American History: Chapter 7 and 8 test
Oliver H. Kelley
founded the Grange in 1867 in order to provide education on new farming techniques and calling for the regulation of railroads and grain elevator rates to its 1,000,000+ member across the midwest
Sixteenth Amendment
gave Congress the power to levy an income tax and the Underwood tariff Act created a graduated income tax
discriminated: Faced discriminatory practices Overcame: Set up anti-defamation league
how were jews discriminated against and how did they overcome discrimination?
laws that took away the right to vote from African-Americans in the South. Poll taxes, literacy tests, and grandfather clauses did this.
What are Jim Crow laws and give examples.
Progressivism
a movement that responded to the pressures of industrialization and urbanization by promoting reforms
muckrakers
Newspaper reporters who began to advocate for reform by highlighting the living and working conditions of the lower classes
De facto segregation
Segregation by unwritten custom of tradition
The National Association for the Advancement of Colored People (NAACP)
The Niagara Movement joined with white progressive leaders and founded this in 1909 to help African Americans by "physically free from peonage (forced, low-paid labor), mentally free from ignorance politically free from disenfranchisement, and socially free from insult"
Corruption is lowered and the best, smartest people got hired
What were the positive effects of the Pendleton Civil Service Act?
The right to vote (suffrage)
Which right was the most important in terms of making changes in society?
Because the republicans had too much control. He had the support of the wealthy class and of big businesses and big businesses had a lot of power . Had African-Americans votes too.
Why did Bryan lose to Republican William McKinley?
He had a really good campaign and went to the people. They had the democrats support and populists support.
Why did many experts believe William Jennings Bryan would win the election of 1896?
Triangle Shirtwaist fire
- 146 workers, most working class women, died in the fire because of a lack of safety regulations - New York and other states enacted safety laws and workers compensation legislation as a result of the fire
Hepburn Inspection Act and the Interstate Commerce Commission
- The ICC was supposed to regulate railroad rates, but for 20 years the Supreme Court ruled against the ICC stripping it of most of its powers - In 1906 Congress passed the this to give the ICC strong enforcement powers including setting the limit for shipping costs and maximum prices for ferries, bridge tolls, and oil pipelines
W.E.B. Du Bois
-advocated the opposite of Booker T. Washington -blacks should demand full political equality - He helped found the NAACP in 1909 to promote political and social equality, which he believed would be the best way to help African Americans
16th Amendment: Put more responsibility and financial burden on upper class. Clayton Antitrust Act: Busted bad trusts, destroyed monopolies, created a law that could work to protect the American citizens from a monopoly FTC: Protected the consumers and monopolies, and sometimes laborers
Describe how each of the following met Progressive goals: the Sixteenth Amendment; the Clayton Antitrust Act; the FTC
No, because women were not given many rights at the time. They could not vote, therefore politicians did not have to listen to them because there were no consequences for not listening to them.
Do you think women activists during the late 1800s had any effect on the political or social life of the country? Explain.
He helped the workers, not the business owners - 1902 Coal Strike Food and drug act Meat inspection Hepburn Act Newlands reclamation act Stopped bad/big trusts
How did Roosevelt's use of presidential and federal power differ from that of earlier Presidents?
Created troubling social and political problems so they wanted reforms to correct these problems and injustices. Cities were dirty and made businesses more money which made them more corrupt.
How did industrialism [industrial capitalism] and urbanization lead to the rise of Progressivism?
Formed large groups of protesters Went on strikes - hunger strikes Lobbied congress to pass a constitutional amendment Used the new referendum process to try to pass state suffrage laws
How did women of the Progressive Era make progress and win the right to vote?
discriminated: no rights; mainly could not vote Overcame: National consumers league, Women's trade union league, Temperance movement, National association of colored women , Carrie Chapman Catt's "winning plan", Alice Paul's Militancy, NAWSA
How were women discriminated against and how did they overcome discrimination?
Political - referendum, initiative, recall, 17th amendment (direct elections of senators)
In which area do you think government reforms had the greatest impact? Why?
High cost of transportation, falling prices of crops, high interest on bank loans, Railroads have high rates, Cost of running a business rose, Cost of shipping to other countries rose
List the major problems facing farmers of the West and South during the Gilded Age
people's party
Populists party formed in 1892 to advocate 5 major reforms
Referendum
Process that allows citizens to approve or reject a law passed by their legislature
Theodore Roosevelt's Square Deal
Roosevelt's attempt to keep the wealthy and powerful from taking advantage of small business owners and the poor
Hepburn Inspection Act: gave the ICC strong enforcement powers including setting the limit for shipping costs and maximum prices for ferries, bridge tolls, and oil pipelines Meat inspection Act: required all meat that crosses state lines to be inspected by federal agents along with the inspection of meat-processing plants Pure Food and Drug Act: placed controls on other foods and medicines. It also banned the interstate shipment of impure food and the mislabeling of food and drugs Federal Reserve Act: placed national banks under the control of a Federal Reserve Board, which set up regional banks to hold reserve funds from commercial banks and ensures money is not dispersed evenly around the country, sets interest rates, and supervises banks Clayton Antitrust Act: strengthened earlier antitrust laws by spelling out those activities in which businesses could not engage Federal Trade Commission: monitored business practice that may lead to monopolies, watching out for false advertising and dishonest labeling
The progressive acts of government
Plessy v. Ferguson "separate but equal" doctrine
The supreme court upheld the constitutionality of Jim Crow laws. Said it was legal and did not violate the fourteenth amendment as long as the separate facilities provided for blacks were equal to those provided to whites.
Progressivism is a movement that responded to the pressures of industrialization and urbanization by promoting reforms. It was caused by the political and social problems caused from industrialization, urbanization, and immigration.
What is progressivism and what caused it?
She wanted women to have the right to vote. She favored a more militant approach as she encouraged women to protest loudly and publicly for the vote. Her suffragettes became the first people to lead a picket line to the white house where hundreds of women were arrested
What problem did Alice Paul focused on and how she correct them?
Wanted women to have the right to vote. She came up with her "winning plan" which had two fronts. 1. Women were to lobby their congressmen to pass a constitutional amendment which would give women the right to vote 2. Others would use referendum process to pass suffrage laws in the states
What problem did Carrie Chapman Catt focused on and how she correct them?
Florence Kelley believed women were hurt by unfair prices for goods for the homes, so she formed the National Consumer league. Kelley also founded the Women's Trade Union League to help improve the working conditions, hours, and pay of women working in factories
What problem did Florence Kelley focused on and how she correct them?
She focused on stopping lynching. She led antilynching campaigns. She also helped form the National Association of Colored Women in 1896. The NACW raised money to help African American families across the country and provided low-cost or free daycare to help working mothers.
What problem did Ida B. Wells focused on and how she correct them?
Sanger believed women were having too many children which negatively affected their health. So she opened the country's first birth-control clinic to give out birth-control methods and in 1921 founded the American Birth Control league which eventually became Planned Parenthood
What problem did Margaret Sanger focused on and how she correct them?
Federal government to limit the power of corporations and trusts
What specific Progressive reforms came from the Social Gospel idea?
Meat Inspection
When Upton Sinclair published The Jungle in 1906 Roosevelt urged Congress to pass this which required all meat that crosses state lines to be inspected by federal agents along with the inspection of meat-processing plants
Big business owners - didn't like progressive reforms
Which groups in American society might have opposed Progressive reform? Explain
He was elected due to the split Republican Party. He promised to place strict government control on corporations and more opportunities for small businesses (new freedom)
Woodrow wilson how he was elected and what he promised to do
Florence Kelley
believed women were hurt by unfair prices for goods for the homes, so she formed the National Consumer league and also founded the Women's Trade Union League
Poll taxes
fees to vote
Made it in a way the normal people understood and made it more interesting than the news
How did political cartoonists raise the alarm about corruption in government?
Carrie Catt and Florence Kelley led the NAWSA (National American Woman Suffrage Association) to support the war effort. Their actions and those of the NWP (National Woman's Party) convinced a growing number of legislators to support a women's suffrage amendment. Women helped on the home front to show how useful they would be in fighting the war even if they did not have rifles in their hands. Because they did all the mens' jobs when they were gone, showed that they were strong and equal.
How did suffragettes' support of the war effort during WW1 affect their effort to win the right to vote at the national level?
It supported it by arguing that as long as states maintained separate but equal facilities, they did not violate the fourteenth amendment.
How did the Plessy V. Ferguson decision support the existence of Jim Crow laws?
Profits go down, but still need to buy things, and so they take out bank loans, cycle of debt. Because there was no money-customers couldn't buy products and owners couldn't pay to make it
How did the deflation, or decrease, in the money supply in the late 1800s hurt farmers?
Similar because they wanted to get rid of corrupt government officials and make government more responsive to people's needs. They wanted to make a more powerful and more democratic government. They had to become more powerful to do these things. Different because Progressivism was made up of middle class, urban and suburban, and was in favor of capitalism (just more humane). While populist movement was supported by more rural people, farmers and workers. They were in favor of socialism.
How was Progressivism similar to the earlier Populist Movement? How was it different?
Discriminated: Jim crow laws (poll taxes, literacy tests, grandfather clauses), Plessy v. Ferguson Overcame: The niagara movement, NAACP, Urban league; Washington - put aside desires for political equality and instead focus on economic equality, which he thought would bring political equality in time; Du Bois - blacks should demand full political equality; promote political and social equality, which he believed would be the best way to help African Americans
How were african americans discriminated against and how did they overcome the discrimination?
Jim Crow Laws, voters were required to take Literacy Test, Grandfather clauses, Poll Taxes (african americans could not afford them), Mexican-Americans lost their land, Women were not included in the 14 and 15 Amendment, Terrorists organizations, Lynching
How were the civil and political rights of certain groups in America undermined or repealed during the years after Reconstruction?
He saw the tariff as a hardship on American people trying to sell their merchandise abroad. He hated the tariff because it increased the cost of goods for consumers + made it harder for farmers to sell their goods abroad. Saw it as a threat to individual liberty
President Cleveland called the high tariff "unjust taxation." Why do you think President Cleveland made this statement? Explain his point of view.
Recall
Procedure that permits voters to remove public officials from office before the next election
Chinese exclusion act
Provide examples of discrimination toward Chinese immigrants during the Gilded Age.
Women's Trade Union League
helped improve the working conditions, hours, and pay of women working in factories
Upton Sinclair's The Jungle
highlighted the despair of the immigrants working in Chicago's stockyards and revealed the unsanitary conditions in the industry
discriminated: lands were taken from them Overcame: Some resisted violently, tried to protect their land from encroachment; mutualists
how were the Mexicans and Mexican Americans discriminated against and how did they overcome discrimination?
grandfather clauses
law to disqualify African American voters by allowing only men whose fathers and grandfathers voted before 1867, used to ensure white southerners still were able to vote
Jim Crow Laws
laws aimed at disenfranchising (taking away the right to vote) African-Americans in the South and segregating blacks and whites
Federal Trade Commission
monitored business practice that may lead to monopolies, watching out for false advertising and dishonest labeling
literacy tests
reading and writing tests formerly used in some southern states to prevent African Americans from voting
17th Amendment
the direct election of US Senators; passed in 1913, instead of being elected by the state legislatures, senators were to be elected by a popular vote of registered voters
national Consumer League
was founded in 1899 and is still active today and gave special labels to products that were fair and safe and made under healthy working conditions
Grange Laws
were enacted in Illinois, Minnesota, and Wisconsin to lower rates and the ICC was started to regulate them federally
- An increase circulation of money - The unlimited minting of silver - A progressive tax, a tan on income in which the percentage of taxes owed increases with a rise in income - Government ownership of communication and transportation systems - 8-hour work day
what were the 5 major reforms the peoples party (populist party) wanted?
gold standard and tariffs
what were the two biggest issues of the gilded age?
1. republicans and wealthy support maintaining gold standard because it would keep the value of money high 2. democrats and lower classes wished to start minting silver as well, the idea being increase the money supply, so that there is more money available.
what were the two side/opinions about the gold standard in the gilded age?
1. High tariff - republicans and wealthy support bc they said it would help american industry better-protected their business-made foreign products more expensive and their more cheap so more people bought 2. Low - democrats + poor did favored low tariff to bring prices down and because the high tariff made agricultural goods harder to sell abroad
what were the two sides/opinions about tariffs in the gilded age?
National Park Service
- America created the first national park in the world when President Grant established Yellowstone National Park in 1872 and Roosevelt added more national park land than any other president during his term - oversees America's 59 national parks
Urban League
- As African Americans were moving to urban areas in large numbers in the early 1900s, local black clubs and churches attempted to help them find work and housing - in 1911, more than 100 of these joined a network to help the poorer African Americans
The Nineteenth Amendment
- Carrie Catt and Florence Kelley led the NAWSA in support of American during World War I in 1917 - This action began to show legislators that women's suffrage was a good idea and in June 1919 Congress passed this which allowed for women's suffrage
The Niagara Movement
- Dubois and other similar leaders called a meeting in Niagara Falls in 1905 to denounce the idea of gradual progress - Instead they wanted blacks to be taught the same subjects as whites and to demand the vote, especially in the south
Woodrow Wilson
- Former President of Princeton and Governor of New Jersey won the nomination and ran on the New Freedom - The New Freedom places strict government control on corporations and more opportunities for small businesses - The split Republican Party handed him the presidency handily - oversaw the passage of the Underwood Tariff Act to lower the tariff to allow competition with foreign goods in 1913
Mutualistas
- Mexican Americans faced the same discrimination as African Americans, especially in the West - In several states they formed these which made loans, provided legal assistance to Mexican Americans, and insurance to those who were unable to work
National Newlands Reclamation Act
- Rep. Francis Newlands convinced Roosevelt to push the federal government to build huge reservoirs to hold and conserve water - allowed the federal government the power to decide where and how water would be distributed - Examples are Hoover Dam, the Salt Valley project and Roosevelt Dam
Suffrage
- The right to vote - one of the most important issues for women in the Progressive Era - The argument was women knew about matters of the home (children's care, education, family life) more than men, so they should be able to vote to make these decisions
Pure Food and Drug Act
- This act expanded on the Meat Inspection Act to place the same controls on other foods and medicines - It also banned the interstate shipment of impure food and the mislabeling of food and drugs
Clayton Antitrust Act
- This act strengthened earlier antitrust laws by spelling out those activities in which businesses could not engage - specified particular prohibited conduct, the three-level enforcement scheme, the exemptions, and the remedial measures - protected labor unions from being classified as monopolies
1902 Coal Strike
- Workers in Pennsylvania coal mines were on strike for shorter hours and more pay and Roosevelt decided to step in because the nation needed coal - He listened to the workers' demands and went to the owners of the mines - When they would not give in he threatened to nationalize the mines - The owners gave in and for the first time the government stepped to help the workers instead of the business owners
Las Gorras Blancas
- a group of Mexican Americans living in New Mexico who attempted to protect their land and way of life from encroachment by white settlers in the 1880s - they resisted violently
Margaret Sanger
- believed women were having too many children which negatively affected their health - in 1916 she opened the country's first birth-control clinic - This led her to be jailed several times as a "public nuisance," but was eventually allowed to give out birth-control methods and in 1921 founded the American Birth Control league which eventually became Planned Parenthood
US Forest Service
- created in 1905 to preserve as many forests as possible - The goal was to set aside forests which could not be cut down for enjoyment and to allow the trees in them enough time to grow
Alice Paul's militancy
- favored a more militant approach as she encouraged women to protest loudly and publicly for the vote - Her suffragettes became the first people to lead a picket line to the white house where hundreds of women were arrested
Booker T. Washington
- he founded the Tuskegee Institute in Alabama in 1881 to teach African Americans to put aside desires for political equality and instead focus on economic equality, which he thought would bring political equality in time - One of the most famous black leaders of the Jim Crow era - was a former slave
Ida B Wells
- helped form the National Association of Colored Women in 1896 - The NACW raised money to help African American families across the country and provided low-cost or free daycare to help working mothers
Anti-Defamation League
- jewish people, especially in big cities, were also facing discriminatory practices - in 1913 they organized this league to defend Jews against physical and verbal attacks, false statements, and "to secure justice and fair treatment to all citizens alike"
spoil system
- occurred when politicians awarded government jobs to loyal party members with little regard for their qualifications - caused the government to become inefficient - first used by Andrew Jackson
Federal Reserve Act
- placed national banks under the control of a Federal Reserve Board, which set up regional banks to hold reserve funds from commercial banks - ensures money is not dispersed evenly around the country, sets interest rates, and supervises banks
Pendleton Civil Service Act
- reformed the civil service by requiring an exam for a government job to ensure qualified people filled the jobs - Chester A. Arthur helped create this as president
Jane Addams' settlement house
- settlement houses were set up to help poor through a community center that provided social services to the urban poor - Jane Addams and the Hull House became the center of the movement in Chicago
Farmers' Alliances
- sprang up to carry on the reforms across the country - formed cooperatives where the farmers pooled their crops to sell for maximum profit
lynching
- the murder of an accused person by a mob without a lawful trial - a major issue in the African American community during Jim Crow
gold standard
- the policy of designating monetary units in terms of their value in gold - a main economic issues of the Gilded Age
temperance movement
- the promotion of the practice of never drinking alcohol - Women in the this movement believed the consumption of alcohol by husbands led to spousal abuse, wasting a family's income on alcohol, and neglect - This movement eventually led to the enactment of the 18th Amendment in 1920 - The Women's Christian Temperance Movement led this cause
Ida B Wells
- was a former slave who led an anti-lynching campaign in the South when friends of her were lynched - She was forced to leave the South, but continued her work her entire life
Initiative
A process by which citizens can put a proposed new law directly on the ballot in the next election by collecting voters' signatures on a petition
Carrie Chapman Catt's "winning plan"
Called for action on two fronts: 1. Women were to lobby their congressmen to pass a constitutional amendment which would give women the right to vote 2. Others would use referendum process to pass suffrage laws in the states
The right to vote Catt's "winning plan": wanted to do it politically. Paul: wanted all women to yell together (one voice) The argument was women knew about matters of the home (children's care, education, family life) more than men, so they should be able to vote to make these decisions NAWSA - supported America during World War I (made them appear to be crucial to america's success)
Choose one specific social problem and explain how Progressive women reformers proposed to solve that problem
No, he believed that there were valuable resources to be used in federal lands, but he thought we should preserve it
Did Roosevelt believe federal lands should be preserved against all human uses? Explain.
More similar to those of the Urban league because both of their goals were to provide to the poorer community and help secure them jobs - meeting basic needs
Were the goals and actions of the mutualistas more similar to those of the Urban League or to those of the Anti-Defamation League. Explain.
political + economic reform
What areas did Progressives think were in need of the greatest reform?
Thought they should focus more on lower class than upper class Thought they should keep the wealthy and powerful from taking advantage of small business owners and the poor Have a shorter workday, and higher wages
What did Theodore Roosevelt think government should do for citizens?
Washington wanted to take things slowly and believed that people were able to be peaceful. He thought that african americans should work hard and earn respect in the working/business world. Du Bois thought that they would never get their rights by being "nice" and they they had to fight for them so they would be noticed. He wanted more political acceptance.
What do the differing approaches of Booker T. Washington and W.E.B. Du Bois suggest about their views of American society?
Political corruption , living and working conditions of the lower classes Effect - promoted laws to improve living conditions
What problems did muckrakers expose and what effects did their work have on Progressive Reform?
He encouraged congress to lower tariffs and raise taxes, reformed the banking system, and persuaded congress to establish the FTC and Clayton antitrust act, sixteenth amendment
What steps did Wilson take to increase the government's role in the economy?
The government - it was more powerful and more involved They created acts to watch over the economy and protect consumers Citizens had a greater say in government Federal government was working not just for the top class anymore; federal government worked for all citizens
What was the legacy of the Progressive Era?
Because there were weak presidents, so congress could assert themselves and take more power
Why did Congress became the strongest branch of the government in the 1880s (Gilded Age)?
Because the Northern Securities Company was an illegal trust - broke antitrust laws. He did not dislike all trusts. There was a difference between good trusts and bad trusts. He believed that big businesses were often more efficient than smaller ones, but he believed that big businesses were bad only if they bullied smaller outfits or cheated consumers. He supported big businesses as long as they did business fairly.
Why did Roosevelt enforce the Sherman Antitrust act against the Northern Securities (railroad) Company? Did he dislike all trusts?
railroad companies charged whatever rates they wanted and bankers set high interest rates.
Why were farmers angry at railroad companies and bankers?
Views - lower tariff, minting of silver, 8 hour work day Campaign - he went to the people; directly involved, toured country
William jennings bryan - his views and how his campaign was different
Boss Tweed of new York City
a new york city politician who ran Tammany Hall in the late 1800s
new Nationalism
a program to restore the government's trust busting power
civil service
a system that includes federal jobs in the executive branch
They both believed that African Americans should be 100% equal with every other race, but they had different ways of getting there. Washington believed African Americans should put aside desires for political equality and instead focus on economic equality, which he thought would bring political equality in time. Du Bois believed the opposite. He believed that blacks should demand full political equality. He promoted political and social equality, which he believed would be the best way to help African Americans
compare and contrast the views of Booker T. Washington and W.E.B Du Bois
Direct primary
elections in which all citizens vote to select nominees for upcoming elections
