All Terms For APUSH

Joseph McCarthy

1950s; Wisconsin senator claimed to have list of communists in American gov't, but no credible evidence; took advantage of fears of communism post WWII to become incredibly influential;

The Great Awakening

began in the 1730s and reached its climax in the 40s. It brought a new spirit of religious fervor that many American's believed was reversing the trend away from piety. It especially appealed to women and people of lower status. John Edwards plays a major part in this religious revival.

"Nationalism"

belief of the late 19th and early 20th century that opposed immigrants and relied on a strong sense of American freedom and other national ideals.

"horizontal integration"

combination of a number of firms engaged in the same enterprise into a single corporation. Eliminated competition and controlled all aspects of production. Ex- Carnegie US Steel

"Okies"

denoting a resident or native of Oklahoma, these people traveled to California and other states during the Dust Bowl where they found slightly better conditions.

Sugar Act (1764)

designed in part to eliminate the illegal sugar trade between the continental colonies and the French and Spanish West Indies, raised the duty on sugar and also established new vice-admiralty courts in America to try accused smugglers—thus depriving them of the benefit of sympathetic local juries.

Bessemer Process

developed in 1879 by Henry Bessemer and William Kelly, was a process for converting iron to steel by blowing air through molten iron to burn out impurities. (steel was much stronger and more versatile than iron)

"internal combustion engine"

development perfected by Gottfried Daimler that would eventually be used as an engine in the mass- producing automobile industry.

Farmers' Alliance

formed in 1875 in the south and northwest to focus on local problems such as banks and processing plants. Not very successful hard to unite.

"China Lobby"

former missionaries and businessmen that supported the Nationalists in China

Walter Mondale

fought off challenges from Senator Gary Hart of Colorado and Hesse Jackson in the election of 1984

American Protective Association

founded by Henry Bowers in 1887 the group was a political response to reduce immigration and make immigrant life in American unbearable.

Oneida Community

founded by John Humphrey Noyes in 1848 in Oneida, NY, the community believed Perfectionism along with communal marriage, communal raising of children, and communal property.

Knights of Labor

founded by Uriah Stephens in 1969 a national labor organization the was "open to all who toiled" (membership for business and professional people). Open to women members.

Salvation Army

founded by William Booth in 1865 as an evangelical organization that brings aid through Christianity to the poor.

Terrence Powderly

immigrant and later turned member, then leader of the Knights of Labor Society. Greatly assisted in progressing K.O.L as major national labor party.

Dutch

many Germans made their way into PA to keep out of reach of the patroons. They became known as the what? and the Quaker colony became a popular place for Germans to settle.

"Seward's Folly"

many criticized William Seward's purchase of Alaska from Russia for 7.2 million dollars, calling it his folly.

Potsdam Conference

meeting between the new Big Three (Atlee, Truman, and Stalin) during which the first Atomic bomb was tested, Russia receives territory from Poland, Poland receives territory from Germany

Wounded Knee

members of AIM seized and occupied this town for two months, demanding radical changes in the administration of the reservation and insisting that the government honor its long-forgotten treaty obligations

Boston Tea Party

men, masquerading as Mohawks, passed through a tremendous crowd of spectators, went aboard 3 ships, broke open the tea chests & heaved them into the harbor. Other sea ports soon followed example but soon Parliament closed the port of Boston, drastically reduced the powers of self-gov in the city and other things as well.

"five and ten cent store"

merchandise stores that offered a variety of products for pocket change(5cents, 10cents)

North Atlantic Treaty Organization

merged allied zones into West Germany; formed as a mutual defense treaty between the US, Canada, and Western Europe

Andrew Johnson

president after Lincoln was assassinated, tried to have a lenient plan like Lincoln, turned his back to violence towards African Americans in the south

American Protective League

private organization that worked with federal law enforcement agencies in support of the anti German Empire movement, radical anarchists, anti-war activists, and left-wing labor and political organizations.

Henry Ford

produced a line of American Cars (model-T) in 1906 that would become a major aspect in American life. Invented a moving assembly line in 1914 that would be used to mass-produce products in various industries.

"Cloning"

producing identical individuals

"white collar"

professional or clerical worker (office job). Were more wealthy, and usually middle/ high class, able to afford more and had greater income.

"Entitlement"

programs such as Social Security and Medicare which worsened the economy

Interstate Commerce Act

prohibited rebates and pools, required railroads to publish rates, forbade discrimination against shippers, and outlawed charging more for short haul than for a long one over the same line

Americans with Disabilities Act ADA

prohibits discrimination based on disability

Montgomery Bus Boycott

protest in 1955-1956 by African Americans against racial segregation in bus system of Montgomery, Alabama.

The Espionage Act of 1917

punished people for aiding the enemy or refusing military duty. EA forbade "false statements" against the draft or the military, and banned anti-war mails

Benjamin Wade

radical republican and a senator of OH wanted to abolish slavery completely, was the chair of the committee on the conduct of the war

Blitzkrieg

1939 in Poland; Germany's "lightning" style of fighting

National Youth Administration

Provided work and scholarship assistance to high-school and college-age men and women

Samuel F. B. Morse

Recieved a patent for his invention of the telegraph and created Morse Code.

"New South"

Term that identified southern promoters' belief in the technologically advanced industrial South

Molotov-Ribbentrop Pact

1939; agreement between Hitler and Soviet leader Stalin not to attack one another (and to divide Poland)

Congress of Racial Equality (CORE)

1942; civil rights organization; peaceful; By James Farmer

Battle of the Coral Sea

1942; turned back a thought to be unstoppable Japanese fleet; Northwest of Australia;

"Zoot suit riots"

1943; Mexican-American youths wearing ____ ____dress style were attacked by sailors;

"The Christmas bombing"

On December 30, Nixon terminated this. Nixon claimed that the Christmas bombing had forced the North Vietnamese to relent

Chinese Exclusion Act

(1882) Denied any additional Chinese laborers to enter the country while allowing students and merchants to immigrate.

Internationalism

a foreign policy based on taking an active role in global affairs; the predominant foreign policy view in the U.S.

Patriarchy

a form of social organization in which the father rules the family

Chisholm Trail

a former cattle trail from San Antonio in Texas to Abilene in Kansas, not used after the 1880s

Smith-Connally Act (War Labor Disputes Act)

1943; Required unions to wait 30 days before striking and empowered the president to seize a stuck war plant

Indentured Servants

colonists who received free passage to North America in exchange for working without pay for a certain number of years

Stephen A. Douglas

"The Little Giant" Senator from Illinois who ran for president against Abraham Lincoln, wrote the Kansas-Nebreaska Act and the Freeport Doctrine, and advocated popular sovereignty in the Lincoln-Douglas debates.

H. L. Mencken

"bad boy Baltimore"; "debunker" who criticized marriage, democracy, prohibition and others in his magazines

Pinchot-Ballinger Controversy

(1910) dispute between U.S. forest service chief Gifford Pinchot and U.S. secretary of the interior richard achilles Ballinger that contributed to the split of the republican party

The Other America

(1962)-This novel was an influential study of poverty in the U.S, published by Michael Harrington & it was a driving force behind the "war on poverty." 1/5 of U.S was living below poverty line.

McKinley Act

(McKinley Tariff) 1890 the highest protective tariff ever passed by Republicans in an attempt to win them the election of 1888. Included reciprocal trade agreements.

Temporary National Economic Committee

(TNEC) In response to FDR asking for the creation of a committee to examine unjustifiable concentration of economic power

Representation; virtual vs. direct

(Virtual); was the British argument that the American colonies were represented in parliament, since the members of parliament represented all Englishmen in the empire. (Direct); a system of choosing delegates to a representative assembly in which citizens vote directly for the delegates who will represent them

Taxation: "Virtual and Direct"

(direct); taxes levied either on the basis of earned income or wealth. (virtual); a tax paid indirectly

La Raza unida

- a Chicano political party in the Southwest; called for the creation of something like an autonomous Mexican-American state within a state

Muammar al-Quaddafi

- a leading sponsor of terrorism, soon to be ex-leader of the Jamahiriya

AIDS

- the epidemic spread of a new and lethal disease first documented in 1981; it is the product of the HIV virus

"Fire-eaters"

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Committee on the Conduct of War

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Ex Parte Milligam

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National Draft Law

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National Women's Loyal League

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Working Women's Association

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Thaddeus Stevens

Man behind the 14th Amendment, which ends slavery. Stevens and President Johnson were absolutely opposed to each other. Known as a Radical Republican

Iwo Jima

1945; American marines seize the small, volcanic island (750 miles from Tokyo); costliest battle in the history of the Marine Corps (Over 20,000 causalities)

Enola Gay

1945; plane that drops the 1st atomic bomb (on Hiroshima)

Martin Van Buren

8th President of the United States who served as a Democratic Republican.

Lincoln's Reconstruction Plan

1. amnesty to all but few southerners who took oath of loyalty 2. 10% percent of state voters (1860 elect.) taken oath could organize state gov. 3. members of conf. gov officers of army, former federal judges, members of congress could not receive amnesty

Thirteenth, Fourteenth, & Fifteenth Amendments

13th- abolished slavery, 14th- made "all persons born or naturalized in the United States" citizens of the country, 15th- banned states from denying African Americans the right to vote

Little Steel Formula

15% limit on wartime wage increases

Pequot War

1637 The Bay colonists wanted to claim Connecticut for themselves but it belonged to the Pequot. The colonists burned down their village and 400 were killed.

Dominion of New England

1686-The British government combined the colonies of Massachusetts, Rhode Island, New Hampshire New York, and Connecticut into a single province headed by a royal governor (Andros). Ended in 1692, when the colonists revolted and drove out Governor Andros

Hudson River

16th century discovery by dutch, established New Netherlands

Abraham Lincoln

16th president of the US in 1861 who helped preserve the United States by leading the defeat of the secessionist Confederacy and was an outspoken opponent of the expansion of slavery. Republican.

Stamp Act Crisis

1765, was a tax on stamps and printed materials in colonies to pay for keeping troops there and paying off war debts. It angered many colonists because of taxation without representation and led to protesting and violence; often by the sons of liberty.

Andrew Johnson

17th President of the United States, was elected Vice President and succeeded Lincoln when Lincoln was assassinated; was impeached but acquitted by one vote (1808-1875

Crittenden Compromise

1860 - attempt to prevent Civil War by Senator Crittenden - offered a Constitutional amendment recognizing slavery in the territories south of the 36º30' line, noninterference by Congress with existing slavery, and compensation to the owners of fugitive slaves - defeated by Republicans

National Bank Acts 1863-1864

1863-1864; created a new national banking system: existing or newly formed banks could join if they had enough capital and were willing to invest 1/3 of it in govt. securities-they could issue US Treasury notes as currency-the system eliminated chaos and uncertainty in currency and created a uniform system of national bank notes

Tenure of Office Act

1866 - enacted by radical congress - forbade president from removing civil officers without senatorial consent - was to prevent Johnson from removing a radical republican from his cabinet

Battle of the Little Big Horn

1876 - General Custer and his men were wiped out by a coalition of Sioux and Cheyenne Indians led by Sitting Bull and Crazy Horse.

Chinese Exclusion Act

1882 there was a great hate for the hard- working Chinese immigrants that threatened American workers opportunity in the job market. Not repealed until 1943.

Pendleton Act

1883 act which required some federal jobs to be filled by competitive written tests instead of patronage systems. First national civil sevice measure.

Sherman Antitrust Act

1890 allowed the federal government to prosecute monopolies. First antitrust legislation

Jacob Riis

1890 book How the Other Half Lives, showed how destitute the life of those in poverty really was.

Forest Reserve Act

1891; authorized the president to set aside public forests as national parks and other reserves

Social Security Act (SSA)

1935; For elderly- destitute could receive federal assistance each month; pension system that employers and employees pay for, provide an income on retirement (begins 1942); system of unemployment insurance (employers finance)- temporary assistance to unemployed; Aid to those with disabilities and dependent children.

"Soak the rich" Scheme

1935; Series of tax reforms proposed by FDR; Designed to undercut the appeal of the "Share-Our'Wealth Plan"; Called for establishing of highest peacetime tax rates in history (Impact limited)

Works Progress Administration

1935; To help millions of unemployed Americans with immediate needs; Established a system of work relief for the unemployed (bigger than earlier ones in size and budget); 2.1 mil workers; renovated buildings, built airports, etc. pumped money into economy; Gave relief to artists (writers, musicians, etc.)

"Court-Packing Plan"

1936 FDR worried about conservative Supreme Court- proposes the addition of 6 new jurors into Supreme Court (Claimed they were overworked); Outraged the public (Appears power hungry); defeated by Supreme Court

Wilson Gorman Tariff

1894 a protective tariff attempting to relieve the panic of 1893, but did little.

Dingley Tariff

1897 proposed by McKinley was the highest protective tariff ever on many commodities.

John Hay, Open Door

1898; Asks England, Germany, Russia, France and Japan to approve: 1. Each nation with influence in China must respect other nations. 2. Chinese officials were to continue to collect tariff duties. 3. Nations were not to discriminate against other nations in levying port dues and railroad rates; all countries accepted except Russia

Boxer Rebellion

1899 rebellion in Beijing, China started by a secret society of Chinese who opposed the "foreign devils". The rebellion was ended by a coaltion of foreign troops.

Gospel of Wealth

1901 essay by Andrew Carnegie stating that wealthy should consider excess profits as "trust finds" to be used for the good of the community in terms of philanthropic (libraries, schools, etc)

Great White Fleet

1907-1909 - Roosevelt sent the Navy on a world tour to show the world the U.S. naval power. Also to pressure Japan into the "Gentlemen's Agreement."

Seventeenth Amendment

1913 constitutional amendment allowing American voters to directly elect US senators

The Passing of the Great Race

1916 book by Madison Grant that argued that the great race of the Nordics of northern Europe was threatened by the Slavic and Latin people of eastern and southern Europe, outlining a pseudo scientific racism that bolstered postwar nativist sentiments and anti-immigration groups.

Washington Conference

1921; meeting of major powers to reduce naval armaments; continue open door policy; US, UK, France & Japan promise to respect Pacific territories & prevent aggression

Fordney-McCumber Act

1922; Allowed Congress to enact high tariff barriers

The Jazz Singer

1927 - The first movie with sound; this "talkie" was about the life of famous jazz singer; Al Jolson.

Kellogg-Briand Pact

1928; concluded Washington Disarmament Conference; Secretary of State (Kellogg) and Briand (French foreign minister)- outlaws war as an instrument of national policy

Soviet-American Alliance

1933; Soviets cease propaganda efforts in US & protect US citizens in Russia; US would recognize communist regime

Truth in Securities Act

1933; To protect investors in the stock market; Requires corporation issuing new securities to provide full/accurate info to the public

Hattie Caraway

1933; first woman ever elected to a full term in the U.S. Senate (ran to succeed husband who died in office)

Reciprocal Trade Agreement Act

1934; Lower tariffs as much as 50% if other nations reduce tariffs as well

Indian Reorganization Act

1934; to reverse pressures of assimilation and allow Indians to live in traditional Indian ways; restores tribes the right to own land collectively

"Swing Era"

1935-1946; Big Band Swing Music was the most popular style of music in the US

Social Security System

1935; All Americans >60 yrs would recieve monthly pension of $200 when retired; Frees jobs for younger, unemployed people & pumps money into economy, begins to decline with retirement of the baby boomers

Holding Company Act

1935; Designed to break up the great utility holding companies; amendments will greatly limits its effects

Fair Labor Standards Act

1938 - Creates first national minimum wage and a 40 hour work week, places strict limits on child labor

Theodore Roosevelt

26th President of the United States; Progressive Republican

William H. Taft

27th US president, took over presidency after Theodore Roosevelt, strengthened ICC, trust buster

William Howard Taft

27th president of the U.S.; he angered Progressives by moving cautiously toward reforms and by supporting the Payne-Aldrich Tariff; he lost Roosevelt's support and was defeated for a second term.

Woodrow Wilson

28th President of the United States

Woodrow Wilson

28th President of the United States; led the United States in World War I and secured the formation of the League of Nations (1856-1924)

Child Labor Laws

38 state legislatures passed child labor laws in the late 19th century but were terribly ineffective.

"Canal Zone"

A 10-mile strip of land that surrounded the Panama Canal, once governed by the United States.

Alexis de Tocqueville

A French intellectual who was most famous for his exploration of the affects of raising of social society on both the state and the people. His findings were published in books, such as "Democracy in America"

William H. Seward

A Governor of NY, a US Senator and the Secretary of State under Abraham Lincoln and Andrew Johnson. Seward's Folly (Alaska).

Thomas Hooker

A Puritan minister who led about 100 settlers out of Massachusetts Bay to Connecticut because he believed that the governor and other officials had too much power. He wanted to set up a colony in Connecticut with strict limits on government.

William Penn

A Quaker that founded Pennsylvania to establish a place where his people and others could live in peace and be free from persecution.

Lucretia Mott

A Quaker woman who attended an anti-slavery convention in 1840, although not recognized because a woman. She and Stanton called the first women's right convention in New York in 1848.

American Colonization Society

A Society formed in 1817 that thought slavery was bad, so they would buy land in Africa and get free blacks to move back (Liberia).

Herbert Spencer

English philosopher who was the first and most proponent of the "fail of freedom theory." Said that society benefited from elimination of the unfit and the survival of the strong and talented.

Davy Crockett

A US frontiersman and TN politician who died at the siege of the Alamo when taken prisoner after the battle and executed by bayonet by Santa Anna, in front of all of his men.

General Winfield Scott

A United States Army general, diplomat, and presidential candidate who served on active duty as a general longer than any other man in American history; commanding forces in the War of 1812, the Mexican-American War, the Black Hawk War, the Second Seminole War, and, the American Civil War.

Henry Clay

A United States politician who was responsible for the Missouri Compromise.

Mary Wollstonecraft

English writer and early feminist who denied male supremacy and advocated equal education for women

Bunker Hill

A battle that took place on the strategic point of Breed's Hill. British victory on account of the depletion of American supplies. Yet, it ended up giving America confidence and it pushed Americans towards a final decision for war.

"Range wars"

Era where the open range is closed down and cattlemen have to fight w/ farmers & sheepherders for grazing lands

Corporations

A business organization owned by many investors.

Charles Riverbridge vs. Warren Bridge

A case over a disagreement between the contracts of two companies to build bridges in close proximity to each other. The first company chartered to build the bridge argued that Warren was violating their contract. However, Chief Justice Taney sided with Warren.

"Long Drives"

A cattle drive in which Texas ranchers drove herds of cattle north to be sold in northern markets

Liberia

Also known as Monrovia, it was a West African nation founded in 1822 by the American Colonization Society.

Colonel Stephen W. Kearny

American Army officer in the Mexican War who led 1700 troops to Santa Fe, conquered New Mexico, but was defeated by the Mexicans at San Pascual in 1846. Arrested for refusing to carry out orders and sent into Mexico.

The Popular Front

A coalition lead by the American Communist Party; supported Fraklin Roosevelt and The New Deal; mobilized intellectuals towards social criticism.

Baby Boom

A cohort of individuals born in the United States between 1946 and 1964, which was just after World War II in a time of relative peace and prosperity. These conditions allowed for better education and job opportunities, encouraging high rates of both marriage and fertility.

Brook Farm

A communal, transcendentalist Utopian society experiment in MA that started in 1841 as a brotherly-sisterly cooperation of intellectuals that commited to the philosophy of transcendentalism and "plain living and high thinking".

Charles D. Dawes

American Banker, set up plan to loan money to Germany to help pay off debts and had France and Britain lower the debts

J. Pierpont Morgan

American banker who in 1901 merged the Carnegie Steel Company with other interests to produce the major monopoly U.S. Steel.

Three-Fifths Compromise

A compromise between Southern and Northern states reached during the Philadelphia Convention of 1787 in which three-fifths of the population of slaves would be counted for enumeration purposes regarding both the distribution of taxes and the apportionment of the members of the United States House of Representatives. It was proposed by delegates James Wilson and Roger Sherman.

Casablanca

A conference was held here January 1943; FDR and Churchill agreed that no separate peace treaties should be made with Hitler, leaving the Soviets to fight alone, until UK & US started a second front in Europe

Russo-Japanese War

A conflict that grew out of the rival imperialist ambitions of the Russian Empire and the Empire of Japan over Manchuria and Korea.

Lusitania

American boat that was sunk by the German U-boats; made America consider entering WWI

Caleb Cushing

American diplomat who negotiated the Treaty of Wang Hya with China.

Emilio Aquinaldo

Filipino freedon fighter who helped the US capture Manila in 1898, and later led the rebellion against US rule

Billy Sunday

American fundamentalist minister; he used colorful language and powerful sermons to drive home the message of salvation through Jesus and to oppose radical and progressive groups.

U.S.S Panay

American gunboat that the Japanese sunk and claimed was an accident (Yangtze River in China)

Charles Lindberg

American hero who was the first to fly solo from New York to Paris

Ostend Manifesto

A document created in 1854 that called for the purchase of Cuba from Spain, then suggested the taking of Cuba by force. It caused outrage among Northerners who felt it was a Southern attempt to extend slavery into new Cuban southern states.

"King Cotton"

A dominant crop in both economics and politics, cotton production grew rapidly in the 1820s in the South up until the Civil War.

"Peculiar Institution"

A eupharism that convinced white southerners that slavery was not so much "good" or "bad", but a way of life.

Henry David Thoreau

A famous American transcendentalist who was against a government that supported slavery and the government's Mexican War tax, which he refused to pay. This lead to the "Civil-Disobedience" movement, along with "Walden" .

Alamo Mission

A famous battle in 1836 in the Texas Revolution located in San Antonio, TX. This is where the Mexican Army (Santa Anna) defeated the Texas "patriots" (a group that included renowned frontiersman and Davy Crockett).

"Seventh of March Address"

A famous speech by Daniel Webster supporting the Compromise of 1850 to keep the Union together.

Frederick Jackson Turner

American historian known for Frontier Thesis that stated the impact of the American frontier on the development of American culture.

Thomas Edison

American inventor best known for inventing the electric light bulb, acoustic recording on wax cylinders, and motion pictures

Frank Capra

Film director during the late 1930s and early 40s. Directed Mr. Deeds Goes to Town and It's a Wonderful Life, which underlined the strength of average Americans

Battle of San Jacinto

Final battle of the Texas Revolution in 1836, resulting in the defeat of the Mexican army and independence for TX when Anna was captured.

Commission Plan

A form of city government under which a board of city commissioners is popularly elected (often on a nonpartisan ballot). The commissioners make policy as a city council, but they also run city departments as administrators.

Embargo

A government order imposing a trade barrier

William Henry Harrison

American military leader, politician, the ninth President of the United States, and the first President to die in office. His death created a brief constitutional crisis, but ultimately resolved many questions about presidential succession left unanswered by the Constitution until passage of the 25th Amendment. Led US forces in the Battle of Tippecanoe.

Bill of Rights

A formal statement of the fundamental rights of the people of the United States, incorporated in the Constitution as Amendments 1-10, and in all state constitutions.

Alger Hiss

A former State Department official who was accused of being a Communist spy and was convicted of perjury. The case was prosecuted by Richard Nixon.

Underground Railroad

A great system that helped enslaved African Americans follow a network of escape routes from abolitionists out of the South to freedom in the North (Harriet Tubman).

Shakers

A group believing in Mother Ann Lee: celibate (no sex) and could only increase their numbers through recruitment and conversion, they lasted until late 20th.

Doorites

A group formed by the former members of the Peoples Party.

Niagara Movement

A group of black and white reformers who organized the NAACP in 1909

Fugitive Slave Act

A law of the Comp. of 1850 that made it a crime to help runaway slaves and allowed for the arrest of escaped slaves in areas where slavery was illegal and required their return to slaveholders.

Louis Brandeis

A lawyer and jurist, he created the "Brandeis Brief," which succinctly outlines the facts of the case and cites legal precedents, in order to persuade the judge to make a certain ruling.

Ida Tarbell

A leading muckraker and magazine editor, she exposed the corruption of the oil industry with her 1904 work A History of Standard Oil.

Langston Hughes

A leading poet of the Harlem Renaissance. He wrote "The Negro Speaks of Rivers" and "My People"

London Company

a joint-stock company chartered in 1606 and was responsible for founding the first permanent English settlement in America; Jamestown, Virginia in 1607

General Joseph Hooker

A major general in the Union Army. Hooker is best remembered for his stunning defeat by Confederate General Robert E. Lee at the Battle of Chancellorsville in 1863. He became known as "Fighting Joe" during the Civil War due to civilian clerical error, however the nickname stuck.

Elizabeth Cady Stanton

A major member of the women's right's movement in 1840. She advocated suffrage for women at Seneca Falls Convention, and read a "Declaration of Sentiments" .

"Companionate marriage"

A marriage in which the couples are confidants and have mutual interests.

Walt Whitman

American poet and transcendentalist. Influenced by Emerson and famous for his beliefs on nature (Leaves of Grass). Iplayed an important part in the buildup of American literature and breaking the traditional rhyme method in writing poetry.

Preston Brooks

A member of the House of Representatives, pro-slavery, he beat Charles Sumner violently with his cane due to Sumner's insults to Brooks' Uncle Butler.

Factory System

A method of production that brought many workers and machines together into one building, allowed more goods to be made more efficiently.

Life

A new photographic journal and the most successful in history. It focused on politics, economic conditions of the Depression, but known for its photographs.

The Marshall Plan

plan in which the US helped Western European countries to rebuild; greatest humanitarian act of the 20th century

"Open Door"

policy to allow the US to trade with China

Common Sense

A pamphlet written by Thomas Paine in 1776 that criticized monarchies and convinced many American colonists of the need to break away from Britain

Egalitarian

A person who believes in the equality of all people in society.

Republicanism

A philosophy of limited government with elected representatives serving at the will of the people. The government is based on consent of the governed.

Initiative, Referendum, Direct Primary, Recall

A piece of legislation proposed by any citizen that is circulated through a petition phase to qualify for the ballot. A petition from citizens to seek an election to put legislation that has passed the executive and legislature up to a vote of the citizenry. Removing an official from office by vote.

William Bradford

A pilgrim that lived in a north colony called Plymouth Rock in 1620. He was chosen governor 30 times. He also conducted experiments of living in the wilderness and wrote about them; well known for "Of Plymouth Plantation."

The New Jersey Plan

A plan, unsuccessfully proposed at the Constitutional Convention, providing for a single legislative house with equal representation for each state

Zebulon Pike

American soldier and explorer whom Pikes Peak in Colorada is named. His Pike expedition often compared to the lewis and Clark expedition, mapped much of the southern portion of the Louisianna Purchase

"Dark Horse"

A political candidate who is not well known or "in the dark" but could win unexpectedly.

Whig Party

A political party in the United States, valued loose construction and protective tariffs.

Liberty Party

A political party started in 1839, to bring an end to slavery by political and legal means. Originally part of the American Anti-slavery, but split due to differences on more practical ways to end slavery.

The Iroquois Confederacy

A powerful alliance of Indian tribes that was the only one to remain neutral during the French and Indian War (Seven years' war). The tribe had previously been subject of a peace treaty with the British and were noted as one of three powers of North America. After the Seven Years' War the alliance with the Iroquois and the British diminished and they began contesting each other for power over the Ohio Valey.

Caucus

A private meeting of party leaders to choose candidates for office.

Ralph Waldo Emerson

American transcendentalist who stressed self-reliance, self-improvement, self-confidence, and freedom. Pioneer of the transcendentalist movement and author of "Self Reliance".

Washington Irving

American writer remembered for the stories "Rip Van Winkle" and "The Legend of Sleepy Hollow," contained in The Sketch Book (1819-1820).

Union Pacific Railroad Company

A railroad that started in Omaha, and it connected with the Central Pacific Railroad in Promentary Point, UTAH; one of the frist railroads

Shay's Rebellion

A rebellion by debtor farmers in western Massachusetts, led by Revolutionary War Captain Daniel Shays, against Boston creditors. it began in 1786 and lasted half a year, threatening the economic interests of the business elite and contributing to the demise of the Articles of Confederation.

Bacon's Rebellion

A rebellion lead by Nathaniel Bacon (not Francis) with backcountry farmers to attack Native Americans in an attempt to gain more land

Glorious Revolution

A reference to the political events of 1688-1689, when James II abdicated his throne and was replaced by his daughter Mary and her husband, Prince William of Orange.

Municipal Reform

A reform introduced by Republican Mayor Samuel M. Jones that included free kindergartens, night schools, and public playgrounds.

Noah Webster

American writer who wrote textbooks to help the advancement of education. He also wrote a dictionary which helped standardize the American language.

Nature of sovereignty

Americans believed that powers should be divided between leading governing force and smaller forces while the British believed that all governing power should be under one single leader and the parliament.

Industrial Workers of the World

a former international labor union and radical labor movement in the United States NOUN EX. founded in Chicago in 1905 and dedicated to the overthrow of capitalism;

Mason Weems

An American printer and author. He is best known as the source of some of the apocryphal stories about George Washington, including the famous tale of the cherry tree ("I cannot tell a lie, I did it with my little hatchet")

City-Manager Plan

A scheme of government that assigns responsibility for municipal administration to a nonpartisan manager chosen by the city council because of his or her administrative expertise.

Second Great Awakening

A second religious revival in 1801 that swept the nation, converting more than the first and allowing all sects of Protestant religion. (prison reform, the temperance movement, and moral reasoning against slavery).

Senator Thomas Hart Benton

An American statesman. He represented Missouri in both the Senate and the House of Representatives. His daughter, Jessie, married adventurer John C. Fremont, and the Senator used his influence to have records of Fremont's explorations published as government documents.

"Bleeding Kansas"

A sequence of violent events involving abolitionists and pro-Slavery elements that took place in Kansas-Nebraska Territory, straining feelings between North and South further.

"Alabama claims"

A series of claims for damages by the government of the US against the government of the United Kingdom for the perceived covert assistance given to the Confederate cause during the American Civil War

Hessians

German mercenaries that were hired by the British for putting down the rebellion of the colonies. The hiring of these men showed to the colonists that the British had only military action in mind as a solution to the current problems.

Progressive Party

a former political party in the United States; founded by Theodore Roosevelt during the presidential campaign of 1912; its emblem was a picture of a bull moose

"Rocky Mountain School"

schools that focused on the natural beauties of the west through art and photography

Peggy Eaton Affair

A social scandal where many wealthy cabinet member's wives snubbed the socially unacceptable Peggy Eaton, wife of John Eaton. Jackson sided with the Eatons, and the affair helped to dissolve the cabinet - especially those members associated with John C. Calhoun (V.P.), who was against the Eatons and had other problems with Jackson.

Challenger

A space shuttle that exploded after launch in 1986. It shocked and horrified the nation.

Walter White

A spokesman for African Americans as the executive secretary of the NAACP

"The Great Compromise"

A state's representation in the House of Representation would be based on population; Two senators for each state; all bills would originate in the house; direct taxes on states were to be assessed according to population

Keating-Owen Act

A statute enacted by the U.S. Congress which sought to address the perceived evils of child labor by prohibiting the sale in interstate commerce of goods manufactured by children, thus giving an expanded importance to the constitutional clause giving Congress the task of regulating interstate commerce.

Tennessee Valley Authority (TVA)

Gives 2.5 million poor citizens jobs and land by building dams (Creates cheap electricity for southern states)

Checks and balances

A system that allows each branch of government to limit the powers of the other branches in order to prevent abuse of power

"Tongs"

secret Chinese societies and violent criminal organizations involved in the opium trade and prostitution

The Virginia Plan

A strong national legislature with two chambers, the lower chamber to be chose by the people and the upper chamber to be chose by the lower. A strong national executive to be chose by the legislature, and a national judiciary to be chose by legislature.

Plantation System

A system of agricultural production based on large-scale land ownership and the exploitation of labor and the environment. This system focused on the production of cash crops and utilized slave labor.

"Broker State"

Government created by the New Deal, elevated and strengthened new interest groups to help them compete effectively in national marketplace; federal government became a mediator and could intervene if necessary

Tariff

A tax placed on all imported or exported goods.

"Literacy" test

A test given to persons to prove they can read and write before being allowed to register to vote, used to prevent African Americans from exercising their right to vote

Era of Good Feeling

A time of nationalism after the War of 1812 when the Federalist Party ceased to exist, associated with President Monore.

Robert E. Lee

A top graduate of West Point, Lee distinguished himself as an exceptional soldier in the U.S. Army for thirty-two years. He is best known for fighting on behalf of the Confederate Army in the American Civil War.

Dien Bien Phu

A town of northwest Vietnam near the Laos border. The French military base here fell to Vietminh troops on May 7, 1954, after a 56-day siege, leading to the end of France's involvement in Indochina.

Boomtowns

A town that grew in mining areas where there were rushes. These usually didn't last because the gold usually ran out, or there was no gold at all.

Separation of powers

Constitutional division of powers among the legislative, executive, and judicial branches, with the legislative branch making law, the executive applying and enforcing the law, and the judiciary interpreting the law

Santa Fe Trail

A trail that extended from Missouri to Mexico, which made it easy for settlers to travel west during the 19th century.

War Production Board

Created in 1942; Supposed to have broad powers over economy and to organize the mobilization efforts

Northwest Ordinance of 1787

Created the Northwest Territory (area north of the Ohio River and west of Pennsylvania), established conditions for self-government and statehood, included a Bill of Rights, and permanently prohibited slavery

John Marshall

Created the precedent of judicial review; ruled on many early decisions that gave the federal government more power, especially the supreme court

Sand Creek Massacre

an attack on a village of sleeping Cheyenne Indians by a regiment of Colorado militiamen on 29 November 1864 that resulted in the death of more than 200 tribal members

Capitalism

an economic and political system in which a country's trade and industry are controlled by private owners for profit, rather than by the state. Less government involvement (laissez-faire).

John Winthrop

Governor of Massachusetts Bay Colony, envisioned colony as a "city upon a hill"

Horace Mann

A very prominent man in the public school reform, setting the standard for public schools around the nation. Secretary of the Massachusetts Board of Education.

Robert & Helen Merrell Lynd

A young couple who traveled to Muncie, Indiana in 1924 and conducted a study of cultural norms and societal changes in their books called Middletown: A Study in Modern American Culture, published in 1929 and Middletown in Transition: A Study in Cultural Conflicts, published in 1937.

Sir Edmund Andros

Governor of the Dominion of New England from 1686 until 1692, when the colonists rebelled and forced him to return to England

Pinckney's Treaty

Agreement between the United States and spain that changed floridas border and made it easier for american ships to use the port of new orleans

"Indian Ring"

Grant's Secretary of War, William W. Belknap, accepted bribes from companies with licenses to trade on the reservations of man with Native American tribes.

National Labor Relations

AKA Wagner Act (1935); provides workers with National Labor Relations Board (NLRB)- power to compel employers to recognize and bargain with unions

American Expeditionary Force

About 2 million Americans went to France as members of this under General John J. Pershing

"Insurance not Welfare"

About SSA; Insures working people rather than providing charity (People more likely to accept help); Assistance based on need

Temperance

Abstinence from or restraint in the use of alcohol. Topic of much reform by Christian women.

Affluence and Consumerism

Accepted in the Pre-Depression time period and remained unchanged during The Depression. People still worked hard to achieve goals.

"Grantism"

Grants way of dealing with the presidency, which disillusioned many Northern Republicans, included his continuing support of Radical Reconstruction policies, and the corruption within the Grant administration itself.

"Talented Tenth"

According to W. E. B. DuBois, the ten percent of the black population that had the talent to bring respect and equality to all blacks

Non-Intercourse Act

Allowed Americans to carry on trade with all nations except Britian and France.

"Lend-Lease"

Allowed US to Sell armaments to any nation if deemed vital to defense of the US

America First Committee

Group formed by Isolationists in 1940; wanted to avoid going to war

General Leonard Wood

Actual commanding officer of the Rough Riders. Later the military governor of Cuba responsible for repairing damages caused by the revolution.

"Midnight appointments"

Adams signed the commissions for these Federal judges during his last night in office. Demonstrated the Federalists' last minute attempt to keep some power in the newly Republican Government.

Midnight Appointments

Adams signed the commissions for these Federal judges during his last night in office. Demonstrated the Federalists' last minute attempt to keep some power in the newly Republican Government.

Quasi War with France

Adams was angry as a result of XYZ affair a trade was cutt off with French treaties of 1778 were repudited and impressment of French sailors was ordered; 1798 - Navy was being funded - captured 35 French ships; Britain - ally; Finally France reconciled and new treaty allied with French; undeclared war

Anti-Imperialist League

Group of Anti-Imperialists that advocated isolationism

"Rosie the Riveter"

Advertising campaign; Inspired women to work in factories

John L. Lewis

Advocate of Industrial Unionism; Leader of United Mine Workers; Attempted to work within AFL, too much friction, eventually leaves; Creates Committee of Industrial Organizations

Booker T. Washington

African American progressive who supported segregation and demanded that African American better themselves individually to achieve equality.

"Return to Normalcy"

After World War I 1919-20s, when Harding was President, the US and Britain returned to isolatoinism. The US economy "boomed" but Europe continued to struggle. It was the calm before the bigger storm hit: World War II

Fletcher vs. Peck

After a case involving Georgia and corrupt land claims, Marshall set the precedent that courts had the power to declare state laws unconstitutional.

Cohen vs. Virginia

After a case involving the corrupt selling of lottery tickets, the Supreme Court upheld the descision that they had full jurisdiction of cases in state courts.

War Industries Board

Agency established during WWI to increase efficiency & discourage waste in war-related industries.

Plantations

Also known as transplantations of English society in a foreign land. The English tried to build a complete society of their own, peopled with emigrants from England itself. The new society would exist within an area physically separated from the natives.

Homestead Strike

Amalgamated laborers strike at Carnegie Steel Plant. Pinkerton, violent detective agency sent in, along with PA National Guard and union was defeated. Represented government siding with monopolies over labor unions in labor disputes.

Dred Scott vs. Sanford

An 1856 supreme court decision that ruled African Americans were not citizens so they could not sue and declared the Missouri compromise unconstitutional because slaves were "property".

Ableman vs. Booth 1857

An 1857 case in which the U.S. Supreme Court upheld both the constitutionality of the Fugitive Slave Act and the power of the federal government over state governments.

Battle of Chancellorsville

An 1863 Civil War battle in Virginia, important victory for the Confederacy, the Union was defeated again with the Confederacy being led by Robert E. Lee. General Thomas Stonewall Jackson was accidentally wounded here by one of his own men

"Farmer's Declaration of Independence"

An 1873 essay that declared the farmers complaints of high costs and low profits. Some states responded by passing Grange laws to regulate railroad and warehouse prices.

Colonel Edward M. House

An American diplomat, politician, and presidential advisor. Commonly known by the purely honorific title of Colonel House, although he had no military experience.

Monroe Doctrine

An American foreign policy opposing interference in the Western hemisphere from outside powers.

John C. Fremont

An American military officer and explorer who helped overthrow the Mexican governemnt for CA. Also, he was the first candidate of the Republican Partyand the first presidential candidate of a major party to run on a platform in opposition to slavery.

Horace Greeley

An American newspaper editor and founder of the Republican party. His New York Tribune was America's most influential newspaper 1840-1870. Greeley used it to promote the Whig and Republican parties, as well as antislavery and a host of reforms.

Horace Greeley

An American newspaper editor and founder of the Republican party. His New York Tribune was America's most influential newspaper 1840-1870. He used it to promote the Whig and Republican parties, as well as antislavery and a host of reforms.

Cherokees

An Indian nation that developed their own written language,converted to Christianity, developed their own system of government, and considered agriculture their career. They were the subject of abuse by Jackson, and were relocated in the Trail of Tears.

John Brown

An abolitionist who attempted to lead a slave revolt in 1859 by capturing Armories in southern territory. Gave weapons to slaves to revolt, and was hung.

Removal Act of 1830

An act that forced all Indians to accept an exchange for their land in the East for land in Indian Territory (further west).

Society of Cincinnati

Group of Continental Army officers formed a military order in1783. They were criticized for their aristocratic ideals.

The Ohio Gang

Group of corrupt friends that Harding brought to White House. More interested in exploiting their jobs for their own financial benefit.

Coalition

Group of people joined together (Democrats are now: western & southern farmers, urban working classes, the poor,unemployed and black communities of northern cities, traditional progressives, new liberals)

Adams Onis Treaty of 1819

An agreement between the US and Spain. Spain ceded East Florida to the U.S and agreed to joint posession of Oregon.

"Lost generation"

Group of writers in 1920s who shared the belief that they were lost in a greedy, materialistic world that lacked moral values and often choose to flee to Europe

"Anti-Fascist"

Groups such as these were a result of the Popular Front and the most important of these groups was the American Communist Party.

The Liberator

An anti-slavery newspaper written by William Lloyd Garrison 1831-1865, drawing attention to abolition, both positive and negative, and causing a war of words between supporters and opposers.

"The American Plan"

An antiunion campaign for the "open" or not all-union shop. Popular in the era of red scare.

Senator Andrew Butler

An ardent advocate of slavery elected to the South Carolina House of Representatives at a young age. Called out by Charles Sumner in "The Crime Against Kansas"

Indian Territory

An area to which Native Americans were moved covering what is now Oklahoma and parts of Kansas and Nebraska

Erie Canal

An artificial waterway connecting the Hudson river with Lake Erie, opened in 1825.

"Civil Rights Acts of 1875"

Guaranteed equal accomodations in public places and prohibited courts from exluding African Americans from juries. Was poorly enforced.

Market Economy

An economy that relies chiefly on market forces to distribute goods and resources and to determine prices.

"Sambo"

An extreme sterotype of slaves by whites. The "_____" acted out the role that the white world expected them to and in most cases, was only an act in front of the white people.

Toussaint L'Ouverture

An important leader of the Haïtian Revolution and the first leader of a free Haiti. In a long struggle again the institution of slavery, he led the blacks to victory over the whites and free coloreds and secured native control over the colony in 1797, calling himself a dictator.

Orgeon Country

Half a million square miles containing what is now Oregon, Washington, Idaho, and parts of Montana and Wyoming. Fought over by the US and British and under "joint occupation"

Reconstruction Finance Corporation

An independant agency of the United States government. It granted over 2 billion dollars to the local and state governments. It was charted under the Herbert Hoover administration.

Alexander Hamilton

Hamilton emerged as a major political figure during the debate over the Constitution, as the outspoken leader of the Federalists and one of the authors of the Federalist Papers. He spearheaded the government's Federalist initiatives, most notably through the creation of the Bank of the United States.

Nineteenth Amendment

the constitutional amendment adopted in 1920 that guarantees women the right to vote.

XYZ Affair

An insult to the American delegation when they were supposed to be meeting French foreign minister, Talleyrand, but instead they were sent 3 officials Adams called "X,Y, and Z" that demanded $250,000 as a bribe to see Talleyrand.

"Revisionist Interpretation"

An interpretation of the origins of the Cold War that emphasizes American ideological or economic aggression against the Soviet Union and its allies.

General John Jay Pershing

An officer in the United States Army. The only person to be promoted in his own lifetime to the highest rank ever held in the United States Army—General of the Armies.

Supreme order of the Star Spangled Banner

An order signed by multiple nativists groups, demands included; banning Catholics or aliens from holding public office, enacting more restrictive naturalization laws, and establishing literacy tests for voting.

Southern Christian Leadership Conference

An organization founded by MLK Jr., to direct the crusade against segregation. Its weapon was passive resistance that stressed nonviolence and love, and its tactic direct, though peaceful, confrontation.

American Civil Liberties Union

An organization founded in 1920 in the wake of the red scare to defend civil liberties. The ACLU has often defended the rights of individuals aligned with unpopular causes.

The Aroostook War

An undeclared (and ultimately bloodless) confrontation between the United States and Great Britain over the international boundary between Canada and Maine.

Grimke Sisters

Angelina and Sarah Grimke from SC wrote and lectured on reforms like prison reform, the temperance movement, and the abolitionist movement.

Resettlement Administration

Another New Deal program that dealt with the farm-problems of the depression. They created loans for small farmers and sharecroppers to buy their own farms, solving the government's sharecropper-problem.

"Black Gold"

Another name for petroleum, which was believed to be the next big money maker, similar to the Gold Rush.

Transcontinental Treaty

Another name for the Adams OnisTreaty.

Operation Desert Storm

Another name for the Gulf War

The Bank of the United States

Hamilton's Bill created this national establishment which produced heated debates about whether national government had authority to create it since this establishment wasn't mention in the constitution.

Geronimo

Apache chieftain who raided the white settlers in the Southwest as resistance to being confined to a reservation (1829-1909)

"Deep South"

Area that dominated cotton production: the southeastern region of the United States consisting of South Carolina, Georgia, Alabama, Mississippi and Louisiana.

"Expansion and Protest"

Argued about moving/expanding westward.

Industrial Unionism

Argued to form unions for all workers in a particular industry

General George C. Marshall

Army chief of staff during WWII; supported plan of Allied invasion of France;

Julius & Ethel Rosenberg

Arrested and executed after they were convicted of conspiring to commit espionage by passing plans for the atomic bomb to the Soviet Union

Ida Tarbell

As a leading muckraker and magazine editor, she exposed the corruption of the oil industry with her 1904 work "A History of Standard Oil".

Reparations

As part of the Treaty of Versailles, Germany was ordered to pay fines to the Allies to repay the costs of the war. Opposed by the U.S., it quickly lead to a severe depression in Germany.

Fair Employment Practices Committee

Attempted to prevent employer discrimination against workers because of race or religion

Panama Canal Turnover

Carter completed negotiation on a pair of treaties to turn over control of the Panama Canal to the government of Panama at the turn of the Millennium

Joel Chandler Harris

Author of Uncle Remus, which portrayed the slave society of the antebellum years as a harmonious world marketed by engaging dialect and close emotional bonds between the races.

Narrative of the Life of Frederick Douglas

Autobiography by Douglas, gaining his success and showing a damning picture of slavery.

Camp David Accords

Carter invited the Egyptian president, Sadat, and the Egyptian president to Camp David in September 1978, and persuaded them to remain there, while Carter and others helped mediate the disputes between them

Marbury vs. Madison

Case in which the supreme court first asserted th power of Judicial review in finding that the congressional statue expanding the Court's original jurisdiction was unconstitutional

Tobacco

Cash crop that made a profit and saved Jamestown, described by King James I as "a stinking weed"

Tenants and sharecroppers

Many farmers had no money or equipment so landlords would supply them with land, a crude house, a few tools, seed and a mule. In return, farmers would promise the landlord a large share of the annual crop-- hence the term "sharecropping."

House Committee on Un-American Activities

Committee in the House of Representatives founded on a temporary basis in 1938 to monitor activities of foreign agents

J.P. Morgan

Banker who bought Carnegie Steel and merged it with other steel companies to form U.S. Steel. Was a philanthropist; helped to finance World War I, one of the "Robber barons"

Battle of the Bulge

Battle where Germans attempted a counterattack after Allies invaded France; Ended serious German resistance in the west

Calvin Coolidge

Became president when Harding died. Tried to clean up scandals. Business prospered and people's wealth increased

John Tyler

Became the 10th President of the United States when Harrison died suddenly. Though he was serving under the Whig party, he refuted many Whig policies and was rejected from the Party. Used the annexation of Texas as his new party platform.

Millard A Fillmore

Became the US's 13th President of the United States when Zachary Taylor died in office.

Enclosure Movement

Because worldwide demand for wool was growing rapidly, owners were finding it profitable to convert their land from fields for crops to pastures for sheep. The significant growth in the wool trade, however, left many tenants evicted. The gov passed laws designed to end the enclosures and relieve the worthy poor. The laws had little effect and the enclosure movement continued unabated.

English Reformation

Began because of a political dispute betw the king and the pope. The pope refused to grant a divorce between King Henry VIII and his Spanish wife. In response to this, the King broke England's ties with the Catholic Church and established himself as the head of Christian faith. However, after the king died, his two daughters reestablished England as a Catholic nation.

Temperance Crusade

Beginning in 1871, groups of women visited the saloons of Oxford exhorting the owners and patrons to give up alcohol.

"Positive good" thesis

Belief by southerners that African Americans were more civilzed because of slavery.

Manifest Destiny

Belief popular in the 1840s with the idea that the U.S. was destined to secure territory from "sea to sea," from the Atlantic to the Pacific Ocean. Caused a thrive for expansion.

Unitarianism

Belief that God existed in only one person, not in the orthodox Trinity. This appealed to intellectuals with strong rationalism and optimism (Ralph Waldo Emerson)

Cash-and-Carry Policy

Belligerents could purchase only nonmilitary goods from US & to pay cash and take goods away on their own vessels

Dawes Severalty Act

Bill that promised Indians tracts of land to farm in order to assimilate them into white culture. The bill was resisted, uneffective, and disastrous to Indian tribes

Marian Anderson

Black singer, was refused permission in 1939 to give a concert at the DAR, Eleanor Roosevelt helped secure permission to sing on the steps of the Lincoln memorial; one of first modern civil rights demonstrations

"40 acres and a mule"

Blacks were given 40 acres and a mule to move west

The Lonely Crowd

Book written by David Riesman that criticized the people of the 50s who no longer made decisions based on morals, ethics and values; they were allowing society to tell them what is right and wrong.

Tuskegee Institute

Booker T. Washington built this school to educate black students on learning how to support themselves and prosper

Depression families

Both middle-class and working-class families saw a dramatic change in their previous rising standard of living. Most were unemployed or had reduced incomes, leading to a retreat in consumerism.

Robert Owen

British manufacturer who believed humans would reveal their true natural goodness if they lived in a cooperative environment like a utopia. (New Harmony, Indiana)

Impressment

British practice of taking American sailors and forcing them into military service

Mercantilism

an economic system (Europe in 18th C) to increase a nation's wealth by government regulation of all of the nation's commercial interests

Congress of Industrial Organizations

CIO, 1936; Rivals AFL; More receptive to Woman and Blacks than AFL; Unskilled & Skilled workers; More militant; Major organizing battles in automobile and steel industries

Henry Clay

Called "The Great Compromiser" from KY. He was a strong supporter of the American System, a war hawk for the War of 1812, Speaker of the House, and outlined the Compromise of 1850 before his death.

"Mother's pensions"

Came from the county treasuries. Mothers originally received fifteen dollars a month for the first child and seven dollars a month for each additional child. Once a child reached the legal age for employment, the payment ceased.

Bill Gates

Came up with Microsoft

John C. Breckenridge

Candidate of southern democrats for election of 1860, favoring state's rights and slavery.

Documentary photographers

Captured the harsh realitites of The Great Depression, in most cases depicting extreme poverty.

Henry Cabot Lodge

Chairman of the Senate Foreign Relations Committee, he was a leader in the fight against participation in the League of Nations

Formosa

Chiang Kai-Shek fled with his political allies and the remnants of his army to this offshore island, and the entire Chinese mainland came under the control of a communist government

John Marshall

Chief Justice of Supreme Court who created the precedent of judicial review and ruled on many early decisions that gave the federal government more power.

McCulloch vs. Maryland

Chief Justive John Marshall ruled that no state had the right to control any Federal Organization that was located within its borders. The case involved James McCulloch, a bank cashier, refusing to pay the Federal Tax - it was ruled that he could not do this.

"Multipolar"

China, Japan, and Western Europe were becoming major, independent forces

Unitarianism

Christian doctrine that stresses individual freedom of belief and rejects the Trinity

Plymouth

Colony settled by the Pilgrims. It eventually merged with Massachusetts Bay colony.

Admiral Chester Nimitz

Commander in the pacific; lead the US navy to victory in the battle of Coral Sea and Midway

Barrios

Mexican immigrants settled in seperate communities

Ho Chi Minh City

Communist forces quickly occupied Saigon and renamed it Ho Chi Minh City

Bonus Expeditionary Force

Composed of 17,000 World War One veterans and their families demanding immediate cash-payment redemption of their service certificates. Also called Bonus Army.

Payne-Aldrich Tariff

Compromise tariff, 650 tariff schedules were lowered, 220 raised, and 1,150 left unchanged. An additional provision of the bill provided for the creation of a tariff board to study the problem of tariff modification in full and to collect information on the subject for the use of Congress and the President in future tariff considerations

Blockade Runners

Confederate ships who could sail in and out of Southern ports, profitable occupation which often paid 70%, people who snuck goods through the Civil War blockade

The Judiciary Act of 1789

Congress provided for a Supreme Court of six members and a system of lower district courts and courts of appeal, also giving the Supreme Court the power to make the final decisions in cases involving the constitution or state laws.

Civil Service reform

Congress took action in the late 19th century to protect ethical politicians and create standards for political service; including, a civil service test for those seeking a job in government.

Benito Mussolini's Facist Party

Control of Italy since early 1920s; grew increasingly nationalistic and militaristic; threating active campaign of imperial expansion

James B. Duke

Controlled most of the tobacco industry

National Organization of Women (NOW)

Created by Betty Friedan in 1966, it was the nation's largest and most influential feminist organization

Missouri Compromise

Created by Henry Clay. Allowed for the line of slavery to be set, with all states south of Missouri to be slave states, while northern states could ban slavery. Admitted Maine into the Union as a free state and Missouri as a slave state.

New Harmony

Created by Robert Owens, it was a society that focused on Utopian Socialism, but failed because everybody did not share their fair load of work.

John Cotton

Criticized the Church of England, fled to Massachusetts Bay Colony, defended government's duty to enforce religious rules

"Popular Front"

Critics of FDR (Far left); Communist Party, Socialist Party, Radical and semiradical organizations critical of the New Deal

"Factors"

Crop brokers who managed the trade between southern planters and their customers (the planter's bankers).

Fidel Castro

Cuban revolutionary leader who overthrew the corrupt regime of the dictator Fulgencio Batista in 1959 and soon after established a Communist state. He was prime minister of Cuba from 1959 to 1976 and has been president of the government and First Secretary of the Communist Party since 1976.

Pancho Villa

Mexican revolutionary leader (1877-1923) who with the help of a rebel army, took 16 americans off a train in northern Mexico and shot them, then crossed the border and killed 17 more; never found when American troops were sent after him

Sexual Politics by Kate Millet

Millet complained that "every avenue of power within the society is entirely within male hands."

Assimilation

Most immigrants had desire to become Americans and break their traditional ways of life. Women found more freedom in America. Americans encouraged assimilation through public schooling and requiring employees to learn English.

Hill People

Most unconnected and isolated from the southern economy, living on hills, denying the planter elite, and owning no slaves.

Romanticism

Movement in literature and art during the late 18th and early 19th centuries that celebrated nature and emotions. Held an emphasis on the individual's expression of imagination, departure from the attitudes and forms of classicism, and rebellion against established social rules and conventions.

"Social Gospel"

Movement led by Washington Gladden - taught religion and human dignity would help the middle class over come problems of industrialization

General Dwight D. Eisenhower

D-Day general, Supreme Commander of Allied Forces; sent the armada into D-Day;

Dartmouth Vs. Woodward

Dartmouth College was granted a charter by King George, but New Hampshire wanted to change the terms of the charter. Supreme Court ruled that contract must be upheld, which stated that states did not have the power to interfere with private contracts.

Josiah Strong: Our Country: Its Possible Future and Present Crisis

Declared Anglo-Saxons (Americans) represented great civil liberty and that pure Christianity was "divinely commissioned" to spread its institutions all over the world

New Feminism

During the 1960s and 1970s many women began to identify with minority groups and to demand a liberation of their own. By the 1970s, the role of women in American life had changed.

"Whiskey Ring"

During the Grant administration, a group of officials were importing whiskey and using their offices to avoid paying the taxes on it, cheating the treasury out of millions of dollars.

Constituencies

The people and interest that political officers represent.

William Jennings Bryan

Democratic candidate for president in 1896 under the banner of "free silver coinage" which won him support of the Populist Party. Populist orator who wrote "Cross of Gold Speech."

"Fusion"

Democrats views began to become similar to those of democrats and the parties joined in to form a greater strength in the political scene. Populists were reluctant because it forced them to lose identity and step back on issues such as free silver.

Cherokee Nation vs. Georgia

Denied self-government to a Native American tribe, which was previously thought of as a soverign entity.

Triangle Shirtwaist Fire

Disaster at a New York factory in 1911 when 146 workers were either burned or jumped to their deaths from the eight or ninth floor, most of them young women.

Venezuelan Boundary Dispute

Dispute between the U.S. and Britain involving the point at which the Venezuela / Columbia border was drawn. Britain eventually agreed to arbitration of the the dispute. Violation of Monroe Doctrine.

Henry Clay

Distinguished senator from Kentucky, who ran for president five times until his death in 1852. He was a strong supporter of the American System, a war hawk for the War of 1812, Speaker of the House of Representatives, and known as "The Great Compromiser." Outlined the Compromise of 1850 with five main points. Died before it was passed however.

Compromise of 1850

Divised by Henry Clay, it stalled the Civil War by creating the Fugitive Slave Act, admitting California as a free state, splitting up the Texas territory, banning slave trade in DC, and using popular sovereignty in the Mexican Cession

Sugar

Drove slave trade. Ruled by absentee landlords. More English residents in West Indies than in Chesapeake and New England. Profitable crop. Key ingredient in Rum distilling

"War on Drugs"

Drug uses were common in cities in the 1980s and 1990s, so both parties proposed this

"Military-industrial complex"

Eisenhower first coined this phrase when he warned American against it in his last State of the Union Address. He feared that the combined lobbying efforts of the armed services and industries that contracted with the military would lead to excessive Congressional spending.

W.E.B. DuBois

Early civil rights leader and founder of the NAACP. Du Bois demanded equality for African-Americans

"Beatlemania"

Early in the 1960's, the Beatle's visit to the U.S. created a sensation

Dr. Francis E. Townsend

Elderly CA physician; Led movement of > 5mil members w/ plan of federal pensions for the elderly

Panic of 1819

Economic panic caused by extensive speculation and a decline of European demand for American goods, along with mismanagement within the Second Bank of the United States. Often cited as the end of the Era of Good Feelings.

"Square Deal"

Economic policy by T. Roosevelt that favoured fair relationships between companies and workers

Agrarian Economy

Economy based on the cultivation of the land, dominated most of the nation by about 1810.

"Good Neighbor Policy"

Efforts to enhance both diplomatic and economic relations with Latin America; Focus of Reciprocal Trade; Greatly increased Exports and imports; No right to intervene in their affairs

Martin Van Buren

Eighth president of the US, but first served as secretary of state during Andrew Jackson's first term, vice president during Jackson's second term, and finally won the presidency in 1836.

James K. Polk

Eleventh president (1845) who led US into war with Mexico and wanted to settle Oregon boundary dispute with Britain along with getting CA and TX into the union.

Sagebrush Rebellion

Emerged in parts of the West in the late 1970s; mobilized conservative opposition to environmental laws and restrictions on development; portrayed the West as a victim of government control

"Normalcy"

Emphasis on returning back to time before active Progressive federal government began sweeping reforms. Went from Liberal to Conservative.

Stephen F. Austin

Emprisario who was granted a land tract by mexico to bring in settlers of the roman catholic faith.

Compromise of 1877

Ended Reconstruction. Republicans promise 1) Remove military from South, 2) Appoint Democrat to cabinet (David Key postmaster general), 3) Federal money for railroad construction and levees on Mississippi river

Office of Price Administration

Enforcement of the Anti-Inflation Act; Successful, but not popular

Sir Francis Drake

English "sea dog." Staged successful raids on Spanish merchant ships and built confidence in England's ability to challenge the Spanish sea power.

William Pitt

English Sec. of State and later on Prime Minister. He wanted to transfer the war efforts in America by bringing it for the first time under British control.

John Wesley

English clergyman and founder of Methodism (1703-1791)

Quakers

English dissenters who broke from Church of England, preached a doctrine of pacificism, inner divinity, and social equity, under William Penn they founded Pennsylvania

John Locke

English philosopher who advocated the idea of a "social contract" in which government powers are derived from the consent of the governed and in which the government serves the people; also said people have natural rights to life, liberty and property.

"Pan Indians"

an effort to persuade Indians to transcend tribal divisions and work together as "a Greater Indian America"

American Indian Movement(AIM)

Established by young militant Indians, it promoted the idea of Indian nationalism and intertribal unity

Public Works Administration (PWA)

Established to administer NIRA's spending programs

Lewis Cass

Evolved a doctrine of popular sovereignty and argued that slavery should be kept out of Congress and left to the people.

"Funding the debt"

Exchanges state debts and IOUs for National Government Act bonds. bonds have "maturity date". Interest on bonds will only be paid by government after maturity date. Therefore, they give national governemtn time and binds people to government

Treaty of Wang Hya

Extended the US trade in China to equal that of GB. China agreed to open Chinese ports for the US.

"Burned Over District"

Extreme revival concentrated area of New York State along the Erie Canal "aflame" with reform.

J. Edgar Hoover

FBI directer who urged HUAC to hold public hearings on communist subversion to find communist sympathisers and fellow travelers to isolate them and their influence. FBI sends agents to infiltrate groups suspected of subversion and wiretoppa telephnones

"Black Cabinet"

FDR appoints blacks to significant second-level positions in administration

"Purge Efforts"

FDR attempts to stop re-election of anti-New Deal congressmen; Looks power hungry again

"Bank Holiday"

FDR closes all American banks for 4 days (Congress meets to discuss legislation); Creates a great sense of relief for the public

"Quarantine"

FDR's speech about dangers that Japanese aggression posed to world peace; thought they should be quarantined by the international community for protection; deliberately vague

The Radio President

FDR- First president to regularly use the radio; "Fireside Chats" to explain programs and plans & give the people confidence in them

"Doctor Win-the-War"

FDR- Victory became more important to him than reform

Sit-Down Strike

Factory workers refuse to work and refuse to leave factories

Frederick Douglas

Famous escaped black slave turned author who wrote an antislavery newspaper (North Star) and narrative of his own life, promotin abolition and drawing the line where bad must be denounced.

Populism

Farm-based movement of the late 1800s that arose mainly in the area from Texas to the Dakotas and grew into a joint effort between farmer and labor groups against big business and machine-based politics. The movement became a third party in the election of 1892.

Carpet Bombing of Dresden

February 1945; German city; Created a great firestorm that destroyed 3/4s of the city, killed approx. 135,000 civilians; Cleared way for Allied invasion of France

Federal Land Grants

Federal government granted land to railroad companies to help them finance new routes.

"Internal Improvements"

Federal projects, such as canals and roads, to develop the nation's transportation system.

Pachucas

Female equivalent of the men who wore "Zoot Suits"; Heavy makeup & black clothing;

Camp meetings

Fervent religious revivals that lasted several days and were characterized by great outpourings of religious emotion.

Perestroika

an effort to restructure the rigid and unproductive Soviet economy by introducing such elements of capitalism as private ownership and the profit motive

Baltimore and Ohio

First company to begin actual operations of an America railroad, in 1830.

Elizabeth Blackwell

First female physician in 1849, challenging the women's typical role, graduation from medical school showing that women are able to do what men can.

First Battle of Bull Run (Manassas)

First major battle of the Civil War, in which untrained Northern troops and civilian picnickers fled back to Washington. This battle helped boost Southern morale and made the North realize that this would be a long war. Confederate victory

Jamestown

First permanent English settlement in North America

Webster Ashburton Treaty

Followed by the Aroostook War 1842,between the US and the Brits, settled boundry disputes in the North West, fixed most borders between US and Canada, talked about slavery and extradition.

Pure Food and Drug Act

Forbade the manufacture or sale of mislabeled or adulterated food or drugs, it gave the government broad powers to ensure the safety and efficacy of drugs in order to abolish the "patent" drug trade. Still in existence as the FDA.

"Stonewall Riot"

Gay onlookers taunted the police, then attacked them because the police officers had been harassing gay bars for years.

Lucy Stone

Formed American Women's suffrage movement and also a lecturer for theAnti-Slavery Society. She wished to combine the women's rights movement and the aboltionist/civil rights movement.

Anti-Masons

Formed as an opposition party to the Freemasonry party, started political innovations such as the nominating convention.

Students for a Democratic Society (SDS)-

Formed by a group of students in 1962 to give voice to their demands

Farmer's Holiday Association

Formed by a group of unhappy farm owners, it endorsed the withholding of farm products from the market - in effect a farmers' strike, which although blockading several markets ended in failure.

Mormons

Founded by Joseph Smith in 1830, they were a religious group called the Church of Jesus christ of the Latter Day Saints. Had headquarters in Salt Lake City, Utah, and emphasized moderation, saving, hard work, and risk-taking, and practiced polygamy.

American Antislavery Society

Founded in 1833 by William Lloyd Garrison and other abolitionists, it denounced the Constitution for admitting to proslavery.

Joseph Smith

Founded the Mormon Church in 1830.

Lord Baltimore

Founded the colony of Maryland and offered religious freedom to all Christian colonists. He did so because he knew that members of his own religion (Catholicism) would be a minority in the colony.

Kent State university

Four college students were killed and nine others injured when members of the National Guard opened fire on antiwar demonstrators

Panic of 1873

Four year economic depression caused by overspeculation on railroads and western lands, and worsened by Grant's poor fiscal response (refusing to coin silver

Emergency Banking Act

Generally Conservative Bill- Treasury Department inspections of all banks before reopening; Federal assistance to troubled institutions; thorough reorganization of those with most difficulty

New Revivalism

Generally refers to a specific period of increased spiritual interest or renewal in the life of a church congregation or many churches, either regionally or globally.

"Taylorism"

Frederick Winslow Taylor's principal of scientific management, which involved the reorganization of production through the subdivision of tasks. Taylorism, although controversial, increased mass production and the control of an employer over his employees.

"Citizen Genet"

French ambassador in America, went around country trying to recruit Americans to fight for French without consent of American government --> kicked out for allowing French warship into Philadelphia, no longer French ambassador in America

Dunkirk

French city where Germans had trapped Allied armies; Boats (warships, fishing boats, etc.) used to evacuate the troops

Vichy

French government; "Puppet" government controlled by Germany

Georges Clemenceau

French statesman who played a key role in negotiating the Treaty of Versailles

Senator Huey P. Long

From Louisiana; Attacks on banks, oil companies, utilities and conservative political oligarchy allied with them; Took their political power; Advocated drastic program of wealth redistribution, "All the Kings Men"

Chester A. Arthur

From New York elected as vice- president in the election of 1880 as a Republican Stalwart. Became president in 1881 after Garfield was assassinated.

Interstate Highways

From one state to another (between states).

Anti-Inflation Act

Gave administration authority to freeze agricultural prices, wages, salaries, and rents throughout the US

Father Charles E. Coughlin

Gave weekly sermons broadcast nationally; known for: sympathy for fascism and his anti-semitism; Advocate for changing banking and currency systems

Pearl Harbor

Hawaiian port; granted in 1887 as a refueling station for US ships

The Scarlet Letter

Hawthorne's novel writen in 1850 in which the price individuals pay for cutting themselves off from society is discussed.

Roger Williams

He founded Rhode Island for separation of Church and State. He believed that the Puritans were too powerful and was ordered to leave the Massachusetts Bay Colony for his religious beliefs.

Bernard Baruch

He headed the War Industries Board which placed the control of industries into the hands of the federal government. It was a prime example of War Socialism.

Denis Kearney

He incited violent abuse of Chinese in California because of resentment of competition of cheap labor

Samuel Slater

He memorized the way that the British made machines and he brought the idea to America. He made our first cotton spinning machine.

Gabriel Prosser

He organized the first armed slave rebellion in 1800 in Richmond, VA . A thousand slaves heard about the plan, and two of them leaked the plans to white authorities, causing the white militia to surpress it.

Elijah Lovejoy

He was a Presbyterian Minister and editor of an abolitionist newspaper in Alton, Illinois. Lovejoy was victimized repeatedly and finally killed in 1835 when attacked by a mob.

Benedict Arnold

He was a successful general in the Continental Army who won key victories for the colonies. After becoming Commander of Philadelphia in 1778, he went heavily into debt, and in 1780, he was caught plotting to surrender the key Hudson River fortress of West Point to the British in exchange for a commission in the royal army. He is the most famous traitor in American history.

Richard M. Nixon

He was a committee member of the House of Representatives, Committee on Un-American Activities; prosecuted Alger Hiss who was accused of being a communist agent. This brought Nixon to the attention of the American public. In 1956 he was Eisenhower's Vice-President.

The Federalist Papers

Series of newspaper articles written by John Hay, James Madison and Alexander Hamilton which enumerated arguments in favor of the Constitution and refuted the arguments of the anti-federalists

John Rolfe

He was one of the English settlers at Jamestown (and he married Pocahontas). He discovered how to successfully grow tobacco in Virginia and cure it for export, which made Virginia an economically successful colony.

General Douglas MacArthur

He was one of the most-known American military leaders of WW II; liberated the Phillipines and made the Japanese surrender at Tokyo in 1945; drove back North Korean invaders during the Korean War

David Lloyd George

He was the British representative at the Paris Peace Conference in 1919. He pushed for a revenge-based treaty at Versailles, hampering the 14 points.

Shah of Iran

He was the ruler of Iran, whose family had held power since the start of the 20th century. He asked Saddam for help after religious leaders tried to overthrow Iran. The Shah continued to fight, but was eventually ousted from power. The government was then taken over by the religious leaders that the Shah opposed.

Alexander Stephens

He was the vice-president of the Confederacy until 1865 when it was defeated and destroyed by the Union. Like the other leaders of the Confederacy, he was under indictment for treason.

Herbert Croly

He wrote the The Promise of American Life (1909) where he called for an activist fed govn't of the kind Hamilton had advocated in the 1790s but one that would serve all citizens, not merely the capitalist class.

George Creel

Headed the Committee on Public Information; for promoting the war effort in WWI

John Smith

Helped found and govern Jamestown. His leadership and strict discipline helped the Virginia colony get through the difficult first winter

The Great Triumvirate

Henry Clay from Kentucky (represented the West), John C. Calhoun from South Carolina (represented the South), Daniel Webster from Massachusetts (represented the North) guided Congress for almost 50 years.

"Civil Disobedience"

Henry David Thoreau's own personal belief and essay advocating the act of defying codes of conduct or ignoring the policies and government of a state or nation when the civil laws are unjust.

Hamlin Garland

His best-known work is Middle Board, an autobiographical story of the frustrations of life. One of the first authors to write accurately and sympathetically about Native Americans.

Munich Conference

Hitler meets with leaders of France and Britain in effort to resolve the crisis (possible war); Hitler promises that Czechoslovakia is his last territorial claim in Europe; Prime Minister of England ensured "peace" - violated by Hitler in 1939

Hungarian Revolution of 1956

Hungarian dissidents had launched a popular uprising to demand democratic reforms, and shortly after, Soviet tanks and troops entered Budapest to crush the uprising and restore an orthodox, pro-Soviet regime.

Interchangeable parts

Identical components that can be used in place of one another in manufactoring

Aaron Burr

Served as the 3rd Vice President of the United States. Member of the Republicans and President of the Senate during his Vice Presidency. He was defamed by the press, often by writings of Hamilton. Challenged Hamilton to a duel in 1804 and killed him.

Santa Fe

Important city captured by Colonel Stephen W. Kearny's troops in the summer of 1846.

Sir Humphrey Gilbert

In 1578, he obtained a patent from Queen Elizabeth granting him the exclusive rights for 6 years "to inhabit and possess at his choice all remote and heathen lands not in the actual possession of any Christian prince." He led an expedition to Newfoundland in 1583 & took possession of it in the queen's name.

The Annapolis Convention

In 1785 a meeting of representatives of Virginia, Maryland, Pennsylvania, and Delaware was held at George Washington's residence, Mt. Vernon, for the purpose of discussing current problems of interstate commerce. At their suggestion, the Virginia legislature issued a call for a convention of all the states on the same subject, to meet the following summer in Annapolis, Maryland.

Whiskey Rebellion

In 1794, farmers in Pennsylvania rebelled against Hamilton's excise tax on whiskey, and several federal officers were killed in the riots caused by their attempts to serve arrest warrants on the offenders. In October, 1794, the army, led by Washington, put down the rebellion. The incident showed that the new government under the Constitution could react swiftly and effectively to such a problem.

Zimmerman telegram

In March 1917, they were sent from the German Foreign Secretary and addressed to German minister in Mexico City saying Mexico should attack the US if US goes to war with Germany (needed that advantage due to Mexico's promixity to the US). In return, Germany would give back Tex, NM, Arizona etc to Mexico.

California Gold Rush

In 1840 gold was discovered in California in Sutter's mill: Attracted a rush of migration all over the world and country to San Francisco.

Prigg vs. Pennsylvania

In 1842 the court ruled that the return of fugitive slaves was a federal power, thus making PA's law prohibiting the capture and return of fugitive slaves unconstitutional.

Seneca Falls Convention

In 1848 in upperstate Seneca, New York, women and even some men discussed the rights and conditions of women. There, they wrote the Declaration of Sentiments, which among other things, tried to get women the right to vote (suffrage not passed). Stanton, Mott, Susan B. Anthony

Wounded Knee

In 1890, after killing Sitting Bull, the 7th Cavalry rounded up Sioux at this place in South Dakota and 300 Natives were murdered and only a baby survived.

National American Suffrage Association

In 1890, two competing American women's suffrage advocacy groups, led by Elizabeth Cady Stanton & Susan B. Anthony, united.

Front Porch Campaign

In 1896, William McKinley conducted this low-key campaign wherein he never left his Canton, Ohio home. Large crowds of spectators were brought to his home to meet the candidate. This campaign contrasted sharply with McKinley'sopposing candidate, William Jennings Bryan who traveled throughout the United States. McKinley won election.

Open Door Notes

In 1899 the United States feared that countries with "spheres of influence" in China might choose to limit or restrict trade to and from their respective areas. John Hay avoided any problems with trade by sending notes to each country who held power in China asking them to keep trade open and tariffs low.

"the Hollywood Ten"

In 1947, hundreds of entertainers were called to testify before HUAC about communist activities in Hollywood. These people refused to testify and were sentenced to jail terms for contempt of Congress.

Free Speech Movement

In 1964, students at University of California at Berkeley challenged campus police and produced a strike for the rights of students to engage in political activities on campus.

National Socialist Worker's Party (Nazi)

In Germany; Late 1920s; Lead by Adolf Hitler; nationalistic; commitment to "master race", anti-Semitism, passionate misitarism

Lincoln Steffens

Muckracker who wrote about vote stealing and political machines in The Shame of Cities

"Olive Branch Petition"

On July 8, 1775, the colonies made a final offer of peace to Britain, agreeing to be loyal to the British government if it addressed their grievances (repealed the Coercive Acts, ended the taxation without representation policies). It was rejected by Parliament, which in December 1775 passed the American Prohibitory Act forbidding all further trade with the colonies.

Savings and Loan Scandal

In response to this scandal, many savings banks responded by rapidly and sometimes corruptly, expanding. The industry was in chaos.

Plain Folk

Ordinary white southerner, although not a great planter, was a yeoman farmer, owning few or no slaves.

Committee on Public Information

Organization also known as the Creel Commision which was responsible for rallying American's around the war effort through propaganda

New Manifest Destiny

In the 1890s, fears that natural resources would soon disappear and that alternative sources would have to be found abroad. Protests led to a push for a more aggressive foreign policy while others considered acquiring colonies that might expand our world market.

"Behaviorists"

In the 1920s, behaviorists were united in the assumption that behavior results when the organism's relationship to the environment must be changed if it is to survive and prosper

Bilingualism

In the 1970s,supporters of this argued that non-English speaking Americans were entitled to schooling in their own language; Opponents, including many Latinos, feared the rest of Americans' resentments toward them

Freedmen's Bureau

Organization run by the army to care for and protect southern Blacks after the Civil War

Free-Soil Party

In the elections of 1848 and 1852 mainly, descendants of liberty party, predecessor of modern republican party, wanted a further emergence of slave issue, preferably without slaves.

"Vietnam Moratorium"

In the fall of 1969, millions of opponents of the Vietnam war gathered in major rallies across the nation

"Convict-lease system"

In the latter years of the 1800s, southern states implemented a system where they leased black convicts from their prisons to businesses and planters to build railroads, clear swamps, work mines, cut timber, and tend cotton. Companies and planters had to feed, clothe, and house the prisoners, but prisoners were treated harshly, shackled, beaten, overworked, and underfed. They provided cheap labor while southern states received large revenues without maintaining prisons. Law enforcement officials were encouraged to arrest black men with assorted menial crimes to increase this labor force and state revenue. The system was outlawed by the U.S. Supreme Court in 1911. Name this system.

Declaration of Indian Purpose

Indians issued this, which stressed the "right to choose our own way of life"

Indian Reservations

Indians were sent to reservations to "protect their culture", but really just to separate them from white American society..

Emancipation Proclamation

Issued by Abraham Lincoln on September 22, 1862, it declared that all slaves in the rebellious Confederate states would be free.

Red Scare

Intense fear of communism and other politically radical ideas

Port Huron Statement

It expressed SDS members' disillusionment with the society they had inherited and their determination to build a new politics

General Douglas MacArthur

Lead two broad offensives attempting to turn the tides against Japan;

Mangas Colorados

Leader of Chiricahua Apaches who were the last Indians to maintain resistance and was murdered during the Civil War

J. Robert Oppenheimer

Leader of Manhattan Project; Develops atomic bomb

Wilmot Proviso

Introduced by David Wilmot, this was a dispute over whether any Mexican territory that America won during the Mexican War should be free or a slave territory: amendment passed the House twice, but failed to ever pass in Senate.

Robert Fulton

Inventor who designed the first commerically successful steamboat, the Clermont.

George Perkins Marsh

Inventor, diplomat, politician, and scholar, his classic work, Man and Nature, or Physical Geography as Modified by Human Action, provided the first description of the extent to which natural systems had been impacted by human actions.

Internationalism

Involvement in world affairs; Lack of isolation

Gulf War

Iraq occupied the Kuwait, so US sent troops to Saudi Arabia

Coney Island

Island near New York that became a haven of consumerism through the shops, restaurants and especially amusement park.

Nation Origins Act of 1924

It made immigration a permanent policy and tightened the quota system, banned eastern Asian immigration and significantly lowered allowance of European immigrants

Chief Joseph

Leader of Nez Perce. Fled with his tribe to Canada instead of reservations. However, US troops came and fought and brought them back down to reservations

Battle of New Orleans

Jackson led a battle that occurred when British troops attacked U.S. soldiers in New Orleans on January 8, 1815; the War of 1812 had officially ended with the signing of the Treaty of Ghent in December, 1814, but word had not yet reached the U.S.

The Bank War

Jackson was determined to destroy the Bank of the United States because he thought it was too powerful. He felt the Bank was unconstitutional and only benefited the rich. He transfered all money from Federal Bank to pet banks which devastated the economy.

Maysville Road Veto

Jackson's veto of a bill proposing the making of a road from Mary, 1830 - The Maysville Road Bill proposed building a road in Kentucky (Clay's state) at federal expense. Jackson vetoed it because he didn't like Clay, and Martin Van Buren pointed out that New York and Pennsylvania paid for their transportation improvements with state money. Applied strict interpretation of the Constitution by saying that the federal government could not pay for internal improvements.

Leisler's Rebellion

Jacob ______ ______ seized control of lower New York from 1689 to 1691. The uprising, which occurred in the midst of Britain's "Glorious Revolution," reflected colonial resentment against the policies of King James II. Royal authority was restored in 1691 by British troops

Leatherstocking Tales

James Fenimore Cooper's most famous novels about Natty Bumppo, a frontiersman.

Kamikazes

Japanese pilots filled their planes with bombs and flew them into enemy ships

"Women's professions"

Jobs were opening up for some women as well. Many women began to find employment in department stores. Middle-class women were able to find jobs as clerical workers (typists, clerks, and telephone operators). Finally, more middle- and upper class women were graduating from college and entering white-collar professions. A few women excelled as lawyers, doctors, journalists, and scientists. At the time, however, professional women often chose or were forced to remain single.

John Brown's Raid

John Brown wanted to raid an arsenal in Harpers Farry Virginia to give weapons to give to slaves in hopes to start a rebellion. Was put down when plans were leaked.

Coal Strike of 1946

John L. Lewis led the United Mine Workers out on strike, shutting down the coal fields for forty days. Truman forced the miners to return to work

Eugene V. Debs

Leader of the American Railway Union, he voted to aid workers in the Pullman strike. He was jailed for six months for disobeying a court order after the strike was over and ran for president

Osceola

Led a band of Seminoles that hid in the Everglades and used guerrilla tactics to defeat the U.S Army, eventually captured and taken to Indian Territory.

Samoan Islands

Joint Protectorate, Pacific site of naval clash between US and Germany in 1889

Yellow Journalism

Journalism that exploits, distorts, or exaggerates the news to create s sensation and attract readers

William Allen White

Journalist; Chairman of Committee to Defend America (lobbied for increased assistance to allies, but not intervention)

"Muckrakers"

Journalists who attempted to find corruption or wrongdoing in industries and expose it to the public

Suez Crisis

July 26, 1956, Nasser (leader of Egypt) nationalized the Suez Canal, Oct. 29, British, French and Israeli forces attacked Egypt. UN forced British to withdraw; made it clear Britain was no longer a world power

National Industrial Recovery Act (NIRA)

June 1933; Establishes minimum wages and helps create jobs;

Glass-Steagall Act

June 1933; Gave government authority to curb irresponsible speculation by banks, Established the Federal Desposit Insurance Corporation (Insures that if a bank fails, money up to $2500 is still guaranteed)

Battle of Midway Islands

June 3-6, 1942; Small American outpost northwest of Hawaii; US navy destroyed 4 Japanese aircraft carriers (US lost only 1); regained control of central Pacific for US

Conscription Act

June 5, 1917: Act that drafts people with two lotteries

D-Day

June 6, 1944; Allied Invasion of France (Normandy);

Warren G. Harding

Known for the teapot dome scandal in which his staff members took bribes in exchange for oil land leases and in the 1920 presidential campaign his slogan was "return to normalcy"

Pottowatomie Massacre

Led by john Brown and killed 5 pro-slavery men which enraged southerners, shocked northerners, and sparked more violence in what newspapers began calling "Bleeding Kansas".

"Redeemers"

Largely former slave owners who were the bitterest opponents of the Republican program in the South. Staged a major counterrevolution to "redeem" the south by taking back southern state governments. Their foundation rested on the idea of racism and white supremacy. Redeemer governments waged and agressive assault on African Americans.

"Second New Deal"

Launched by FDR in spring of 1925 in response to growing criticism; new program of legislation; FDR willing to attack corporate interests openly

Meat Inspection Act

Law that authorized the Secretary of Agriculture to order meat inspections and condemn any meat product found unfit for human consumption.

"Personal Liberty Laws"

Laws passed by nine northern states during the 1850s to counteract the Fugitive Slave Act, allowing their state to choose whether or not to obey the law.

"Personal Liberty Laws"

Laws passed by nine northern states during the 1850s to counteract the Fugitive Slave Act, forbidding the imprisionment of escaped slaves.

Slave Codes

Laws passed by southerners to keep slaves from either running away or rebelling: could not leave their owner's land without a written pass, could not carry firearms, could not learn to read or write, and could not testify in court.

Navigation Acts

Laws that governed trade between England and its colonies. Colonists were required to ship certain products exclusively to England. These acts made colonists very cross because they were forbidden from trading with other countries.

Jim Crow

Laws written to separate blacks and whites in public areas/meant African Americans had unequal opportunities in housing, work, education, and government

McNary -Haugen Bill

Legislation that approved the use of Government funds for farm product price supports; called for parity on grain, cotton, tobacco and rice

Platt Amendment

Legislation that severely restricted Cuba's sovereignty and gave the US the right to intervene if Cuba got into trouble

Nationalism

Love and loyalty for one's country and the desire for national independence for countries under foreign control

Loyalists/Tories

Loyalists, otherwise known as Tories, were those living in the U.S. who were still loyal or in favor of Great Britain, and who supported the king. NY, NJ, GA; later went to Canada, were wealthy and conservative (governmentt officials or Anglican clergymen); Native Americans

Sectionalism

Loyalty to one's own region of the country, rather than to the nation as a whole

Alfred Thayer Mahan: The Influence of Sea Power on History

Mahan advocated imperialism, called countries with sea power "the great nations of history".

The Panic of 1837

Major economic depression lasting about six years; touched off by a British financial crisis and made worse by falling cotton prices, credit and currency problems, and speculation in land, canals, and railroads. Also caused by Jackson's withdrawing government funds from the Bank of the US.

Atlanta Compromise

Major speech on race-relations given by Booker T. Washington addressing black labor opportunities, and the peril of whites ignoring black injustice

Agricultural Adjustment Act (AAA)

May 1933; Program for reducing crop production (stop producing surplus goods) and stop the decline in farm prices; Ruled unconstitutional in 1936

VE Day

May 8, 1945; Germans surrender (Victory in Europe)

Antebellum Period

Meaning "before war", it refers to the pre-Civil War and the period of time where sectionalism arose.

Hartford Convention

Meeting of Federalists near the end of the War of 1812 in which the party listed it's complaints against the ruling Republican Party. These actions were largley viewed as traitorous to the country and lost the Federalist much influence

"Memorial Day Massacre"

Memorial Day 1937, Chicago; group of striking workers from Republic Steel; attempt a peaceful/legal march toward the steel plant; police open fire; 10 killed, 90 wounded

Chicanos

Mexican Immigrants who worked mostly as unskilled laborers in urban areas.

Tejanos

Mexican born residents of Texas, many of which fought with the Americans in the Revolution.

Charles Francis Adams

Minister to Great Britain during the Civil War, convinced England to stop making ships for the south during the civil war

New Light

Ministers who supported the Great Awakening. The "old lights" rejected it.

Seminole Wars

Seminoles under Osceola and escaped black slaves refused to move out of Florida and waged guerrilla war against the United States

Church of Jesus Christ of The Latter Day Saints

Mormons: every man and woman should aspire to become like god and that family structure was very importan (practiced polygamy).

"Greenbacks"

Name for Union paper money not backed by gold or silver. Value would fluctuate depending on status of the war (plural)

"Five Civilized Tribes"

Name of the most populous Indian tribes in the Indian Territory: Cherokee, Creeks, Choctaws, Chickasaws, and Seminoles; they sided with the Confederacy

Second Bank of the United States

National bank chartered in 1816, much like its predecessor of 1791. The Second National Bank had more capital than the first, and the power to create a national currency. It did not have to power to forbid state banks from issuing notes, but its large size and power allowed it to convince the states to issue only sound notes or risk being forced out of business.

Nationalism

Nations acting independently and taking pride in one's nation

Squanto

Native American who helped the English colonists in Massachusetts develop agricultural techniques and served as an interpreter between the colonists and the Wampanoag.

"Code-Talkers"

Navajo Indians that used codes in their language that were unbreakable to the Japanese

Nicolas Trist

Negotiated a settlement and agreement in the 1848 treaty of Guadalupe Hidalgo.

Albert J. Beveridge

Senator from Indiana; imperialist

"Armory Show"

New York City 1913, famous controversial display of French postimpressionist and American modern works.

Whitewater Affair

New York Times article published during the 1992 U.S. presidential campaign reported that Clinton and his wife had invested and lost money in the Whitewater development project

Clayton Anti-Trust Act

New antitrust legislation constructed to remedy deficiencies of the Sherman Antitrust Act, namely, its effectiveness against labor unions

Radio

New form of entertainment of the 1920s; shows, music, and news became family activities

"Gag-Rule""

New rule in theHouse of Represenatives in 1836 that prevented the discussion of any antislavery petitions.

King "Mob"

Nickname for all the new participants in government that came with Jackson's presidency. This nickname was negative and proposed that Jackson believed in too much democracy, perhaps leading to anarchy.

Soap operas

Nickname for drama shows on the radio because often the shows' sponsors were makers of laundry soaps.

"Old Tippecanoe"

Nickname of William Henry Harrison

"Know-Nothings"

Nickname of the "American political party", nativist party against Catholic and Irish immigrants.

"Noble savages/ Savages"

Noble savages refer to what Jefferson and his followers liked to think of Native Americans as, meaning uncivilized, but not necessarily uncivilizable. Savages were classified as persons regarded as primitive or uncivilized.

Gerald Nye

Senator of ND; revealed tax evasions by many corporations during the war; suggested bankers had pressured Wilson into intervening in the war so as to protect their loans abroad

"Balance of Power"

Nixon and Kissinger believed it was possible to construct this, that had permitted nineteenth-century Europe to experience nearly a century of relative stability

Cambodian Invasion

Nixon and Kissinger had concluded that the most effective way to tip the military balance in America's favor was to destroy the bases in Cambodia from which the American military believed the North Vietnamese were launching many of their attacks

Committee to Re-elect the President (CRP)

Nixon elected people to a committee as part of his campaign for re-election

Saturday Night Massacre

Nixon fired Archibald Cox, who took him to court, then suffered the humiliation of watching both Attorney General Elliot Richardson and his deputy resign in protest

"Executive privilege"

Nixon pleaded this and refused to release the tapes

Spiro Agnew

Nixon's VP; attacked the "effete" and "impudent" critics of the administration of Nixon

National Farm Bureau Federation

Nonprofit organization dedicated to promoting, protecting, and representing the interests of farmers and ranchers in the United States.

On the Road

Novel written by "beat" author Jack Kerouac; symbolized the nonconformity of the 50s youth culture.

Let Us Now Praise Famous Men 1941

Novel written by Agee about the social conditions of The Depression

Tobacco Road 1932

Novel written by Erskine Caldwell which was about the rural poverty during The Great Depression.

Native Son 1940

Novel written by Richard Wright about urban ghettos during The Great Depression.

"Melting Pot"

Older, European immigrant groups believed that they had advanced in American society by adopting the values and accepting the rules of the country to which they had moved and by advancing within it on its own terms; however, in the 1960s, African Americans, Indians, Latinos, and Asians challenged the assimilationist idea.

Clara Barton

Nurse during the Civil War; started the American Red Cross

The Great Crash 1929

Oct 29, 1929-stock market crash caused by overspeculating and overly high stock prices built on non-existent credit

Federal Writers Project

Of the WPA; gave government salaries to writers doing their work

Hamilton's bank bill

Officially proposed by Alexander Hamilton, Secretary of the Treasury, to the first session of the First Congress in 1790, the concept for the Bank had both its support and origin in and among Northern merchants and more than a few New England state governments.

Charles Grandison Finney

One of many great revival preachers who led massive revivals in Rochester and NYC. Created the "anxious bench" and encouraged women to pray aloud.

James Fenimore Cooper

One of the first American novelists who is best remembered for his novels of frontier life, nationalism, and using the scenes and theme of American life: The Last of the Mohicans (1826).

John A. Sutter

One of the first millionaires and richest men in the US in olden days due to his find and start of gold mills.

Native American Party

One of the first secret societies, who held prejudices against immigrants, it joined with other nativist groups to limit the capabilities of immigrants in society.

Traditional European Balance of Power

One of the issues addressed in the Marshall Plan

Ernest Hemingway

One of the most popular writers of the 1920's who wrote "A Farewell to Arms"

"Trusteeship"

One of the principal organs of the United Nations, was established to help ensure that non-self-governing territories were administered in the best interests of the inhabitants and of international peace and security.

Gang System

One of two main systems of slave labor (this one for large plantations with many slaves: tobacco) in which slaves split into groups, each directed by a driver and told to work for as many hours as the overseer ordered (sunup to sundown).

Task System

One of two main systems of slave labor in which a slave had to complete a specific assignment each day. When finished, they were free for the day (rice plantations).

Abolitionist

One who opposes the practice of slavery and wants it ended.

Nativism

Opposing any foreign influence and immigration.

Philadelphia

Originally Swedish settlement on the Delaware River, known as Fort Cristina that became the fastest growing city in the colonies, 2nd largest city in the Empire next to London

Daniel Webster

Originally a pro-North senator, he supported the Compromise of 1850 and subsequently lost favor from his constituency.

Nathaniel Hawthorne

Originally a transcendentalist but later rejected them. He was also a descendant of Puritan settlers, which he showed hypocracy towards in "The Scarlet Letter".

Henry J. Kaiser

Owned construction companies such as ones that built great western dams in the 1930s; single-handedly steered billions of federal dollars into vast capital projects in the west

"Soft Money/ Hard Money"

Paper Money is known as soft money, while specie (gold and silver) is known as hard money.

Homestead Act

Passed in 1862, it gave 160 acres of public land to any settler who would farm the land for five years. The settler would only have to pay a registration fee of $25.

National Defense Education Act

Passed in response to Sputnik, it provided an oppurtunity and stimulus for college education for many Americans. It allocated funds for upgrading funds in the sciences, foreign language, guidance services, and teaching innovation.

Sussex

Passenger-liner sunk in March 1916 by Germany. This led Wilson to break diplomatic relations with Germany if they did not comply with his commands.

General George S. Patton

Regrouped US troops in Africa and started a counteroffensive against Germany

Dr. Benjamin Spock

Pediatrician and author of the Common Sense Book of Baby and Child Care (1946), which emphasized children's need for the love and care of full-time mothers, did not have pointy ears

Zionists

People a part of the movement originating in Eastern Europe during the 1860s and 1870s that argued that the Jews must return to a Middle East Holy Land; was successful, so eventually identified with the settlement of Palestine.

Federalists/Anti-Federalists

People divided into these two groups over the issue of ratifying the constitution. Anti-Federalists argued that the constitution gave too much power to the national government at the expense of the state governments, while the Federalists wanted more centralization and were in favor of a stronger national government

Tecumseh and the Prophet

People feared that the British in Canada would recruit Indians to halt the march of American settlement. A Shawnee chief, Tecumseh and his half-brother the Prophet, sought to unite several tribes in Ohio and the Indiana territory against American settlers. They tried to unify their people and revive traditional virtues.

Socialist Party

People who support community ownership of property and the sharing of all profits

Separatists

People who wanted to have a separate, or different church. Also known as Pilgrims.

Depression culture

Photographers captured the emotion of The Depression, people went to the movies, families crowded around their radio, classic novels such as Gone With the Wind were read.

"Speak Softly, but carry a Big Stick"

Phrase from TR Speech. (Neogiate but keep a strong army ready)

Party Realignment

Produced by new deal; shifting of party coalitions

Transcendentalism

Pioneered by Emerson in the 1830's and 1840's, this philosophy stated that each person has direct communication with God and Nature, so churches were not necessary. Mind goes beyond matter, intuition is valuable, that each soul is part of the Great Spirit. Promoted individualism, self-reliance, freedom from social constraints, and emphasized emotions.

Valley Forge

Place where Washington's army spent the winter of 1777-1778, a 4th of troops died here from disease and malnutriton, Steuben comes and trains troops

Assumption of state debts

Plan by Hamilton meant to tie the states more securely to fed gov; states pay debt, created huge national debt, assumption bill. logrolling - one support another

Atlantic Charter

Pledge signed FDR and British prime minister Winston Churchill not to acquire territory because of WWII

Barbary Pirates

Plundering pirates off the Mediterranean coast of Africa; President Thomas Jefferson's refusal to pay them tribute to protect American ships sparked an undeclared naval war with North African nations

Union Party

Political Movement 1936 (Huey Long's supporters joined with Father Couglin and Francis Townsend); Candidate William Lemke (ND Congressman) receives very few votes,

Whigs

Political party that favored a national bank, protective tariff, and eventually the abolition of slavery.

Republican Party

Political party that grew in the 1850s based in the non-expansion of slavery and comprised of Whigs, Northern Democrats, and Free-Soilers, in defiance to the Slave Powers.

"Mass Politics"

Politics which were media driven and based on emotions of the people, encourgaed the expansion of political democracy.

Betty Grable

Popular pinup girl; inspired navy to fight

"Free Silver"

Populist idea that silver and gold would be the basis of currency to expand money supply. Especially popular to silver miners in rocky mountain states.

New Immigration

Post 1880s largely Southern and Eastern Europeans came to urban American cities and took unskilled jobs. Pre 1880, immigration was largely from Northern Europeans who took semi-skilled labor jobs, or moved to the west to start farms

Poltical Bosses

Powerful politicians who controlled the workforce through bribery.

Urban Renewal

Program in which cities identify blighted inner-city neighborhoods, acquire the properties from private members, relocate the residents and businesses, clear the site, build new roads and utilities, and turn the land over to private developers.

Tom Johnson

Progressive who reformed the political process. Reformed public ownership of utilities in Chicago.

Sexual Harassment

President Clinton worked to raise awareness of ______ __________ in the workplace, with considerable success

Wilsonianism

President Wilson's idealistic world view of opposing imperialism, war, revolution and the belief in democracy/democratic peace theory

"Peace without victory"

President Wilson's motto after the war to have peace in Europe but not punish the Germans

Warren G. Harding

President after Wilson, pro business, promised "normalcy" died in office

Harry S. Truman

President in 1945, Made the decision to drop atomic bombs on Japan

General Antonio Lopez de Santa Anna

President of Mexico (1833), commander of the Mexican army at Gonzales, seller of territory to the United States (Gadsden Purchase), a dictator who overthrew Mexican powe and constitution.

A. Philip Randolph

President of the Brotherhood of Sleeping Car Porters- Union w/ mainly african americans; Planned large march on DC; FDR persuades him to cancel, offering to create Fair Employment Practices Commission to investigate discrimation in the war industries

Wendell Wilkie

Presidential candidate in 1940 against FDR; against New Deal; Believes in preparedness to help Britain

John Bell

Presidential candidate of the Constitutional Union Party, also a moderate wishing for the union to stay together. He drew votes away from the Democrats, helping Lincoln win.

Lecompton Constitution

Pro-slave constitution that got voted in for Kansas after anti-slavery people boycotted the election with much corruption.

American Party

Proper name for the "Know-Nothing Party"

puritans

Protestant sect in England hoping to "purify" the Anglican church of Roman Catholic traces in practice and organization.

Federal Emergency Relief Administration (FERA)

Provided cash grants to states to prop up bankrupt relief agencies

"Specie Circular"

Provided that payment of public lands would be accepted in only gold or silver currency.

"Genius of Universal Emancipation"

Published by NJ Quaker Benjamin Lundy, this newspaper sparked Garrison and many others' abhorrence of slavery.

The Feminine Mystique by Betty Friedan

Published in 1963; cited as the first event of contemporary women's liberation; emphasized the ideal of women living happy, fulfilled lives in purely domestic roles

Gadsden Purchase

Purchase of $10 million worth of land from Mexico in 1853 that established the present U.S.-Mexico boundary.

Anne Hutchinson

Puritan dissenter banished from the Massachusetts Bay Colony who fled to Rhode Island in 1638

Land Ordinance of 1784

Purpose was to raise money through the sale of land in the largely unmapped territory west of the original colonies acquired from Britain at the end of the Revolutionary War.

Northern Securities Co.

RR holding company headed by JP Morgan; became the first trust that TR busted; case got argued to Supreme Ct. where the decision upheld TR's position

Charles Sumner

Radical Republican against the slave power who insults Andrew Butler and subsequently gets caned by Preston Brooks

The ratification process

Ratification of the U.S. Constitution. It was required that conventions of nine of the thirteen original States ratify the constitution. Once word was received that the ninth state had ratified the constitution - New Hampshire, June 21, 1788 - a timetable was set for the start of operations under the Constitution, and on March 4, 1789, the government under the Constitution began operations.

Underwood Simmons Tariff

Re-imposed the federal income tax following the ratification of the Sixteenth Amendment and lowered basic tariff rates from 40% to 25%.

"Declaration of Sentiments"

Read by Stanton, it was a Revision of the Declaration of Independence to include all women and men as equals. It became the basis to obtain civil, social, political, and religious rights for women.

Strategic Defense initiative

Reagan claimed that SDI could provide an effective shield against incoming missiles and thus make nuclear war obsolete

"Evil Empire"

Reagan once called the Soviet regime

"Teflon president"

Reagan was called by this name because even when things went wrong, the blame seldom seemed to attach to Reagan himself

"Supply-side economics" or "Reaganomics"

Reagan's campaign, which promised to reduce taxes

The Reagan Doctrine

Reagan's idea to support opponents of communism anywhere in the world

Macon's Bill #2

Reopened trade w/ Britain & France

Senator Robert LaFollette

Republican Senator from Wisconsin - ran for president under the Progressive Party - proponent of Progressivism and a vocal opponent of railroad trusts, bossism, World War I, and the League of Nations

Thomas E. Dewey

Republican candidate in 1944 and 1948

Herbert Hoover

Republican candidate who assumed the presidency in March 1929 promising the American people prosperity and attempted to first deal with the Depression by trying to restore public faith in the community.

Bureau of Indian Affairs

Responsible for distributing land and adequate supplies to anyone willing to farm as well as maintaining peaceful between the reservation and its neighbors. A school and other communal buildings were promised by the treaty.

Judicial review

Review by a court of law of actions of a government official or entity or of some other legally appointed person or body or the review by an appellate court of the decision of a trial court

De Bow's Review

Review published in a magazine that argued for southern economic independence from the North.

Dorothea Dix

Rights activist on behalf of mentally ill patients - created first wave of US mental asylums

Charles Sumner

Senator who gave a speech in May 1856 called " the Crime Against Kansas" greatly opposing slavery. For this he was beat with a cane by Preston Brooks and collapsed unconscious.

Lewis and Clark

Sent on an expedition by Jefferson to gather information on the United States' new land and map a route to the Pacific. They kept very careful maps and records of this new land acquired from the Louisiana Purchase.

"Roosevelt Corollary"

Roosevelt's 1904 extension of the Monroe Doctrine, stating that the United States has the right to protect its economic interests in South And Central America by using military force

"New Nationalism"

Roosevelt's progressive political policy that favored heavy government intervention in order to assure social justice

Korematsu v. U.S., 1944

Ruled that Japanese-Americans could be interned with basic constitutional rights removed due to executive order

League of Women Voters

Run by Carrie C. Catt and made to educate women of public issues and candidates running for office

Schechter Decision

Schechter Brothers (Run poultry business in Brooklyn); Congress rules not engaged in interstate commerce, therefore, not subject to federal regulation

Prudence Crandall

School teacher who allowed Sarah Harris (an African American) to enter her school in Canterbury, CT. Eventually created her own school for African American girls.

Manhattan Project

Secret project to develop the Atomic Bomb in the US

Francis Perkins

Secretary of Labor, first female cabinet member in the nation's history (FDR's cabinet)

Charles Evan Hughes

Secretary of State for Harding; called the Washington Disarmament Conference

Henry Stimson

Secretary of State for Hoover; dealt with Manchurian invasion by refusing to grant diplomatic recognition to new Japanese territories

Charles Evans Hughes

Secretary of State under Harding, Proposed a 10-year moratorium on the construction of major new warships at the Washington Conference

John Hay

Secretary of State under McKinley and Roosevelt who pioneered the Open Door policy and Panama canal

William Seward

Secretary of State who was responsible for purchasing Alaskan Territory from Russia. By purchasing Alaska, he expanded the territory of the country at a reasonable price.

"Hoovervilles"

Shanty towns that the unemployed built in the cities during the early years of the Depression; the name given to them shows that the people blamed Hoover directly for the Depression.

De Lome Letter

Spanish Ambassador's letter that was illegally removed from the U.S. Mail and published by American newspapers. It criticized President McKinley in insulting terms. Used by war hawks as a pretext for war in 1898.

Californios

Spanish colonists that took up residence in present day California

Margaret Fuller

She wrote "Women in the 19th Century", forshadowing the women's rights movement, along with "The Dial", a transcendentalist paper. (lived at Brook Farm)

March to the Sea

Sherman's march to Savannah which cut off confederate supplies received by the sea

Panama Canal

Ship canal cut across the isthmus of Panama by United States Army engineers; it opened in 1915. It greatly shortened the sea voyage between the east and west coasts of North America. The United States turned the canal over to Panama on Jan 1, 2000

Goliad

Shortly after the Alamo, this is the site where about 400 defeated and surrendered Americans were killed by Santa Anna.

Treaty of Paris

Signed by the United States and Spain in December 1898, this treaty ended the Spanish-American War. Under its terms, Spain recognized Cuba's independence and assumed the Cuban debt; it also ceded Puerto Rico and Guam to the United States. At the insistence of the U.S. representatives, Spain also ceded the Phillipines. The Senate ratified the treaty on February 6, 1899.

"The first party system"

Since Federalists appeared to their critics to be creating such a menacing and tyrannical structure of power, a new, opposing political organization was created; Republican. They created vehicles of influence; forming committees, societies, and caucuses, and began banding together to influence state and local elections.

"Butcher Weyler"

Spanish general Valeriano Weyler called "Butcher Weyler" because hundreds of people died in his concentration camps.

Federal Reserve Act

Sparked by the Panic of 1893 and 1907, this act created in 1913 established a reserve system, which issued paper money controlled by government banks.

Fort Sumter

Site of the opening engagement of the Civil War. On December 20, 1860, South Carolina had seceded from the Union, and had demanded that all federal property in the state be surrendered to state authorities. Major Robert Anderson concentrated his units at ____ ______, and, when Lincoln took office on March 4, 1861, Sumter was one of only two forts in the South still under Union control. Learning that Lincoln planned to send supplies to reinforce the fort, on April 11, 1861, Confederate General Beauregard demanded Anderson's surrender, which was refused. On April 12, 1861, the Confederate Army began bombarding the fort, which surrendered on April 14, 1861. Congress declared war on the Confederacy the next day.

"Skilled Artisans/ Unskilled Workers"

Skilled artisans are independent craft workers who owned and managed their own shops. Unskilled workers filled factory jobs, which require no specialized training.

Nat Turner

Slave preacher in Virginia who started an armed slave rebellion in 1831 It was the largest black resistance to slavery in America, killing white slave owners house to house.

"Fifty-four forty or fight"

Slogan by Polk and the Americans of where they hoped to draw the northern boundry of their part of Oregon.

Pet Banks

Small, state banks in which Jackson transfered the money from the Federal Bank in his attempts to destroy the Bank of the United States.

Eugene B. Debs

Socialist who included unskilled and semi skilled workers in unions.

"The South Carolina"

Stated South Carolina's thoughts of succession from the Union.

Brown vs the Board of Education

Stated the the segregation of public schools is unconstituional and ordered that all states must eventually desegregate the schools.

Credit Mobilier

a joint-stock company organized in 1863 and reorganized in 1867 to build the Union Pacific Railroad. It was involved in a scandal in 1872 in which high government officials were accused of accepting bribes.

"Uncivilized and civilized nations"

Some countries had developed reliable reputations for themselves, while others were known as barbaric. Based on racisim and industrial development

The Irreconciliables

Some of the acts by Germany during World War I that seemingly could not be taken back.

"Trust-Buster"

Someone who breaks up a trust into smaller companies

John C. Calhoun

South Carolina Senator - advocate for state's rights, limited government, and nullification, leader of the Fugitive Slave Law, and believed that there should be both an upper and lower class in society.

John C. Calhoun

South Carolina Senator - advocate for state's rights, limited government, and nullification.

States' Rights Party

Southern Conservatives reacted angrily to Truman's proposed civil rights bill and to the approval at the convention of a civil rights plank in the platform. They formed this party in opposition

Black Codes

Southern laws designed to restrict the rights of the newly freed black slaves

Cult of Honor

Southern white males sought to keep their manhood and authority by laying out insults as a social necessity and a gentlemen's obligation.

"War Hawks"

Southerners and Westerners who were eager for war with Britain. They had a strong sense of nationalism, and they wanted to takeover British land in North America and expand.

Spanish Armada

Spain's King Phillip II, was determined to invade England, end England's challenges to Spanish commercial supremacy, and to bring the English back into the catholic church. He established one of the largest military fleets in the history of warfare to carry his troops into England. However, the smaller British fleet quickly defeated the them and ended Spain's denomination of the Atlantic.

"Checkers speech"

Speech by Nixon that defended himself about using campaign money for personal reasons

Pump Priming

Spending government money in commercial enterprises to help stimulate the economy

Carrie Chapman Catt

Spoke powerfully in favor of suffrage, worked as a reporter and school principal, became head of the National American Woman Suffrage,

A. Phillip Randolph

Started the Brotherhood of Sleeping Car Porters and a leader of civil rights movement

"Axis"

Starts with Italy and Germany (After attack on Ethiopia), later Japan

Steamboats

Stimulated western and southern agricultural economy by opening markets, and by allowing eastern manufactures to send their goods west, commercially advanced by Robert Fulton.

James Madison

Strict constructionist, 4th president, father of the Constitution, leads nation through War of 1812

John C. Calhoun

Strong refuser and non-compromiser of the Fugitive Slave Act and threatened secession from the union if the North did not agree with the South.

Peace Democrats

Sub-division of the fractured democratic party. Tens of thousands who did not support the Lincoln Administration. The hippies of the civil war.

Jeffersonian Vision

Subscribed to Jefferson ideas. Republican society built upon a agrarian (farming agriculture) empire and Farmers

The New Left

a large, diverse group of men and women energized by the polarizing developments of their time to challenge the political system; during the 1960s

Brigham Young

Succeeded Joseph Smith as Morman leader after Smith's assassination. He was responsible for the Mormon's survival and travel to Salt Lake City, Utah.

Special Protections for Women

Supported by many women over equality; Like various protections for female workers' safety

Equal Rights Amendment

Supported by the National Organization for Women, this amendment would prevent all gender-based discrimination practices. However, it never passed the ratification process.

"You furnish the pictures and I'll furnish the war."

Supposedly said by William Randolph Hearst, but not verified by historians today.

Ex Parte Milligan

Supreme Court decided that the suspension of habeas corpus was unconstitutional because civilian courts were still operating, and the Constitution of the United States (according to the Court) only provided for suspension of habeas corpus if these courts are actually forced closed. In essence, the court ruled that military tribunals could not try civilians in areas where civil courts were open, even during wartime.

Gibbons vs. Ogden

Supreme Court decision that ruled that the Constitution gave control of interstate commerce to the U.S. Congress, not the individual states through which a route passed.

Samuel Chase

Supreme court justice of whom the Democratic-Republican Congress tried to remove in retaliation of the John Marshall's decision regarding Marbury; was not removed due to a lack of votes in the Senate.

"With deliberate Speed"

Surpreme Court desicion of Brown case, states should end segregation

Crop lien system

System that allowed farmers to get more credit. They used harvested crops to pay back their loans.

Turnpike Era

TIme during 1790s to 1820s where most Americans relied on roads for internal transportation

Turnpike Era

TIme during 1790s to 1820s where most Americans relied on roads for internal transportation.

Charles Francis Murphy

Tammany Hall leader; began to fuse some of the boss rule with concerns of social reformers. Interest in state and national politics. Improving working conditions

Income tax

Tax paid to the state, federal, and local governments based on income earned over the past year.

Third World

Term applied to a group of developing countries who professed nonalignment during the Cold War.

"Dollar Diplomacy"

Term used to describe the efforts of the US to further its foreign policy through use of economic power by guaranteeing loans to foreign countries

Old Northwest

Territory consisting of the states of Illinois, Wisconsin, Ohio, Michigan and the northeast chunk of Minnesota (the Ohio River Valley settlement). Had a thriving economy and attracted many settlers during the 1800s.

Old Northwest

Territory made up of the states Illinois, Wisconsin, Ohio, Michigan and the northeastern part of Minnesota.

Congressional reconstruction

The "real" reconstruction plan, it involved the Radical Republican's plans which override Johnson's vetoes, divided the South into 5 military districts and stationed troops in each district

Warsaw Pact

The 1955 treaty binding the Soviet Union and Communist countries of eastern Europe in an alliance against the North Atlantic Treaty Organization

James Buchanan

The 15th President of the US in 1856. He tried to maintain a balance between proslavery and antislavery factions, but his moderate views only agitated radicals of both sides. He was unable to forestall the secession of SC in 1860.

Adlai Stevenson

The Democratic candidate who ran against Eisenhower in 1952. His intellectual speeches earned him and his supporters the term "eggheads". Lost to Eisenhower.

"Ghost Dance"

a religious dance of native Americans looking for communication with the dead

Louisiana Purchase

The U.S., under Jefferson, bought the Louisiana territory from France, under the rule of Napoleon, in 1803. The U.S. paid $15 million for the Louisiana Purchase, and Napoleon gave up his empire in North America. The U.S. gained control of Mississippi trade route and doubled its size.

The Creole and Caroline Affairs

The Caroline Affair was the burning of a US supply ship that helped provide goods to Canadian rebels. The Creole Affair was the seizing of an American ship by slaves from Great Britain, with no response from Great Britian to help control their slaves.

Red summer of 1919

The Chicago Riot, where 28 people died, 537 injured, and 1,000 were left homeless; was the worst but not the only racial violence during the summer of 1919. In all 120 people died in such radical outbreaks in the span of little more than three months.

Justice Roger B. Taney

The Chief Justice of the Supreme Court who ruled on the Dred Scott decision.

"Covenant"

The Covenant of the League of Nations was the charter for the League of Nations

Plains Indians

The Great Plains is vast, treeless grassland in the middle of our nation from the Mississippi River

Queen Lilioukalani

The Hawaiian queen who was forced out of power by a revolution started by American business interests.

The Holocaust

The Nazi's campaign to exterminate the Jews of Europe

Confederate States of America

a republic formed in February of 1861 and composed of the eleven Southern states that seceded from the United States

Porifirio Diaz

The President of Mexico from 1876 to 1880 and from 1884 to 1911, and one of the most controversial figures of the country. Overthrown by popular leader Francisco Modero

James River

a river in Virginia that flows east into Chesapeake Bay at Hampton Roads

Ross Perot

a forthright Texas billionaire who became an independent candidate by tapping popular resentment of the federal bureaucracy and by promising tough, uncompromising leadership to deal with the fiscal crisis and other problems of government

Communist International

The Soviet government announced the formation it in 1919, whose purpose was to export revolutions around the world

The Marshall Court

The Suprem Court under Chief Justice John Marshall, which contributed to the growth of judicial review and supported federal power.

Battle of Fallen Timbers

The U.S. Army defeated the Native Americans under Shawnee Chief Blue Jacket and ended Native American hopes of keeping their land that lay north of the Ohio River

Headright System

The Virginia Company's system in which settlers and the family members who came with them each received 50 acres of land

King Phillip's War

The War Between the English and the Pequot, Narragansett, Wampanog, and Nipmunk indians

Kansas Nebraska Controversy

The addition of Kansas and Nebraska sparked the issue of slavery once again. The act set up Kansas and Nebraska as states, each using popular sovereignty to decide what to do about slavery.

Treaty of Guadalupe Hidalgo

The agreement treaty between Polk and Mexican governement on February 2 1848 for Mexico to cede CA and New Mexico to the US, and to acknowledge the Rio Grande as the boundary of Texas. In return, the US assumes any financial claims its new citizens had against Mexico and to pay the Mexicans $15 million.

"A splendid little war"

The ambassador to England wrote to his friend, Teddy Roosevelt, with these words because of low casualties in the fight against Spain

Keynesian Economics

Theory based on the principles of John Maynard Keynes, stating that government spending should increase during business slumps and be curbed during booms.

"Free Soil"

The belief surfaced after the Mexican War to ban slavery in the newly acquired territories to keep their soil free of slavery. Formed their own political party in 1848.

Tariff of Abominations

The bill favored western agricultural interests by raising tariffs or import taxes on imported hemp, wool, fur, flax, and liquor, thus favoring Northern manufacturers. In the South, these tariffs raised the cost of manufactured goods, thus angering them and causing more support for sectionalism.

Pocahontas

a Powhatan woman (the daughter of Chief Powhatan) who befriended the English at Jamestown and is said to have saved Captain John Smith's life (1595-1617)

"Popular Sovereignty"

The concept created by Lewis Cass that states that political power rests within the people who should be able to create, alter, and abolish government by voting.

Korean War

The conflict between Communist North Korea and Non-Communist South Korea. The United Nations helped South Korea

Fundamental Orders

The constitution of the Connecticut River colony drawn up in 1639, it established a government controlled in democratic style by the "substantial" citizens.

Sixteenth Amendment

The constitutional amendment adopted in 1913 that explicitly permitted Congress to levy an income tax

Henry Cabot Lodge

a Republican who disagreed with the Versailles Treaty and chairman of the Senate Foreign Relations Committee. He mostly disagreed with the section that called for the League to protect a member who was being threatened.

Lochner v. New York 1905

The court cannot uphold a labor law unless it is an issue of public health

Bolshevik

a Russian member of the left-wing majority group that followed Lenin and eventually became the Russian communist party

U-2 Incident

The incident when an American spy plane was shot down over the Soviet Union. The U.S. denied the true purpose of the plane at first, but was forced to when the U.S.S.R. produced the living pilot and the largely intact plane to validate their claim of being spied on aerially. The incident worsened East-West relations during the Cold War and was a great embarrassment for the United States.

The Federal structure

The federal government of the United States is the central government entity established by the United States Constitution, which shares sovereignty over the United States of America with the governments of the individual U.S. states

Toleration Act of 1649

act that allowed freedom of worship for all Christians in Maryland, kept peace between Catholics and Protestants

Jackie Robinson

The first African American player in the major league of baseball. His actions helped to bring about other opportunities for African Americans.

Trail of Tears

The forced removal of the Cherokee Indians to Indian territory(Oklahoma). The Cherokees were devistated and nearly 4,000 Indians died from the journey.

Andrew Carnegie

a Scottish immigrant who worked his way up to become a major tycoon in Pittsburgh when he founded Carnegie Steel. His company used vertical integration to control every aspect of production.

James Watt

a Secretary of the Interior who was a major figure in the Sagebrush Rebellion; he opened up public lands and water to development

The Webster-Hayne Debate

The heated debate that was caused by the calling for the temporary suspension of land surveying until the land already on the market was sold.

Tariff of Abominations, 1828

The highest import tax ever, which doubled the tax rates on some goods. Liked by the North, but despised by the South.

Idea of Convention

The idea of coming together as colonies to make decisions as a whole, instead of all self governing

"More bang for the buck"

The idea that one should get more for whatever they put into something; The idea that one should be able to purchase more for a dollar

James G. Blaine

a U.S. Representative, Speaker of the United States House of Representatives, U.S. Senator from Maine, two-time United States Secretary of State, and champion of the Half-Breeds. He was a dominant Republican leader of the post Civil War period, obtaining the 1884 Republican nomination, but lost to Democrat Grover Cleveland

Yorktown

The last major battle of the war in which Charles Cornwallis surrendered to George Washington. The French helped us. The was over, and colonists had won!

Thirty-eighth parallel

The line dividing Korea into two sections, north of the the parellel the communist Soviet Union was in charge and south of the parellel was democratic America was in charge. This line would become the demilitarized zone after the Korean conflict.

Portsmouth Conference

The meeting between Japan, Russia, and the U.S. that ended the Russo-Japanese War in 1905. Roosevelt won the Nobel Peace Prize for stopping the fighting between those two countries.

Political Convention

The meeting of a political party in order to set policy and select nominees for office.

"Beats"

a United States youth subculture of the 1950s

Gettysburg

The most violent battle of the American Civil War and is frequently cited as the war's turning point, fought from July 1 - July 3, 1863. The defeat of Robert E. Lee's invading Confederate army was a major victory for the Union

Japanese Internment

The move of Japanese into internment camps; viewed as dangerous to the US

Log Cabin Campaign

The name given to William Henry Harrison's campaign for the presidency in 1840, symbolized that WHH was a common man.

Alien and Sedition Acts

These consist of four laws passed by the Federalist Congress and signed by President Adams in 1798: the Naturalization Act, which increased the waiting period for an immigrant to become a citizen from 5 to 14 years; the Alien Act, which empowered the president to arrest and deport dangerous aliens; the Alien Enemy Act, which allowed for the arrest and deportation of Citizens of countries at was with the US; and the Sedition Act, which made it illegal to publish defamatory statements about the federal government or its officials.

Worchester vs. Georgia

The name of the court case in which the Indians of Georgia sued; John Marshall ruled for them and said that state law had no authority in Cherokee territory.

"Remember the Maine"

The naval ship, U.S. S. Maine was sunk prior to the Spanish/American war. The yellow press quickly pounced on the tragdey to inform everyone about it. The slogan led to the start of the war.

"New woman"

The new image of woman; could smoke in public, own property, etc. Associated with Woolf, women's suffrage movement, new divorce laws, etc.

"King Andrew I"

The nickname for Andrew Jackson negatively refering to his excessive use of the veto power and his tyranical ways as president.

Free Labor

The northern belief that slavery was dangerous, not because of its effect on blacks, but because of what it threatened to do to whites.

Jerry Falwell

a fundamentalist minister in Virginian with a substantial television audience launched Moral Majority

"Brinksmanship"

The principle of not backing down in a crisis, even if it meant taking the country to the brink of war. Policy of both the U.S. and U.S.S.R. during the Cold War.

Teapot Dome Scandal

a government scandal involving a former United States Navy oil reserve in Wyoming that was secretly leased to a private oil company in 1921

'New two party system"

The reemergance of the two party system: the Democrats and the Republicans.

Deism

The religion of the Enlightenment (1700s). Followers believed that God existed and had created the world, but that afterwards He left it to run by its own natural laws. Denied that God communicated to man or in any way influenced his life.

Fifteenth Amendment

The right of citizens of the United States to vote shall not be denied or abridged by the United States or by any State on account of race, color, or previous condition of servitude.

Nineteenth Amendment

The right of citizens of the United States to vote shall not be denied or abridged by the United States or by any State on account of sex.

Paxton Boys

a band of people from western PA who descended on Philadelphia with demands for relief from colonial taxes and for money to help them defend themselves against Indians.

Evangelicalism

a belief in personal conversion through direct communication with God

Chesapeake Affair

The seizure and searching, off the coast of Virginia, of the USS Chesapeake in 1807 by the HMS Leopard, whose commander suspected that British deserters might be aboard. Four of the Chesapeake's crew were impressed.

Andrew Jackson

The seventh president of the United States who gained his popularity as a war hero from the War of 1812 in New Orleans. As president, he opposed the Bank of the United States and objected to the right of individua l states to nullify federal laws. He also increased the presidential power with his frequent use of the presidential veto.

John Q. Adams

The sixth president of the United States, who was not well-liked by citizens and accused of making a corrupt bargain to win the election. He mainly focused on the economy during his presidency.

"Democratization"

The spread of representative government to more countries and the process of making governments more representative (elected by the people).

The Grapes of Wrath 1939

The story follows the fortunes of a poor family as they travel from the Dust Bowl region to California. based on the Great Depression written by John Steinbeck

"Yellow Peril"

The supposed threat to Western civilization said to arise from the power and number of Asiatic peoples

Spoils System

The system of employing and promoting the friends and supporters of the group in power, greatly used by Andrew Jackson.

Tiananmen Square

a bloody massacre on June 3, 1989, in Beijing. Students in China wanted democratization

Bruce Barton: The Man Nobody Knows

a book where author Barton presents Jesus as "the founder of modern business" and the best salesman of all-time

Fur Trade

The trading of fur and animal pelts in the North because the Northern soil was not suitable for cash crops.

Powhatan

The tribe that helped the Jamestown colony. They taught them how to plant crops and how to survive.

"Zone of Occupation"

The various areas that the Soviet Union and the Western Allies held in Europe. US, UK, and France received West Germany and the Soviet Union received East Germany. Essentially the world was divided into Soviet Powers in the East and Western Allied Forces in the West

"Great American Desert"

The vast arid territory that included the Great Plains, the Rocky Mountains, and the Western Plateau. Known as this before 1860, they were the lands between the Mississippi River and the Pacific Coast.

Ludlow Massacre

The violent deaths of 20 people, 11 of them children, during an attack by the Colorado National Guard on a tent colony of 1,200 striking coal miners

Sputnik

The world's first space satellite. This meant the Soviet Union had a missile powerful enough to reach the US.

Plessy vs Ferguson

a case that was brought to supreme court by black lawsuits to challenge the legality of segregation. The court ruled that segregation was legal as long as it was "equal"

Pacifists and Interventionists

They debated the economic preparations of the war

Calvinist Puritans

They fled their country under Queen Mary and when they returned to England, they brought back with them more radical religious ideas. They continued to clamor for reforms that would "purify" the church

"Separatists"

They held radical positions according to the standards of their time and they were determined to worship as they pleased in their own independent congregations. They also permitted women to serve as preachers and other important roles.

First Continental Congress

They made 5 major decisions. They rejected a plan for a colonial union under British authority, they endorsed a statement of grievances, they approved a series of resolutions that a Suffolk County had passed, they agreed to nonimportation, nonexportation, and nonconsumption as means of stopping all trade with Great Britain, and finally they agreed to meet again the next spring.

American Communist Party

They were instrumental in creating the Lincoln Brigade, organizing the unemployed, and taking a firm stand in favor of racial justice.

Town meetings

They would decide important questions and choose a group of "selectmen" who governed until the next meeting. Only adult males were permitted to participate.

The Jungle

This 1906 work by Upton Sinclair pointed out the abuses of the meat packing industry. The book led to the passage of the 1906 Meat Inspection Act.

Selective Service Act

This 1917 law provided for the registration of all American men between the ages of 21 and 30 for a military draft. Age limit was later changed to 18 to 45.

Gamal Abdul Nasser

This Egyptian President led the Free Officer movement in the Egyptian armed forces which seized power in July 1952, under General Neguib. It abolished the monarchy a year later. He ousted Neguib as head of state, Prime Minister, and chairman of the military junta (RCC) in 1954. His decision to nationalize the Suez Canal to finance the construction of the Aswan High Dam led directly to the second Arab-Israeli War of October-November 1956. The successful co-ordinated attacks upon Suez by Israel, France, and Britain were quickly halted and a ceasefire arranged after strong UN and USA pressure. Despite military defeat, He was able to present the war as a great Arab victory over the forces of imperialism and Zionism and he was acclaimed as a great Arab hero. From 1958, Egypt relied increasingly upon Soviet military and economic aid. If you are actually reading this I commend you. This ended Egypt's non-aligned policy and she became the principal Soviet client state in the Middle Eastern Cold War. In the name of Arab socialism, he carried out a domestic programme of extensive nationalization, income redistribution, subsidies on basic goods, and a reduction of rent, fares, and educational fees, in 1961. His post-Suez ascendancy lay chiefly in the wider Arab world, however. He inspired the pan-Arab union of Syria and Egypt, the United Arab Republic, in 1958, which lasted until 1961. He sought the overthrow of Arab monarchies and the vestiges of European rule in the Arab world, by aiding revolutionary nationalist groups, as in Algeria, North Yemen, and Oman, and by supporting radical nationalist governments, like those of Nabulsi in Jordan and Qadhafi in Libya. He sponsored and sought to direct the Palestinian guerrilla groups al-Fatah in 1956 and the PLO in 1964. As Egypt, Syria, Iraq, and Jordan moved towards war with Israel, Israel destroyed the airforces of all four countries in pre-emptive airstrikes in June 1967. This enabled Israeli ground forces to win a rapid and crushing military victory in six days that destroyed his dreams of uniting the Arabs and annihilating Israel. Who is he?

Federal Highway Act of 1956

This act, an accomplishment of the Eisenhower administration, authorized $25 billion for a ten- year project that built over 40,000 miles of interstate highways. This was the largest public works project in American history.

Hay-Pauncefote Treaty

This agreement nullified the Clayton-Bulwer Treaty of 1850 and gave the United States the right to create and control a canal across Central America, connecting the Pacific Ocean and the Atlantic Ocean.

Mayflower Compact

This document was drafted in 1620 prior to settlement by the Pilgrims at Plymouth Bay in Massachusetts. It declared that the 41 males who signed it agreed to accept majority rule and participate in a government in the best interest of all members of the colony. This agreement set the precedent for later documents outlining commonwealth rule.

Articles of Confederation

This document, the nation's first constitution, was adopted by the Second Continental Congress in 1781 during the Revolution. The document was limited because states held most of the power, and Congress lacked the power to tax, regulate trade, or control coinage.

Liberal Republicans

This group advocated civil service reform, an end of railroad subsidies, withdrawal of troops from the South, reduced tariffs, and free trade. Party formed in 1872 (split from the ranks of the Republican Party) which argued that the Reconstruction task was complete and should be set aside.

"Modernists"

This group of people supported Darwinism and they refused to accept the bible as history or science.

Women's Christian Temperance Union

This organization was dedicated to the idea of the 18th Amendment - the Amendment that banned the manufacture, sale, or transportation of alcohol.

Cold War

This period of time following World War II is where the United States and the Soviet Union emerged as superpowers and faced off in an arms race that lasted nearly 50 years.

Servicemens Readjustment Act of 1944

This provided economic and educational assistance to veterans, also known as the GI Bill of Rights

Treaty of Greenville

This treaty between the Americans and the Native Americans. In exchange for some goods, the Indians gave the United States territory in Ohio. Anthony Wayne was the American representative.

"Slave power conspiracy"

This was a theory held by the North that the South was engaged in a conspiracy to extend slavery throughout the nation, destroying the openness of northern capitalism and replace it with the closed, aristocratic system of the south. North sought to fight the spread of slavery and extend the nation's democratic ideals to all sections of the country.

Battle of Saratoga

Turning point of the American Revolution. It convinced the French to give the U.S. military support. It lifted American spirits, ended the British threat in New England by taking control of the Hudson River, and, most importantly, showed the French that the Americans had the potential to beat their enemy, Great Britain.

Appomattox

This was the last battle of the Civil War that ended in a Union victory. It ended the war. Lee surrenders here, but Grant offers the Confederacy good surrender terms to try to reunify the country.

Salvation Army

This welfare organization came to the US from England in 1880 and sought to provide food, shelter, and employment to the urban poor while preaching temperance and morality.

Mae West

This woman portrayed herself in a series of successful films as an overtly sexual woman manipulating men through her attractiveness.

"Revolution of 1800"

Thomas Jefferson and the Democratic Republicans unseated the incumbent Federalist party. It was the first time in a western government where a change in the ruling power had occurred so radically, peacefully, and without bloodshed.

Revolution of 1800

Thomas Jefferson and the Democratic Republicans unseated the incumbent Federalist party. It was the first time in a western government where a change in the ruling power had occurred so radically, peacefully, and without bloodshed.

"Success ethic"

Though the economy was failing, this ethic of the individual's control of his or her fate was not lost.

Robert M. LaFollette

Three term governor of Wisconsin, then U.S. Senator in 1906, he was one of the earliest proponents of Progressive Reform.

Federal Housing Administration

To insure mortgages for new construction and home repairs

General Zachary Taylor

Twelfth President of the United States and strong military leader against the Mexicans (achieved fame while leading U.S. troops to victory at several critical battles of the Mexican-American War). Opposing the spread of slavery to the territories, he was recruited by the Whig Party as their nominee in the 1848 presidential election.

Neutrality Acts 1936-1937

To prevent a recurrence of the events believed to have pressured the US into WWI; renewed previsions from 1935 (mandatory arms embargo against all victims and aggressors, travel on ships of warring nations at own risk); cash-and-carry policy

Civilian Conservation Corps (CCC)

To provide employment to young men w/ no jobs in cities- created camps in places like national parks where the men worked in a semimilitary environment on jobs like planting trees and building parks

Elizabeth I

Took over after her half sister, Mary, died. She became England's sovereign and she served as the nation's connection with the Protestant Anglican Church.

Levittown

Towns in which houses were built on an assembly line. The houses were cheap and all families could afford them.

Treaty of Ghent

Treaty that ended the War of 1812 and maintained prewar conditions

Berlin Airlift

Truman's aid to the Soviet blockaded former german capital

"Fair Deal"

Truman's extension of the New Deal that increased min wage, expanded Social Security, and constructed low-income housing

Containment Doctrine

Truman's response to the Long Telegram; he wanted to keep Communism from spreading further throughout the world

Isolation

Trying to stay out of international affairs (focus on America, while ignoring international "responsibilities")

1893 Columbian Exposition

a celebration of the 400th anniversary of Columbus's arrival in the New World. Held in Chicago, also called Chicago's World Fair.

Scottsboro Case

Two white girls accused 9 black teenagers of raping them on a train. There was overwhelming evidence that the boys hadn't done anything, but they were convicted anyway. Later, the Supreme Court overturned the case and the boys eventually got their freedom.

Mercantile Economy

Type of economy that dominated in cities and was based largely on overseas trade

Sheppard-Towner Act

U.S. Act of Congress providing federal funding for maternity and child care, a response to the lack of adequate medical care for women and children

Martin Luther King Jr.

U.S. Baptist minister and civil rights leader. A noted orator, he opposed discrimination against blacks by organizing nonviolent resistance and peaceful mass demonstrations. He was assassinated in Memphis, Tennessee. Nobel Peace Prize (1964)

George A. Custer

U.S. general commanded his army at Battle of Little Big Horn, he was killed

Anti-Saloon League

U.S. organization working for prohibition of the sale of alcoholic liquors. Founded in 1893 as the Ohio Anti-Saloon League at Oberlin, Ohio, by representatives of temperance societies and evangelical Protestant churches, it came to wield great political influence.

Pearl Harbor

US Naval Base in Hawaii; Attacked in 1941 by Japanese bombers; Greatly diminished US forces in the Pacific

George F. Kennan

US ambassador to Russia; sends the Long telegram to Truman warning that the Soviets are expanding rapidly and need to be stopped

National Securtiy Council memo #68

US will "strive for victory" in cold war, pressed for offensive and a gross increase ($37 bill) in defense spending, determined US foreign policy for the next 20-30 yrs

The Nixon Doctrine

US would "participate in the defense and development of allies and friends" but would leave the "basic responsibility" for the future of those "friends" to the nations themselves

"Bear Flag Revolution"

Ultimately makes CA a state by a revolt of American settlers in California against Mexican rule.

Crazy Horse

a chief of the Sioux who resisted the invasion of the Black Hills and joined Sitting Bull in the defeat of General Custer at Little Bighorn (1849-1877)

Sitting Bull

a chief of the Sioux, took up arms against settlers in the northern Great Plains and against United States Army troops; he was present at the battle of Little Bighorn (1876) when the Sioux massacred General Custer's troops (1831-1890)

"Anarchism"

a code that came to stand fro terrorism and violence in the public mind, often associated with labor Unions after Haymarket Square Riot

Philanthropy

Undertaking of great public buildings such as libraries, museums and theaters inspired by wealthy residents who wanted the cities amenities to match their material and social aspirations

"Stagflation"-

a combination of rising prices and general economic stagnation

Corporation

a company or group of people authorized to act as a single entity (legally a person) and recognized as such in law. Examples- Standard Oil, US steel, Central Pacific.

George B. McClellan

Union general who fought in peninsular campaign even though he didnt seem ready to fight. also fought in antietam

"No-strike pledge"

Unions agreed not to stop production in wartime

John Wilkes Booth

United States actor and assassin of President Lincoln (1838-1865)

Rosa Parks

United States civil rights leader who refused to give up her seat on a bus to a white man in Montgomery (Alabama) and so triggered the national civil rights movement (born in 1913)

John Foster Dulles

United States diplomat who (as Secretary of State) pursued a policy of opposition to the USSR by providing aid to American allies (1888-1959)

Walt Disney

United States film maker who pioneered animated cartoons, who revolutionized family entertainment, and who founded Disneyland and exemplified excapist entertainment.

Gen. Douglas MacArthur

United States general who served as chief of staff and commanded Allied forces in the South Pacific during World War II

Frederick Jackson Turner

United States historian who stressed the role of the western frontier in American history (1861-1951)

Eli Whitney

United States inventor of the mechanical cotton gin (1765-1825)

William Green

United States labor leader who was president of the American Federation of Labor from 1924 to 1952 and who led the struggle with the Congress of Industrial Organizations (1873-1952)

Jimmy Hoffa

United States labor leader who was president of the Teamsters Union

John Muir

United States naturalist (born in England) who advocated the creation of national parks (1838-1914)

Saul Bellow

United States novelist (born in Canada in 1915)

Sinclair Lewis

United States novelist who satirized middle-class America in his novel Main Street

Margaret Sanger

United States nurse who campaigned for birth control and planned parenthood

Daniel Webster

United States politician and orator, as well as the leader of the Whig Party. Usually pro-Northern, he supported the Compromise of 1850 and lost popularity in New England.

Henry Clay

United States politician responsible for the Missouri Compromise between free and slave states.

DeWitt Clinton

United States politician who, as governor of New York supported the project to build the Erie Canal.

John Dewey

United States pragmatic philosopher who advocated progressive education (1859-1952), He was a philosopher who believed in "learning by doing" which formed the foundation of progressive education.

Buffalo Bill Cody

United States showman famous for his Wild West Show (1846-1917)

Elizabeth Cady Stanton

United States suffragist and feminist

Jonas Salk

United States virologist who developed the Salk vaccine that is injected against poliomyelitis (born 1914)

Helen Hunt Jackson

United States writer of romantic novels about the unjust treatment of Native Americans (1830-1885)

5 permanent members of UNSC

United States, United Kingdom, Union of Soviet Socialist Republics (Russian Federation), 4th French Republic, Republic of China (Peoples Republic of China)

submarine warfare

Used during World War I mainly between German U-Boats and Atlantic supply convoys for Great Britain

Ho Chi-Minh

Vietnamese communist statesman who fought the Japanese in World War II and the French until 1954 and South vietnam until 1975 (1890-1969)

Rough Riders

Volunteer regiment of US Cavalry led by Teddy Roosevelt during the Spanish American War

National Referendum

Vote for presidential election: Roosevelt has 61% of the vote, Alf Landon has 36% of the vote

Split Ticket

Voting for candidates of different parties for various offices in the same election.

"Interventionists"

Wanted the US to intervene in the war (siding with the Allies)

"Liberty Bonds"

War bond sold to Americans; 2/3 of war budget and increased interest over time

Mexican War

War declared in 1846 after Mexican troops crossed the Rio Grande into Texas and ended in 1848 with the Treaty of Guadalupe Hidalgo (gave the U.S. Texas, New Mexico, and California in exchange for $15 million to Mexico)

Blackhawk War

War that was fought in 1832 in the Midwestern United States. Consisted of more than 150 battles, raids, and killings between Mormon settlers and Native American tribes in Utah.

Washington's Farewell Address

Warned Americans not to get involved in European affairs, not to make permanent alliances, not to form political parties and to avoid sectionalism.

Theodore Roosevelt as Secretary of the Navy

Was a sincere imperialist, supporter of the Spanish-American War, and unrestrained by the fact that he was not really a major political figure in the U.S.; strengthened the navy's Pacific fleet; told its commander, Dewey, to attack the Spanish navy in the Philippines if the United States went to war with Spain

William Henry Harrison

Was an American military leader, politician, the ninth President of the United States, and the first President to die in office. His death created a brief constitutional crisis, but ultimately resolved many questions about presidential succession left unanswered by the Constitution until passage of the 25th Amendment. Led US forces in the Battle of Tippecanoe.

Edgar Allen Poe

Was an American poet, short-story writer, literary critic, and is considered part of the American Romantic Movement. Best known for his tales of mystery and the macabre.

Commodore Dewey

Was an admiral of the United States Navy, where he was best known for his victory at the Battle of Manila Bay during the Spanish-American War. He also was the only person in the history of the United States to attain the rank of 'Admiral of the Navy'

Jay's Treaty

Was made up by John Jay. It said that Britain was to pay for Americans ships that were seized in 1793, that Americans had to pay British merchants debts owed from before the revolution, and Britain had agreed to remove their troops from the Ohio Valley

The Second Great Awakening

Wave of religious revivals around 1800 that encouraged a culture of evangelicalism responsible for an upswing in prison reform, the temperance cause, the feminist movement, and abolition.

Western Progressives

Western states wanted more reforms with the federal government as opposed to state or local governments.

Boston Massacre

a crowd of dockworkers began pelting the sentries at the customs house with rocks and snowballs. The British Regiment lined up several of their men in front of the building to protect it. One soldier was knocked down and 5 bystanders were killed. This quickly became blown out of proportion and became known as a massacre.

Missouri Crisis

When Missouri applied to enter the union as a slave state, making the slave to free state ratio unbalanced. Congress proposed an emanicpation of slaves in Missouri, but the territory rejected the proposal. As a result, the Southerners in the senate used their power to withhold statehood for Maine.

"Joint Occupation"

When both the United States and Britain claimed sovereignty over Oregon country, they agreed on a 1818 treaty allowing citizens of both countries to have equal access to the territory. (lasted for 20 years)

"Multiculturalism"

a cultural movement which challenged the "Eurocentric" basis of American education and culture and demanded that non-European civilizations be accorded equal attention

Vicksburg

a decisive battle in the American Civil War (1863), after being besieged for nearly seven weeks the Confederates surrendered

Stalingrad

Where the Red Army successfully holds off a major German assault; Southern Russia; Hitler suffers appalling losses (cannot continue eastern offensive)

"Tabernacles"

a decoration of ancient streets and squares in Florence, a great interest in them flourished following World War II

New Right

a diverse but powerful movement that enjoyed rapid growth in the 1970s and early 1980s; a term used in several countries as a descriptive term for various policies and/or groups that are right-wing.

"Inner Light"

a divine presence believed by Quakers to enlighten and guide the soul

"Freemen"

colonial period; term used to describe indentured servants who had finished their terms of indenture and could live freely on their own land.

"Neo-conservatives"

a group of intellectuals who gave to the right - a firm base among "opinion leader," people with access to the most influential public forums for ideas.

"Copperheads"

a group of northern Democrats who opposed abolition and sympathized with the South during the Civil War

"Sandanistas" or "contras"

a guerrilla movement drawn from several antigovernment groups and fighting to topple the Sandinista regime

Cavalier Myth

White southerners believed that they represented a way of life which displayed chivalry, leisure, and elegance, unlike that of the "Yankee" North obsessed with rapid developement. They were very content and did not wish to change it.

James Oglethorpe

Who founded Georgia in part of a social experiment.

Abigail Adams

Wife of John Adams. During the Revolutionary War, she wrote letters to her husband describing life on the homefront. She urged her husband to remember America's women in the new government he was helping to create.

The Big Four

Wildrow Wilson of the US, David Lloyd George of Britain, Clemenceau of France,and Vittorio Orlando of Italy who had peace talks in Versailles

"Too proud to fight"

Wilson was looking for an excuse to join the war, despite claiming that "There is such a thing as nation being too proud to fight.

Denmark Vessy

With 9,000 followers in 1822, in Charleston, made plans for a revolt, but word leaked out, and suppression, execution and retribution followed.

Burr-Hamilton duel

a duel between two prominent American politicians, the former Secretary of the Treasury Alexander Hamilton and sitting Vice President Aaron Burr, on July 11, 1804. Burr shot and mortally wounded Hamilton. Hamilton died the next day. Ended the political career of Burr

Louis Sullivan

a famous American architect who is often called "the father of modernism" for his creation of the skyscraper.

Dorthea Dix

Woman reformed who dedicated to improving conditions for the mentally ill. She led movement to build new mental hospitals and improve existing ones, after much traveling and observations.

Ida B. Wells

Women activist who lead the lynching act

"Boston Marriages"

Women who lived together in long-term relationships.

Clubwomen

Women who, interested in activities outside of the home, joined women's clubs that were generally engaged in philanthropic or social events; for example, the General Federation of Women's Clubs.

"New Freedom"

Woodrow Wilson's domestic policy that, promoted antitrust modification, tariff revision, and reform in banking and currency matters.

Braceros

Workers from Mexico brought to the US during WWII to replace men and women who were at war; workers needed

Oliver H. Kelley

a farmer who is considered the father of the Grange movement

"Total war"

World War I was the first to pit entire societies against each other, more so than the Civil War

Virginia and Kentucky Resolutions

Written anonymously by Jefferson and Madison in response to the Alien and Sedition Acts, they declared that states could nullify federal laws that the states considered unconstitutional.

Freeport Doctrine

Written by Douglas in 1858, it stated that exclusion/inclusion of slavery in a territory could be determined by the refusal of the voters to enact any laws that would protect slave property (popular sovereignty)

"Self Reliance"

Written by Emerson in 1841, it pushed for individuality over society and that man is inherently good.

Uncle Tom's Cabin

Written by Harriet Beecher Stowe in 1853, this book highly influenced views on the South and slavery, promoting abolition, and intensified sectional conflict.

"Walden"

Written by Henry David Thoreau in 1854, this book was a personal account of his life spent in a cabin on the edge of Walden Pond where he lived simply and found truth.

"Resistance to Civil Government"

Written by Thoreau in 1849 about himself being imprisoned for not paying taxes because he did not agree with what the tax supported (Mexican War).

The Organization Man

Written by William Whyte; attacked the way businesses wanted every employee to be just like the others to keep any individual from dominating or being a threat

Frederick Jackson Turner

Wrote the fronteir thesis, which stressed the role of the western frontier in American history.

Dale Carnegie

Wrote the novel, How to Win Friends and Influence People. The best way to be successful was personal initiative/to fit in and make other people feel important

Biotechnology

a field of applied biology that involves the use of living things in engineering, technology, medicine, and other useful applications

D.W. Griffith: Birth of a Nation

a 1915 silent film directed by D. W. Griffith. Set during and after the American Civil War depicting the Ku Klux Klan as heroes. Also noted for its innovative camera techniques.

Operation Wetback

a 1954 operation by the United States Immigration and Naturalization Service (INS) to remove about one million illegal immigrants from the southwestern United States, focusing on Mexican nationals

Cesar Chavez-

a Chicano farmworker who created an effective union of itinerant farmworkers, the United Farm Workers(UFW); organized a strike against growers to demand, first, recognition of their union and second, increased wages and benefits.

Fort Duquesne

a French fort that was site of the first major battle of the French and Indian war. General Washington led unsuccessful attack on French troops and was then defeated at Fort Necessity, marking beginning of conflict.

Tom Watson

a Georgian senator who was the only southern congressman to say he was with the Farmers Alliance and other similar movements.

Henry Kissinger

a Harvard professor whom Nixon appointed as his special assistant for national security affairs

Roscoe Conkling

a NY republican who was the leader of the Stalwarts and favored traditional and professional machine politics.

James A. Garfield

a Ohio congressman elected as Republican president in 1880 as a Half Breed. Assasinated by Guitau in 1881.

George Bissell

a Pennsylvania businessman who found that the substance from petroleum reserves in western PA could be burned into lamps and yield products such as paraffin, naphtha and lubricating oil.

Omaha Platform 1892

a Populist idea in 1892 that proposed a system of subtreasuries, by strengthening ties with the Grangers and Farmer's Alliance. Also to establish a network of warehouses for farmer's crops. And to abolish the system of national banks.

Mary E. Lease

a Populist orator who urged farmers to "raise less corn and more hell". Showed how women were able to play a role in large alliances (had voting membership, held office, spoke at lectures)

Standard Oil

a major American horizontally integrated monopoly founded by John D. Rockefeller in 1870. Produced, transported, refined, and marketed oil.

"Self-made man"

a man who has risen from poverty or obscurity by means of his own talents or energies. For example, Henry Ford, Andrew Carnegie and John D. Rockefeller

Coxey's Army

a march on Washington by unemployed to present demands at the capital. Led by Jacob Coxey of Ohio (a populist). Armed police barred marchers from capital and arrested Coxey, no congressional action.

Yalta 1945

a meeting between the Big Three during which the UN was established and Germany was divided among UK, France, the US and the Soviet Union

John J. Pershing

a military general that led the American Expeditionary Force

Al Capone

a mob king in Chicago who controlled a large network of speakeasies with enormous profits. His illegal activities convey the failure of prohibition in the 20s and the problems with gangs.

John Anderson

a moderate Republican congressman from Illinois who had mounted an independent campaign

Adam Smith

a moral philosopher of the late 18th century whose books and other works contributed to his title as father of modern economics.

Counterculture

a new youth culture opposed to traditional values in the 1960s; challenged the structure of modern American society, attacking its hollowness, its isolation from nature.

The Catcher in the Rye

a novel by J. D. Salinger. First published in the United States in 1951, the novel has been a frequently challenged book in its home country for its liberal use of profanity and portrayal of sexuality and teenage angst.

Harlem Renaissance

a period in the 1920s when African-American achievements in art and music and literature flourished

"Dustbowl"

a period of severe dust storms causing major ecological and agricultural damage to American and Canadian prairie lands from 1930 to 1936.

"Mugwumps"

a person who remains independent from party politics in a specific election. Ex- election of 1884, a republican who did not support James G. Blaine.

Franklin's Albany Plan

a plan by which Parliament would set up in America "one general government" for all the colonies. Each colony would retain its present constitution but would grant the new general gov such powers as the authority to govern all relations w/ Indians. The central gov would have a president general and a legislature.

"Dark Horse"

a political candidate who is not well known and has little chance of winning, but wins against expectations. Ex- James Garfield in 1880.

Urban Machine

a political group designed to attract voters through rewarding them for their support.

Black Shirts

a private army under Mussolini who destroyed socialist newspapers, union halls, and Socialist party headquarters, eventually pushing Socialists out of the city governments of Northern Italy.

I'll Take My Stand

a pro-agrarian manifesto written by a group of 12 Southern writers

"Through the people support the Government, the Government should not support the people"

a quote from Grover Cleveland meaning the people are not to use the government at their own expense.

Cornelius Vanderbilt

a railroad tycoon who along with a few other men controlled the entire nation's rail lines. Vanderbilt's name became a legacy in great wealth to future generations.

Proposition 13

a referendum question on the state ballot rolling back property tax rates

Marielitos

a second, poor wave of Cuban immigrants in 1980; arrived in Florida

Ku Klux Klan

a secret society of white Southerners in the United States, was formed in the 19th century to resist the emancipation of slaves; used terrorist tactics to suppress Black people

Palmer Raids

a series a government attacks on suspected radicals in the United States led by the U.S. attorney general A. Mitchell Palmer

Army-McCarthy Hearings

a series of hearings where Senator McCarthy accused people in the US military of being communists

Patrick Henry; the "Virginia Resolves"

a set of resolutions declaring that Americans possessed the same rights as the English, especially the right to be taxed only by their own representatives

New Amsterdam

a settlement established by the Dutch near the mouth of Hudson River and the southern end of Manhattan Island

"Political Correctness"

a spontaneous declaration that particular ideas, expressions and behavior, which were then legal, should be forbidden by law, and people who transgressed should be punished

Haymarket Square Riot

a strike by AFL in Chicago's McCormick Harvester Company, a bomb was dropped, four strikers were killed police, 8 anarchists charged with murder.

"Apartheid"

a system designed to protect white supremacy

Poll Tax

a tax of a fixed amount per person and payable as a requirement for the right to vote

"Sunbelt"

a term coined by the political analyst Kevin Phillips to describe a collection of regions that emerged together in the postwar era to become the most dynamically growing parts of the country

Michael Dukakis

a three-term governor of Massachusetts, who ran as a Democratic candidate in the election of 1988

World Court

a treaty that would have expanded America's symbolic commitment to internationalism without increasing it's actual responsibilies

"Multiversity"

a university system having several separate campuses and colleges and research centers

The "flapper"

a woman who rebelled against expectations. She drank, smoked, and maybe talked about "dating" openly. She danced and cut her hair. Skirts were shorter. Beginnings of the modern woman.

National Women's Party

a women's organization founded in 1916 that fought for women's rights during the early 20th century in the United States, particularly for the right to vote on the same terms as men

Ayatollah Khomenini

a zealous religious leader and the leader of the Iranian Revolution

National Security Act 1947

act that gave the President expanded power to pursue the nation's international goals; set up the Department of Defense, the National Security Council and the Central Intelligence Agency

Sedition Act of 1918

added to Espionage Act to cover "disloyal, profane, scurrilous, or abusive language" about the American form of government, the Constitution, the flag, or the armed forces.

Coureurs de bois

adventurous French fur traders and trappers who penetrated far into the wilderness and developed an extensive trade that became one of the underpinnings of the French colonial economy.

"Fundamentalists"

against Darwinism because it openly opposed the biblical story of creation

Catalogs

allowed rural America to become a part of the new American consumerism. Ex- Montgomery Wary, Sears and Roebuck mail order catalogs.

"One hundred percent Americanism"

among the several positions the American Defense Society took to,

Ulysses S. Grant

an American general and the eighteenth President of the United States (1869-1877). He achieved international fame as the leading Union general in the American Civil War.

The Scopes Trial

an American legal case that tested the Butler Act, which made it unlawful, in any state-funded educational establishment in Tennessee, to teach evolution. John T. Scopes was defended by the ACLU

William T. Sherman

an American soldier, businessman, educator, and author. He served as a general in the Union Army during the American Civil War (1861-65), for which he received recognition for his outstanding command of military strategy and criticism for the harshness of the "scorched earth" policies that he implemented in conducting total war against the Confederate States

Jefferson Davis

an American statesman and politician who served as President of the Confederate States of America for its entire history from 1861 to 1865

Charles Darwin

an English naturalist who challenged traditional views through his theories and views of natural selection, evolution, and biological science.

Clement L. Vallandigham

an Ohio unionist of the Copperhead faction of anti-war, pro-Confederate Democrats during the American Civil War, demanded an end to war and was banished to the Confederacy

Richard Hakluyt

an Oxford clergyman & an outstanding propagandist for colonization. He argued that colonies would not only create new markets for English goods, they would also help alleviate poverty and unemployment by siphoning off the surplus population.

Environmental Protection Agency EPA

an agency of the federal government of the United States charged to protect human health and the environment; proposed by Nixon

"Nuclear Freeze Movement"

an agreement between the two superpowers not to expand their atomic arsenals

Fourteenth Amendment

an amendment to the Constitution of the United States adopted in 1868, extends the guarantees of the Bill of Rights to the states as well as to the federal government

Eighteenth Amendment

an amendment to the Constitution of the United States adopted in 1920; banned the sale or consumption of alcohol

"Juvenile delinquency"

an antisocial misdeed in violation of the law by a minor

National Association of Colored Women

an independent affiliation modeled after white counterparts, but some took positions on issues of particular concern to blacks( crusading against lynching, and called for congressional legislation to make lynching a federal crime)

Federal Trade Commission

an independent agency of the United States fedeal government that maintains fair and free competition; enforces federal antitrust laws; educates the public about identity theft

NASA

an independent agency of the United States government responsible for aviation and spaceflight

Marcus Hannah

an industrialist and Republican who managed McKinley's 1896 successful Front Porch Campaign.

"Texas fever"

an infectious disease of cattle transmitted by the cattle tick

C.S.S. Merrimac

an iron-clad vessel built by the Confederate forces in the hope of breaking the blockade imposed by the North

John D. Rockefeller

an oil tycoon who accumulated a magnitude of wealth through his ownership of Standard Oil. Revolutionized the petroleum industry.

East St. Louis Riots

an outbreak of labor and racially motivated violence against blacks that caused deaths and property damage in the United States industrial city of East St. Louis, Illinois.

Suburbs

an outlying, residential area of a city. Often used an escape from city life, more open and a change of pace.

George McGovern

an outspoken critic of the war; gave increased influence to women, blacks, and young people in the selection of the Democratic ticket

William H. Harvey's Financial School

and 1894 book that exposed gold standars as tyrannous and advantageous only to the wealthy. Supported silver by saying that it would decrease debt.

Gaspee Affair

angry residents of Rhode Island boarded this British ship, set it afire, and sank it in the Narragansett Bay. The angry British, instead of putting the accused attackers on trial in colonial courts, sent a special commission to America with power to send the defendants back to England for trial.

The Equal Rights Amend.(ERA)-

approved by Congress in 1972, it gave women equal rights as men; however, it was unsuccessful due to many objections from people

"Immigration Ghettos"

areas in cities where immigrants are forced to live. Immigrants usually continue their culture in these areas. Usually poverty-stricken areas.

Corporate Mergers

aspect of a companies strategy to better finance, manage and even combine corporations in order to be more successful.

Moral Majority

attacked the rise of secular humanism - a term many conservative evangelicals used to describe the rejection of religion in American culture

National Reclamation Act

backed by Roosevelt in 1902, it provided federal funds for the construction of damns, reservoirs, and canals in the West—projects that would open new lands for cultivation and provide cheap electric power later on.

James I

believed kings ruled by divine right and he felt no obligation to compromise with his opponents. He quickly antagonized the Puritans by favoring English Catholics in the granting of charters and other favors, resorting to arbitrary taxes and by supporting "high church" forms of ceremony.

Wade-Davis Bill

bill passed by congress and vetoed by president Lincoln that would have given congress control of reconstruction

Covenant

binds all residents together in a religious and social commitment to unity and harmony.

Edward Bellamy

book Looking Backward (1888) sold more than 1 million copies. Described utopian futuristic society and called for new social order where wants, politics, and vices were unknown.

Henry George

book Progress and Poverty (1879) explained why poverty existed in the wealth of modern industry, blamed social problems on monopolies, proposed a single land tax. Book called for a form of early socialism (society shares everything equally).

Trade Association

businesses with similar interests band together in order to push their ideas; eg: regulation issues

Cyrus W. Field

businessman for the Atlantic Telegraph Company. Led the project, which built the first trans-Atlantic telegraph in 1858.

Hepburn Railroad Regulation Act 1906

cautious bill which sought to restore regulatory authority to the gov.; gave gov't the power to oversee railroad rates

Trust Holding Company

combination of stock held in the power of trustees who made all decisions regarding the money, but shared the profits. Became a corporate ideal to buy up stock and establish formal ownership in corporation in a trust.

John Collier

committed to the cause of the Indians, influenced by cultural relativism; promoted legislation to reverse pressure of assimilation

Fifty-fourth Massachusetts Infantry

consisted mostly of free African Americans. In July 1863 this regiment led a heroic charge on South Carolina's Fort Wagner.

Brooklyn Bridge

constructed in 1883, connects Manhattan and Brooklyn. The first suspension bridge ever used, designed by John Roebling.

Atomic Energy Commission

controls access to Peaceful use of Atomic energy and supervises research

Committee of Correspondence

created by Samuel Adams in Massachusetts. It would publicize the grievances against England throughout the colony. Many other colonies soon followed Massachusetts's lead, and there grew up a loose network of political organizations that kept the spirit of dissent alivr through the 1770s.

Henry Ford

created the 8 hour work day, and raised wages to 5$/day. Made his cars affordable for almost every family at the time

patents

declarations issued by the government on new inventions, giving the original inventor the privilege of denying others to copy their products. First patent-1790. Patents were used mainly in the technological expansion on the new consumer goods that were constantly being added to the market in the late 19th and early 20th centuries.

"Pro-Choice"

defending woman's right to choose whether and when to bear child

"Parity"

effort to raise domestic farm prices in the 1920's to a point where farmers would have the same purchasing power relative to other prices they had between 1909 and 1914

North American Free Trade Agreement

eliminated most trade barriers among the United States, Canada, and Mexico

Merchant Capitalist

entrepreneurs who engaged in foreign and domestic trade

United Nations Security Council

established during the Yalta meeting in 1945, it consisted of five permanent members: US, USSR, UK, France and China

Jesse Jackson

established himself as the nation's most prominent spokesman for minorities and the poor

William and Mary

established in Williamsburg, Virginia in 1693. Like Harvard, it was conceived as an academy to train clergymen.

Lynchings

executions without proper court proceedings, when small vigilante mobs or elaborately organized community events where an individual (typically black) was publicly hung due to a crime (true or perceived). Resulted from white supremacy or fear of black sexuality.

Horatio Alger

famous novelist who wrote rags to riches stories, gave Americans hope of success.

Coercive Act (Intolerable Acts)

far from isolating Massachusetts, made it a martyr to residents of other colonies and sparked new resistance up and down the coast

Children's Bureau

federal agency similar Roosevelt's Bureau of Corporations, investigated and publicized problems with child labor

"Great Fires"

fires in the city of Chicago during October 1871, killed many and destroyed great amounts of property. Rebuilding began and established Chicago as major city.

Comstock Lode

first discovered in 1858 by Henry Comstock, some of the most plentiful and valuable silver was found here, causing many Californians to migrate here, and settle Nevada.

"Saints"

followers of christ who lived lives of holiness on earth and now share in eternal life with God in heaven

Proclamation of 1763

forbade settlers to advance beyond a line drawn along the Appalachian Mountains.

Women's Trade Union League

formed as a women's union, by women in 1903. Interested in securing protective legislation for women as a trade union.

Socialist Labor Party

founded in 1870 by Daniel De Leon for laborers who though a form of socialism would benefit society. Never polled more than 82,000 votes, not appealing to intellectuals. Turned into American Socialist Party.

Socialist Party

founded in 1901 by Eugene Debs, who believed that government should own big-business, inspired by the writings of Karl Marx. They desired government control of property and income. Their goal was to end the capitalist system, distribute wealth more equally, and nationalize American industries

U.S. Sanitary Commission

founded to provide adequate health care and stop the spread of disease

Marcus Garvey

founder of United Negro Improvement Association. promoted resettlement of American blacks to own "African homeland", sponsored stores & businesses to keep money in Blacks' pockets, inspiration for Nation of Islam

Tea Act of 1773

gave Britain's East India Company the right to export its merchandise directly to the colonies w/o paying any of the navigation taxes that were imposed on the colonial merchants. The company could undersell American merchants and monopolize the colonial sea trade.

Stonewall Jackson

general in the Confederate Army during the Civil War whose troops at the first Battle of Bull Run stood like a stone wall (1824-1863)

Laissez- faire

government policy involving policy or attitude of letting things take their own course, without interfering. (Coolidge, Hoover- laissez- faire presidents)

Sir William Berkely

governor in VA, kin with Bacon, wanted Indian/European hostilities to cease—angered frontiersmen by taking strict measures in granting land and trading in order to minimize Indian and European quarrelling

Mercantilism

guided virtually all the European nation-states in the 16th and 17th centuries. It greatly enhanced the position of the new merchant capitalists and it also increased competition among nations. Every European state was trying to find markets for its exports while trying to limit its imports.

"Starving Time"

harsh winter between [1609-1610] when there was no food, leaving the settlers to eat anything they could find (cannibalism, dogs, snakes)

Billy Graham

he began to attract huge national followings for their energetic revivalism

Samuel Adams

he was the leading figure in fomenting public outrage over the Boston Massacre, and one of the most effective radicals in the colonies. He spoke frequently at Boston town meetings and gained a lot of support.

Alice Paul

head of the National Woman's party that campaigned for an equal rights amendment to the Constitution. She opposed legislation protecting women workers because such laws implied women's inferiority.

Gifford Pinchot

head of the U.S. Forest Servic under Roosevelt, who believed that it was possible to make use of natural resources while conserving them

"Street arabs"

homeless, often orphaned children living I the city who are deprived of care and lack shelter, and other life necessities.

Cultural relativism

idea that every culture is accepted and respected

First Civil Rights Act

in 1866 it declared blacks to be citizens of the US and gave the federal government the power to intervene in state affairs to protect the rights of citizens-vetoed by Johnson-overrode by Congress-response to black codes

Geraldine Ferraro-

in 1984, the Democratic Party chose her as its vice presidential candidate

Panic of 1893

in March was most severe depression to date. Caused by collapse of corporations (Philly and Reading Railroads and National Cordage Company) and a collapse of stock that resulted in bank failures.

"The Reagan Coalition"

included a small but highly influential group of wealthy Americans associated with the corporate and financial world the combination of voters that Republican Ronald Reagan assembled to produce a major political realignment with his landslide in the 1980 United States Presidential Election.

Union Party

included all of the Republicans and the war Democrats. It excluded the copperheads and peace Democrats. It was formed out of fear of the republican party losing control. It was responsible for nominating Lincoln.

Pool arrangements

informal agreements among various companies to stabilize rates and divide markets. Illegally used by corporations to set prices. Unsuccessful in most cases.

Xenophobia

intense or irrational dislike or fear of people from other countries, views against the new immigrants primarily from Southern and Eastern Europeans.

Alexander Graham Bell

inventor who in 1876 founded and patented the first practical telephone.

Thomas Edison

inventor who made developments in the phonograph, telegraph, and motion picture camera. Most famous for inventing light bulb in 1879. Had 1,093 patents.

Bosnia

it became embroiled in a bloody civil war between it two major ethnic groups: one Muslim, the other Serbian and Christian backed by Yugoslavia

"Contract with America"

it called for tax reductions, dramatic changes in federal spending to produce a balanced budget, and a host of other promises consistent with the long-time goals of the Republican Party's conservative wing

The Greening of America by Charles Reich

it created a short-lived sensation with its argument that the individual should strive for a new form of consciousness in which the self would be the only reality

Indian Civil Rights Act

it guaranteed reservation Indians many of the protections accorded other citizens by the Bill of Rights, but which also recognized the legitimacy of tribal laws within the reservations

Roe v. Wade

it invalidated all laws prohibiting abortion during the "first trimester" - the first three months of pregnancy

The Pentagon Papers

it provided confirmation of what many had long believed that the government had been dishonest, reporting on the military progress of the war and explaining its own motives for American involvement

Silicon Valley

it refers to all the high-tech businesses in the area

Welfare Reform Bill

it refers to the process of reforming the framework of social security and welfare provisions

"limited liability"

made investing in big trusts more appealing to members of the public because an investment was lessened in risk by the liability that if a corporation fails, the invested money would not be lost.

French and Indian War

it was a war fought by the French and the English on American soil over control of the Ohio River Valley. The English defeated the French in1763 and established England as the number one world power. It began to gradually change the attitudes of the colonists toward England for the worse.

Quebec Act

it was to provide a civil government for the French-speaking Roman Catholic inhabitants of Canada & the Illinois country. It extended the boundaries of Quebec to include the French communities between Ohio and the Mississippi Rivers. It also granted political rights to Roman Catholics and recognized the legality of the Roman Catholic Church within the enlarged province.

American Federation of Labor

labor group founded in 1881 to represent various craft unions. Represented mainly skilled workers, rejected K.O.L. ideals of uniting all workers.

Eugene V. Debs

leader of militant American Railway Union played role in Pullman Car strike.

Samuel Gompers

leader of the AFL accepted basic premises of capitalism in the advancement of his labor organization.

Dwight D. Eisenhower

leader of the Allied forces in Europe during WW2--leader of troops in Africa and commander in D Day invasion-elected 34th President

Mao Zedong

leader of the Communists in China; forces the Nationalists out of mainland China in order to set up his communist regime

Herbert Hoover

leader of the US in the beginning of the great depression. He didn't want the government involved in the peoples' lives and thought that the people should express their individual rights.

Big Bill Haywood

leader of the Western Federation of Miners (WFM), a founding member and leader of the Industrial Workers of the World (IWW), and a member of the Executive Committee of the Socialist Party of America.

Chiang Kai-Shek

leader of the weakening Nationalists in China; the US sided with him and helped him defend against Mao Zedong and the Chinese communists

Daniel Ellsberg

leaked the Pentagon Paper

Oliver O. Howard

led Freedman's Bureau

Confiscation Act

legislation passed by the U.S. Congress in July 1862 that enabled Union forces to seize the property of rebels

Townshend Duties

levied new taxes on various goods imported to the colonies from England—lead, paint, paper, and tea

"Rum, Romanism, Rebellion"

lines of a speech by Burchard in an attempt to persuade Republicans from voting for the Democrats in the election of 1884. Rum symbolized prohibition, Romanism symbolized the growing strength of the Catholic minority, and rebellion symbolized the Civil War.

Bread lines

lines of people waiting to receive food provided by charitable organizations or public agencies (Red Cross, Salvation Army) during the Depression

"Energy glut"

lowering interest rates early in 1983

Henry Grady

managing editor of Atlanta Constitution; leading advocate of a "New South;" promoted industrial development with Atlanta as its center of growth.

Consolidation

merging interests (generally corporations) to produce a stronger, more productive monopoly while eliminating competition to increase production and cut costs. Examples- US Steel from Carnegie and other steel producers.

"Molly Maguires"

militant labor organization in the anthracite coal region of PA. Attempted to intimidate coal operators through violence and occasionally murder.

"Bimetalism"

money standard that I based on gold and silver (hard currency)

Sabotage Act of 1918

most repressive of the acts, expanded the meaning of the Espionage Act to make illegal any public expression to opposition to the war, prosecute anyone who criticizes president or government.

Black Hills

mountains in southwestern South Dakota and northeastern Wyoming, sacred to the Sioux (whites settling in the Black Hills led to the Battle of Little Bighorn); site of Mount Rushmore

"Great Migration"

movement of over 300,000 African American from the rural south into Northern cities between 1914 and 1920

"City Upon a Hill"

name for Mass. Bay Colony coined by Winthrop to describe how their colony should serve as a model of excellence for future generations, based on Jerusalem on Mount Zion

"Wets and dries"

names given to supporters or opponents of the prohibition

"chain stores"

national network of stores, who could sell manufactured goods at lowered prices, competed and often eliminated complementation from local stores.

Public cultures

new forms of leisure activities in America. More time was spent with large groups in public spaces.

"Carpetbaggers"

northern whites who moved to the south and served as republican leaders during reconstruction, especially one who tried to gain political advantage or other advantages from the disorganized situation in southern states

Great Railroad Strike

occurred in 1877, occurred when eastern railroads announced 10% wage cut, employees went on strike and disrupted rail service across the nation. Known as Americas first labor conflict, showed disputes between workers and employers could no longer be localized in the increasingly national economy.

Department Stores

often warehouse shopping centers that brought multiple products into one shop (clothing, furniture, etc.) Gave allure and excitement to shopping, were able to maintain low prices and eliminate competition.

Grand Coolie Dam

on Colombus River, largest public works project in American history to that date, cheap electric power for Northwest

William Marcy Tweed

one of the most corrupt political bosses of New York's Tammany Hall during the 1860's and 1870's/

Edward Kennedy

one of the most magnetic figures in the Democratic Party; challenged Jimmy Carter in the primaries

"Peace is at hand"

only days before the presidential election, Kissinger announced this; he met with the North Vietnamese foreign secretary to work out terms for a cease-fire, but failed.

Disneyland

opened in 1955 in Anaheim, California. It was a theme park, developed by Walt Disney and based around his cartoon characters. It was designated as a place for family entertainment.

"Right-to-Life"

opposition to abortion

"Interest Groups"

organization of people who share political, social or other goals; and agree to try to influence public policy to achieve those goals.

First Pan-American Congress

organized by James G. Blaine; agreed to form union serving as a clearinghouse to distribute info to member nations

Roanoke

originally started by Raleigh and his cousin, Sir Richard Grenville. The first settlement was a failure so Raleigh tried again. However, when the commander of the expedition, John White, went to England to get more supplies and then returned back to the colony, there was no trace that the had ever been there. It became known as the "lost colony."

"Tenement"

overcrowded sum dwellings used to house the poor. Little space and very crowded.

Peace Movement

pacifists, some intellectuals and leftists considered the war a meaningless battle for commercial supremacy; most active and widespread peace movement was women's movement

Gold Standard of 1900

passed by Republicans and confirmed the nation's gold standard by pegging the dollar to a specific value. Also called Currency Act.

"Passive Resistance"

peaceful resistance to a government by fasting or refusing to cooperate

Leo Frank

pencil factory manager; tried and convicted in the 14 year old worker's murder

Political Boss

people who sought votes for their organization by winning loyalty of constituents through relief jobs for unemployed, patronage. Often very corrupt.

Vigilantes

people who take the law into their own hands

Red Scare

period in US when there was a suspicion of communism and fear of widespread infultration of communists in the US gov't

Grandfather laws

permitted men who could not meet the literacy and property qualifications to be enfranchised if their ancestors had voted before Reconstruction began (thus barring the descendants of slaves from the polls while allowing poor whites access to them)

Louis B. Brandeis

persuaded supreme court to accept the constitutionality of laws protecting women workers

"Little Steel"

pitted steelworkers, represented by the Congress of Industrial Organizations, against smaller steel manufacturing companies, such as the Republic Steel Company, the Youngstown Sheet and Tube Company

James B. Weaver

ran as a 3rd party candidate under the Populist party in 1892, but lost. Supported William Jennings Bryan in 1896 under free silver campaign.

James G. Blaine

ran as a republican candidate in the election of 1884. Became a form of party politics when he lost support from liberal republicans who supported democratic reform candidate Grover Cleveland. Blaine lost election.

Griswald v. Connecticut

recognized the "right to privacy"

Gramm-Rudman Bill

reduced deficits

"Deregulation"

reducing the role of government in American economic life

"Fundamentalists vs. Modernists"

referring to the 3-way race in 1924 with "Wets" vs. "Dry"; Urbanites vs. Farmers; Fundamentalists vs. modernists (Coolidge, David, La Folette)

"Fundamentalist"

religious movement that focused on the authority on the bible

Quartering Act of 1765

required the colonists to provide quarters and supplies for the British troops in America

Visible saints

residents who could give evidence of grace

Granger Laws

response to Populist demands to regulate monopolies in order to cause more just prices for farmers. Passed generally in western states.

Nikita Khrushchev

ruled the USSR from 1958-1964; lessened government control of soviet citizens; seeked peaceful coexistence with the West instead of confrontation

Sir Walter Raleigh

secured a 6 year grant similar to Gilbert's and sent a small group of men to explore the N. American coast. He asked to name the region that was explored, "Virginia," in honor of the Queen. He was particularly interested in the area called, Roanoke.

"Yellow Journalism"

sensational new journalism first used in the Spanish American War by William Randolph Hearst and Joseph Pulitzer.

Hawley-Smoot Act 1930

signed into law on June 17, 1930, that raised U.S. tariffs on over 20,000 imported goods to record levels

Plymouth Colony

site of the first Thanksgiving in 1621. the first permanent European settlement in southern New England. Pilgrims were here.

"Brains Trust"

small group of reform-minded intellectuals that aided FDR (somewhat like a kitchen cabinet)

"Scalawags"

southern whites who supported republican policy throught reconstruction

"Cross of Gold Speech"

speech given by populist William Jennings Bryan to support the coinage of free silver "You shall not crucify mankind upon a cross of gold"

The Grange

started in 1860s as a movement to achieve new farming techniques. In 1873 after a recession that caused a drop in farm prices it became a large political movement devoted to fighting monopolies such as railroads, warehouse practices, and insurance companies.

"White Citizens' Councils"

stated that the south would not be integrated. it imposed economical and political pressure against those who favorered compliance with the supreme courts decision.

"Skyscraper"

steel structured building that allowed cities with limited space to expand upward, rather than outward. Design introduced by architect Louis Sullivan.

1902 United Mine Worker's Strike

strike in which Roosevelt ordered federal troops to intervene and take over the coal mines if the owners refused to negotiate; set a new precedent of intervention on the side of labourers

Treaty of Versailles

the treaty imposed on Germany by the Allied powers in 1920 after the end of World War I which demanded reparations from the Germans

Pullman Strike

strike led by Eugene Debs in 1893- 1894 2 where the American Railway Union blocked railroad transportation between Chicago and Pacific Coast, thousands of workers walked off their jobs, transportation was greatly affected.

McCarran Internal Security Act of 1950

subjected alleged members of designated Communist-action organizations to regulation by the US federal government

General Motors

surpassed Ford as world's largest car manufacturer by introducing the concept of the annual model change in 1926.

Harvard

the 1st American college. It was established in 1636 by the General Court of Massachusetts at the behest of Puritan theologians.

Franklin Delano Roosevelt

the 32nd president of the United States. He was president from 1933 until his death in 1945 during both the Great Depression and World War II. He is the only president to have been elected 4 times, a feat no longer permissible due to the 22nd Amendment to the Constitution.

Iroquois Confederacy

the 5 Indian Nations who tried to maintain the uneasy balance of power in the great lakes region.

"Graying" of America

the American population was aging in the late twentieth century

"Massive Retaliation"

the Eisenhower administration's policy doctrine for containing Soviet communism by pledging to respond to any act of aggression with the most destructive capabilities available, including nuclear weapons

GATT

the General Agreement on Trade and Tariffs was the boldest of a long series of treaties designed to lower trade barriers stretching back to the 1960s

Thomas E. Dewey

the Governor of New York (1943-1955) and the unsuccessful Republican candidate for the U.S. Presidency (against Truman) in 1944 and 1948

"Cattle kingdom"

the Great Plains from Texas to Canada where many ranchers raised cattle in the late 1800's

"The Burger Court"

the New supreme court under President Nixon and Warren Burger

OPEC

the Organization of Petroleum Exporting Countries had operated as an informal bargaining unit for the sale of oil by Third World nations

Andrew Mellon

the Secretary of the Treasury during the Harding Administration. He felt it was best to invest in tax-exempt securities rather than in factories that provided prosperous payrolls. He believed in trickle down economics.

Helsinki Conference

the Soviet Union and Western nations agreed to ratify the borders that had divided Europe since 1945; and the Soviets pledged to increase respect for human rights within their own country

Appomattox Courthouse

the Virginia town where Robert E. Lee surrendered to Ulysses S. Grant in 1865, ending the Civil War

"Roll back"

the ability to revert a wiki page to a prior version. this is useful for restoring earlier work in the event of a posting error, inaccuracy, or vandalism or Eisenhower's plan to push communism back to USSR

Nullification

the act of counteracting or overriding the affects of a law or bill

"Cover-up"

the administration of Nixon tried to manage the investigations of the Watergate breaking and other abuses

Iran-Contra Scandal

the administration was dedicated to advancing the administration's foreign policy aims through secret and at times illegal means.

"Culture of Poverty"

the assumption that the values and behaviors of the poor make them fundamentally different from other people, that these factors are largely responsible for their poverty, and that parents perpetuate poverty across generations by passing these characteristics to their children

"Theocracy"

the belief in government by divine guidance

Martial law

the body of law imposed by the military over civilian affairs (usually in time of war or civil crisis)

Stock

the capital raised by a corporation through the issue of shares entitling holders to an ownership interest. Was used by major corporations to gain profits through public wealth.

Habeas corpus

the civil right to obtain a writ of habeas corpus as protection against illegal imprisonment

"vertical integration"

the combination in one company of two or more stages of production normally operated by separate companies. ex- Rockefeller Standard Oil.

"Smoking gun"

the concrete proof of his guilt that his defenders had long contended was missing from the case against him

Glasnost

the dismantling of many of the repressive mechanisms that had been conspicuous features of Soviet life for over half a century; Gorbachev proposed this

Monopoly

the exclusive possession or control of the supply or trade in a commodity or service. Ex- US Steel, Standard Oil, Carnegie Steel

"Concentration"

the extent of a feature's spread over space

Battle of Quebec

the fall of this city on Sept. 13, 1759, marked the beginning of the end of the American phase of the war. A year later, in Sept 1760, the French army formally surrendered to Amherst in Montreal.

"Termination"

the federal government withdrew all official recognition of the tribes as legal entities, administratively separate from state governments, and made them subject to the same local jurisdictions as white residents

National Labor Union

the first attempt to federate separate Unions into a single national organization, created by William H. Sylvis. Excluded women workers.

House of Burgesses

the first elected legislative assembly in the New World established in the Colony of Virginia in 1619, representative colony set up by England to make laws and levy taxes but England could veto its legistlative acts. Williamsburg

Sandra Day O'Connor

the first female Supreme Court justice

Geraldine Ferraro

the first female candidate ever to appear on a national ticket, died in February 2011

Central Intelligence Agency

the first government spy agency; gathers info and conducts operations dealing with foreign affairs

U.S.S. Monitor

the first ironclad warship commissioned by the United States Navy. She is most famous for her participation in the first-ever naval battle against the ironclad CSS Virginia of the Confederate States Navy.

Nancy Reagan

the first lady, who played an important policy role in the administration of her Husband Ronald (Weasley?)

Antietam

the first major battle in the American Civil War to take place on Northern soil. It was the bloodiest single-day battle in American history, with almost 23,000 casualties. After this "win" for the North, Lincoln announced the Emancipation Proclamation

"Globalization"

the great prosperity of the 1950s and 1960s rested on the relative insulation of the United States from the pressures of international competition

Sodbusters

the hard work of breaking up the sod earned Plains farmers this nickname

"What did the president know, and when did he know it?"

the investigation of the Watergate brought up this question

"Honest Graft"

the justification for the corruption of political bosses for one to pursue the interests of one's party, one's state, and one's personal interests all together. Used by Plunkitt in Tammany Hall.

"Crime of '73"

when the country went of the silver standard and outraged populists who urged the coinage of free silver.

"The elect"

the name for the people who are the ones who God has chosen to save in predestination. This is the belief of the Calvinism religion and that only these people can be saved and ordinary people cannot earn salvation. This belief was started by John Calvin in 1536 in France when he published "Institutes of the Christian Religion" and is still the belief of Calvinists today.

"High Culture"

the new high-class distinction in ideas that further separated intellectuals and elite from the low class. Brought new idea of an industrial era.

General Braddock

the newly appointed commander in chief of the British Army in America during the French and Indian War. However, he failed miserably in a major effort to retake the crucial site at the forks of the Ohio River and he was eventually killed there.

Patronage

the power to control appointments to office or the right to privileges, used by political bosses to elect certain candidates.

Hillary Rodham Clinton

the president Clinton appointed his wife to work on holding down the costs of medical care

Women's suffrage

the right for women to vote

Assimilation

the social process of absorbing one cultural group into harmony with another

Eugenics

the study of methods of improving genetic qualities by selective breeding (especially as applied to human mating)

The Noble Experiment

the term for prohibition laws against the sale and production of alcohol in order to cure many of society's evils- ultimately a failure.

"Vietnamization"

the training and equipping of the South Vietnamese military to assume the burden of combat in place of American forces

"Half Breeds and Stalwarts"

the two factions resulting from the split of the Republican party. Stalwarts favored machine politics, Half Breeds favored reform. 1880 election Republicans won Garfield(HB) Arthur(Stalwart)

Fourteen Points

the war aims outlined by President Wilson in 1918, which he believed would promote lasting peace; called for self-determination, freedom of the seas, free trade, end to secret agreements, reduction of arms and a league of nations

Internal and external taxation

their purpose was to raise revenue from the colonists w/o their consent

Social Darwinism

theory supported by businessmen that justified business practices and dominance of monopolies. Survival of the fittest belief.

Scotch-Irish

they believed that "it was against the laws of god and nature to that so much land should be idle while so many Christians wanted it to labor on and to raise bread."

The Stamp Act Congress

they were a group of colonists who protested the stamp act. They said the Parliament couldn't raise taxes w/o the colonists consent.

Patroonships

they were vast estates along the Hudson River established by the Dutch. They had difficulty attracting peasant labor, and most were not successful.

Rachel Carson's Silent Spring

this book is widely credited with helping launch the environmental movement

"Sexual Revolution"

this term is used to describe a socio-political movement, witnessed from the 1960s into the 1970s.

"Deserving Poor"

those seen to be of good moral character and deserving of relief. Poor who worked hard and had a job, but just needed extra help to survive.

National War Labor Board

to prevent strikes from disrupting the war effort; chaired by William Howard Taft and Frank Walsh

"Redeemed"

to save; to rescue; to make good, saved from the bondage of sin

Sacco and Vanzetti

two Italian-born American laborers and anarchists who were tried, convicted, and executed via electrocution on Aug 3 1927 for the 1920 armed robbery. It is believed they had nothing to do with the crime

Peace of Paris, 1763

under its terms, the French ceded to GB some of their West Indian islands and most of their colonies in India. They also transferred Canada and all other French territory east of the Mississippi, except New Orleans, to GB. They ceded New Orleans and their claims west of the Mississippi to Spain, thus surrendering all title to the mainland of North America.

"Territorial rights"

unwritten rules concerning respect for the property and territory of others

"patroonships"

vast estates along the Hudson River established by the Dutch. Most failed.

Ohio Valley

was a region that was disputed by British, French and Indians. Indian tribes lived in the valley while France claimed it as territory and English settlement was expanding into it; tension eventually caused war to begin.

Ignatius Donnelly

was a writer and leader of the populist party who is most famous for his writings Atlantis and Ragnarok: The Age of Fire and Gravel which are considered to be stories of pseudo history.

John Locke

was an English philosopher who advocated the idea of a "social contract" in which government powers are derived from the consent of the governed and in which the government serves the people. He also said that people have natural rights to life, liberty and property.

salutary neglect

was an English policy of relaxing the enforcement of regulations in its colonies in return for the colonies' continued economic loyalty.

Suffolk Resolve

was drafted by representatives of Boston area and approved by first continental congress; more radical statements in response to coercive acts; claimed they were no longer subject to British rule because they had been violated.

Congregationalism

was set up by the Puritans of the Massachusetts Bay Colony. It was a church system in which each local church served as the center of its own community. This structure stood in contrast to the church of England, in which the single state church held sway over all local churches.

Presidential Reconstruction

was the President's idea of reconstruction : all states had to end slavery, states had to declare that their secession was illegal, and men had to pledge their loyalty to the U.S.

Will Hayes

was the namesake of the Hays Code for censorship of American films, chairman of the Republican National Committee

Sherman Silver Purchase Act 1893

what President Cleveland believed was the chief cause of the weakening gold reserves; in 1890, required the government to purchase (but not coin) silver, and to pay for it in gold

"The money question"

what form of money should be the basis of the dollar. Hard (specie) backed money or paper currency.

"Chicanos"

what young Mexican-American activists called themselves as a way of emphasizing the shared culture of Spanish-speaking Americans

"Welfare Capitalism"

when companies provide incentives to build better relationships with employees; health insurance, safety standards, buy stock in the company.

Barrios

where many Mexican and Mexican Americans of the California region ended up living as the lower end of the state's working class, mostly in Los Angeles.

"Woodstock Nation"

where young people gathered and had rock concerts, represented the birth of a new youth culture

"New professional woman"

women became more independent, working in more professional atmospheres and raising their status

Women in resistance activities

women led efforts to boycott tea after Tea Act happened, wrote anti-British pieces of literature, and created daughters of liberty to protest British actions.

National Consumer's League

women's reaction to mass consumption. Founded by Florence Kelley in the 1890s to force retainers for better wages and working conditions.

"Coolies"

workers from China on US railroads and gold rush

F. Scott Fitzgerald

writer of "This Side of Paradise" and "The Great Gatsby" who coined the term "Jazz Age" and part of the "Lost Generation"

Utopia

written by Thomas Moore and described a mythical and nearly perfect society on an imaginary island supposedly discovered by a companion of Amerigo Vespucci in the waters of the new world.