ALL Quiz Answers for Chapters 1-23: Franklin, John Hope and Evelyn Brooks Higginbotham (2011). From Slavery to Freedom: A history of African Americans. New York, McGraw Hill Connect.

The empire of Ghana exhibited all of the following characteristics EXCEPT

a hostile attitude toward Islam and the brutal persecution of Muslims.

By the ninth century C.E., West Africa had well-established trading connections with the Muslim world, conducted

across the Sahara desert.

Benjamin Banneker was best known for his work in what literary genre?

almanacs

What was a caboceer?

an African agent who acquired slaves for European traders at prearranged prices

On March 13, 1865, President Jefferson Davis of the Confederacy signed into a law an act which

called for additional troops regardless of their race.

The African words zinzin and gris-gris referred to

charms or amulets carried for protection.

All of the following statements about Juan Garrido are true EXCEPT

he remained a slave his entire life despite his many achievements.

In which region of North America were slaves living under Spanish rule in 1750?

Florida

Before the American Revolution, black Americans

served in the militias of many colonies, North and South.

Approximately how many Africans were transported across to the Americas during the era of the slave trade?

12.5 million

Of the roughly 186,000 blacks who enlisted in the Union army, how many came from slave states?

134,000

In what year were Africans first imported into the English settlement of Jamestown?

1619

In which decade did the slave population of South Carolina begin to achieve growth through natural reproduction?

1760s

In what year did Lincoln alter his policy to allow the Union army to enlist black soldiers?

1862

In what year did John Mercer Langston become the first black man to represent Virginia in the U.S. Congress?

1888

How many black men served in the House of Representatives between 1869 and 1901?

20

Between 1763 and 1783, how many of the thirty black men and women who sued for their freedom in Massachusetts courts won their cases?

29

According to an estimate by Thomas Jefferson, approximately how many Virginia slaves ran away from their masters in 1778?

30,000

By 1740, blacks constituted approximately what percentage of the Chesapeake's overall population?

40

Compared to the 2% of married white women who worked for wages, what percentage of married black women were employed outside the home in 1870?

40%

Out of a slave population of 3.9 million in 1860, approximately how many were recorded as being mulattoes?

400,000

Roughly how many blacks participated in the Great Migration during the First World War?

500,000

Approximately how many of the 200,000 soldiers who served in the Patriot cause were black men?

5000

Approximately what percentage of white colonists who immigrated to the Chesapeake colonies in the seventeenth century arrived as indentured servants?

80

For approximately how many years before the founding of Jamestown, Virginia, had black slaves been involved in the settlement of what would later become the United States?

80

Approximately what percentage of slaves imported into Virginia between 1727 and 1740 came directly from Africa?

93

Which "virtually free," yet still enslaved, black poet published the volume The Hope of Liberty?

George Moses Horton

What did the Pennsylvania Supreme Court decide in the case of Hobbs v. Fogg (1838)?

According to the constitution of the state and the nation, black men could not be citizens and therefore could not possess the right to vote.

At a conference held in 1884-1885, European delegates carved up which region among themselves?

Africa

The Civil Rights Act, passed in 1875, stipulated that

African Americans could not be denied equal access to public houses and public transportation.

Which of the following statements about West African slavery is LEAST accurate?

Africans never enslaved members of their own ethnic communities.

What roles did Africans play in the Old World conquest of the New World? Would European colonies in the Americas have succeeded without the transatlantic migration of Africans? Should the colonization of the Americas be regarded as a primarily African, rather than a European, phenomenon?

Africans played multiple roles in the old world conquest of the new world. Africans came here as explorers, servant sn and unfortunately most known as slaves. Even though Africans are more well known to have come here working the New World's sugar, tobacco, and coffee plantations, they truly entered the New World with the early explorers as equals. The also played a huge roe and participating in the conquest of the Americas by helping the Spanish conquistadors claim the land from the Natives. The European colonies in the Americas would have not succeeded without the transatlantic migration of Africans. They all needed the wealth that was made from the slave trade. The colonization of the Americas should ideally be regarded as primarily African since they did all the real work.

Which of the following statements about African Africans affiliated with the British and Loyalists during the American Revolution is MOST accurate?

After the war, many free black migrated to London, whereas white Loyalists took their slaves to the Caribbean.

Which of the following statements about politics in the early nineteenth century is LEAST accurate?

Although Federalists tended to be more sympathetic to black rights, black voters tended to vote for Democratic-Republicans because of their leaders' egalitarian rhetoric.

Which of the following statements about the black press during the First World War is MOST accurate?

Although most black newspapers adopted a patriotic stance toward the war, they also attacked racial injustices.

Which of the following statements about the case of Plessy v. Ferguson is LEAST accurate?

Although the U.S. Supreme Court upheld the legality of "separate but equal" state facilities, it did so by a bare majority, with four justices writing heated dissents.

What impact did religion have on slavery throughout most of the eighteenth century in New England?

Although they held fervently to their religious beliefs, white New Englanders did not allow those beliefs to interfere with the profits to be made from slavery and the slave trade.

Which of the following statements about the military draft during the First World War is MOST accurate?

Although white men were drafted in higher absolute numbers than black men, a higher percentage of black men who registered were drafted.

Lincoln issued his preliminary emancipation proclamation five days after a Union victory at which battle?

Antietam

In general, how did proslavery defenses change from the beginning to the middle of the nineteenth century?

Apologists began to describe slavery as a positive good rather than a necessary evil.

Which city had the largest free black population throughout the antebellum period?

Baltimore

Scholars believe that, around 2000 B.C.E., speakers of which language spread from present day Nigeria and Cameroon southward and eastward to make their language the most commonly used one on the continent?

Bantu

Which of the following statements about slave resistance in the Caribbean is LEAST accurate?

Because of the marked rebelliousness of Caribbean slaves, planters in North America insisted on only purchasing "saltwater" blacks from Africa.

Which of the following statements about sexual relationships between slaves and masters is LEAST accurate?

Because of the patriarchal nature of authority in the South, the desire of masters who wished to free their interracial children upon their death was almost never successfully challenged by their white heirs.

Which of the following statements about African resistance to enslavement is LEAST accurate?

Because the institution of slavery had a longstanding history in Africa, enslaved Africans generally only attempted to escape once they were placed in the hands of European traders.

Which of the following statements about the black population of eighteenth-century New England is LEAST accurate?

Because the number of blacks in New England was so small, the black population there kept to itself and had little social interaction with the white population.

Who led the movement to disenfranchise blacks in South Carolina in the 1890s?

Ben Tillman

In 1891, which state initiated a trend toward the legal segregation of streetcars in cities throughout the South?

Georgia

Which of the following statements about the American Anti-Slavery Society, founded in 1838, is MOST accurate?

Black and white men shared positions of leadership within the society.

Which of the following statements about black-authored pamphlets is LEAST accurate?

Black pamphleteers avoided controversial topics such as the Haitian Revolution which might inspire a white backlash.

The line, "In all things that are purely social we can be as separate as the five fingers, yet one as the hand in all things essential to mutual progress," came from an 1895 speech which catapulted whom to national fame?

Booker T. Washington

White philanthropic support for black southern schools increased as a result of whose emergence as a national figure?

Booker T. Washington

Who wrote the widely read autobiography, Up from Slavery?

Booker T. Washington

What provided the immediate impetus for the Niagara Movement?

Booker T. Washington's subversion of outspoken black activists

Which English colony was founded in 1663?

Carolina

Who was the highest-ranking black officer in the U.S. Army at the beginning of the First World War?

Charles W. Young

In which of the following cities would one expect to find the largest proportion of free blacks working in skilled trades in this era?

Charleston

Tracing its history back to the American Revolution, which unit was the only all-black company mustered as an integral part of a white regiment during the Spanish-American War?

Company L of the Sixth Massachusetts Infantry

The slaveholder Edward Gorsuch, while trying to retrieve fugitive slaves, was killed in September 1851 in a melee which came to be known as the

Christiana Riot.

Most slaves were granted a suspension of all non-essential work in celebration of

Christmas.

By the 1830s, Americans of African descent preferred to refer themselves as

Colored Americans.

In the 1830s, Quaker schoolteacher Prudence Crandall opened a school for black children, which suffered harassment, vandalism, and legal prosecution, in the state of

Connecticut.

African-born slaves differed from Creoles in all of the following ways EXCEPT

Creoles usually attempted escape in groups whereas African-born slaves fled as individuals.

All of the following states enacted gradual emancipation laws in the aftermath of the American Revolution EXCEPT

Delaware.

The United States purchased the Virgin Islands from

Denmark.

Which of the following statements about indentured servants in the first half of the seventeenth-century Chesapeake colonies is LEAST accurate?

Despite its harsh features, the legal system of white servitude was, from the beginning, sharply distinguished from the legal system of black servitude.

Which royal governor of Virginia issued a proclamation in the fall of 1775 granting freedom to the slaves of rebels who were willing to take up arms in the British army?

Dunmore

Celebrated in New York and New Jersey, the black festival of Pinkster combined African elements with elements derived primarily from which European culture?

Dutch

Black migration led to a riot in 1917 which left at least forty blacks dead in the city of

East St. Louis, Illinois.

The English word "slave" originally referred to people from

Eastern Europe.

What development in 1794 played the most significant role in the rapid expansion of slave labor in the United States?

Eli Whitney's patenting of the cotton gin

Which black inventor patented fifty different devices, most of them dealing with the lubrication of machines, and successfully contested claims against the genuineness of his designs?

Elijah McCoy

During World War I, who served as a special assistant to the secretary of war, advising on matters related to African Americans?

Emmett J. Scott

In an attempt to arouse more support for the war effort among black Americans, whom did Herbert Hoover appoint as a Food Administration field worker for the southern states?

Ernest Atwell

Which African explorer was known by Native Americans as "the Son of the Sun"?

Estevan

Which of the following statements about Europeans' use of slave labor in the Americas is LEAST accurate?

European settlers in the Americas intended from the beginning to use African slaves as their primary labor source.

Which biblical episode did free blacks and slaves most frequently employ to criticize their current condition and to express their hope for the future?

Exodus

Which constitutional amendment ostensibly guaranteed black men throughout the nation the right to vote on an equal basis with white men?

Fifteenth

Which were the only two states which remained staunchly opposed to the enlistment of black soldiers by the end of the War for Independence?

Georgia and South Carolina

Four black soldiers of the Fifty-Fourth Massachusetts Infantry earned the Gilmore Medal for gallantry as a result of their participation at

Fort Wagner.

In 1798, the United States launched the undeclared Quasi War against which nation?

France

Who was the only black soldier of the First World War to receive the Congressional Medal of Honor, albeit posthumously in 1991?

Freddie Stowers

Which of the following statements BEST captures attitudes toward the education of freedpeople during Reconstruction?

Freedpeople often took the initiative of creating their own schools, but depended on financial assistance from the Freedmen's Bureau and northern churches.

Which of the following statements about the role of churches in black communities is LEAST accurate?

Fundraising and community mobilization at black churches remained dominated by men, forcing black women to pursue social reform through secular institutions.

Members of the Hausa city-states included all of the following cities EXCEPT

Gao

Who wrote The History of the Negro Race in America from 1619 to 1880, the first historical study by an African American to be taken seriously by American scholars?

George Washington Williams

The participation of French troops in the American Revolution contributed to a later revolution which created the black republic of

Haiti.

The curriculum of which institution exemplified the philosophy that education for blacks should consist primarily of industrial training?

Hampton Institute

Whose Our Nig; Or Sketches from the Life of a Free Black was the first published novel written by a black woman?

Harriet E. Wilson

How did President Lincoln respond to the Confederacy's refusal to grant prisoner-of-war status to captured black soldiers?

He threatened to retaliate in kind on Confederate prisoners for any harm that was inflicted on Union ones.

Which of the following statements BEST characterizes Lincoln's stance on emancipation through the spring of 1862?

He unsuccessfully urged Congress and the Border States to implement a plan of gradual, compensated emancipation.

What honor did Benjamin Banneker receive in recognition of his considerable skills in mathematics and mechanics?

He was appointed surveyor of the boundaries and streets of the District of Columbia.

Who coined the phrase "Talented Tenth" to refer to elite black students who deserved the finest in classical liberal arts education?

Henry Morehouse

Which African-American painter spent much of his career in Europe, where he countered demeaning images of blacks through works like The Banjo Lesson?

Henry O. Tanner

Which black southern university was named after the head of the Freedmen's Bureau?

Howard University

The ex-slave "Free Frank" founded the town of New Philadelphia in which state?

Illinois

Which of the following statements about slaves running away from their masters is LEAST accurate?

In order to maintain an aura of authority, masters rarely issued public notices when their slaves ran away, and southern society generally ignored the problem.

Which of the following statements about the proclamation issued by the royal governor of Virginia on November 7, 1775, is MOST accurate?

It led to the creation of an "Ethiopian Regiment" of escaped slaves.

Which of the following statements about the Constitution's three-fifths compromise is MOST accurate?

It made no explicit reference to slavery or to blacks, referring instead to "all other persons" besides free persons, indentured servants, and certain Indians.

How did the War Department respond when a racial incident in Spartanburg, South Carolina, led black soldiers of the Fifteenth New York Infantry to threaten to "shoot up" the town?

It rushed the soldiers of the Fifteenth overseas, making them the first black combat troops to reach the front.

What effect did the religious revivals known as the First Great Awakening have on black worshippers?

It swelled their membership in evangelical denominations such as the Baptists.

What effect did the ratification of the Thirteenth Amendment have on suffrage in the South?

It threatened to expand the influence of the southern states in the federal government by nullifying the Three-fifths Compromise.

Which black boxer's successful defense of his championship against the "Great White Hope," Jim Jeffries, in 1910 led to race riots and the passing of a bill outlawing the showing of fight films in theaters?

Jack Johnson

Which profitable Caribbean island did England seize from Spain in 1655?

Jamaica

Which black spy slipped between the British and Patriot lines at the Battle of Yorktown to provide the Patriots with secret information from the British camp?

James Armistead Lafayette

Which wealthy black sailmaker overcame his lack of the franchise by influencing his white employees to vote as he himself would do if he had the right to do so?

James Forten

The War of Jenkins' Ear spilled over into North America when which governor and founder of Georgia attacked the Spanish fortress at St. Augustine?

James Oglethorpe

Which bandmaster of the Harlem Hellfighters is credited with introducing jazz to France?

James Reese Europe

On what date did Lincoln's Emancipation Proclamation officially take effect?

January 1, 1863

Who enjoyed access to the pulpit of the African Methodist Episcopal Church for a time, until the death of her patron, Richard Allen, brought an end to church leaders' willingness to allow women to preach?

Jarena Lee

What name was given to the stock minstrel character who was depicted as a lazy, ignorant slave?

Jim Crow

Which of the following statements about the establishment of the South's color line in the late nineteenth century is LEAST accurate?

Jim Crow laws faced fierce opposition from rich white southerners who found themselves barred from bringing their servants into whites-only areas.

Which Ohio congressman was censured for praising a mutiny of slaves on board the Creole, bound from Virginia to an auction in New Orleans?

Joshua Giddings

Who was likely the first professional black painter in the United States?

Joshua Johnston

Black soldiers of the Ninth and Tenth Cavalries provided crucial assistance to the Rough Riders on June 24, 1898, at the Battle of

Las Guasimas.

Which Congregationalist minister was the most outspoken of all black Federalists, so much so that his church voted him out of office because of his political leanings?

Lemuel Haynes

The American Colonization Society, whose leadership and membership included several prominent slaveholders, played an instrumental role in creating what African colony?

Liberia

From 1870 through 1914, the U.S. government usually sent black ministers to which two foreign countries?

Liberia and Haiti

Most of the blacks who emigrated from the United States under the auspices of the American Colonization Society traveled to

Liberia.

For over a month, P. B. S. Pinchback served as the acting governor of which state?

Louisiana

In 1811, a rebellion of more than 400 slaves which had to be put down by state and federal troops occurred where?

Louisiana

In the mid 1870s, a black militia maintained by Governor Adelbert Ames clashed frequently with paramilitary White Leagues in an intermittent civil war fought in which state?

Louisiana

Originally organized under the auspices of the Confederacy, the Native Guards consisted of free blacks (including some black slaveholders) from which state?

Louisiana

The first Old World settlers in what would become the United States may have been slaves attached to a colonizing mission led in 1526 by whom?

Lucas Vasquez de Allyón

Which female entrepreneur grew wealthy by marketing a beauty system centered on hair-lengthening, which she linked to racial uplift?

Madame C. J. Walker

Which African king embarked on a famous pilgrimage to Mecca in 1324?

Mansa-Musa

How did the northern public respond to Abraham Lincoln's preliminary emancipation proclamation?

Many northerners looked on the proclamation unfavorably and made their displeasure known by voting for Lincoln's political opponents.

Whose militant lectures and writings such as "Religion and the Pure Principles of Morality, the Sure Foundation on Which We Must Build" led her to be regarded as America's first black feminist?

Maria W. Stewart

Which prominent black advocate of colonization authored the Official Report of the Niger Exploring Party in 1861?

Martin Delany

Who was the most prominent black woman to advocate colonization out of the United States?

Mary Anne Shadd Cary

Who was the first president of the National Association of Colored Women?

Mary Church Terrell

Which graduate of Oberlin College completed the sculpture Forever Free in 1867?

Mary Edmonia Lewis

Prince Easterbrook, Caesar Brown, Alexander Ames, and Prince Hall were all black soldiers from which state?

Massachusetts

Which of the following statements about pregnancy and childbearing in the Caribbean is LEAST accurate?

Masters treated pregnant slaves well because a healthy baby was a profitable investment.

Which statement BEST captures slaveholders' attitudes toward the punishing of their slaves?

Masters' concern for their self-image and their desire to protect their investment led them to prefer meting out justice on their own rather than to resort to courts of law.

The first black town in North America was known as

Mose, or Fort Mose.

What confederation of five states managed to maintain its independence from Mali and Songhay before succumbing to the French in the nineteenth century?

Mossi

Which of the following statements about "lynch law" is LEAST accurate?

Most lynchings were justified on the ground that the murdered men had raped or threatened to rape white women.

Which of the following statements about slaves living in Charleston, South Carolina, is most accurate?

Mulattoes in Charleston enjoyed greater privileges and a higher status than other blacks in the city.

Whose speeches in favor of industrial training earned her the moniker "the Female Booker T. Washington"?

Nannie Helen Burroughs

Perhaps the most frightening event for white southerners in the antebellum period was an 1831 uprising led by whom?

Nat Turner

Which organizations, headed successively by George Edmund Haynes and Eugene Kinckle Jones, played a decisive role in helping black migrants to the North adjust to their new surroundings?

National Urban League

Discuss interactions between Native American peoples and black slaves. Why did members of the two groups sometimes cooperate and sometimes fight against each other? How did European colonists respond to the threat of cooperation between blacks and Indians?

Native Americans and Black Slaves could always relate because at the beginning of this New World they were both treated inhumanely, killed, enslaved, pushed to the side and had their cultures forced out for assimilation. In times when they needed each other most they would cooperate and help one another out. But there were also times they would fight against each other, or use one another for their own benefit. For example, The Yamasee Indians back in 1715 declared war against the British, in order to force the colonists out from the South to North Carolina. The ever-growing arrival of Europeans to the New Land helped to build upon the rage all the Natives had felt and the hostility created in turn worked to strengthen the binds of Natives with Black Salves. Their enslavement, mistreatment and common goal brought them together, and many other Tribes came to the realization that aiding and helping the Black Slaves would, in turn, benefit them and their hopeful fight for freedom. European colonists did not respond well to the threat of cooperation between Blacks and Indians, going as far as killing and destroying their crops or lands when possible.

Compare Pinkster Day and Negro Election Day. What characteristics did then two festivals have in common? What varied purposes did each celebration serve? What does the existence of these two festivals suggest about the acceptance of blacks within the broader society of the northern colonies, especially when compared with the treatment of blacks in the South?

Negro Election Day and Pinkster Day are both festival-type celebrations for Black peoples rooting from slavery times. Specifically, Negro Election Day is an annual ceremony that began in 1741 throughout multiple towns of New England as a festival representation of local elections for "kings" and "governors" etc. for the local black community. On the other hand, Pinkster Day is a festival of religious (Pentecostal) and Dutch origin that served as a time of rest, baptisms/confirmations, a time to gather with friends/family and a time of no work. Even though both festivals differ in what was being celebretated they shared common characteristics in purpose and origin. Both festivals were for celebration deriving from Blackness. Negro Election Day used West African cultural aspects, rituals and elements. And Pinkster was mixed with African and Creole dancing, drums and Banjo usage. Both allowed for slaves to socially govern within their own community. It also gave a certain syncretism. It helped in Northern communities to forge a certain sense of community faster. As to these festivals differences, they were celebrated in different areas. Negro Election day took place in towns across the New England colonies. The four New England Colonies of Colonial America included colonies of New Hampshire, Massachusetts Bay Colony, Rhode Island, and Connecticut. And Pinkster Day was celebrated in New York and New Jersey. Overall, these festivals served as a tool to control the Negro Population, keep them subservient and secure obedience to the slave system. The existence of Negro Election Day suggests a falsehood of acceptance of blacks within the society of the Northern Colonies. Compared with the terrible treatment of Blacks, the existence of the festivals shows a more psychological approach to Slavery by forging this level of freedom and sense of choice and kinship through communal activities such as festivals. Whereas in the south there was no time made for any fake rejoicing such as these events. The slaves were broken day mentally and mostly physically and never truly given pleasurable breaks/events like these.

An actual slave insurrection in 1712 and a rumored one in 1741 resulted in dozens of executions and harsh new laws in the colony of

New York.

What linguistic group predominated in the region of north-central Africa?

Nilo-Siharan

Which ruler of Ndongo seized power in 1624 and then led an army, including a battalion of women, against Portuguese forces to remain on the throne?

Njinga

Disgruntled former students from Lane Theological Seminary helped to found which school that became a hub of antislavery activism and the first avowedly integrated school of higher learning?

Oberlin College

Who wrote the most widely reprinted book in English by an author of African descent in the post-Revolutionary period?

Olaudah Equiano

Whose narrative is the best known autobiographical account of an eighteenth-century enslaved African?

Olaudah Equiano

Who played a crucial role as a fundraiser in the formative years of the Tuskegee Institute before marrying Booker T. Washington in 1885?

Olivia Davidson

What did the U.S. Supreme Court decide in the Civil Rights Cases of 1883?

Only states, not the federal government, could pass laws requiring private businesses to provide equal access to black and white customers.

Which prominent black shipbuilder advocated in favor of colonization and led an expedition of thirty-eight emigrants to Freetown in West Africa in 1815?

Paul Cuffee

In which state did the worst antiblack outbreaks of the antebellum period occur?

Pennsylvania

The first antislavery society in North America was founded early in the American Revolution in which state?

Pennsylvania

In 1814, James Forten, Richard Allen, and Absalom Jones organized more than 2500 black citizens who hastily assembled fortifications to protect which city from British attack?

Philadelphia

What European nation played a direct role in instigating a series of decades-long wars in West Central Africa in the sixteenth century?

Portugal

During the first half of the seventeenth century, the Dutch seized the key African slaving posts Axim and Elmina from

Portugal.

Which of the following men played a leading role in founding the first black fraternal organization in America, the African Masonic Lodge?

Prince Hall

Over which of the following territories did the United States take official possession as a result of the Treaty of Paris which ended the Spanish-American War?

Puerto Rico

John Woolman and Anthony Benezet, two of the leading antislavery voices of the American Revolution, were both

Quakers.

Which Afro-Cuban insurgent was known as "the Black Thunderbolt"?

Quintin Bandera

The passage of the Kansas-Nebraska Act led directly to the establishment of which political party?

Republican Party

Which New England colony experienced the most significant growth in its enslaved population during the eighteenth century?

Rhode Island

What contributed MOST to the collapse of the Freedmen's Bank in 1874?

Rich industrialists manipulated the bank for their own profit, weakening the bank's finances before a general depression brought it down.

Slaves contributed labor to the Confederacy's essential Tredegar Works in which city?

Richmond

Who wrote the Ethiopian Manifesto (1831), which prophesied the appearance of a black leader who would bring his people to freedom?

Robert A. Young

Whose Light and Truth, published in 1836, offered a history of the world which demonstrated black superiority and minimized the presence of whites?

Robert Benjamin Lewis

Who was the first African American to achieve national and international fame as a painter?

Robert S. Duncanson

Which enslaved pilot of the steamer Planter intentionally surrendered his vessel to Union forces before beginning work for the Union navy?

Robert Smalls

The National Council of Colored People was founded in 1853 at an important conference held in

Rochester.

Which of the following statements best represents the basis of political authority in regions such as Biguba, Sierra Leone, and the Gold Coast during the sixteenth and seventeenth centuries?

Rulers were elected by, and their powers were circumscribed by, representatives of a few prominent lineages.

Whose inauguration in 1877 is generally used to mark the end of Reconstruction?

Rutherford B. Hayes

Which southern physician "discovered" that many blacks suffered from "draeptomania," an affliction which caused them to suddenly run away?

Samuel Cartwright

Which black leader called for a Pan-African Congress to meet in Paris in 1919 and draw attention to the plight of African peoples?

W. E. B. Du Bois

Which of the following statements about Harriet Tubman is MOST accurate?

She developed a system for escapes based on daylight hours and newspaper publication dates.

Freed blacks who emigrated from the United States after the War for Independence played an important role in establishing which British colony in Africa?

Sierra Leone

Compare slavery in the Caribbean, Spanish Latin America, and Brazil. What features did slavery in the three regions share? What significant differences existed from region to region? Which regions offered the most opportunities for manumission or revolt? What roles did economics, religion, and demography play in shaping the character of slavery in the different regions?

Slavery in the Caribbean Spanish Latin America, and Brazil all differed. Slavery in the Caribbean is where the first large shipments of slaves were sent. The Caribbean was mainly used for its staple crops like sugar, tobacco, and coffee, with slave labor. There was also very high mortality rates in the Caribbean due to improper food and disease because of the intolerable working conditions. The islands were deemed to be not a place of residence but merely a source of wealth. Slavery in Brazil exemplifies the importance of Portugal and their origins being the first Europeans to see the importance of Slave Labor. Slaves were first brought into Brazil as early as 1538. Slaves were divided and sent into 5 various parts of Brazil to work on either plantations/domestic service on the coast, cane fields, gold mines, sugar distribution center, and cotton plantations. Absentee landlordism is a feature that all three regions experienced. It was destructive to the health and life of all slaves.Unlike the islands, with a major limited capacity to absorb slaves, the Spanish Latin American market was a veritable paradise for slave traders. A significant feature of Africans in Spanish America was the presence of large numbers on the Pacific Coast in the colonial period. The regions with harsh, cruel treatment gave rise to the most opportunities for uprisings and running away. In the Caribbean, there are records of almost every country having a revolt against the plantation system. For example, when the English took over Jamaica, slave revolts resulted in huge numbers of runaways during the 1670s and 1680s In 1760 some of the slaves in St. Mary Parish even went as far as to overthrow white rule and partition Jamaica into African styled principalities. The character of slavery was shaped based on not only the regions but the economical, religious and demographical practices followed/present in their regions. Slaves fostered a strong cultural autonomy through ther religious practices and it is seen through their use of African derived religious practices, like Santeria in Cuba, Obeah in Jamaica and Vodun in Haiti. It's also seen how the Catholic Church greatly shaped the slave experience in Latin America, being that Latin-American slave masters constantly put profit goals above the Christian based church laws of Catholicism

Who was the most famous black female abolitionist and advocate of women's rights?

Sojourner Truth

Isabella Van Wagenen, a strident opponent of both racial and sexual discrimination, is better known as

Sojourner Truth.

In the late nineteenth and early twentieth centuries, the United States pursued imperialistic policies most vigorously in

South America and the Caribbean.

At the Philadelphia Convention, delegates from which of the following states most vehemently argued in favor of counting slaves as full persons with regard to representation in the new government?

South Carolina

Which of the following states seceded from the Union after Lincoln was elected but before he came to office?

South Carolina

Which state elected the largest number of black members to the House of Representatives?

South Carolina

Which state stood at the forefront of the movement to reopen the Atlantic slave trade?

South Carolina

In 1860 the top four states in both cotton production and individual holdings in excess of 20 slaves included all of the following states EXCEPT

South Carolina.

Which northern city experienced two riots within a few years, including one in 1904 in which a lynch mob killed a black prisoner before burning eight buildings in the black section of town?

Springfield, Ohio

Which of the following statements BEST describes the development of free-black communities in the early United States?

Such communities were formed primarily around institutions, not neighborhoods.

Which legendary thirteenth-century ruler led a successful revolt that consolidated and strengthened the kingdom of Mali?

Sundiata

Whose Reminiscences of My Life in Camp with the 33d United States Colored Troops provided a first-person account of the sort of laundering, cooking, and nursing which many female contrabands provided for the Union army?

Susi King Taylor

Which editor of the Freeman helped to found the Afro-American League in 1890 to agitate for black rights?

T. Thomas Fortune

Who was the first editor of the NAACP's magazine, The Crisis?

W. E. B. Du Bois

Which of the following statements about the Southern Homestead Act of 1866 is MOST accurate?

Thanks in part to the act, roughly 6% of all freed families owned their own land by the mid-1870s.

Compare the artistic achievements of the Nok people and the people of Benin. What qualities did their artwork share? Are there notable differences between them? What do the similarities and differences suggest about the development of West African civilization over time? For what purposes were Nok and Benin artistic works employed? What do these uses suggest about the role of art in West African society, generally?

The Nok people were identified as an early iron-age society. The Nok people's permanent settlements/homes were centers of great agricultural and ironwork. Their artistic achievements include works such as stone axes, iron instruments, terracotta figures/pottery, and realistic animal sculptures. The people of Benin used bronze and copper elements and their art testified to the skills of their artisans and smiths. They were especially devoted to making ornamental objects from silver and gold. Their artwork shared qualities in construction and process. But they differed because of the mediums. The Benin people used copper. The similarities of the Nok pieces to the brass and terracotta portrait-sculpture traditions of the Benin cultures show that the Nok culture maybe their early ancestor. The Nok and Benin people's art was employed to trade with the outside world. They utilized their arts as forms of money. The varying and multifaceted uses of art show how it can be utilized for religious rituals, monetary trading systems, teaching aids and thankfully as past records to show the complexity of their societies at a time that very little written records were left.

What famous newspaper did Frederick Douglass found with Martin Delany in 1847?

The North Star

Which of the following statements about the Underground Railroad is LEAST accurate?

The Railroad operated in such secrecy that slaveholders had no awareness of its existence.

What happened when the free black man Anthony Johnson of Virginia sued his white neighbor for the return of one of Johnson's slaves?

The court ruled in favor of Johnson.

Which of the following statements about slaves' diets is LEAST accurate?

The diets of slaves on large plantations almost always consisted solely of whatever foods were produced on the plantation itself.

Which Ohio institution, named after a famous abolitionist, opened its doors to black students in 1856?

Wilberforce University

Which of the following statements about black Americans during the War of 1812 is MOST accurate?

The performance of blacks in the American military earned them high praise from prominent officers, including some who had previously expressed doubts about their abilities.

What effect did the Panic of 1837 have on the prices of slaves in the United States?

The price of slaves slumped along with the prices of other commodities.

When the United States barred the importation of slaves from foreign countries, what effect did it have on states like Virginia and Maryland?

The prohibition raised the value of slaves already living in the United States and led to a renewed commitment to slavery in those states.

Which of the following statements about overseers is LEAST accurate?

They generally consisted of the sons of wealthy planters who spent a few years on a neighboring plantation learning how to manage slaves.

Compare the plight of white indentured servants in the Americas to that of black slaves. Did the two groups have more commonalities than differences? How did their relative circumstances change over time? Could European countries have established empires in the Americas without resorting to coerced labor?

The white indentured servant is commonly overlooked throughout the history of the beginning of the New World. the plight of the white servant did differ from what we have come to know today of slavery, and the life of black slaves. One major difference is that most white slaves came to the new world by choice (of some sort). Looking for a better life they entered a sort of contract to be enslaved to someone who would pay their passage to the New WORLD. Once here they would work for the individual for a set amount of time until their debt was paid. Even though they worked longer hours than slaves most times, they were worth a lot less to their owners because they had that set length of servitude which only lasted about 7-21 years most. The two groups definitely had a lot of commonalities in the work they did and in being in servitude but, over time the everyday practices and initial form of slavery began to differentiate white indentured servants from the African descent slaves. Even when taking census' they would list the white servants to have surnames, unlike the black slaves. With each passing decade their relative circumstances changed more and more and legislation would help to vilify the racial distinctions in slavery. No, the European countries couldn't have established empires in the Americas without resorting to coerced labor because they alone would not have the manpower, strength or sheer knowledge without stealing everything they wanted.

What impact did the English acquisition of New Netherland have for the colony's black population?

They gradually lost rights which they had previously enjoyed.

Which teacher at Lane Theological Seminary encouraged his students to address the question of slavery, leading many of them to embrace abolitionist ideas before he was dismissed from the school?

Theodore Dwight Weld

Booker T. Washington stirred outrage among many white southerners by accepting an invitation to dine in the White House with President

Theodore Roosevelt.

How did militant abolitionists view Abraham Lincoln during the election of 1860 and the first year of the Civil War?

They often opposed his policies, which they believed did not take a sufficiently firm or consistent stand against slavery.

What is the claim to fame of Hiram Revels and Blanche K. Bruce?

They were the only black men to serve in the U.S. Senate until the second half of the twentieth century.

What Haitian hero helped to lead his people to freedom during his country's revolution?

Toussaint Louverture

Which king ascended to Ghana's throne in 1063?

Tunka-Menin

Compare the accomplishments of Tunka-Menin, Mansa-Musa, and Askia Muhammad. What specific reforms did each ruler implement? Did their success lie primarily in expanding the dominion of their respective empires or in improving the administration of empires conquered by others? How did each ruler handle issues such as religion and trade? What were the lasting legacies of each ruler? How long did each ruler's accomplishments survive his own death?

Tunka-Menin, Mansa Musa, and Askia Muhammad were all kings of Ghana, Mali, and Songhay. All three were successful empires under their leadership. All three leaders greatly expanded their empires across Africa. Each ruler implemented specific reforms. Mansa Musa and Aska Muhammad implemented and encouraged farming. This lead to Mali involving themselves with mining. And Tunka-Menin and Muhammad also established fine trading systems. Tunka-Menin implemented reforms relating to trading. He "imposed taxes and tributes that were collected by provincial rulers." Their success lied in a combination of expanding the dominion of their respective empires and in improving the administration of empires conquered by others. For instance, Tunka-Menin is described as an empire that was enclosed by fortified fenced walls which included their places of worship, homes, graveyards, and even a prison. Yet on the other hand, when Ghana was experiencing great economic decline, they became prey to conquerors. And in the 12th and 13th centuries the Sosso people extended their dominion over the area. As for handling religions, Tunka-Menin was very supportive of Muslims. Tunka-Menin's lasting legacy was for his success with the local communities, thriving economy, trade increase in salt and his ability to motivate his people in protecting him. Mansa-Musa's lasting legacy was for the knowledge he brought to his empire, which he brought through importing Muslim scholars and architects. Most educational structures and religious buildings can be attributed to him. Askia Muhammad's lasting legacy was for promoting literacy and creating importance on learning. He cared greatly about education and making sure the best of scholars were produced from the universities and that many of them published significant works. He was known for escorting a great time of scholarship in science and advancement in the Muslim religion.

The famous scientist and botanist George Washington Carver became the head of which school's agricultural department in 1896?

Tuskegee Institute

Which of the following statements about interracial relationships in antebellum Louisiana is LEAST accurate?

Unlike elsewhere in the South, interracial marriages were recognized by the state's civil law.

Which of the following statements about African slaves in mainland Latin America is LEAST accurate?

Unlike in the Caribbean, racial integration between Africans and other groups remained a rare phenomenon.

Which people introduced English colonists to the techniques used to grow rice in Carolina?

West Africans

Which state's constitution, drafted in 1777, became the first in America to abolish slavery?

Vermont

In which of the following states would one expect to find the LEAST support for the reopening of the international slave trade in the 1850s?

Virginia

Which of the following statements about blacks in southern cities is LEAST accurate?

While the numbers of black men in southern cities increased, the numbers of black women, for whom work was even harder to find, remained low.

Which of the following statements about gender and race in the Reconstruction South is MOST accurate?

Whites criticized black women who emulated white women by staying at home instead of working for wages.

Which African-American writer was accused of being a "race traitor" for arguing in his book The American Negro that blacks were inherently inferior to whites?

William Hannibal Thomas

Which general issued Special Order No. 15, which briefly placed black families in possession of forty-acre tracts on the South Carolina Sea Islands?

William Tecumseh Sherman

Who was the first black person to write both a novel and a play?

William Wells Brown

A riot in 1898 over the question of disenfranchisement left eleven blacks dead and twenty-five wounded in which city?

Wilmington, North Carolina

Which of the following statements about abolitionism and women's rights is MOST accurate?

Women who spoke publicly in support of abolitionist causes faced verbal and physical attacks from hostile audiences.

What military asset did Sonni Ali exploit in his fifteenth-century conquest of the Niger region of West Africa?

a riverine navy

What is an abrammuo?

a weight for measuring precious metals

James Henry Thornwell, Stephen Elliott, and B. M. Palmer were all associated with which most influential argument in defense of slavery?

biblical sanction

F. E. Dumas, P. B. S. Pinchback, and Martin R. Delany were notable examples of

black soldiers who held commissions in the Union army.

Which of the following contributed MOST to the Readjuster Party's fall from power in 1883?

blacks' demands for integrated schools

Of all the roles which slaves undertook for the Confederate army, which of the following declined in importance and prevalence as the war continued?

body servants

According to the Confiscation Acts of 1861 and 1862, slaves who fell into the hands of the Union army were to be regarded as

contraband of war.

Which crop did former American slaves introduce to Bermuda in 1785?

cotton

In 1667, Virginia passed a law which

denied that Christian baptism should result in emancipation.

In 1912 and 1913, the cities of Louisville and Baltimore passed laws which

divided the cities' residential section into black and white blocks, and barred members of one race from moving into the block designated for members of the other race.

The first annual holiday in the United States specifically for black people was in commemoration of the

end of the Atlantic slave trade.

When he ascended to the presidency in 1865, Andrew Johnson

extended pardons to thousands of Confederates.

In the decades from 1890 to 1910, the number of southern blacks in which profession shot up enormously?

factory work

In the Supreme Court cause of Prigg v. Pennsylvania (1842), the U.S. Supreme Court decided that

federal officials had a responsibility to return fugitive slaves but local state officials did not.

A persistent rumor spread through the South in 1865 and 1866 that the federal government would provide freedpeople with

forty acres of land and a mule.

Based on the experiences of Anthony Johnson and Francis Payne, all of the following statements about blacks in the seventeenth-century Chesapeake are true EXCEPT

free black men sometimes held elective office in colonial governments.

Before the fifteenth century C.E., what commodity did Arabs and Europeans most desire from sub-Saharan Africa?

gold

During Reconstruction, black men in Mississippi served in all of the following positions in the state government EXCEPT

governor.

In French society, black soldiers experienced

greater freedom of mobility and greater openness to interracial social mingling than they had experienced at home.

When black soldiers first returned from France to cities like New York and Chicago, they were

greeted by cheering throngs who flocked to see them parade through the streets.

The Niagara Movement's original platform called for all of the following EXCEPT

guaranteed suffrage for black men and all women.

From its founding in 1909 until 1917, the NAACP

had only one black officer.

During the Progressive Era, black women

had to organize their own clubs in order to overcome discrimination based on both gender and race.

All of the following statements about Phillis Wheatley are true EXCEPT

her private statements reveal that she saw did not think that slavery was wrong.

In the fifteenth and sixteenth centuries, the cities of Timbuktu, Gao, Walata, and Jenne were all important centers of

higher learning.

In response to reports of a potential slave uprising in 1822, South Carolina passed a law which

imprisoned black sailors for the duration of their ship's stay in the port of Charleston.

Before the Spanish-American War, the U.S. Army's four black units had been used primarily

in the Indian wars of the West.

The slave population of the Chesapeake was remarkable for being the first black population in the New World to

increase by natural reproduction.

In Boston, the public school system

initially denied black children access to the schools, then assumed control of the separate schools which the black community had created for its children.

From 1836 to 1845, Congress operated under a "gag rule" which

left antislavery petitions unaddressed.

As one of only four survivors of Pánfilo de Narvaez's ill-fated expedition to Florida, the African explorer Estevan proved especially helpful because of his

linguistic skills.

In the Jamestown census of 1623, blacks were

listed as servants.

By the end of the 1890s the fortunes of the Populists in the South had revealed that

most white southerners, regardless of party, were committed to the disenfranchisement of blacks.

In 1858, the attorney general decided that, if a slave designed a new invention,

neither the slave nor his or her master could patent the invention.

Julien Hudson is a notable example of an early African-American

painter.

Prince Hall's Charge Delivered to the Brethren of the African Lodge is an example of what type of literature, which was likely the most prolific form of black letters of the post-Revolutionary period?

pamphlets

The Fourteenth Amendment divided the members of the abolitionist movement primarily because it

penalized states for abridging the voting rights of men but not those of women.

Generally speaking, enslaved women on large plantations

performed different, but no less arduous, tasks from what enslaved men did.

During the First World War, black soldiers served in all of the following units or positions EXCEPT

pilots in the aviation corps.

A slave named Dave used which trade, prominent in Edgefield, South Carolina, to express his creativity and his thoughts?

pottery

During the First World War, black Americans were

prohibited from enlisting in the Marines.

The final version of the Declaration of Independence

prominently included the words "slave" and "slavery" to describe the condition into which the colonists would fall if they did not resist unjust British laws.

Peter Herbert and Mary S. Peake were prominent examples of southern blacks who

provided educational opportunities to the contrabands.

In 1918, Nannie Helen Burroughs was placed under surveillance by the War Department after she

publicly attacked President Wilson for refusing to denounce lynching.

Harriet Powers exemplified some enslaved women's ability to express their creativity through

quilt-making.

In the case of Roberts v. City of Boston the supreme court of Massachusetts decided that

racially segregated school systems were constitutional.

In 1794, Absalom Jones and Richard Allen published A Narrative of the Proceedings of the Black People during the Late Awful Calamity in Philadelphia in order to

refute allegations that blacks had used the yellow fever epidemic as an opportunity to plunder the homes of Philadelphians.

When the First World War began, the army's highest-ranking black officer was

removed from duty ostensibly on medical grounds, though possibly because he would outrank white officers leading all-black regiments.

What did the phrase "running the Negroes" mean in the context of the Civil War?

removing slaves from the path of Union troops to make it harder for the slaves to escape

According to the Dutch plan of "half-freedom," blacks in New Netherland were

required to pay annual dues for a fixed period as they transitioned from slavery to freedom.

What was the most common overt form of slave resistance?

running away

In every state, it was a capital crime for slaves to commit any of the following offenses EXCEPT

running away.

Generally speaking, slaves put up for sale on auction blocks would

scrutinize potential buyers and alter their own demeanor to attract kind ones and discourage cruel ones.

Before the United States entered the First World War, black men

served in both the National Guard and the regular army.

Among which group was support for colonization the strongest?

slaveholders in the Upper South

Slavery in Dutch New Netherland differed from that in the English Chesapeake because

slaves in Dutch New Netherland had greater opportunities for freedom than slaves in the English Chesapeake did.Correct

All of the following trends were evident in eighteenth-century North American slave society EXCEPT

slaves were increasingly imported from the Caribbean instead of directly from Africa.

The black men Peter Salem and Salem Poor both distinguished themselves as

soldiers at the Battle of Bunker Hill.

When speaking of slavery in eighteenth-century North America, the phrase "seasoned slave" refers to an enslaved person who

spent time in the Caribbean before reaching North America.

Jupiter Hammon's Evening Thought was an important early example of which literary genre?

spiritual autobiography

After gaining their freedom, black families preferred that female members

stay home and tend to their household.

Known as the "Harlem Hellfighters," what was the most acclaimed black regiment of the First World War?

the 369th United States Infantry

One of the most significant contributions of black soldiers to the American effort during the War of 1812 was their performance on the Plains of Chalmette during which battle?

the Battle of New Orleans

With what historical event is the escaped slave Crispus Attucks primarily associated?

the Boston Massacre

By the end of the nineteenth century, the king of Belgium had taken control of

the Congo.

Abolitionists argued against slavery on all of the following grounds EXCEPT

the Constitution guaranteed freedom and equality for all men.

Which national organization did the African-American sailor Peter Ogden found in 1843?

the Grand United Order of Odd Fellows

The two most powerful white supremacist terrorist organizations during Reconstruction were the Knights of the Ku Klux Klan and

the Knights of the White Camelia.

The Haitian Revolution is largely responsible for what important event in American history?

the Louisiana Purchase

From 1899 to 1902, an unusual number of black soldiers stationed in what region deserted from the U.S. Army in protest of its imperialist policies?

the Philippines

All of the following factors contributed to the end of Reconstruction EXCEPT

the Republican Party's new generation of political leadership proved even more radical than its predecessor, and sacrificed political support in favor of ideological purity.

The ability of the federal government to provide relief to blacks behind Union lines was hindered by an internecine dispute between the War Department and

the Treasury Department.

During the First World War, the NAACP devoted its energies toward agitating for

the creation of a black officer training camp.

All of the following events contributed to the exodus of blacks from the South to the North during the First World War EXCEPT

the development of the Dust Bowl on the Great Plains.

Both W. E. B. Du Bois and Booker T. Washington publicly supported

the establishment of black-owned businesses.

The Compromise of 1850 included all of the following measures EXCEPT

the extension of the Missouri Compromise's 36° 30× line across the territories acquired from Mexico.

Chief Justice Roger Taney's decision in the Dred Scott case included all of the following provisions EXCEPT

the federal government could bar slavery from territories, but not from existing states.

In 1517, the Spanish friar Bartolomé de Las Casas, disturbed by the suffering which Spanish conquistadores had wrought on the native populations of America, became an important advocate of

the importation of African slaves to the Americas.

The term "middle passage" refers to

the journey which enslaved Africans made from the African coast to the Americas.

All of the following factors contributed to the high death rates and low birth rates among slaves on Caribbean islands EXCEPT

the large populations of white settlers who competed with slaves for the islands' resources.

As indicated by the titles of two of his most influential books, the ethnologist Samuel G. Morton based his theories of black intellectual inferiority primarily on

the measurement of skulls.

Ida B. Wells was best known for her involvement in which movement?

the movement to end lynching

By the middle of the eighteenth century, the slave population of the Chesapeake exhibited all of the following characteristics EXCEPT

the number of slaves imported from Africa continued to increase steadily.

Economically, most freedpeople in agricultural regions associated freedom primarily with

the ownership of land.

Slave codes in the United States generally included all of the following provisions EXCEPT

the rape of an enslaved woman was never a crime, regardless of who assaulted her.

A significant difference between slavery in South Carolina and slavery in Louisiana was that

the slaves brought to Louisiana early in the colony's history came mostly directly from Africa whereas the slaves brought to South Carolina came from the West Indies.

What issue arose in the 1880s and 1890s to cause strife in universities such as Fisk and Howard?

the universities' refusal to admit more blacks to positions of leadership

What was the primary purpose of "vigilance societies"?

to help slaves escape to freedom

What commodity served as currency in the seventeenth-century Chesapeake colonies?

tobacco

During Reconstruction, black churchgoers and ministers generally

took a leading role in funding schools and providing social services.

What were "slave factories" such as the one at Elmina?

trading posts in Africa where slaves were bought and sold

During the First World War, public dissent against governmental policies was

treated as an unacceptable form of disloyalty which could lead to government surveillance or even imprisonment.

The Confederate Conscription Act of 1862 granted an exemption to white men who sent

twenty slaves in their place.

Most of the population in Atlantic Africa from the Gambia River to the Niger Delta lived under what type of political system?

village-states

With regard to politics, black women during Reconstruction

vocally expressed their opinion on important matters and tried to influence political decisions.

In 1864, the proposed Thirteenth Amendment abolishing slavery

was passed by the Senate but blocked by Democrats in the House.

In the 1840s, most black women in Philadelphia worked at what occupation?

washerwoman

The Conservative Democrats of the post-Reconstruction era were generally

wealthy white men in favor of railroads and industrial development.

Young slave children on large plantations generally

were free to run around and perhaps play with white children until they grew old enough for light chores.

Bacon's Rebellion frightened colonial authorities in Virginia because it revealed that

white servants would unite with blacks against colonial authorities.

In 1750, what was the typical price of a healthy young male slave purchased on the Gold Coast?

≤20 sterling