlike solids and liquids, a gas will Your answer: keep its volume in different containers keep its shape in different containers expand to fill the space available to it have its volume decrease when the temperature rises
C
Name the two types of vaporization. Tell how they are similar and how they differ.
Evaporation and boiling: in both, a liquid becomes a gas. Evaporation occurs only on a liquid's SURFACE, while boiling occurs both on the surface and throughout the liquid.
Why might a balloon that is inflated almost to its capacity, pop or explode on an extremely warm day? Your answer: The balloon may be faulty. It might pop because of the weakening of the balloon by the heat. The balloon might pop due to the increase in the volume of the gas. The balloon might pop because the volume will decrease within the balloon.
C
How do crystalline solids differ from amorphous solids?
Crystalline solid particles form a regular, repeating pattern and melt at a distinct temperature; amorphous solid particles are not arranged in a regular pattern and melt over a range of temperatures.
A graph that shows the pressure of a gas varies INVERSELY with its volume under constant temperature demonstrates Your answer: The Pressure Law The Density Law Charles's Law Boyle's Law
D
In the laboratory, volumes of liquid are usually measured with a(an) Your answer: electrode. scale. triple-beam balance. graduated cylinder.
D
The process in which a gas cools and becomes a liquid is called Your answer: evaporation sublimation boiling condensation
D
What type of relationship does the graph for Charles's law show?
Directly proportional; The graph of Charles's Law shows that the volume of a gas is directly proportional to its temperature under constant pressure. . . one goes up as the other goes up; or one goes down as the other goes down.
How may liquids be described in terms of shape and volume?
Liquids do not have a definite shape, but do have a definite volume.
Property-Physical: Example
U can change back to original substance If you were to dissolve salt in water, u can boil the water where all the water evaporates and the salt stays in the pot. Melting ice-you can freeze the water back to ice.
Property-Chemical: Example
U cannot change back to original substance When you burn wood, you cannot make it un-burned.
As a pot of water boils, the liquid will _______ and form a gas. Boiling and evaporation are two types of ___________.
Vaporize; Vaporization
vary inversely
a term used to describe the relationship between two variables whose graph forms a curve that slopes downward
directly proportional
a term used to describe the relationship between two variables whose graph is a straight line passing through the point (0,0)
matter
anything that has mass and occupies space
Liquid: Particle Movement
slide
Solids: Crystalline-
solid particles form normal repeating patterns and melt at distinct temperatures!
crystalline solid
solids that are made up of crystals formed in a regular pattern
volume
the amount of space that matter occupies
Solids: Amorphous-
they are not arranged in any patter and melt over a range of temperatures!
Chemical Changes
they produce NEW substances!
Physical Changes
they stay as SAME substances!
molecules
two or more atoms combined