American Foreign Policy Since WW2 Master
What were the reasons for detente?
- The hotline and test ban treaty showed that they both were willing to improve relations. - Both were keen on arms limitation and reducing defence spending. - The US were threatened by the USSR. - Wanted to stop the USSR from supporting Vietcong. - The USSR did not want a US-Chinese alliance. - improved trade links
Baghdad Pact
- The US tried to get the Middle East to join a NATO-type agreement to fight communism in the middle east. This was a big failure. This was a military agreement between Turkey and Iraq. Great Britain, Iran, and Pakistan joined.
Iran
- The US was afraid of communist ties, and used the CIA to overthrow this Middle Eastern country's government.
Trizonal Fusion
- The US, UK, and France merged their portions of Germany into one territory, which scared the USSR and led to the Berlin Blockade
The Bomb
- The threat of this ended WWII. It was debated as to whether it was the only way to end the war, or if it was just intended to intimidate the USSR.
Peaceful Co-existence
- Theory developed and applied by the USSR at various points during the Cold War: the idea that the Soviet Union peacefully coexist with capitalist/non-socialist blocs.
Secret Speech
- This [term] was given by Khrushchev in 1956. It denounced Stalin and sparked heavy criticism of the Soviet regime in satellite states such as Hungary and Poland. Mao is mortified by this.
CIA
- This agency was created under the 1947 National Security Act, and functioned to gather foreign intelligence. Responsible for foreign assassination attempts, etc.
Yom Kippur War
- This was a war fought by Israel and neighboring Arab nations where the Arabs launched a surprise attack during a holiday. US support for Israel during the war led to OPEC boycotting the US, creating an energy crisis.
NSC-68
- Top secret report that increased US commitment to containment presented to Truman in 1950. Outlined that the US could spend a significant amount of its GDP to military expenditure to "fight" in the Cold War.
Geneva Accords
A 1954 peace agreement that divided Vietnam into Communist-controlled North Vietnam and non-Communist South Vietnam until unification elections could be held in 1956
1968 Democratic National Convention
A 1968 convention held in Chicago during which numerous antiwar demonstrators outside the convention hall were tear-gassed and clubbed by police. Inside the convention hall, the delegates were bitterly divided over Vietnam.
Nikita Khrushchev
A Soviet leader during the Cuban Missile Crisis. Also famous for denouncing Stalin and allowed criticism of Stalin within Russia.
Why wouldn't Kruschev go to the Paris Summit in 1960?
A US spy plane was shot down in the USSR and they captured the pilot - Gary Powers. Eisenhower was forced to admit the intentions of the plane.
Marshall Plan
A United States program of economic aid for the reconstruction of Europe (1948-1952)
What did Ho Chi Minh view France as?
A bulwark against communist expansionism in Asia and Europe
Taliban
A group of fundamentalist Muslims who took control of Afghanistan's government in 1996
Jihad
A holy struggle or striving by a Muslim for a moral or spiritual or political goal
What happened during Tet Offensive in 1968?
A large Vietcong army attacked south Vietnam. It took 11,000 US soldiers to rid Saigon of communists. 58,000 Vietcong soldiers died.
Mary McLeod Bethune
A leader in the struggle for women's and black equality. She founded a school for black students that eventually became Bethune-Cookman University. She also served as an advisor to President Franklin D. Roosevelt and was the only black woman present at the first meeting of the United Nations
Blacklist
A list of people or products viewed with suspicion or disapproval.
Reagan-Gorbachev Summit Talks
A meeting between the U.S. and U.S.S.R. to seek peace and ban nuclear weapon use.
Holocaust
A methodical plan orchestrated by Hitler that called for the elimination of Jews, non-conformists, homosexuals, non-Aryans, and mentally and physically disabled.
Warsaw Pact
A military alliance, formed in 1955, of the Soviet Union and its Eastern European satellite nations.
The Marshall plan
A plan that the US came up with to revive war-torn economies of Europe. This plan offered $13 billion in aid to western and Southern Europe.
Perestroika
A policy initiated by Mikhail Gorbachev that involved restructuring of the social and economic status quo in communist Russia towards a market based economy and society
Appeasement
A policy of making concessions to an aggressor in the hopes of avoiding war. Associated with Neville Chamberlain's policy of making concessions to Adolf Hitler.
Detente
A policy of reducing Cold War tensions that was adopted by the United States during the presidency of Richard Nixon.
Détente
A policy of reducing Cold War tensions that was adopted by the United States during the presidency of Richard Nixon.
Brinkmanship
A policy of threatening to go to war in response to any enemy aggression.
Ghetto
A poor densely populated city district occupied by a minority ethnic group
Executive Order 9066
A presidential executive order issued during WW2 by FDR that sent Japanese ethnic groups to internment camps.It was issued because of the fear for the country's safety and also Japanese-American's safety.
What happened in Hungary?
A rebellion started and they threatened to leave the Warsaw Pact. Kru. sent tanks and then killed Imre Nagy and placed a new PM in who suited communism the USSR liked. The US would not intervene as the risk was too high.
Algar Hiss
Accused of stealing government documents and was found guilty of perjury
Shuttle Diplomacy
- The action of an outside party in serving as an intermediary between (or among) principals in a dispute, without direct principal-to-principal contact; international negotiations conducted by a mediator who frequently flies back and forth between the negotiating parties.
Linkage
- The channels through which people's concerns become political issues on the government's policy agenda. In the United States, such institutions include elections, political parties, interest groups, and the media.
(Nuclear) parity
- The concept that the USSR and the US would have similar/equal nuclear ICBM capabilities.
Afghanistan
- The country that Soviet troops invaded in late December 1979. The USSR intervened in support of the communist government in its conflict with anticommunist Muslim guerrillas during the War (1978-92) and remained until mid-February 1989.
Non-Aligned Movement
- The group of nations that didn't side with either the US or the USSR during the Cold War.
Dwight D. Eisenhower
the leader of the Allied forces in Europe during WW2--leader of troops in Africa and commander in DDay invasion-elected president-president during the integration of Little Rock Central High School. also helped develop the highway infrastructure in the united states
Committee to Defend America
the most potent pro-England propaganda group of the early 1940s who urged aid to England because "Britain is Fighting Our Fight"
Enola Gay
the name of the American B-29 bomber, piloted by Col. Paul Tibbets, Jr., that dropped the atomic bomb on Hiroshima, Japan, on Aug. 6, 1945.
Cold War
the power struggle between the Soviet Union and the United States after World War II
Nuclear Proliferation
the spread of nuclear weapons production technology and knowledge to nations without that capability
Mutual Assured Destruction
the strategy assuming that, as long as two countries can destroy each other with nuclear weapons, they will be afraid to use them
Monolithic Communism
the theory that international communism was a single movement which the U.S.S.R. controlled and directed so that all communist movements and states were acting together to take over the world.
What did USSRs propaganda claim about the US compared to the US'?
Claimed the wall was a success but the US said they had to wall people in to make them stay.
Arms Race
Cold war competition between the U.S. and Soviet Union to build up their respective armed forces and weapons
Kent Shooting
College rally that resulted in 4 females dead that weren't even a part of the rally (1970)
Douglas MacArthur
Commanded Allied troops in the Pacific during World War II. He was forced to surrender the Philippines in 1941 and was thereafter obsessed with its recapture, which he accomplished in 1944
1948
Communist coup in Czechoslovakia, Beginning of the Berlin Blockade, US recognised the state of Israel, wooing Jewish-American voters
Kim Il Sung
Communist leader of North Korea; his attack on South Korea in 1950 started the Korean War. He remained in power until 1994.
Kennedy Vietnam
Continue support Diem in S.V - Dien was corrupt and VC were gaining support in South => escalation of US support - Strategic Hamlet policy (highly unpopular and actually gained support for communists) 'Middle' route in policy - sent in advisers rather than troops or diplomacy
1962
Cuban Missile Crisis, US ended trade with Cuba
Castro
Cuban socialist leader who overthrew a dictator in 1959 and established a Marxist socialist state in Cuba (born in 1927)
Fidel Castro
Cuban socialist leader who overthrew a dictator in 1959 and established a Marxist socialist state in Cuba (born in 1927)
September 2, 1945
Day that Japanese emperor Hirohito surrendered which signified the formal end of World War II
1953
Death of Stalin, Eisenhower announced an armistice in Korea; 30,000 Americans died in the war, Soviets tested the H-bomb, Eisenhower gave his 'Atoms for Peace' speech to the UN
Battle of the Bulge
December 1944 - After recapturing France, the Allied advance became stalled along the German border. Germany staged a massive counterattack which pushed a 30 mile "bulge" into the Allied lines. The Allies stopped the German advance and threw them back across the Rhine with heavy losses.
What would the French do after WW2 that caused the Vietnam war?
During WW2 Ho would work with Japan to make Vietnam independent from Frances influence. However when the war ended and Japan lost, the French would invade Vietnam from the south. The French would fail.
What were the reasons for not intervening in Vietnam?
Doubts of domino theory pointless diversion of US resources Just ended Korean war New look policy=few troops Went against anti-colonialism Britain and Congress didnt support
What happened in 1952 with us
Dropped first deathly hydrogen bomb
The Nixon Doctrine
During the Vietnam War, the Nixon Doctrine was created. It stated that the United States would honor its exisiting defense commitments, but in the future other countries would have to fight their own wars without support of American troops. "With great power comes great responsibility"
What would Eisenhower do to try and become allies with the middle east and was it successful.
He would ask Congress for money for military and economic aid for the middle east to stop them from becoming allies with the USSR. Egypt and Syria would join the USSR.
What was Eisenhower's involvement in the war ?
He would train the south Vietnamese military as well as pump millions of dollars into Vietnam to prevent it from turning communist.
What dd Eisenhower promise about Korean relations during his 1952 campaign?
He would visit Korea and get a first hand look
Mikhail Gorbachev
Head of the Soviet Union from 1985 to 1991. His liberalization effort improved relations with the West, but he lost power after his reforms led to the collapse of Communist governments in eastern Europe.
Peace Corps, 1961
JFK called for volunteers who help third world nations and prevent the spread of communism by fighting poverty in Africa, Asia, and Latin America. The work is generally related to social and economic development. Volunteers went abroad to work with governments, schools, non-profit organizations, non-government organizations, entrepreneurs in education, hunger, business, information technology, agriculture, and the environment.
What was guerrilla warfare ?
It was a method used by the Vietcong. They would use this as a very successful method of war fare. They would hide in South Vietnam villages and sometimes south Vietnamese would be involved.
Domino Effect
It was president Eisenhower's theory. The theory stated that if one country turned communist the rest would. This theory intialized the policy of containment.
What is the Warsaw Pact and when was it signed?
It was signed in 1955 and involved 8 nations, headed by the USSR. Same purpose as NATO.
What was Agent orange ?
It was used by the US and aimed to destroy forests and crops that the N.Vietnamese would use. It was late discovered that it caused serious health problems.
What was agreed concerning Germany at the Yalta conference ? - CAUSE OF CW
It would be divided into 4.
How would they film the Vietnam war ?
It would be live feed sent straight to the tvs in America. The television portrayed the war to be brutal and made many Americans believe they were not going to win. They would watch the my lai massacre and a execution of a vietcong suspect.
Winston Churchill
Leader of Britain throughout most of World War II. Along with Roosevelt planned many allied campaigns
Barack Obama
President from 2009-2017; Democrat; first African American president of the US; health care bill; economy: huge stimulus package to combat the great recession, removed troops from Iraq, strengthened numbers in Afghanistan; Arab Spring
Aims of Truman and Marshall Plans
Prevent expansion of Communism Reconstruct Europe to prevent war (Plans spurred by Iron Curtain speech and fall of Czech to communism in 48)
America First Committe
This was a powerful new isolationist lobby. Members included Charles Lindbergh, and Senators Gerald Nye and Burton Wheeler. This group had the indirect support of a large portion of the Republican Party.
Washington Conference (1921)
This was an attempt to prevent a naval arms race between U.S., Britain, and Japan. At this, the people accepted most of Hughes plans related to fleet reductions in the three nations and a 10-year ban on large warships.
What did the US do in 1954 towards China?
Trade embargo and banned them from joining the United Nations.
Eisenhower Relations w/ China
Trade embargo on China after K war + set up military bases on Taiwan + kept it out of UN Mao infuriated by USA-Taiwan Defence Treaty 1954 Policy of 'New Look' brinkmanship - threatened China w/ weapons to help nationalist Chaing Kai-shek - Mao humiliated and backed down
Strategic Arms Limitation Treaty I & II
Treaty between U.S. and U.S.S.R. agreeing to limit the number of nuclear arms built.
SALT I
Treaty signed in 1972 between the U.S. and the USSR. This agreement limited the number of missiles in each nation and led to the SALT II discussions and a slowdown of the arms race between the two countries.
1947
Truman Doctrine, The British Ambassador to Washington announced that Britain was bankrupt and unable to carry out its military burdens without massive US assistance, Hungary becomes Communist
Blitzkrieg
"Lighting war", typed of fast-moving warfare used by German forces against Poland in 1939
V-J Day
"Victory over Japan day" is the celebration of the Surrender of Japan, which was initially announced on August 15, 1945
Glasnost
"openess", aimed to open Soviet society by introducing free speech and some political liberty, ending party censorship. This is a huge break with the past and very successful. (Basically is no longer communsim).
How much was the US spending a year on Vietnam ?
$30 billion.
Khrushchev's Ultimatum
- 1958. The Soviet premier ordered the Western powers out of Berlin in this declaration, "or else."
Federal Republic of Germany
- Eventual name of postwar West Germany; created by the merging of the zones of occupation held by France, Britain, and the United States.
German Democratic Republic
- In response to the formation of a united West Germany, the Soviets created this territory in 1949 that is also known as East Germany.
Yalu River
- The border between North Korea and China.
The national security council report (NSC-68)
-us should quadruple our defense
Germany surrenders (WW2 ends)
1945
Roosevelt dies; Truman becomes president
1945
Yalta conference
1945 Meeting with US president FDR, British Prime Minister Winston Churchill, and and Soviet Leader Stalin during WWII to plan for post-war
Truman Doctrine
1947 - Stated that the U.S. would support any nation threatened by Communism.
Truman recognises state of Israel
1948
USSR explodes atomic bomb
1949
When would China become communist and what would happen with the capitalist government?
1949. They fled to Taiwan.
How long was the Korean war?
1950-1953
Ho Chi Minh
1950s and 60s; communist leader of North Vietnam; used geurilla warfare to fight anti-comunist, American-funded attacks under the Truman Doctrine; brilliant strategy drew out war and made it unwinnable
Joseph McCarthy
1950s; Wisconsin senator claimed to have list of communists in American gov't, but no credible evidence; took advantage of fears of communism post WWII to become incredibly influential; "McCarthyism" was the fearful accusation of any dissenters of being communists
When did America explode their first hydrogen bomb?
1952
When was USA-Taiwan Defence Treaty
1954
When was the second flurry of Chinese activity against Quemoy and Matsu?
1958
Cuban Missile Crisis
1962 crisis that arose between the United States and the Soviet Union over a Soviet attempt to deploy nuclear missiles in Cuba
Test Ban Treaty
1963
When was Diem assassinated?
1963
Nixon visits China (movement towards détente)
1972
What was the support for Ike intervening in Taiwan in congress?
409-3
How many US soldiers died in Vietnam
58,000
What was the USSRs stockpile of nuclear weapons in 1957?
650
What % of evening news was on the war?
90%
House Un-American Activities Committee
A congressional committee created to search out disloyal Americans & Communists.
Satellite nation
A country that is dominated politically and economically by another nation
Alger Hiss
A former State Department official who was accused of being a Communist spy and was convicted of perjury. The case was prosecuted by Richard Nixon.
Flexible Response
A policy, developed during the Kennedy administration, that involved preparing for a variety of military responses to international crises rather than focusing on the use of nuclear weapons.
Fascism
A political system headed by a dictator that calls for extreme nationalism, racism, and no tolerance of opposition
NAFTA
A trade agreement between Canada, the United States and Mexico that encourages free trade between these North American countries.
What did Eisenhower asked congress for in early 1955 relating to China?
Authorisation to react in defence of Taiwan and closely related localities
Midway
Battle fought very close to Hawaii in 1942, an American victory that saved Hawaii from Japanese takeover.
Coral Sea
Crucial naval battle which stopped the Japanese march across the Pacific, first time all fighting was done by carrier based aircraft
Drone Strikes
Drone strikes in Pakistan and Yemen targeting suspected terrorists.
Who was at Yalta
FDR, Stalin, Churchill
What were the conditions in the 'chance of peace' speech?
Free, united Germany Independence of East European countries
What was agreed at the Geneva Conference in 1954?
French would exit Vietnam and the country would be divided with elections and rejnification in 56
Who was the new leader following Stalin's death?
Georgi Malenkov
NonAgression Pact
Germany (Hitler) and Russia (Stalin) agree not to declare war on each other.
September 1, 1939
Germany invaded Poland overrunning it in four weeks. Britain & France declared war on Germany two days later. Beginning of WWII
1964
Gulf of Tonkin Resolution, Vietnam War costing $66 million a day
What did Ho Chi Minh want that caused the Vietnam war ?
He created the Indochinese Communist Party and believed that Vietnam should be communist. He was based in the North. America refused to acknowledge Vietnam as communist.
Nixon's escalation of war by bombing Cambodia
He did this because he was trying to remove the weapons
What happened on the 27 October 1962 which involved Robert Kennedy? - Cuba
He met with a member of the USSR and made a agreement, they both agreed.
How many troops did Johnson add to Vietnam?
He said in 1965 it would be increase to 125,000 by 1968 there were 535,000
How did Khrushchev differ from Stalin?
He would try to improve the lives of the USSR people.
Office of Price Administration (OPA)
Held the line against inflation and was first led by Leon Henderson and then by Chester Bowles. The OPA was successful enough that inflation was a much less serious problem in WWII then in WWI.
Historians' views on Yalta Conference
Historians - many = believe made best deal possible - conservative = accuse him of being weak, failing to stand up to Stalin, thus betraying Poland and east Europe
Who led the Vietnamese fight for independence against French colonialism?
Ho Chi Minh
Which nuclear weapon was a serious threat to the USA when built?
ICBMs
What happened during the Korean war?
In 1950 N.Korea invaded the south. The United Nations sent troops - mainly american - led by General MacArthur. MacArthur went onto invade the North but he would be fired for this.
What did Johnson want to start doing in Vietnam?
Instead of being defensive he thought that the US should attack North Vietnam.
Federal Loyalty Program
March 1947: Investigate govt employees and dismiss those who were found to be disloyal to the U.S. COMMUNISTS
V-E Day
May 8, 1945; victory in Europe Day when the Germans surrendered
General Assembly
Member of the UN, debates issues and recommend action but have no power to enforce decisions
What was the name of Eisenhower's defence policy?
New-Look policy
Who was the leader of S.Vietnam in 1955?
Ngo Dinh Diem
Who took place as the new communist leader following GM?
Nikita Krushchev
Which of Ike's advisors supported French v Vietnam?
Nixon and Dulles
Why did Kennedy call for a quarentine
Not a blockade which is a declaration of war
When did the Berlin Wall fall?
November 9, 1989
What would China start to test in 1955 and what was Eisenhower's response?
Nuclear weapons and they were on nearby islands. Eisenhower threatened to use nuclear weapons.
Historians' views on Potsdam
Praised firm stance Criticised attempts to change agreements made at Yalta
The War Powers Resolution (1973)
Requires president to consult with Congress before using force and withdraw forces after 60 days if no Congressional support. Replaced the gulf of Tonkin Resolution Limitation of endless Presidential power
Warsaw Pact (1955)
Response to NATO Khrush refused to accept Nagy's demands for Hungary to leave => rebellion and Nagy shot USA didn't intervene as big risk of intervention + preoccupied by Suez
Panama Canal
Returned the Panama Canal to the Panamanian government.
What did the 1965 bombing raids be nicknamed ?
Rolling thunder because they happened so frequently.
Joseph Stalin
Russian leader who succeeded Lenin as head of the Communist Party and created a totalitarian state by purging all opposition (1879-1953)
What organisation was set up to help Vietnam?
SEATO
Manhattan Project
Secret research project that resulted in the Atomic Bomb
What did Vietnamese nationalists want?
Self-determination (right to rule themselves)
Somalia
Sent food to assist with starvation in the East African region.
What were the weaknesses of the US?
Soldiers were inexperienced and young - did not know why they were fighting, drug usage. My lai massacre There was opposition at home Tet offensive
SEATO
Southeast Treaty Organization: Includes USA, UK, France, Pakistan, Thailand, the Philippines, Australia, and New Zealand
Soviet Invasion of Afghanistan (1979)
Soviet troops invaded Afghanistan to help the Afghan communist government crush anticommunist Muslim guerrillas; anti communist guerrillas received support from US and GB; USSR withdrew→ communist party remained in power
Berlin Airlift
The Allies response to the Soviets blockade of West Berlin
How was the war in Vietnam directly related to the idea of "Containment"
The U.S. entered the war in attempt to prevent communism from spreading to Vietnam
Korean War
The first major conflict of the Cold War, lasting from 1950 to 1953 in Eastern Asia
How did the US claim they were winning in the Vietnam war?
They counted body's and we lost less but still lost many
What did Stalin do with factories in the West Germany?
They pulled down factories and moved them to the USSR.
What was Russias post war aims?- CAUSE OF CW
They should make a buffer zone. This is when they control Eastern Europe in order to protect themselves from German expansion.
What were some of the strengths of the communist side ?
They were not willing to surrender. Very successful guerrilla tactics. Managed to protect themselves from bombing raids - dug tunnels. Many people who lived in the south would support the North. USSR and China would supply them with weapons.
Orson Welles
This man was an actor-director who created a memorable event on Halloween night, 1938, when he broadcast a radio play about aliens landing in central New Jersey and setting off toward New York armed with terrible weapons. The play took the form of a news broadcast, and it created panic among millions of people who believed for a while that the events it described were real.
Why did Eisenhower end the Korean war?
Too expensive Too many killed
Who was at Potsdam
Truman, Stalin,Churchill
1952
UN Headquarters opened in New York
Korean War ends (1953)
With cease fire
Was Ike's authorisation request in early 1955 granted?
Yes
Iron curtain
a "curtain" split between the democratic nations and communist nations
Unit 731
a Japanese facility in China during World War II where biological and chemical experiments were performed on human beings to create weapons. It almost manages to get worse from there.
Lend Lease Act
allowed sales or loans of war materials to any country whose defense the president deems vital to the defense of the U.S
What did Reagan call the Soviet Union?
an evil empire
Armistice with Korea
cease-fire during the Korean War. Ended fighting but did not officially end the war as no peace treaty was ever signed.
HUAC (House Un-American Activities Committee)
congressional committee that investigated possible subversive activities within the United States
Global War on Terror
demand that the Taliban turn over Osama Bin Laden. When they refused, U.S. invaded Afghanistan.
Bay of Pigs Invasion
failed invasion of Cuba in 1961 when a force of 1,200 Cuban exiles, backed by the United States, landed at the Bay of Pigs. An attempt to overthrow Fidel Castro
John Glenn
first American to orbit the earth
Brinksmanship/Massive Retaliation
is the practice of pushing dangerous events to the brink of disaster in order to achieve the most advantageous outcome.
McCarran-Walter Act
limited immigration everywhere except Northern and Western Europe
perjury
lying under oath
Battle of Dien Bien Phu (1954) in Indochina
military engagement in French colonial Vietnam in which French forces were defeated by Viet Minh nationalists loyal to Ho Chi Minh. With this loss, the French ended their colonial involvement in Indochina, paving the way for American's entry
Peace Corps
organization that sent Americans to provide humanitarian services in less-developed nations.
George H.W. Bush
president during the Gulf War, ability to quickly bring the war to a conclusion while suffering relatively few casualties resulted in the second-highest approval rating of any president, 89%
Nixon and Detente
relaxation of tensions between the United States and its two major Communist rivals, the Soviet Union and China -Nixon met with Brezhnev to negotiate SALT I -Nixon tried to improve trade with China
"Vietnamization"
slowly removing troops from Vietnam while training the South Vietnamese army.
SALT 2
superpowers pledged to limit nuclear arms, although signed it was never officially ratified by the Ameican Senate.
"Good Neighbor" Policy
the U.S. troops in Nicaragua and Haiti were withdrawn, but the U.S supported dictators remained where the U.S. had intervened the most. It was a way to dominate the region in subtle and indirect ways; FDR's foreign policy of promoting better relations with Latin America by using economic influence rater than military force in the region; reversed Teddy Roosevelt's Big Stick Policy.
Operation Magic
the airlifting of supplies to the US controlled sector of Berlin when the USSR blockaded it on the ground.
"Containment Policy'
the attempt to keep communism from spreading.
West Germany
was free democratic side, overseen by U.S.
Osama bin Laden
(1957-) Founder of al Qaeda, the terrorist network responsible for the attacks of September 11, 2001, and other attacks.
How many troops did Nixon say would be pulled out of the war and did this work?
150,000 but the campaign would just move to Laos and Cambodia.
How many people supported GoTR
85%
What was Napalm?
It was a jelly that burned the skin and was very hard to get off. It was used by the US
Inchon
- Korean port from which American forces launched a successful attack in 1950 against the North Korean army during the Korean War.
Cuba
- Latin American country; former site of US intervention/manipulation; brought the Cold War close to home.
Persian Gulf War
(1990 - 1991) Conflict between Iraq and a coalition of countries led by the United States to remove Iraqi forces from Kuwait, which they had invaded in hopes of controlling their oil supply. A very one sided war with the United States' coalition emerging victorious.
San Francisco Conference
(FDR) 1945 - This conference expanded the drafts of the Yalta and Dumbarton Oaks conferences and adopted the "United Nations" Charter.
Guatemala
- Latin American nation where the US staged a political intervention to overthrow Arbenz, replacing him with a dictator that the US liked (not communist).
Hubble Space Telescope
Large space telescope able to see farther than any other telescope at the end of the 20th century. 1990 Takes photos of space
Latin America
- Marxist movements started to gain speed in this region; the CIA installed many authoritarian governments to suppress pro-communist movements.
SALT II
(JEC) 1979, Second Strategic Arms Limitations Talks. A second treaty was signed on June 18, 1977 to cut back the weaponry of the U.S. and the U.S.S.R. because it was getting too competitive. Set limits on the numbers of weapons produced. Not passed by the Senate as retaliation for U.S.S.R.'s invasion of Afghanistan, and later superseded by the START treaty.
Kennedy Assassination
(JFK) , Kennedy was assassinated by Lee Harvey Oswald (Soviet communist) in Dallas 1963, LBJ took the oath of office
Alliance for Progress
(JFK) 1961,, a program in which the United States tried to help Latin American countries overcome poverty and other problems, money used to aid big business and the military
demagogue
(n.) a leader who exploits popular prejudices and false claims and promises in order to gain power
Allied Control Council
- Military governors that represented each of the four zones of Germany. Determined the future of Germany after WWII; made up of the US, UK, USSR, and France.
Camp David Accords
(1978) were negotiated at the presidential retreat of Camp David by Egypt's Anwar Sadat and Israel Menachem Begin; they were brokered by U.S. President Jimmy Carter. They led to a peace treaty the next year that returned the Sinai Peninsula to Egypt, guaranteed Israeli access to the Red Sea and Suez Canal, and more-or-less normalized diplomatic and economic relations between the two countries. This isolated Egypt from the other Arab countries and led to Sadat's assassination in 1981.
Mao Zedong
(1893-1976) Leader of the Communist Party in China that overthrew Jiang Jieshi and the Nationalists. Established China as the People's Republic of China and ruled from 1949 until 1976.
Iranian Revolution
(1978-1979) a revolution against the shah of Iran led by the Ayatollah Ruhollah Khomeini, which resulted in Iran becoming an Islamic republic with Khomeini as its leader
How much did Marshall Aid offer
$13bn
How much did Eisenhower cut defence by
$145bn 1953-6
How much money was spent on Vietnam
$168bn
How much money did Truman give to France to sustain their war efforts with Vietnam?
$2 billion
By 1961 how much money had Eisenhower given to Diem in aid?
$7 billion
How much did Congress give to fund military operations?
$700 million.
General Leslie Groves
(1) Army general in charge of the Manhattan Project; (2) later in charge of design of the Pentagon home to the military and the Defense Department (though only 5 stories tall--and thus less susceptible to attack--the Pentagon is by floor surface area the largest office building in the world)
Benito Mussolini
(1883-1945) Italian leader. He founded the Italian Fascist Party, and sided with Hitler and Germany in World War II. In 1945 he was overthrown and assassinated by the Italian Resistance.
National Security Act
- 1947; this reorganised the US military (created the Air Force), established the National Security Council, and established many US intelligence agencies like the CIA.
Berlin Airlift/Blockade
- 1948 (318 days). Stalin closed all the land trade convoys from the Trizonal Powers from entering Berlin. Stalin thought the US wouldn't have resources to keep the city supplied, but Truman flew in supplies with planes for over a year and Stalin eventually backed down.
Czechoslovakia Coup
- 1948: Communist Party takes control of Czechoslovakia (formally a democratic regime). This event was a catalyst for the US' approval of Marshall Plan aid.
COMECON
- 1949 Soviet response to the Marshall Plan. Provided economic aid to Soviet allies in the Eastern Bloc.
Mao defeats Chiang
- 1949: Chinese nationalists fled to Taiwan. China became the PRC but the US recognised Taiwan.
Dien Bien Phu
- 1954 battle located in the northwest corner of Vietnam that resulted in Viet Minh nationalist forces' victory over France. Battle that settled the fate of French Indochina.
Geneva Conference
- 1954 meeting where Vietnam was granted independence from France. It resulted in the supposedly temporary separation of North and South Vietnam until a unified government could be organised. (That didn't happen.)
Suez Crisis
- 1956. Event that resulted from Nasser's nationalisation of a key waterway in the Middle East.
U2 incident
- 1960. A US spy plane was shot down in Soviet airspace just before an important peace summit between the superpowers. As a result, nothing meaningful was accomplished.
ABM Treaty
- 1972 political treaty between the US and the Soviet Union on the limitation of the anti-ballistic missile systems used in defending areas against missile-delivered nuclear weapons.
INF Treaty
- 1987 treaty between the US and the USSR on the elimination of their intermediate-range and shorter-range missiles. Required both nations to eliminate and permanently forswear all of their nuclear and conventional ground-launched ballistic and cruise missiles with ranges of 500 to 5,500 km.
Gaither Report
- A 1957 document that recommended that the US heavily increase its defense forces to ensure protection against the Soviets.
Arms Control
- Agreements reached by countries aiming to reduce military weapons such as: the Antiballistic Missile Treaty (1972), the first Strategic Arms Limitation Treaty (1972), the second Strategic Arms Limitation Treaty (1979), the Intermediate-Range Nuclear Forces Treaty (1987), the first Strategic Arms Reduction Treaty (1991), and the second Strategic Arms Reduction Treaty (1993).
Czechoslovakia Uprising
- Also known as the "Prague Spring;" an attempt by Slovak politician Alexander Dubček to 'fix' socialism to work better in CZ; seen as too liberal by the USSR, led to 1968 invasion
European Economic Community
- An economic organisation established in 1957 to reduce tariff barriers and promote trade among the countries of Belgium, Luxembourg, the Netherlands, France, Italy, and West Germany. These countries became the original members of the European Community in 1965.
Common Market
- An international organisation of European countries formed in 1957 to reduce trade barriers and increase cooperation among its members; acts as a single market, without trade barriers between member countries.
Hungarian Uprising
- Name of the October-November 1956 revolt in this Eastern European country. It was the biggest rebellion against the USSR to date, and the last one for another 10+ years to come. It took Soviet focus away from Egypt right before the Tripartite Invasion.
START Treaties
- Arms control negotiations between the US and the USSR (and later, Russia) that were aimed at reducing those two countries' arsenals of nuclear warheads and of the missiles and bombers capable of delivering such weapons. The talks, which began in 1982, spanned a period of three eventful decades that saw the collapse of the Soviet Union, the end of the Cold War, and the major crises of the early 21st century.
Rolling Thunder
- Bombing campaign against North Vietnam from 1965-1968, conducted by the US and South Vietnam. It had little effect on the Viet Cong, who began to make underground tunnel systems.
Oder-Neisse line
- Border drawn in the aftermath of World War II at the eastern border of Germany and the western border of Poland. Cut off a large chunk of Germany and gave it to Poland and the USSR.
Six Day War
- Brief 1967 conflict between Egypt and her allies against Israel. Won by Israel; they took over the Golan Heights (Syria), the West Bank of the Jordan River (Jordan (self-explanatory)); and the Sinai Peninsula (Egypt).
Strategic Hamlets
- Camps in South Vietnam that combined multiple villages set up by the US and South Vietnam to combat the communist insurgency by pacifying the countryside and reducing the influence of the communists among the rural population; however, it ended up alienating more rural Vietnamese than it helped, and contributed to the growth in influence of the Viet Cong.
Berlin
- Capital of Germany. All four controlling powers were given access. Location of the wall between East and West.
What were the causes of the Cuban missile crisis?
- Castro seeked the help of the USSR in 1959 as the US stopped trading. They would become communist in 1961. - Kennedy tried to invade (Bay of Pigs) but it would fail. - Kru. placed missiles in Cuba. - US had missiles in Turkey and Italy.
US tactics in Vietnam + problems (policy of containment w/ no success)
- Chemical weapons: 'Agent Orange' + Napalm - Operation Rolling Thunder 65-72 - Search and destroy - Zipporaids: set fire to flush enemy, killed innocent - Inexperienced soldiers w/ no motivation => lacked morale - drugs and violence - Opposition at home undermined war effort - No UN backing
Pusan
- City on the southeastern edge of the Korean Peninsula where the U.N. forces were driven after the North Koreans invaded South Korea in June of 1950. There was a major battle in this area between August and September of 1950.
Communist and VC strengths
- Close range rendered airpower useless - Tunnels and boobytraps (killed 11% of US soldiers) - Guerilla warfare confused and surprised - Low tech methods reduce effectiveness of high tech - Ho Chi Minh trail to send reinforcements - Fighting for a cause - USSR + China supported them, supplying weapons
Viet Minh
- Communist nationalist group in Vietnam, formed in 1941, that first fought the French for independence (at Dien Bien Phu), then the United States and South Vietnam during the Vietnam War.
Eastern Bloc
- Communist states in Eastern Europe; generally Warsaw Pact countries and countries in the Soviet sphere of influence
Postdam
- Conference held in August of 1945; Truman, Attlee, and Stalin were in attendance. Clarified the terms of the previous conference.
What was US post war aims?
- Create United Nations. - No empires. - Free trade. - Introduction of the IMF and World Bank.
New Look Policy
- Eisenhower's national security policy which worked to balance the demands of the growing arms race; emphasised reliance on strategic nuclear weapons to deter potential threats
Aswan Dam
- Nasser decided to build this structure to further industrialize Egypt, and originally planned to acquire funds from the US. They pulled out of the deal, and the Soviets stepped in to fund the project.
Lublin Government
- The Polish Committee of National Liberation, was a puppet provisional government of Poland, officially proclaimed on 22 July 1944. It exercised control over Polish territory retaken from Nazi Germany and was fully sponsored and controlled by the Soviet Union.
Yalta
- February 1945 conference between FDR, Churchill, and Stalin. The purpose was to establish a plan regarding the occupation of defeated Germany; they agreed to divide Germany into four zones.
Salt I Treaty
- Five-year agreement between the US and the USSR, signed in 1972, that limited the nations' numbers of intercontinental ballistic missiles and submarine-launched missiles.
Curzon Line
- Following a private agreement at the Tehran Conference, confirmed at the 1945 Yalta Conference, the Allied leaders Franklin Roosevelt, Winston Churchill, and Stalin issued a statement affirming the use of this as the eastern border between Poland and the Soviet Union.
Western Alliance
- Following the end of WWII, Western nations formed an alliance to protect trade alliances. (What's the name of the alliance?)
Monroe Doctrine
- Foreign policy declaring that Europe should not interfere in the affairs of the Western Hemisphere and that any attempt at interference by a European power would be seen as a threat to the US.
Ford's problems
- Huge task of restoring stability and calm - Criticised for pardoning Nixon - US scarred by political scandal - Bomb Jan 75 by left-wing radicals at Pentagon, Capitol and State Dep. - 2 assassination attempts in Cali in Sept.
Nixon Doctrine
- Ideology that the US would help develop and defend its allies and friends, but would not be a global omnipotent police force.
Red Scare
- Intense fear of Communism between 1947-1957; triggered by the Berlin Blockade, Chinese Civil War, and Korean War; propagated by McCarthy
Berlin Crisis
- June 1948: Soviet troops stopped all road and railroad traffic to West Berlin in the hopes of forcing the US to renegotiate Germany's status and give up the city.
Cambodia Bombing
- Nixon believed North Vietnam was transporting troops and supplies through neighboring Cambodia into South Vietnam. He hoped that bombing supply routes in Cambodia would weaken the United States' enemies. (1969-1970)
Star Wars
- On March 23, 1983, in what later became known as his ______ speech, President Ronald Reagan announces his plans to develop an anti-missile capability to counter the threat of Soviet ballistic missiles and to make these nuclear weapons "impotent and obsolete."
Cominform
- Organisation founded in 1947 that intended to coordinate the global communist movement post-WWII.
Triangular Diplomacy
- Policy where the US normalised / bettered relations with China in order to strong-arm the USSR into helping them get out of Vietnam; as a result, the USSR became cooperative with detente.
Helsinki Accords
- Political and human rights agreement signed in Finland by the Soviet Union and western European countries. It was in an effort to reduce tension between the Soviet and Western blocs by securing their common acceptance of the post-WWII status quo in Europe.
Brezhnev Doctrine
- Principle stating that the Soviet Union and its allies had the right to intervene in any socialist country whenever under threat of becoming non-communist.
Treaty of Moscow
- Signed between USSR and West Germany (Federal Republic of Germany) in 1970. Was the first of several friendship treaties between the FRG and GDR and expressed ambitions to strive for a normalisation of relations between East and West Germany.
Moscow Agreement
- Signed in 1970 between USSR and West Germany. West Germany recognized the existence of the GDR and the Oder-Neisse line.
Vietnam
- Southeast Asian country where the US fought a war from 1965 to 1973, although the war went much longer afterwards, and is in fact still going on.
Iron Curtain Speech
- Speech made by Churchill in March 1946 condemning Soviet policies and warning of expansionism.
Rapprochement
- Term for a reestablishment of cordial relations.
Non-alignment
- Term for people/countries who are not aligned with other people/countries in a pact or treaty
Missile Gap
- Term for the perceived Soviet technological superiority
Quemoy
- small nationalist island where US threatened nuclear war (brinkmanship) to stop the bombardment of the island in 1955, not Matsu
Checkpoint Charlie
- US checkpoint on Berlin Wall; flashpoint during the Berlin Crisis where a US diplomat wanted to cross, wasn't allowed to, and tanks intervened.
Poland
- Was a puppet state of Soviets at the end of WWII. Coalition government formed because of Yalta. Elections were held (but were rigged), small victory because kept independent state. Communists led political persecution of opponents in retaliation. Gomulka led united front against Communists, but eventually Communists come out on top.
Salt II Treaty
- Was signed in June 1979, when President Carter met with Soviet leader Leonid Brezhnev in Vienna. This agreement limited the levels of lethal strategic weapons in the Soviet and American arsenals.
What is the Helsinki- Agreement of 1975?
- West Germany recognised the rest of Germany and West Germany did the same. - Respect for human rights and basic freedoms. - Closer economic, scientific and cultural lines.
Tehran
- Where there was a meeting of Joseph Stalin, Franklin D. Roosevelt, and Winston Churchill from 28 November to 1 December 1943. It was held in the Soviet Union's embassy. It was the first of the World War II conferences of the "Big Three" Allied leaders
Ostpolitik
- Willy Brandt's Eastern policy. Keeping ties with West but building bridges to the East and the Soviet Union. Negotiated treaties with Poland and Soviets in 1970. Frontier conceded at Oder-Neisse. Recognized GDR (German Democratic Republic/East Germany) and promoted closer economic ties with it and rest of Eastern Europe. Many in the US government were concerned by this but in long-term analysis, increased communication with successful Western states went a long way towards helping those behind the "Iron Curtain" realise the disadvantages of the communist system.
X (Sources of Soviet Conduct)
- Written by George Kennan under a pseudonym. Suggested a fundamental ideological incompatibility between the US and USSR. The USSR was at war with capitalism and Soviet aggression was rooted in nationalism; the USSR saw left-wing governments as even worse than capitalist ones. Published in Foreign Affairs magazine in July 1947.
Counter-culture of the 1960s
- Youth movements because of: 1950s conformity, increased college admissions, and nuclear arms race - Students for a Democratic Society (SDS)- End to apathy and urged citizens to stop accepting country run by big corporations and big government - Free Speech Movement- Freedom of Speech and right to assemble on college campuses - Hippies- Dropped out of society, rebelled against the establishment, didn't trust anyone over 30 - Factors of counterculture: drugs, social issues (civil rights, free speech, voting rights, etc.), birth control (sexual revolution), TV, FM radio, spiritual consciousness (Hare Krishnas, Unification Church, etc.) - Music revolved around issues such as Vietnam War - Woodstock- large gathering with music - Summer of Love in San Francisco Haight-Ashbury District - Communes- living and sharing resources together - Feminist movement-Equal rights in workplace, education, Roe v. Wade access to abortion - Environmental movement- Earth Day, pollution standards, state and federal laws regulating consumer products
Pershing
- a solid-fueled two-stage ballistic missile designed and built by Martin Marietta to replace the PGM-11 Redstone missile as the primary nuclear-capable theater-level weapon of the United States Army and replaced the MGM-1 Matador cruise missiles operated by the German Air Force
SS-20
- an intermediate-range ballistic missile with a nuclear warhead deployed by the Soviet Union from 1976 to 1988
Which foreign policy occurred during the Vietnam war and what did it entail?
- escalation: rapidly increased number of troops
Parity
- state or condition of being equal, especially regarding status or pay, the economic output of the US was far larger than that of the Soviets, they would be unable to achieve "nuclear parity", but what the Soviets lacked in numbers they made up for with ability of missiles (ICBMs)
MIRV
- multiple independently targetable reentry vehicle, a ballistic missile payload containing several warheads, each capable of being aimed to hit one of a group of targets. Only the United States, United Kingdom, Russia, France, and China are known to currently possess these missiles
Matsu
- small nationalist island that was bombarded till 1955 where US threat of nuclear war (brinkmanship) made the Chinese back down, not Quemoy
Cuban Missile Crisis events
16th = Ke informed of sites 18-9 = talks w/ advisers 'hawks' and 'doves' 20th = naval blockade 21st = informed US people 23rd = Kh sends letter threatening to force through blockade 24th = ships retreat 25th = Ke asks Kh to withdraw missiles 26th = Kh will withdraw missiles if US withdraw from Turkey 27th = US spy plane shot over Cuba 28th = Kh accepts deal Hot options = invasion or airstrike Peaceful = nothing or diplomacy Other = blockade
How many troops were in Vietnam by the time of Kennedy's death in 1963?
17,000
Manchurian Crisis
1931, just before China and Japan declared war on each other, Japan invaded Manchuria in China due to the belief that China had dynamited a section of a Japanese railway. Important because it showed Japan was trying to expand with its military, and that the U.S did nothing about it.
Nye Committee
1934. Senate committee led by South Dakota Senator Gerald Nye to investigate why America became involved in WWI. Theory that big business had conspired to have America enter WWI so that they could make money selling war materials. Called bankers and arms producers "merchants of death."
Greater East Asia Co-Prosperity Sphere
1940 - It is remembered today in the West largely as a front for the Japanese control of Axis-occupied countries during World War II, in which puppet governments manipulated local populations and economies for the benefit of wartime Japan. It was an Imperial Japanese Army concept which originated with General Hachiro Arita, who at the time was minister of foreign affairs and an army ideologist. "Greater East Asia" was a Japanese term (banned during the post-war occupation) referring to East Asia, Southeast Asia and surrounding areas.
Atlantic Incident
1941, outlined a vision in which a world would abandon their traditional beliefs in military alliances and spheres of influence and govern their relations with one another though democratic process, with an international organization serving as the arbiter of disputes and the protector of every nation's right of self determination.
Korematsu v. U.S.
1944 Supreme Court case in which the Supreme Court upheld the order providing for the relocation of Japanese Americans.
Korematsu v. US (1944)
1944 Supreme Court case where the Supreme Court upheld the order providing for the relocation of Japanese Americans. It was not until 1988 that Congress formally apologized and agreed to pay $20,000 to each survivor
Gulf of Tonkin Resolution
1964 Congressional resolution authorizing President Johnson to take military action in Vietnam At ANY means to prevent further N. Vietnamese aggression
The Tet Offensive
1968; National Liberation Front and North Vietnamese forces launched a huge attack on the Vietnamese New Year (Tet), which was defeated after a month of fighting and many thousands of casualties; major defeat for communism, but Americans reacted sharply, with declining approval of LBJ and more anti-war sentiment Overthrew Saigon People don't trust government Thought they were winning Felt lied to Created credibility gap
Tet Offensive
1968; National Liberation Front and North Vietnamese forces launched a huge attack on the Vietnamese New Year, which was defeated after a month of fighting and many thousands of casualties; major defeat for communism, but Americans reacted sharply, with declining approval of LBJ and more anti-war sentiment
Watergate
1972; Nixon feared loss so he approved the Commission to Re-Elect the President to spy on and espionage the Democrats. A security guard foiled an attempt to bug the Democratic National Committee Headquarters, exposing the scandal. Seemingly contained, after the election Nixon resigned
Withdrawal of troops from Vietnam
1973
Helsinki Agreements
1975
When did Vietnam fall to communism?
1975
When was the USSR dissolved?
1991
Relations with "Red China"
1st U.S. visit to Communist China during the Cold War the reintroduced trade with communist nations and led to China joining the United Nations.
Gemini
2 men in orbit
How many troops to Vietnam
200,000 by end of 65
When was ceasefire in Vietnam
23 Jan 73
How many troops did USA lose in Korean war
27,000
Tuskegee Airmen
332 Fighter Group famous for shooting down over 200 enemy planes. African American pilots who trained at the Tuskegee flying school.
John F Kennedy
35th President of the United States; events during his administration include the Bay of Pigs Invasion, the Cuban Missile Crisis, the building of the Berlin Wall, the Space Race, the African American Civil Rights Movement and early events of the Vietnam War; assassinated in Dallas, TX in 1963
George W. Bush
43rd president of the US who began a campaign toward energy self-sufficiency and against terrorism in 2001
1967
500,000 American troops in Vietnam, 6 day war between Israel and several Arab nations, Tet Offensive
What was the USAs stockpile of nuclear weaoons in 1957?
5543
1968
78% of the American public thought that the US was not making progress in the war, Johnson announced that he was ready for peace negotiations - LBJ agreed to halt bombing, My Lai Massacre, Nixon encouraged South Vietnamese leader Thieu to block any agreements with the North, Soviet invasion of Czechoslovakia, Non-Proliferation Treaty with the USSR, Brezhnev Doctrine - announced that the USSR had the right to intervene anywhere in its sphere of influence
Pearl Harbor
7:50-10:00 AM, December 7, 1941 - Surprise attack by the Japanese on the main U.S. Pacific Fleet harbored in Hawaii. In response, the U.S. declared war on Japan and Germany, entering World War II.
How many tons were airlifted per day in March 49
8,000
Nuremberg Trials
A series of court proceedings held in Germany after World War II, in which Nazi leaders were tried for crimes against humanity.
Apartheid
A social policy or racial segregation involving political and economic and legal discrimination against non-whites.
Collective security
A system in which a group of nations acts as one to preserve the peace of all
Iron Curtain
A term popularized by British Prime Minister Winston Churchill to describe the Soviet Union's policy of isolation during the Cold War. The barrier isolated Eastern Europe from the rest of the world.
Domino Theory
A theory that if one nation comes under Communist control, then neighboring nations will also come under Communist control.
Berlin Wall
A wall separating East and West Berlin built by East Germany in 1961 to keep citizens from escaping to the West
War of Attrition
A war based on wearing the other side down by constant attacks and heavy losses
Vietnamization
A war policy in Vietnam initiated by Nixon in June of 1969. This strategy called for dramatic reduction of U.S. troops followed by an increased injection of S. Vietnamese troops in their place. A considerable success, this plan allowed for a drop in troops to 24,000 by 1972. . This policy became the cornerstone of the so-called "Nixon Doctrine". this was applied in Vietnam
Globalization
Actions or processes that involve the entire world and result in making something worldwide in scope.
Terrorism
Acts of violence designed to promote a specific ideology or agenda by creating panic among an enemy population
World Trade Organization
Administers the rules governing trade between its 144 members. Helps producers, importers, and exporters conduct their business and ensure that trade flows smoothly.
East Germany
After WWII, Germany was divided into two countries, this part was communist in government and had a command economy
Strategic Arms Reduction Treaty
Agreement between the U.S. and U.S.S.R. to reduce to amount of nuclear weapons.
Limited Test Ban Treaty of 1963
Agreement between the US, Soviet Union, and Great Britain to end the testing of nuclear bombs in the atmosphere or underwater
Peace agreements - Vietnam
Agreements were difficult => tried to widen war (attack Laos and Cambodia) - failed No progress until Nixon visits China 72 => China encouraged more cooperation from N.V Vietnamisation: replaced US troops w/ trained S.V soldiers but failure as Communist forces too powerful Ceasefire 23 Jan 73 in Paris followed by formal peace treaty (USA promised to withdraw troops and VC could hols all captured areas of SV - Communists had defeated S.V forces and reunited Vietnam
Reciprocal Trade Agreements Act (1934)
Aimed at low tariff policies while boosting american trade. Hull had part in the passing of this because he believed trade was a two way agreement. These reversed the traditional high tariff policy which had damaged america before and paved the way for American led free trade economic system that was implemented after WW2.
What were cluster bombs ?
Air dropped bombs used by the US. They were filled with smaller bombs to try and cause more damage. 260 million were dropped.
Miracle on ice (1980)
Amateur US hockey players beat the USSR creating national pride
Ngo Dinh Diem
American ally in South Vietnam from 1954 to 1963; his repressive regime caused the Communist Viet Cong to thrive in the South and required increasing American military aid to stop a Communist takeover. he was killed in a coup in 1963. Brutle against Buddhists
George Keenan "Long Telegram"(Long Telegram)
American ambassador inside of the Soviet Union, delivered the long telegram to FDR telling of advice for American involvement and Russian weaknesses
Containment
American policy of resisting further expansion of communism around the world
What were the worst outcomes of the 1954 Geneva Conference?
American seen as hypocrites and issues were beared by future presidents
Nisei
American-born children of Japanese immigrants; second generation Japanese Americans.
Challenger Explosion
Americana ship. Occurred on January 28, 1986, when Space Shuttle Challenger broke apart 73 seconds into its flight, leading to the deaths of its seven crew members Also teacher died
Edward Murrow
An American journalist who criticized McCarthyism and helped bring about the eventual censure of Joseph McCarthy by the U.S. government. Fought him^
Military-industrial complex
An alleged alliance between military leaders and corporate leaders
Strategic Defense Initiative (Star Wars)
An ambitious plan for building a high-tech system of laser and particle beams to destroy enemy missiles before they could reach the United States. Critics called it "Star Wars" and argued that the costly program would only escalate the arms races. Failed Was an attempt to scare the soviets into negotiation
Deterrence
An effort to preserve the status quo through the threat of force
"War of the Worlds"
An episode of the American radio drama anthology series Mercury Theatre on the Air. It was performed as a Halloween episode of the series on October 30, 1938, and aired over the Columbia Broadcasting System radio network. Directed and narrated by actor and future filmmaker Orson Welles, the episode was an adaptation of H. G. Wells's novel The War of the Worlds about an alien invasion. In the days following the adaptation, however, there was widespread outrage and panic by certain listeners who had believed the events described in the program were real.
Joint Comprehensive Plan of Action
An international agreement limiting Iran's nuclear weapons program in exchange for lifting nuclear-related sanctions in Iran.
North Atlantic Treaty Organization
An international organization that has joined together for military purposes
United Nations
An international organization whose stated aims are to facilitate co-operation in international law, international security, economic development, social progress and human rights issues. It was founded in 1945, replacing the League of Nations
What were the reasons for intervention with Vietnam?
Anti-communist France was an important western ally Rollback hadn't liberated anything yet Did not want to 'lose ' vietnam Domino theory
Significance of Berlin Wall Crisis
Arguably stability to Ger + Berlin by sealing off both Berlins Increase CW tensions Sov propaganda claimed success as prevented US construction; West claimed success as E.G had to wall its people in Some historians believe encouraged Krush to place missiles on Cuba
Julius and Ethel Rosenberg
Arrested in the Summer of 1950 and executed in 1953, they were convicted of conspiring to commit espionage by passing plans for the atomic bomb to the Soviet Union. ONLY SPIES TO BE KILLED BY ESPIONAGE
John Foster Dulles
As Secretary of State. he viewed the struggle against Communism as a classic conflict between good and evil. Believed in containment and the Eisenhower doctrine.
Eisenhower's approach
Assumed USSR would pursue aggressive fp and so US would meet this with aggression Talk of 'roll back' and 'massive retaliation' - threatened to use nuclear against N.K in 53 if didn't accept peace treaty Federal budget should be balanced
Selective Service Act (1940)
Authorized President Woodrow Wilson to raise an infantry force from the general population of no more than four divisions, and it created the Selective Service System.
Henry Kissinger
Awarded 1973 Nobel Peace Prize for helping to end Vietnam War and withdrawing American forces. Heavily involved in South American politics as National Security Advisor and Secretary of State. Condoned covert tactics to prevent communism and facism from spreading throughout South America.
Normandy
Beach in France Allies Invaded, Code-named Operation Overlord, it was the long awaited Allied invasion of France and the opening of the Second Front during World War II. The initial invasion began with D-Day
Harry S. Truman
Became president when FDR died; gave the order to drop the atomic bomb
New Look Defense Policy
Because Ike and his advisers wanted "more bang for the buck" in terms of defense dollars, they concentrated on building our nuclear arsenal and the systems that could deliver them. This meant the Air Force and the Navy got the lion's share of defense dollars. The Air Force was in charge of our new intercontinental ballistic missile systems developed at the end of the Eisenhower administration and of the B-52 and other fixed wing aircraft that could deliver nuclear weapons. The Navy's nuclear powered submarine fleet could also deliver nuclear weapons.
What happened during the Berlin airlift in 1948-49?
Berlin was split into 2. The USSR side was still in poverty and they started to look like communists. In 1948 Stalin ordered that west transport links were cut. In retaliation Britain and US organised a airlift of supplies to e dropped. By March 1948, 8,000 tons was dropped. Stalin reopened transport links.
A. Philip Randolph
Black leader, who threatens a march to end discrimination in the work place; Roosevelt gives in with companies that get federal grants.
What is the name for the policy Eisenhiwer followed in his foreign policy?
Brinkmanship
Election of 2000
Bush v. Gore; Bush won although Gore won popular vote; controversy over the final vote count in Florida; settled by Supreme Court decision in favor of Bush
Eisenhower Middle Eastern policy
CIA helped Muhammed Pahlavi become Shah of Iran, giving ally on Soviet border Suez Crisis - USA didn't support as E wanted to remain friendly, believing the West needed oil and ally against communist bloc E asked Congress for military and economic aid for ME countries = Eisenhower Doctrine, policy of containment Egypt and Syria turned to USSR after GB and FR invasion - USSR and USA sold increasing number of arms to the region
Detente (Nixon)
CMC had sobering effect + Test Ban Treaty showed willingness to stop arms race Linkage - hoped improved trade would encourage Brezhnev (Soviet China leader) would persuade N.V to end war
1975
Cambodia lost its neutrality, falling to communism under the leadership of Pol Pot, Vietnam fell to communism, Laos fell to communism, Helsinki Accords - attempt to improve relations between the Communist bloc and the West
Manzanar
Camp were Japanese Americans were imprisoned during World War II
1945
Canadian government exposed Soviet spies passing US military secrets to Moscow, Potsdam Conference, Yalta Conference, End of Lend-Lease; affronted Russia, Yugoslavia set up an independent communist government, General MacArthur effectively riled Japan; demilitarised, Americanised the economy
Internment ["relocation"] camps
Carried out through Executive Order 9066, which took many Japanese families away from their homes and into internment camp. Motivated (somewhat) by racisim and fear of spies
Cuban Missile Crisis (causes)
Castro'd ejected all US business and investment - retaliated by refusing to handle sugar (Cuba's biggest export) => USSR offered to buy, extending influence Bay of Pigs = disaster and humiliated US, strengthening Castro's position, he became Communist U2 spy plane took photos of missiles (in range of all major US cities) on Oct 14th
Hiroshima and Nagasaki
Cities in Japan, destroyed by an atomic bomb, in August 1945. The bombing hastened the end of World War II.
Hiroshima
City in Japan, the first to be destroyed by an atomic bomb, on August 6, 1945. The bombing hastened the end of World War II.
Stalingrad
City in Russia, site of a Red Army victory over the Germany army in 1942-1943; the battle here was the turning point in the war between Germany and the Soviet Union.
What did Nixon say about defeat and what did he do that showed this?
Defeat was not a option. Bombing was heavier and the soviets and chinese.
38th parallel
Dividing line between North and South Korea
What was detente ?
Easing of hostility or strained relations.
1956
Efforts by the Hungarian Communist regime to introduce reforms led to a Soviet crackdown and to a nationalist revolution. Khrushchev sent tanks in to crush it and US accepted that Hungary was part of the Soviet sphere of influence
1957
Eisenhower Doctrine; a Middle Eastern country could request American economic aid if it was being threatened by armed aggression
Military Industrial Complex
Eisenhower first coined this phrase when he warned American against it in his last State of the Union Address. He feared that the combined lobbying efforts of the armed services and industries that contracted with the military would lead to excessive Congressional spending.
Geneva meeting (1955)
Eisenhower proposed 'Open Skies' plan - international aerial monitoring system to prevent stockpiling of weapons and to disarm WMD - rejected by USSR
Eisenhower Doctrine
Eisenhower proposed and obtained a joint resolution from Congress authorizing the use of U.S. military forces to intervene in any country that appeared likely to fall to communism. Used in the Middle East.
What tied the united States to Taiwan?
Eisenhower signed a treaty with Chiang Kai-shek
What did France beg for in 1954 regarding Vietnam?
Eisenhower to partake in an air strike at Dien Bien Phu
Dwight Eisenhower
Eisenhower, President from 1953-1961 and a WWII war hero as he was placed in charge of all generals for all nations allied with the US.
1965
Escalation of US military involvement in Vietnam - began bombing, Start of Operation Phoenix - systematic assassination campaign, Johnson sent troops to the Dominican Republic to protect US citizens after a military coup and resulting civil war
FDR's "Quarantine" Speech
FDR speech in October 1937, called for internal cooperation to "quarantine the aggressors"; Poll of Congress revealed that 2/3 majority opposed economic sanctions, so he stepped down, as they called this plan a "back door to war"; FDR did get $1 billion in appropriations to enlarge the navy.
What happened with Poland and the USSR that made the US shift their opinions ? - CAUSE OF CW
FDR told Stalin to allow Poland to have a election on whether they wanted communist involvement. The USSR fixed the vote so they won.
Yalta Conference
FDR, Churchill and Stalin met at Yalta. Russia agreed to declare war on Japan after the surrender of Germany and in return FDR and Churchill promised the USSR concession in Manchuria and the territories that it had lost in the Russo-Japanese War
Bay of Pigs
Failed attempt by the CIA in 1961 to oust Castro by supplying Cuban ex-patriots with weapons; failed to provide air-support. Embarrassing for Kennedy.
1954
Failure at Dien Bien Phu, US pledged to support South Vietnam, setting up the bank of Vietnam, Geneva Accords - elections in 1956, US refused to sign and 1956 elections never happened, US and Japan agreed on rearmament through a Mutual Defence Agreement, SEATO; aimed at preventing communism in Southeast Asia, US/Taiwan Mutual Defence Pact, CIA sponsored coup in Guatemala
McCarthy's speech in Wheeling, Virginia
Falsely claimed that he had a list of 205 communists that worked in the government
Final Solution
Final solution of the Jewish question-murder of every single Jew
Tehran Conference
First major meeting between the Big Three (United States, Britain, Russia) at which they planned the 1944 assault on France and agreed to divide Germany into zones of occupation after the war
Kellogg-Briand Pact (1928)
First outlined by French foreign minister, Aristide Briand, then readjusted by Secretary of State, Frank Kellogg. Outlawed war as an instrument of national policy. 14 nations signed it in Paris on August 27, 1928.
Why did the US expect a better relationship with Khrushchev?
First soviet leader to visit the US. Decreased the red army by half. In May he surrendered Austria. This did not convince Eisenhower.
Security Council
Five permanent members (US, UK, France, China, USSR) with veto power in the UN. Promised to carry out UN decisions with their own forces.
1946
Former VP Henry Wallace resigned from the cabinet over US foreign policy, Churchill's Iron Curtain Speech, Kennan's Long Telegram to Washington
Adolf Hitler
Founder of the German Nazi Party and chancellor of the Third Reich (1933-1945). As a Fascist he ruled as an absolute dictator. His regime was infamous for the extermination of millions of people, especially European Jews. He committed suicide when the collapse of the Third Reich was imminent (1945).
What would US soldiers paint on their helmets and what did it mean?
Four U's - Unwilling, Unqualified, Unnecessary and Ungrateful.
How did Ngo Dinh Diem become president of South Vietnam?
Fraudulant elections
What did Stalin want from West germany as a repayment compare to what the US wanted? - CAUSE OF CW
He wanted coal but the US though it would be better to rebuild the economy.
Why was there conflict with Diem in the South ?
He was a catholic and the south was mainly Buddhists. There was huge conflict between the two religions. It showed that Kennedy didn't really understand the country he was being involved in.
How did China contravene Korean war armistice agreements?
Imprisoned American pilots shot down in the Korean war
What started the space race?
In 1957 Russia sent the first satellite into space - Sputnik - as well as the first man into space in 1961.
What were bombing raids and did they affect the morale of the N.Vietnamese soldiers ?
In 1966-68 800 tons fell on Vietcong. However these attacks did not lower the morale of the N.Vietnamese
My Lai Massacre
In 1968 American troops massacred women and children in the Vietnamese village of My Lai; this deepened American people's disgust for the Vietnam War.
Iranian Hostage Crisis
In 1979, Iranian fundamentalists seized the American embassy in Tehran and held fifty-three American diplomats hostage for over a year. this evis weakened the Carter presidency; the hostages were finally released on January 20, 1981, the day Ronald Reagan became president.
Stimson Doctrine
In reaction to Japan's 1932 occupation of Manchuria, Secretary of State Henry Stimson declared that the US would not recognize territories acquired by force and would not recognize treaties, agreements, or situations that violated American treaty rights, Open Door Policy or violated the Kellogg-Briand pact. It had no effect on Japan's actions, for soon the Japanese navy occupied Shanghai, China's great port city
What happened during the Geneva Conference 1954?
It split Vietnam - North = communist (headed by Ho) South = capitalist (headed by Diem). It also declared there would be democratic elections in 1956 for a single Vietnamese government.
Nagasaki
Japanese city in which the second atomic bomb was dropped (August 9, 1945).
Who came up with the term Brinkmanship and when?
John Foster Dulles, 1954
What were the JCS?
Joint Chief of Staff, army, navy and air
Greer Incident
July 1941: contact between American destroyer and German U-Boat. British patrol plane dropped charges on u boat, U-Boat fired on American ship. FDR claims that "Germans fired the first shot"
When did Ike propose free skies?
July 1955
Potsdam Conference
July 26, 1945 - Allied leaders Truman, Stalin and Churchill met in Germany to set up zones of control and to inform the Japanese that if they refused to surrender at once, they would face total destruction.
When was the Korean War Armistice signed?
July 27th 1953
D-Day
June 6, 1944 - Led by Eisenhower, over a million troops (the largest invasion force in history) stormed the beaches at Normandy and began the process of re-taking France. The turning point of World War II.
Korean War (events)
K divided into s (capitalist) + n (communist) N invaded S US sent forces under General MacArthur - liberated S but then invaded N, against China's wishes and against containment (T then fired MA but was criticised for being soft on Communism) China became involved and USA lost 27,000 troops => agreement to leave Korea divided
Cuban Missile Crisis (results)
Kennedy = hero Khrush = weak Hotline installed
1963
Kennedy declared 'Ich bin ein Berliner', Assassination of Ngo Dinh Diem (covert approval from Washington), Test Ban Treaty with USSR, Kennedy gave American University Address, addressing possible peace with USSR
1961
Kennedy met with Khrushchev in Vienna; failed to resolve conflict over Berlin, Berlin Crisis reached boiling point - BERLIN WALL, US 'advisers' sent in to assist South Vietnam, Eisenhower severed relations with Cuba, Bay of Pigs failure; 115 men died and Cuban forces captured almost 1,200 exiles
What did Kennedy think about Eisenhower's involvement ?
Kennedy thought he was being too soft on Communism so by December 1961 there was 3,000 troops. This would increase in 1962 to 12,000.
How was the war in Vietnam known as a war of attrition
Kept destroy each other like the constant bombing in 1965 by US (destroyed every naval base in North Vietnam)
Berlin Wall Crisis
Khrush determined to force West out of Berlin - met Kennedy in Vienna June 61 to give ultimatum => increased tensions - Kh ordered wall to separate E + W - 27-8 Oct = stand-off btwn US and USSR tanks - Ke backed down
Eisenhower in Berlin
Khrush tried to force West to recognise E.Ger - threatened to give E.G control of routes to W.Berlin + demanded W.B stop being used to spy on East - 6 months ultimatum but E stood firm and K backed down
1955
Khrushchev negotiated an agreement to resolve the status of Vienna, which had been under 4 power allied occupation since 1945. Austria became neutral, Occupation of Germany ended, Eisenhower announced that the US would use atomic weapons in the event of war with China, A resolution to authorise the US defence of Taiwan and the Pescadores, Geneva Conference - eased tensions between US/USSR despite failing to produce agreements
What happened with Berlin in 1961?
Khrushchev ordered for the Berlin wall to be created. The US and soviet would have a face off with tanks - US pulled away first.
Meeting in Paris 1960 - cancelled
Khrushy agreed to hold meeting; Eisenhower was optimistic about reaching agreements Due to US U2 plane, shot down and Gary Powers (pilot) arrested - Eisenhower forced to admit he had sent it
1971
Kissinger made secret contacts with Mao Zedong's chief minister, Intervention in Laos, Nixon's state visit to China
1950
Klaus Fuchs who had been part of the team developing the Allied atomic bomb, confessed to being a spy who had passed secrets to Moscow. Fuchs implicated the Rosenbergs, With US encouragement, France and West Germany began the process of integrating the industrial economies of Western Europe, Sino-Soviet Alliance, Truman sent the 7th fleet to Taiwan to prevent a communist takeover
What was the outcome of the Korean war?
Korea remained divided. Eisenhower spoke of the domino theory and America aimed to contain communism.
What issues has Eisenhower inherited?
Korean War Unstable Indochina Eastern Europe communist spread Cold war Truman doctrine
1950-1953
Korean War - US supplied 48% of UN ground forces. MacArthur's invasion of the North provoked Zedong into sending 200,000 troops
What happened in Berlin in 1959?
Kru wanted east germany to be recognised as a state but the other countries ignored this. He threatened them but would back down.
What happened on the 26 October 1962 - Cuba?
Kru. agreed to withdraw from Cuba if the US did in Turkey and Italy.
What was the agreement that ended the Cuban missile crisis?
Kru. had to withdraw from Cuba publically where as the America withdraw was done in secret.
Apollo
Landed on moon in 1969
38th Parallel
Line that divided Korea - Soviet Union occupied the north and United States occupied the south, during the Cold War.
Changing Public Opinion (Vietnam)
Media: 93% homes and daily audience of 30m and 60% Tv devoted to war 'Life' mag published My Lai massacre Walter Cronkite claimed war was unwinnable Arguable media just reflected changing opinion and <25% scenes were shocking Protests: chants, over 100 protests, Kent State University Ohio (4 killed, 11 injured) Civil Rights: 30% AA drafted compared to 19% WA + M.Ali ripped draft papers + 22% casualties were AA 58,000 US died War cost $168bn
NATO (North Atlantic Treaty Organization)
Military alliance created in 1949 made up of 12 non-Communist countries including the United States that support each other if attacked.
What was the new-look policy?
More 'bang for your buck' Use nuclear weaponry and brinkmanship to scare enemies and save money
How much of the South did the North take by 1964
More than half.
Failure of peace talks - Vietnam
Nixon and Kissinger (fp expert) encouraged Thieu to block agreements w/ N.V
Mercury Project
NASA's first effort. Attempt to launch manned vehicles into space to orbit the earth. May 5, 1961- Alan Shepard became first American launched into space.
Issei
Name for Japanese immigrants during the war who were not eligible for US citizenship b/c of their race
Tet Offensive (1968)
National Liberation Front and North Vietnamese forces launched a huge attack on the Vietnamese New Year (Tet), which was defeated after a month of fighting and many thousands of casualties; major defeat for communism, but Americans reacted sharply, with declining approval of LBJ and more anti-war sentiment
What ideology did Ho Chi Minh identify with?
Nationalist and Communist
Superpower
Nations with enough military, political, and economic strength to influence events in many areas around the globe
Navajo Code Talkers
Native Americans from the Navajo tribe used their own language to make a code for the U.S. military that the Japanese could not desipher
What happened on the 20 October 1962 - Cuba?
Naval blockade started around Cuba to stop missiles from reaching.
Auschwitz
Nazi extermination camp in Poland, the largest center of mass murder during the Holocaust. Close to a million Jews, Gypsies, Communists, and others were killed there.
How much had the USA spent on the Korean war?
Nearly $70 billion
Nixon's relations w/ China
Nixon exploited worsening USSR/Ch relat - wanted to use Ch to counter Soviet power and force USSR into detente Policy of linkage - use Ch to end Vietnam war Mao believed China needed detente for trade and was convinced US troop withdrawal would make US less threat to USSR 'Ping-pong' diplomacy - World Table Tennis Championship Japan 6 Apr 71 - Chinese players displayed good will to US and it was first time US citizens permitted to visit since 49 14 Apr 71 US lifted 20yr trade embargo Restoration of Sino-US relat and China's legitimate rights in UN w/ majority vote Oct 71
1959
Nixon had gained prestige through his verbal jousts with Nikita Khrushchev during the Soviet leader's visit to the US - presented himself as a safe pair of hands, Kitchen Debate, Khrushchev visited Camp David, Castro overthrew dictator Batista in Cuba
1970
Nixon proposed a 5 point peace plan in Vietnam, Began secret bombing of Cambodia, Nixon met with Israeli Premier Golda Meir to talk about problems in the Middle East, Palestinian Liberation Organisation (PLO) highjacked 4 Western civilian planes and flew 500 hostages to a Jordanian airport. Kissinger and Nixon actually ordered US navy planes to destroy PLO bases. Russia played a moderating role and US ironically benefitted from its apparent restraint, Salvadore Allende (Marxist) elected in Chile - Nixon authorised $10 million to stop him
1972
Nixon states on TV that he had ordered additional bombing, Implemented Duck-Hook Plan; over 112,000 tons of bombs dropped, Nixon withdrew US forces from Taiwan, Moves towards detente with USSR revived, Nixon visited USSR, Strategic Arms Limitations Treaty led to the signing of the Ant-Ballistic Missile Treaty in Moscow
What was Richard Nixon's "peace with honor"?
Nixon's plan to de escalate the war (helped get him elected) Also reduced the number of draftees eligible In 1968 500,000 men were in the US army
1969
Nixon's secretary of state used diplomacy to prevent a reoccurrence of war after a US plan was shot down, Nixon warned that the US will take action in the event of a new Viet Cong offensive, Nixon Doctrine - "Asian hands must share the Asian future", Nixon declared that Latin America must be responsible for its own social and economic progress
Saigon
North Vietnam forces take the U.S. embassy in this city effectively ending the Vietnam War resulting in a loss for the U.S.
Loyalty Oaths
Oaths required of all those working at the state department during the 1950's
When did Eisenhower accept the offer to be NATO head?
October 1950
Johnson's Peace offer to N.V events
October began to halt bombings in North Tried to improve relations w/ USSR and signed Non Proliferation Treaty July 68 USSR encourage N.V to move towards peace negotiations but Thieu (S.V leader) was resistant
Sputnik
October, 1957 - The first artificial satellite sent into space, launched by the Soviets.
Marshall Aid
Offered $13bn to help Eur countries recover from war Conference of 22 countries to assess economic needs - USSR refused to attend and forbid countries under its influence to do so 16 W.Eur nations formed Organisation of European Economic Cooperation to spend money
What was the Truman Doctrine?
Offered help to countries struggling against communism
Kent State
Ohio college where an anti-war protest got way out of hand, the Nat'l Guard was called in and killed 3 students (innocent & unarmed,wounded 9) in indiscriminate fire of M-1 rifles
Lend Lease Act (1941)
On 11th March 1941, Congress passed the Lend-Lease Act. The legislation gave President Franklin D. Roosevelt the powers to sell, transfer, exchange, lend equipment to any country to help it defend itself against the Axis powers. A sum of $50 billion was appropriated by Congress for Lend-Lease. The money went to 38 different countries with Britain receiving over $31 billion. Over the next few years the British government repaid $650 million of this sum.
Reagan Doctrine
Oppose the influence of the Soviet Union by backing anti-communist guerrillas against the communist governments of Soviet-backed client states. Somewhat triggered by Afghanistan
OPEC
Organization of Petroleum Exporting Countries
Neutrality Acts
Originally designed to avoid American involvement in World War II .
How many casaulities were there from the Korean war to the USA?
Over 50,000
1973
Paris Peace Agreement; withdrawal of US forces, Allende murdered in a coup,
Hollywood Ten
People called before HUAC who did not cooperate
"Credibility Gap" and the Vietnam War
People were skeptical about L. Johnson's presidency following Tet Offensive (on lunar new year)
Bill Clinton
President from 1993-2001; Democrat; Don't Ask Don't Tell policy implemented by Congress, Operation Desert Fox (4 day bombing campaign in Iraq); Scandals: Whitewater controversy, Lewinsky scandal (impeached and acquited), first balanced budget since 1969
Gorbachev's beliefs (1985)
Perestroika- means reform, to reform the economy and give more freedoms with private ownership being introduced Glasnost- means openness, freedom of speech and press He also had good relations with Reagan
Violet scare
Period in the era of McCarthyism that resulted in homosexuals being threatened of "outed" for secret government treaties Led to a period of accusations
Cash-and-Carry
Policy adopted by the United States in 1939 to preserve neutrality while aiding the Allies. Britain and France could buy goods from the United States if they paid cash and transported them.
Strategic Defense Initiative SDI
Popularly known as "Star Wars," President Reagan's SDI proposed the construction of an elaborate computer-controlled, anti-missile defense system capable of destroying enemy missiles in outer spaced. Critics claimed that SDI could never be perfected.
The second red scare
Post-World War II Red Scare focused on the fear of Communists in U.S. government positions; peaked during the Korean War and declined soon thereafter, when the U.S. Senate censured Joseph McCarthy, who had been a major instigator of the hysteria. (late 1940s- early 1950s)
Vietnamization- Henry Kissinger's idea
President Richard Nixons strategy for ending U.S involvement in the vietnam war, involving a gradual withdrawl of American troops and replacement of them with South Vietnamese forces In 1969, Nixon removed 60,000 US troops from Vietnam By 1970 60,000 troops remained
Strategic Arms Limitation Treaty 1972
Produced by 3yrs of talks in Helsinki and Vienna, imposed limits on nuclear capability of USSR + USA
Eisenhower arms and military spending
Promise to cut defence budget by 30% - almost achieved ($515bn to $370bn 53-6) by cutting forces by 40% and using 'New Look' nuclear strategy Develop military-industrial complex (links between gov, military and weapons industry) = feared unelected people had too much power and causing unbalanced budget - increasingly justified as defence spending rose $40-50bn per year in 50s and 90% foreign aid to allies was on defence
What is the Taiwan Defence Treaty?
Protect the old Chinese government.
Pacification Strategy
Push the Viet Cong but uprooted the wrong citizens
Jimmy Carter's response to the nation's oil crisis was to
Raise gas prices
Executive Order 8802
Reaffirmed that no federal agency would discriminate in its hiring practices on the grounds of race, religion, color, or national origin
Fordney-McCumber Tariff of 1922
Reflected US isolationist inclinations following WWI. Congress adopted a laissez-faire attitude toward regulating business and pro-business attitude in passing the tariff and in promoting foreign trade through providing huge loans to the postwar Allied governments who returned the favor by buying US goods and by cracking down on strikes.
How did Eisenhower end the Korean War?
Refused to deny he may use nuclear weapons to china, fearful, China signed the armistice
Ayatollah Khomeini
Religious leader who took power in Iran and established the Islamic Republic.
ISIS/ISIL
Religious terrorist organization that began capturing cities in Iraq in 2010.
Manuel Noriega in Panama
Sent U.S. troops into Panama to overthrow dictator who was threatening American lives and trafficking drugs into the U.S.
When did the Chinese bombard Quemoy and Matsu?
September 1954, after SEATO
Neutrality Acts of 1935, 1936, 1937
Short-sighted acts passed in 1935, 1936, and 1937 in order to prevent American participation in a European War. Among other restrictions, they prevented Americans from selling munitions to foreign belligerents.
Austrian State Treaty (1955)
Signed by big four who occupied it => USSR surrendered territory => Austria became independent neutral state
1960
Summit meeting in Paris cancelled (U-2 missions), Ambassador to Saigon warned DC that the situation of Diem's regime was weakened and corrupt, CIA trains to invade Cuba
What are Quemoy and Matsu?
Small islands owned by Taiwan near mainland China, The USA owned naval bases there to pose a threat to China
1949
Soviets develop the atomic bomb, Stalin forbade Eastern Europe from applying under the Marshall plan and instead set up the Council for Mutual Economic Act, Formation of NATO to co-ordinate the western alliance under US leadership, Radio Free Europe founded (propaganda war), Communist revolution in China, State department issued its 'white paper' on China defending its actions - US could have only 'saved' China by embarking on a full scale war, for which the public was not ready
Fuchs
Spy in Manhattan project as a scientist told Stalin an bomb and they built one USSR DID
Berlin Airlift (events)
Stalin ordered transport links to be cut (try make them accept Com rule in capital) Brit + US organised airlift - 8,000 tons of supplies per day (March 49), despite Soviet threats Stalin ended blockade 19th May = US victory
Khrushchev
Stalin's successor as head of the Communist Party; was more open in his dealings with the West and less menacing; also not was paranoid and secretive as Stalin; was said to believe in peaceful coexistence with the West and challenged the west in economic rather than military competition (very very bad joke in the future); helped Fidel Castro.
Truman farewell address
Stated that military should be careful and not get too powerful
SALT 1 (shows US and USSR attempts to coexist)
Strategic Arms Limitation Treaty, a plan to limit nuclear arms production and also increased trade and exchange of scientific information.
What was SALT 1 ?
Strategic Arms Limitation Treaty, signed in 1972. Imposed limits on the nuclear capability of the USSR and US.
What were Eisenhower's main aims in foreign policy?
Strengthen Western Europe Not allow Soviets to control middle East (oil) Support the French in Vietnam Not overspend on defence
1958
Tensions heightened by Sputnik, Khrushchev put pressure on the US by restricting access to Berlin, Eisenhower doubled the strength of the Sixth Fleet in the Mediterranean, US marines entered Lebanon after uprising against government, Eisenhower ordered 1000 troops from the Caribbean bases to rescue Nixon if necessary
September 11, 2001 (9/11)
Terrorist bombing of two towers in New York by using airplanes resulting in almost 3000 deaths
9/11
Terrorists hijacked planes and flew them into the World Trade Center and the Pentagon.
What did Nixon need the N.Vietnamese to accept for the war to be over ?
That Thieu was the leader of the south and that the two states would have to be separate.
Massive Retaliation
The "new look" defense policy of the Eisenhower administration of the 1950's was to threaten "massive retaliation" with nuclear weapons in response to any act of aggression by a potential enemy.
Harry Truman
The 33rd U.S. president, who succeeded Franklin D. Roosevelt upon Roosevelt's death in April 1945. led the country through the last few months of World War II, is best known for making the controversial decision to use two atomic bombs against Japan in August 1945. After the war, he was crucial in the implementation of the Marshall Plan, which greatly accelerated Western Europe's economic recovery.
What happened at Suez Canal in 1956?
The Egyptian leader seized the canal. Britain, France and Israel invaded the canal zone but the US would not support them and forced the countries to withdraw.
What conference took place in 1954?
The Geneva conference
HUAC
The House Committee on Un-American Activities (HUAC) was an investigating committee which investigated what it considered un-American propaganda
December 7, 1941 (Pearl Harbor)
The Japanese naval air force made a surprise attack on the U.S. naval base in this place in Hawaii. Several battleships of the U.S. Pacific fleet were damaged or sunk. This attack resulted in an Amercian declaration of war the following day. Canada also declared war on Japan. Canadian soldiers in Hong Kong were soon fighting as the Japanese attacked the British colony the same day as this.
Nasa
The National Aeronautics and Space Administration (NASA) is the United States government agency responsible for the civilian space program as well as aeronautics and aerospace research.
What was NATO and when was it signed?
The North Atlantic Treaty Organization was set up in 1949. Its main purpose was to prevent soviet expansion. The countries agreed that an armed attack against 1 or more of them in Europe or North America would be considered as an attack on them all.
PLO (Palestinian Liberation Organization)
The Palestine Liberation Organization is an organization founded in 1964 with the purpose of the "liberation of Palestine" through armed struggle.
Panay Incident
The Panay incident was a Japanese attack on the United States Navy gunboat Panay while she was anchored in the Yangtze River outside of Nanjing on December 12, 1937. Japan and the United States were not at war at the time. The Japanese claimed that they did not see the United States flags painted on the deck of the gunboat, apologized, and paid an indemnity. Nevertheless, the attack and the subsequent Allison incident in Nanjing caused U.S. opinion to turn against the Japanese.
What was the Partial test ban treaty in 1963?
The US and USSR agreed to stop testing nuclear weapons.
What was US the arms race? - CAUSE OF CW
The US started to create nuclear bombs as a deterrence. In 1949 the USSR tested the first atomic bomb. In retaliation Truman created the hydrogen bomb. In 1960 the US would win as they created a missile that could be fired from a submarine.
What happened in 1965 that is an example of escalation?
The US troops in Vietnam increased from 100,000 to 180,000 from March to December
What happened during the Gulf of Tonkin?
The US were carrying out secrets sabotage missions on the North. The Tonkin incident claimed that the N.Vietnamese had carried out a attack on a US ship. Congress allowed Johnson to start bombing the North.
What is the Marshall plan?
The US were offering $13 billion package to help European countries recover from WW2 - stop them from turning to communism. USSR didnt attend the conference along with the restricting countries in their buffer zone too. 22 countries would be involved.
What happened on the 16 October 1962 - In cuba?
The US were told about the missiles in Cuba.
Army-McCarthy Hearings
The Trials in which Senator McCarthey accused the U.S. Army of harboring possible communists.These trials were one of the first televised trials in America, and helped show America Senator McCarthey's irresponsibility and meanness. Lost his public love
What happened in the Soviet Union in 1949
The USSR detonated its first nuclear bomb
Double V campaign
The World War II-era effort of black Americans to gain "a Victory over racism at home as well as Victory abroad."
McCarthyism
The act of accusing people of disloyalty and communism
Long Telegram
The message written by George Kennan in 1946 to Truman advising him to contain Communist expansion. Told Truman that if the Soviets couldn't expand, their Communism would eventually fall apart, and that Communism could be beaten without going to war.
Nixon's silent majority
The belief that he supports the people that are not for the public demonstrations
What was the domino theory?
The belief that if one country fell to communism, all the surrounding countries would fall too
Berlin Blockade
The blockade was a Soviet attempt to starve out the allies in Berlin in order to gain supremacy. The blockade was a high point in the Cold War, and it led to the Berlin Airlift.
Why did Eisenhower want to slash the military budget?
The current budget would lead to economic ruin Didn't want to be relient on the military-industry complex
Nazism
The doctrines of nationalism, racial purity, anti-Communism, and the all-powerful role of the State; advocated by Adolf Hitler in Germany.
Syngman Rhee (S. Korea)
The leader of democratic south Korea during the Korean War Brutal
What happened in April 1971 between US and China?
The trade embargo was lifted. The US olympic team was invited to play Ping pong with the Chinese team.
Covert Action
The type of secret, plausibly deniable operation performed by the CIA. It was given freedom to do this under the National Security Act.
How would the Vietcong use secret tunnels ?
They would dig miles of tunnels underneath the North. They would hide in them when bombing raids happened and would use them as surprise attacks on the US
Why would the north Vietnamese depend on the Ho trail ?
They would get ammunition, Arms and special equipment
How would the US use torture ?
They would use it to try and get information out of N.Vietnamese soldiers. One method was starving.
What would Kru state on the 24 October 1962? - Cuba
They would use nuclear weapons if they had to.
J. Robert Oppenheimer
This scientist's research led to the development of the atomic bomb. He was accused of communist involvement, though, and was no longer allowed to do his scientific research for the government. "the father of the atomic bomb," at the Trinity test, he said, quoting from the Bhagavad Gita, "If the radiance of a thousand suns were to burst at once into the sky, that would be like the splendor of the mighty one. Now I am become Death, the destroyer of worlds."
Hideki Tojo
This general was premier of Japan during World War II while this man was dictator of the country. He gave his approval for the attack on Pearl Harbor and played a major role in Japan's military decisions until he resigned in 1944
Iran-Contra Affair
This involved high officials in the Reagan administration secretly selling arms to Iran (in return for the release of Western hostages in the Middle East) and illegally using the proceeds to finance the Contra rebels in Nicaragua.
Joseph P. Kennedy
This man was the American ambassador to London. He , among many other, believed that FDR should not have given Britain any war materials because their cause was hopeless. He believed that FDR should have just said no.
Dawes Plan (1924)
This plan allowed Germany to take loans from American banks to pay their war debts to Great Britain and France, who would then use loans from American banks to pay their debts to America. Basically America took money and gave it to other countries to then give back to the U.S.
Guantanamo Bay
U.S. detention center for suspected terrorists. Attempted to close but was unsuccessful.
Invasion of Iraq
U.S. invaded Iraq under the suspicion that the lead, Saddam Hussein was hiding weapons of mass destruction.
What was the Gulf of Tonkin Incident?
U.S. ships were spying on North Vietnam. North Vietnamese ships might have fired on us, might not have. Either way, LBJ claimed they attacked us and used it to get the Gulf of Tonkin Resolution. Increased Pressure
Gulf of Tonkin (August 1964)
US destroyer Maddox fired at by N.Vietnamese patrol boats and alleged 2nd attack 2 days later - used to persuade Congress to support US involvement => GoT Resolution (Johnson got power to take any measures he thought necessary to defend S.V) - 85% supported GoTR and only 2 Senate members opposed => 3500 combat troops to Vietnam - 200,000 by end of 65
What was the George Kennan telegram in 1946? - Cause of CW
US embassy in Moscow sent a report to Washington stating that the USSR started to paint America as an enemy.
What happened during the My Lai massacre in 1968?
US soldiers killed nearly all peasants who lived in a village in South Vietnam.
The Reagan Doctrine
US would support freedom fighters trying to overthrow Communist regimes; applied in Nicaragua, Angola, Cambodia and Afghanistan - evidence of this: (early 1980s) support of contras in Nicaragua
Why were soviets unwilling to give up fissionable materials after the Atoms for Peace speech?
USA had stockpiled more nuclear weapons
Korean War (impact)
USA realised Communism was a global issue => domino theory Relations w/ China worsened Helped sustain McCarthyism in USA Sacking MA to stick to containment
Helsinki Agreements (1975)
USA, USSR, and 33 others Declarations about 3 distinct issues - West recognised national boundaries in E.Eur + USSR accepted W.Ger - Accepted to respect human rights and basic freedoms (thought, speech, religion) - Closer political agreement through economic, scientific and cultural links
War Production Broad
Under the direction of Donald Nelson and was never able to win complete control over military purchases; the army and navy often circumvented the board. The WPB was never able to satisfy small business complaints, which charged that most contracts were going to large corporations.
Serbia
Used American air power to solve conflict between Christian Serbs and Muslims.
Tet Offensive events
VC attack 100+ cities and tried to capture US embassy in Saigon Disaster for VC - lost 10,000 BUT surprised USA - 500,000 troops and $20bn a year but didn't anticipate
Was were the best outcomes of the decisions from the Geneva conference?
Vietnam not fully communist and SEATO established
Iraq War
War in which US successfully took down a dominating dictator and is currently helping them "get back on their feet".
Saddam Hussein
Was a dictator in Iraq who tried to take over Iran and Kuwait violently in order to gain land and resources. He also refused to let the UN into Iraq in order to check if the country was secretly holding weapons of mass destruction.
General Douglas MacArthur
Was an American general and field marshal of the Philippine Army who was Chief of Staff of the United States Army during the 1930s and played a prominent role in the Pacific theater during World War II. He was one of only five men ever to rise to the rank of General of the Army in the U.S. Army, and the only man ever to become a field marshal in the Philippine Army.
MacArthur in Korean War
Was fired for wanting a war People sided with him Was successful only early on in war
Berlin Airlift (why)
Western zones were recovering on Marshall Aid; Soviet zone still poor Western introduced Deutschmark to stabilise economy => Stalin felt threatened
Cuban Missile Crisis (1962)
an international crisis in October 1962, the closest approach to nuclear war at any time between the U.S. and the USSR. When the U.S. discovered Soviet nuclear missiles on Cuba, President John F. Kennedy demanded their removal and announced a naval blockade of the island; the Soviet leader Khrushchev acceded to the U.S. demands a week later.
ICBM
a ballistic missile that is capable of traveling from one continent to another
arms race
a competition between nations to have the most powerful armaments
Al Qaeda
a network of Islamic terrorist organizations, led by Osama bin Laden, that carried out the attacks on the US embassies in Tanzania and Kenya in 1998, the USS Cole in Yemen in 2000, and the World Trade Center and the Pentagon in 2001
Stagflation
a period of slow economic growth and high unemployment (stagnation) while prices rise (inflation) During Carters Presidency
"Arsenal of Democracy"
a slogan coined by President Franklin D. Roosevelt in Dec. 1940 promising to help the British and Russians fight the Germans by giving them military supplies while staying out of the actual fighting.
NATO
an alliance made to defend one another if they were attacked by any other country; US, England, France, Canada, Western European countries
"Flexible Response"
an increase in defense spending and encouragement of diplomacy and cooperation in the fight against communism.
Truman fires MacArthur
for wanting to drop all bombs on Korea and making it public 1951 fired
When was a peace treaty agreed for Vietnam?
in 1973. It made the US look foolish, the US would give billions of dollars to reconstruct Hanoi.
Space Race
the competition between nations regarding achievements in the field of space exploration.
U-2 Incident
the downing of a U.S. spy plane and capture of its pilot by the Soviet Union in 1960
Japanese American Interment (Executive Order 9066)
the forced relocation and detention of Japanese Americans from the West Coast to prison internment camps by the United States government during World War II
Home Front
use of propaganda, conscription, economic control, women start working men jobs
Munich Agreement
was a 1938 agreement regarding the Sudetenland, which were areas along borders of Czechoslovakia, mainly inhabited by Czech Germans. The agreement was negotiated at a conference held in Munich, Germany among the major powers of Europe without the presence of Czechoslovakia. The purpose of the conference was to discuss the future of Czechoslovakia in the face of territorial demands made by Germany. The agreement, signed by Germany, France, Britain, and Italy permitted German annexation of Czechoslovakia's Sudetenland. The Sudetenland was of immense strategic importance to Czechoslovakia, as most of its border defenses were therein situated.
Gen Douglas MacArthur
was an American five-star general and Field Marshal of the Philippine Army. He was Chief of Staff of the United States Army during the 1930
Henry L. Stimson
was an American statesman, lawyer and soldier, and a member of the Republican Party. He served as Secretary of War on two occasions (1911-13, 1940-45), overseeing a military buildup prior to the First World War, the United States' entry into the Second World War, for which he is best known, and the Manhattan Project. He also served as a diplomat to Nicaragua and as Governor-General of the Philippines, opposing autonomy for both. During his stint as Secretary of State (1929-33) he articulated the Stimson Doctrine, the cornerstone of American foreign policy for the next ten years.
