Alternatives

Advantages of exemplar approach

1. By using real examples, it can more easily take into account atypical cases (i.e. flightless birds) 2. Doesn't discard information 3. Requires only that we remember some varying examples

Pylyshyn (1973)- Alt. Hypothesis to Kosslyn

1. Spatial representation is an "epiphenomenon" (something that accompanies the real mechanism but is not actually part of the mechanism) 2. We experience imagery as spatial, but that doesn't mean the underlying 'representation' is spatial - We aren't always aware of what is going on in our mind 3. Proposed that imagery is propositional - Relationships can be represented by abstract symbols (equations or statements, etc.) - Imagery operates in a way similar to the semantic networks

The 4 physiological approaches to categorization

1. The Sensory Functional Hypothesis Approach 2. The Multiple-Factor Approach 3. The Semantic Category Approach 4. The Embodied Approach

Using exemplar AND prototype approach

1. We may average exemplars into a prototype 2. Then, some of the exemplar info becomes stronger 3. "The two kinds of information work together to produce our rich store of conceptual knowledge allowing each kind of knowledge to explain the tasks that are most suited for it" (Murphy, 2016)

Conclusion that behavioralist draws about studies on imagery

The behaviorists branded the study of imagery as unproductive because visual images are invisible to everyone except the person experiencing them. The founder of behaviorism, John Watson, described images as "unproven" and "mythological" (1928) and therefore not worthy of study

Using Imagery to improve memory: Pegboard Technique

a method for remembering things in which the things to be remembered are associated with concrete words

Using Imagery to improve memory: Method of Loci

a method for remembering things in which the things to be remembered are placed at different locations in a mental image of a spatial layout

Sensory Functional Hypothesis

explanation of how semantic info is represented in the brain that states that the ability to differentiate living things and artifacts depends on one system that distinguishes sensory attributes and another system that distinguishes function

All physiological approaches agree that...

information about concepts is distributed across many structures in the brain

Exemplars

members of the category that the person has encountered in the past

Multiple-Factor Approach

seeking to describe how concepts are represented in the brain by searching for multiple factors that determine how concepts are divided up within a category

Exemplar approach

the approach to categorization in which members of a category are judged against exemplars - Alternative approach to the prototype approach to categorization - Involves determining whether an object is similar to other objects