American History final chapter 26
extended voting rights-1982
1982—Extended the Voting Rights Act for 25 years (had wanted to ease the restrictions)
Montgomery Improvement Association
Montgomery's black population, under the leadership of local ministers and civil rights workers, formed the Montgomery Improvement Association (MIA) and coordinated an organized boycott of the city's buses.
Earl Warren
Earl Warren announced the Supreme Court's decision on segregated schooling in Brown v. Board of Education (1954).
What did he see as the connection between affluence and inequality? What examples does the text give?
The contradictions of the Affluent Society defined the decade: unrivaled prosperity alongside presistent poverty, expanded opportunity alongside entrenched discrimination, and new liberating lifestyles alongside a stifling conformity.
TVA
built a series of hydroelectric dams
Collapse of the New deal coalition
collapsed in late 1960s due to the Vietnam War and large scale riots
failures of reagan presidency
iran contra affair embarrassment over robert bork nomination to supreme court 1987 lebanon: suicide bombing of Marine compound 1983 impact on office of president
vetoed civil rights restoration act-1988
it would have required recipients of federal funds to comply with civil rights laws in all areas, not just the part that got federal funding congress over-rode the veto
Reagan's political platform
lower taxes less interference in people's lives strong national defense states' rights
economic recovery tax act- 1981
lowered the top marginal tax bracket from 70% to 50% and the lowest bracket from 14% to 11%
Government is a problem
marks big shift from FDR, LBJ- the new deal coalition
southern backlash and strategy to circumvent bvb
massive resistance -school closures private segregation academies defiant governors terrorism, violence, church bombings
civil rights act 1964 (LBJ)
outlaws discrimination based on race, color, religion, sex, national origin prohibits unequal application of voter registration requirements and racial segregation in schools, jobs, and public accommodations
The G. I. Bill
The Servicemen's Readjustment Act (popularly known as the G.I. Bill), passed in 1944, offered low-interest home loans, a stipend to attend college, loans to start a business, and unemployment benefits.
Nicaragua
U.S. had backed mercenaries through backdoor channels, mined Nicaraguan waters, attacked Puerto san Dino with Rockets—23K forced to evacuate— attacked bridges, electric generators, but also state-owned agricultural cooperatives, rural health clinics, villages, and civilians ICJ (International Court of Justice) ruled against US—who refused to participate and used UN veto to prevent Nicaragua from collecting any damages
Ronald Reagan
-union leader durning McCarthy Era -Democrat until 1962 -President of US 1981-1989
Montgomery Bus Boycott
African American woman named Sarah Keys publicly challenged segregated public transportation. Keys, then serving in the Women's Army Corps, traveled from her army base in New Jersey back to North Carolina to visit her family. When the bus stopped in North Carolina, the driver asked her to give up her seat for a white customer. Her refusal to do so landed her in jail in 1953 and led to a landmark 1955 decision, Sarah Keys v. Carolina Coach Company, in which the Interstate Commerce Commission ruled that "separate but equal" violated the Interstate Commerce Clause of the U.S. Constitution.
How did New Deal policy shape the suburbs to be a fundamentally white phenomenon?
At the core of HOLC appraisal techniques, which reflected the existing practices of private realtors, was the pernicious insistence that mixed-race and minority-dominated neighborhoods were credit risks.
What was John Kenneth Galbraith's main criticism of the American economy?
Criticized the underlying structures of economy dedicated only to increasing production and the consumption of goods. He argued the the US economy based on almost hedonistic consumption of luxury products, would lead to economic inequality as private sector interests enriched themselves at the expenses of the American public
HOLC
FDR's New Deal created the Home Owners Loan Corporation (HOLC), which began purchasing and refinancing existing mortgages at risk of default.
How did New Deal programs lead to the rise of suburbs
FDR's New Deal created the Home Owners Loan Corporation (HOLC), which began purchasing and refinancing existing mortgages at risk of default. HOLC introduced the amortized mortgage, allowing borrowers to pay back interest and principal regularly over fifteen years instead of the then standard five-year mortgage that carried large balloon payments at the end of the contract. the Federal Housing Administration (FHA), another New Deal organization, increased access to home ownership by insuring mortgages and protecting lenders from financial loss in the event of a default.
FHA
Federal Housing Administration (FHA), another New Deal organization, increased access to home ownership by insuring mortgages and protecting lenders from financial loss in the event of a default.
Iran Contra-Affair
Funding obtained covertly without congress' knowledge or approval and in violation of the Bollard Amendment (part of an appropriations bill and aimed at limiting U. S. involvement in Nicaragua) illegally helped sell to Iran (subject o embargo)—hoped for release of hostages Aimed at allowing U.S. intelligence agencies to fund the Nicaraguan Contras.
John Kenneth Galbraith
In 1958, Harvard economist and public intellectual John Kenneth Galbraith published The Affluent Society. Galbraith's celebrated book examined America's new post-World War II consumer economy and political culture.
SCLC
Motivated by the success of the Montgomery boycott, King and other African American leaders looked to continue the fight. In 1957, King helped create the Southern Christian Leadership Conference (SCLC) to coordinate civil rights groups across the South and buoy their efforts organizing and sustaining boycotts, protests, and other assaults against southern Jim Crow laws.
Thurgood Marshall
NAACP lawyers such as Charles Hamilton Houston, Robert L. Clark, and future Supreme Court Justice Thurgood Marshall undermined Jim Crow's constitutional underpinnings.
How did affluence impact the civil rights movement
Racial minorities could not get loans for property improvements in their own neighborhoods—seen as credit risks—and were denied mortgages to purchase property in other areas for fear that their presence would extend the red line into a new community. Levittown, the poster-child of the new suburban America, only allowed whites to purchase homes. Thus, FHA policies and private developers increased home ownership and stability for white Americans while simultaneously creating and enforcing racial segregation. The exclusionary structures of the postwar economy prompted protest from the African Americans and other minorities who were excluded. Fair housing, equal employment, consumer access, and educational opportunity, for instance, all emerged as priorities of a brewing civil rights movement.
Brown V. Board of Education
The court found by a unanimous 9-0 vote that racial segregation violated the Equal Protection Clause of the Fourteenth Amendment. The court's decision declared, "Separate educational facilities are inherently unequal." "Separate but equal" was made unconstitutional.12
Redlining
The least secure, highest risk neighborhoods for loans received a D grade and the color red. Banks limited loans in such "redlined" areas.10
strategic defense initiative (star wars)
aimed at destroying air to air missiles and making nuclear weapons obsolete. criticized by scientists at the time as being many decades before workable
Division of subsistence homesteads
aimed at part-time farmers who produced mostly for their own families created homesteading communities
critics of reagan doctrine
argued that rather than draining the soviet union of resources, it forced the US to spend money on far flung areas and issues not directly related to US secretary current critics argue that transferring weapons to parts of the world now hostile to US and by giving leaders their military training, the doctrine actually made some political and military movements against the US stronger
National industrial recovery act
authorized the president to regulated industry for fair wages and prices suspended anti-trust legislation
roll back not containment or detente
effectively scaled back detente and escalated the Cold War
CCC (Civil Conservation Corps)
employed young men on conservation and reforestation projects increased public awareness of natural resources and the need for their use and protection reforesting, state parks, fire fighting, building facilities
civil rights act 1968
equal housing opportunities regardless of race/origin known as equal housing act passed after MLK assassination
Civil rights act 1957
established voting commission- passed to show support for bvb
civil rights act 1960
federal inspection of voting rolls and penalties for obstructing voters
Wagner Act National Labor Relations Act of 1935
guarantees the rights of private sector employees to: unionize bargain collectively strike
backlash to montgomery bus boycott
increased municipal laws mandating segregation in almost all other areas of life
FERA (Federal Emergency Relief Administration)
provided direct cash assistance to state relief agencies struggling to care for the unemployed lent money to states to operate relief programs aimed to create new unskilled in state and local governments more expensive than direct relief- but believed to be more important to moral and self-esteem
PWA (Public Works Administration)
provided grants-in-aid to local governments for large infrastructure projects created jobs through contracts in private construction built important infrastructure ex) lincoln tunnel, bridges, dams, airports
job training partnership act- 1982
public-private partnership for job creation- purpose was to prepare youth and unskilled adults for work, and to provide job training aimed at economically disadvantaged and other individuals facing employment barriers
WPA (Work Progress Administration)
put unemployed men and women to work on projects designed by local governments created 8.5 million jobs combined federal aid with local support
AAA
raise prices of agricultural commodities by offering cash incentives to voluntary limit form production
Plessy v. Ferguson
separate but equal
Glass-Steagall Act
separates commercial and investment banking provides a safe guard for money in banks
CWA (Civil Works Administration)
short term jobs manual labor
tax reform act of 1986
simplify the income tax code, broaden the tax base and eliminate many tax shelters.
NRA
suspended anti trust laws to allow businesses to establish "codes"
achievements of reagan presidency
tax cuts of 1981 1987 INF treat- reduces nuclear arms detente in second term- end of cold war soviet withdrawal from Afghanistan 1988 nomination of sandra day o'connor grenada rescue mission release of the air traffic controllers from contracts to allow others to take their jobs anti-drug act strategic defense initiative
These raised taxes
tax equity and fiscal responsibility act social security act deficit reduction act
War on drugs
the anti-drug abuse act of 1986 which $1.7 billion to fund the war on drugs in America and increase the severity of punishments for drug related offenses
Civil Rights Act of 1957
the first such measure passed since Reconstruction. achieve some gains, such as creating the Department of Justice's Civil Rights Commission the Act signaled that pressure was finally mounting on Americans to confront the legacy of discrimination.
The Reagan doctrine
the idea that the cold war was winnable US would: provide overt and covert aid anti-communist guerillas and resistance groups to soviet sponsored governments in arfica, asia, and latin america.
