American Presidency Final

Who did Washington refer to as "First Characters"?

"Street-level" federal officials who the people would have day-to-day contact with

What was TR's motto for foreign policy?

"speak softly and carry a big stick"

Whiskey Rebellion

(1791-94) First real test of how aggressive the president would be to "take care that the laws be faithfully executed." GW obtained a writ from SCOTUS attesting that the situation had gone beyond the ability of fed marshals to control. Requested governor of PA, MD, VA, and NJ to supply troops to quell uprising Assumed personal command of troops Rebellion dissipated at show of force Endowed words of the presidential oath with real meaning.

Corrupt Bargain

(1924 Election) Henry Clay (Speaker of the House) had also been a presidential candidate (did not finish among the top 3) - Used authority to help secure Adams's election and in turn JQA named Clay Sec of State (traditional stepping stone to the presidency)

Ex Parte Milligan: Conclusion

(9-0) Davis, speaking for the Court, held that trials of civilians by presidentially created military commissions are unconstitutional. Martial law cannot exist where the civil courts are operating. Constitutional guarantees of a fair trial canNOT be set aside merely because a state of insurrection existed.

Thirteenth Amendment

(Emancipation Amendment) Passed by 17 Democrats and 102 Republicans voting to end slavery everywhere in the US. Persuaded that slavery could not be abolished by executive decree, Lincoln took pride in the role he played in persuading the country to embrace formal constitutional change.

Square Deal

(TR) Held the ideal that Government should be the great arbiter of conflicting economic forces in the Nation, especially between capital and labor, guaranteeing justice to each and dispensing favors to none

New Nationalism

(TR) More government regulation of business and unions, women's suffrage, and more social welfare programs Essentially focused on strong federal government regulations helping the people.

Big Stick Policy

(TR) applied to TR's aggressive foreign policy; acts decisively in attempt to build US as a world power

Moral Diplomacy

(Wilson) Wilson wanted the war to be fought for a noble cause, the triumph of democracy. Claimed in his call for a declaration of war "The world must be made safe for democracy."

New Freedom

(Woodrow Wilson) Limit both big business and big government and bring about reform by ending corruption and revive competition by supporting small businesses.

What were the consequences of Van Buren siding with Jackson in the Eaton Affair?

1) Brought cohesion and discipline to the executive branch 2) Settled the matter of presidential succession in a manner most favorable to the party perpetuation.

Second Inaugural

1) Claimed that the freedom of former slaves was the only means of national redemption. 2) "With malice toward none; with charity forall...let us strive on to finish the work we are in; to bind up the nation's wounds; to care for him who shall have borne the battle, and for his widow, and his orphan- to do all which achieve and cherish a just, and lasting peace, among ourselves, and with all nations."

Farewell Address

1) Don't form parties 2) Encourage moral enlightenment through education and religion. 3) Do not form alliances with European nations. 4) Stay out of European wars.

3 Aspects of Greatness

1) Educate the public 2) Set precedents 3) Conservative Revolution

Gettysburg Address

1) Established the Declaration as the founding document of the US - The Constitution was just the Declaration playing out 2) Words drew their power from a party doctrine, and election that approved Republican principles, and the battles that sanctified it.

What was Hamilton's argument for the Neutrality Proclamation?

1) Legislatures are too large, slow, and poor at keeping secrets to conduct foreign policy 2) The Constitution must be construed so as to make its own survival possible.

Emancipation Proclamation

1) Made the war about freeing the slaves 2) Slaves were only freed in Confederate states 3) This disrupted the southern economy and made it vulnerable in new ways 4) Lincoln still operated under the constitutional premise that slavery can only be abolished by constitutional amendment. However, he could emancipate slaves in the confederate states based on the commander-in-chief power to confiscate property of states in rebellion. 5) There is no possibility of reimposing slavery after the emancipation.

Lincoln's Reconstruction Policy

1) Offered pardon and amnesty to white southerners who took an oath of allegiance both to the Union and to all wartime policies concerning slavery and emancipation. 2) Abolition of slavery was to be sanctioned by a popular election and accomplished through regular Constitutional procedures

What groups opposed US involvement in WWI?

1) Populists 2) Progressives 3) Socialists

How did TR's presidency impact the development of the modern presidency?

1) TR led the charge in the President becoming an actor on the world stage 2) Bully Pulpit: President speaks directly to the public on the issues 3) Established the president as the chief legislator 4) President emerges as a counterweight to business 5) Public fascination with the personal life of the President grew 6) Did things that may not have been in his constitutional rights, but the Constitution said nothing against them (Conservation)

Why does Hamilton argue that the President should be able to serve an unlimited number of terms?

1) Would diminish "inducements to good behavior" since the president would not have to worry about getting reelected 2) Prohibiting reelection might also tempt the president to usurp power rather than give it up voluntarily

What were the 3 most important issues regarding the executive discussed at the Constitutional Convention?

1) method of selection 2) length of term 3) reeligibility

Quids

A group of radical Republicans led by Jefferson's own House leader (John Randolph); deplored executive independence Jefferson was taking

Pragmatism

A method of understanding facts and events in terms of cause and effect, and of inferring practical lessons or conclusions from this process.

Spoils System (Rotation of Office Holders)

Above all it was supposed to be a means of ensuring democratic accountability; long-time office holders often became corrupt; permanent caste of civil servants that had come into being would be abolished, narrowing the gap b/t citizen and officeholder.

In what way was Lincoln's suspension of habeas corpus unconstitutional?

According to the Constitution, habeas corpus can be suspended during times of insurrection/rebellion, but this power is granted to CONGRESS (Article 1)

League of Nations

An international peacekeeping organization that called on each member nation to stand ready to protect the independence and territorial integrity of other nations.

The Electoral College

Averted direct popular election, and it apportioned electoral votes on a state-by-state basis, inclusive of slaves. Candidate must win a sufficient number of states, not merely gaining a popular majority

What vital link do Parties provide?

Between constitutional offices and the people

Election of 1912

Candidates: President Taft was renominated by the Republicans Progressive Republicans formed a new party (Bull Moose Party) and nominated TR Democrats nominated Woodrow Wilson The election came down to a battle between TR and WW With the Republicans split, WW won easily with 435 electoral votes Overwhelming support for the Progressive presidential candidate ensured that reform efforts would continue under WW

What is the general belief of progressive groups?

Changes in society were badly needed and the government was the proper agency for correcting social and economic ills

Parties

Collective organizations with identities that transcend candidates and issues of the moment.

Lincoln's goal was to root America's government and citizens once and for all in the moral principles of the __________.

Declaration.

How did Lincoln view the veto power?

Denied that the president could veto bills merely because he disagreed with them, only legislation that he regarded as unconstitutional could be returned to Congress.

Revolution of 1800

Election of Jefferson in 1800; Democratized the American system in a manner consistent with the spirit and letter of the Constitution

Recall

Enabled voters to remove a corrupt or unsatisfactory politician from office by majority vote. (Progressive Reform)

The Prize Cases: Facts of the Case

Facts of the Case: Lincoln proclaimed a blockade of southern ports in April 1861. Congress authorized him to declare a state of insurrection by the Act of July 13, 1861. By the Act of August 6, 1861, Congress retroactively ratified all Lincoln's military action. These cases involved the seizure of vessels bound for Confederate ports prior to July 13, 1861.

What was the cornerstone of Progressive ideology?

Faith in democracy (majority of voters would elect honest officials)

What was Jefferson's major failure in dealing with the Louisiana Purchase?

Felt no real compulsion to reconcile the extraordinarily diverse, mutually contradictory principles he adhered to.

Election of 1924

First time a pall was cast on the legitimacy of the result of a pres election 12th Amendment: Required that when no candidate received a majority in the EC, the House elects the pres from among 3 candidates who had received the most electoral votes Adams (JQ) won the election even though he obtained only 84 electoral votes (Jackson: 99) (131 needed for majority) Henry Clay (Speaker of the House) had also been a presidential candidate (did not finish among the top 3) - Used authority to help secure Adams's election and in turn JQA named Clay Sec of State (traditional stepping stone to the presidency)

Election of 1864

Full and free party competition continued in the election of 1864 even though Lincoln and other Republican leaders believed that a Democratic victory was likely Holding the election during a civil insurrection marked Lincoln's ultimate defense of the Constitution.

Why is the presidential term 4 years?

Gives the president the ability to counteract temporary passions or influences of faction that may from time to time convulse the American people and their representatives in Congress

Fourteenth Amendment

Guaranteed all Americans the "privileges and immunities" of citizenship. "due process," and "equal protection of the law"

Nineteenth Amendment

Guaranteed women's right to vote in all elections at the local, state, and national level

What was the signature accomplishment of Jackson's presidency?

His defeat of the the Second BAnk of the United States.

What is the qualified negative of the presidency?

His veto can be overturned

Why can Congress not adjust the President's salary?

If the president's $ could be raised or lowered by Congress during his term, the legislative branch would gain an undue degree of power over the executive.

Deputy Theory (Washington)

Individuals who get their office by presidential appointment should look to the president as a superintendent and the head of the branch

Kansas Nebraska Act

It allowed people in the territories of Kansas and Nebraska to decide for themselves whether or not to allow slavery within their borders; Violated Missouri Compromise

Nullification Proclamation

Jackson's official response to the Nullification Crisis; AJ lays out a comprehensive, eloquent, and carefully articulated theory of American constitutionalism Purpose: Teach Jeffersonians how to combine the zeal for limited gov't and states' rights with an equally strong attachment to the Union Denied Jeffersonian premise that the Union is merely a product of an agreement b/t the states and of which they are sole constituents.

Gentlemen's Agreement

Japanese gov't agrees to secretly restrict Japanese worker's emigration to US and TR would persuade Cali to repeal discriminatory laws.

"We are all republicans - we are all federalists."

Jefferson (First Inaugural)

Eaton Affair

John Eaton: Close friend and confidant of Jackson's from TN Recently married to widow, Peggy Timberlake; she had a poor reputation → accused of engaging in flirtations, and more, with her father's customers at the Washington boardinghouse, particularly Eaton Polite soc did not receive her; various newly appt'd cabinet mems made it clear that they would do the same Jackson angered by this (he and his wife had had a similarly criticized courtship; his wife had recently died) → bent over backward to defend Peggy's honor; became obsessed with her defense

Ex Parte Milligan: Facts of the Case

Lambdin P. Milligan was sentenced to death by a military commission in Indiana during the Civil War; he had engaged in acts of disloyalty. Milligan sought release through habeas corpus from a federal court. He also had been tried by a military court even though the civil courts in his region were still operational.

Progressivism

Largely a middle class movement that appeared in the early 19th c. United groups with the common desire to improve life in the industrial age; wanted to build on the existing society, making moderate political changes and social improvements through government action.

Why could Lincoln emancipate slaves in rebellious states?

Lincoln still operated under the constitutional premise that slavery can only be abolished by constitutional amendment. However, he could emancipate slaves in the confederate states based on the commander-in-chief power to confiscate property of states in rebellion.

How did Lincoln justify his suspension of habeas corpus?

Lincoln's reasoning behind this was to "cut off the hand to save the arm" → Violate part of the Constitution to save the whole. The only oath in the Constitution is the presidential oath which binds the president to protecting the Constitution.

Who was the architect of the Democratic Party and, essentially, the party system?

Martin Van Buren

Direct Primaries

Method for nominating party candidates by majority vote; Progressive reform led by Robert La Follette

Why is an energetic and forceful president important?

National defense, sound administration of the law, and the protection of property rights all depend on the vitality of the Presidency.

Muckrakers

Newspaper and mag publishers found that their middle-class readers loved to read about underhanded schemes in politics → Rise in in-depth investigative journalism Combined careful research with sensationalism

Treaty of Versailles

Peace treaty ending WWI; Germany was disarmed and stripped of its colonies; also forced to admit guilt for the war, accept French occupation of the Rhineland for 15 years, and pay a huge sum of money in reparations to GB and France. Applied the principle of self-determination to territories once controlled by GER, A-H, and Russia. Signers would join an international peacekeeping organization, the League of Nations.

Steward of the People (TR)

President should take whatever action necessary for the public good unless expressly forbidden by law or the Constitution.

Fifteenth Amendment

Promised African Americans the right to vote

Preparedness

Recognized that US army and Navy were unprepared for a major war; called for greater defense expenditures soon after the European war broke out (WWI; TR)

Seventeenth Amendment

Required that all US senators be elected by popular vote; Progressive reform

Worcester v. Georgia

Samuel Worcester and Elizer Butler were among a group of missionaries who refused to to obey state law forbidding them to live in Georgia's Cherokee territory w/o first obtaining a state license. SW and EB arrested and sentenced to 4 yrs; took case to SCOTUS SW and EB won; SCOTUS declared the Cherokees to be a sovereign nation, not subject to Georgia law.

Nullification Crisis

South Carolina's 1832 Nullification Ordinance: Arose in context of tariff policy SC saw reduced tariffs as key to preserving competitiveness in world markets. AJ committed to paying off nat'l debt; tariff revenue one of the few clearly constitutional ways to do so By affirming states' rights to nullify fed tariff leg, SC was also defending its right to nullify any future curtailment of its "peculiar institution"

Schenck v. US

Supreme Court upheld the constitutionality of the Espionage Act concluding that the right to free speech could be limited when it represented a "clear and present danger" to the public safety.

How did the Embargo Act contradict Jefferson's basic principles?

TJ endowed the federal gov't with police powers far beyond any the Federalists had sought to establish.

How did Jefferson view the constitution in relation to states?

TJ viewed the Const as a compact of states, not a covenant of the ppl Saw states as the ultimate arbitrator of the constitution; free to ignore any fed edict they considered uncon (nullification) → Expressed in his writing of the Kentucky Resolution (opposed to Alien and Sedition Acts)

What document did Lincoln establish as the founding document of the nation?

The Declaration of Independence

What speech established the declaration as the founding document of the US?

The Gettysburg Address

Opposition to what treaty died Republican leaders and coalitions together?

The Jay Treaty

Prize Cases: Conclusion

The President had the power to act. A state of civil war existed de facto after the firing on Fort Sumter (April 12, 1861) and the Supreme Court would take this fact into account. Though neither Congress nor the President can declare war against a state of the Union, when states waged war against the United States government, the President was "bound to meet it in the shape it presented itself,without waiting for Congress to baptize it with a name." Lincoln's actions were justified not only by the threat the southern rebellion posed to public safety but also by his expectation that Congress would eventually approve what he had done

Presidential Oath

The President has the responsibility "to preserve, protect, and defend the Constitution itself."

Neutrality Proclamation

The most controversial action taken by GW stemmed from his conviction that the Constitution gave the president prime responsibility for protecting national security. Response to war between Britain and France

Jay Treaty

Treaty designed to diffuse the growing tensions b/t Britain and the US over a variety of matters, including the continuing British occupation of forts along the NW frontier, the unwillingness of Americans to honor prewar debts, and the impressment by British seamen from American ships. Treaty made no progress on impressment issue, subjected debt claims to joint commission, and discriminated in favor of GB trade against the F.

Roosevelt Corollary

US will send gunboats to LA country that was late in paying its debts; US sailors and marines will occupy country's major ports to manage and collect customs taxes until Euro debts satisfied.

In the peace settlement for WWI, Wilson insisted that the US wanted a "peace without ____."

Victory

How did Washington view the veto power?

Washington never used his veto to prevent enactment of policies he opposed; held that the presidential veto power extended only to bills of doubtful constitutionality, not unwise policy

Bully Pulpit

What TR referred to the WH as; meant he had a terrific platform from which to advocate an agenda and guide legislation; term is still used today to describe the power of the presidential office to influence the public

Prize Cases: Constitutional Question

Whether Lincoln acted withing his Constitutional powers when he ordered the seizures absent of War.

Ex Parte Milligan: Constitutional Question

Whether a civilian court has jurisdiction over a military tribunal.

Wilson's Fourteen Points

Wilson's plan for peace following the conclusion of WWI. The major principles for securing the peace included: An end to the practice of making secret alliances A reduction of national armaments An "impartial adjustment of all colonial claims." Self-Determination for the various nationalities w/in the A-H empire "A general association of nations...for the purpose of affording mutual guarantees of political independence and territorial integrity to great and small states alike." (League of Nations)

Initiative

A method by which voters could compel the legislature to consider a bill (Progressive Reform)

Referendum

A method that allowed citizens to vote on proposed laws printed on their ballots (Progressive Reform)

What was Clinton's Jimmy Carter Problem?

A peculiar feature of Bill Clinton's FP was its susceptibility on 2 occasions to the unsolicited diplomatic intervention of former President Jimmy Carter

Detente

Advocated reconciliation with the USSR, step-by-step movement toward "a relaxation of tensions w/o relaxing our guard."

How did Jefferson and Madison view the Democractic-Republican Party?

As an emergency measure to counteract Hamiltonianism/the Federalists

How did the New Right view foreign policy?

Assumed capitalism and the free market were the most durable sources of liberty and democracy.

What country became the focal point of the Cold War under JFK?

Cuba

Who was Carter's Secretary of State?

Cyrus Vance

Social welfarism did not give the Eisenhower admin grave difficulties so long as it met the tests of...

efficiency and reasonable costs`

Federal Reserve Act

12 district banks supervised by a Federal Reserve Board

"Two Plus Four" Diplomatic Formula

2 Germanys and the 4 WWII Allies (US, UK, USSR, FRN) resolved the thorny issue of German unification. Allowed the two GER states to work out the terms of their merger, backstopped by the four victors of WWII. (Bush)

Troika

3 cabinet mems who acted as a buffer for Reagan (Baker, Feaver, Meese)

Camp David Accords

B/t Israel and Egypt, building on the Kissinger shuttles, were a historic milestone in the diplomacy of Arab-Israeli peace

The word that appears most frequently in the writings of the New Deal theorists is "____": The best society was one in which no important element had preponderant power.

Balance

Civil Rights Act (1964)

Banned discrimination based on race and gender in employment and ended segregation in all public facilities

Voters Rights Act (1965)

Banned literacy tests and other discriminatory methods of denying suffrage to African Americans

What national political figure played the biggest role in Reagan's transformation into an ideological free-market conservative?

Barry Goldwater

Thomas Amendment

Authorized the President to bring about inflation through remonetizing silver, printing greenbacks, or altering the gold content of the dollar.

Commonwealth Club Address

FDR first spoke of the need to modernize the elements of the old faith; The time had come to recognize the "new terms of the old social contract."

How did FDR defy the traditions of the nominating convention?

FDR flew into Chicago to give the first acceptance speech ever made to a nominating convention

Why did Reagan's challenge for the presidency catch Kissinger by surprise?

He considered himself a conservative Republican and a conservative president.

Under what conditions did LBJ assume the White House?

He had achieved his highest ambition through the death of another man, murdered in Dallas, TX

How did Bobby Kennedy differ from his brother?

He more openly displayed strong, unambiguous feelings Cared deeply about the problems of the poor and racial minorities and always had believed that American FP should have a moral mission The same depth of feeling carried over to his relationships with other public figures These emotions, widely known and unconcealed, earned him a widespread reputation for "ruthlessness

How did Eisenhower treat containment?

He orchestrated a global network of containment more definite and extensive than the Truman administration had ever contemplated Embraced the concept of containment more categorically than Truman admin, but pursued sweeping ends with fewer, less flexible, and more uncertain means.

How did Kennedy view the Berlin Wall according to his Ich Bin Ein Berliner speech?

He saw it as a symbol of the failure of Communism and an offense to humanity by dividing families.

If Reagan really wanted to make government less intrusive in the life of the society, what should he have done in addition to cutting the budget?

He would have to revise the entitlement formulas and rewrite the environmental and other regulatory statutes.

US v. Curtiss-Wright Export Corporation

Held up law that authorized the president to place an embargo on the sale of US-made weapons to countries engaged in armed conflict. In foreign affairs, the actions of the federal government and, more specifically, the president as the government's "sole organ" in international relations depend on neither specific grant of power from the Constitution nor Congress.

FDR more influenced by ____ ____ and Theodore Roosevelt who envisioned a New Nationalism and a dominant president who would serve as the "steward of the public welfare."

Herbert Croly

What importance did Eisenhower's election have for US foreign policy?

His election ensured the supremacy of the internationalist wing of the Repub Party and guaranteed that the collective security of W. Europe and containment of the Soviets was now a fully bipartisan policy.

What did Eisenhower's military greatness stem from?

His managerial ability

What was the most important thing that Kennedy had to overcome in his run for the White House?

His religious affiliation (Irish Catholic)

What did Carter see as the major concern of American Foreign Policy?

Human Rights

What was Carter committed to that proved difficult to apply to the issues with the Soviet Union?

Human Rights

Ich bin ein Berliner

I am a Berliner

How did Eisenhower approach the New Deal?

Instead of using his immense personal popularity to turn the New Deal tide, Eisenhower contented himself with limiting its expansion.

Defense Program Review Committee (DPRC)

Intended to review, as Nixon reported to Congress, "the major defense policy and program issues which have strategic, political, diplomatic, and economic implications in relation to overall national priorities."

What happened to Nixon and Kissinger's relationship following Kissinger's move to the State Department and the Watergate Scandal?

Nixon and Kissinger's relationship was normalized - FP was henceforth directed by a president via his secretary of state Nixon began to cling to Kissinger's political authority as his own authority waned.

What was Nixon's goal regarding the Cambonian offensive?

Nixon had strategic view and made a lonely and courageous decision: Combo of the Tet Offensive and the enemy's loss of Cambodia as a logistics base virtually ended the war in S part of S Vietnam

Kissinger-Dobrynin Channel

Nixon instructed Soviet Ambassador Dobrynin and his national security advisor to establish a special channel of communications through which he could step up diplomatic pressure on the Soviets to press N. Vietnam into serious negotiations

Decision of 1789

Recognized that the power to remove lay with the executive

Keynesian Economics (Deficit Spending)

Recommended government spending as the way to revive the purchasing power

How did Eisenhower's Secretary of State (Dulles) view and handle the Communist threat?

Regarded Communism with an intense moralistic bitterness that consistently got in the way of a constructive diplomacy Declared American readiness to go to the brink of war, threatened massive retaliation, and told the 3rd World that neutralism was immoral Often succeeded in alienating those with whom he dealt than in converting them

Federal Trade Commission

Regulatory agency meant to investigate and take action against any "unfair trade practice" in every industry except baking and transportation.

What was Ford's relationship with Kissinger?

Relationship of complete openness and mutual confidence.

Theodore Roosevelt viewed the president as the "_______ of the people."

Steward

Underwood Tarif

Substantially lowered the tariffs for the first time in over 50 yrs; raised graduated income tax from 1 to 6%.

What is the effect State clearance procedures?

Such a process of "policy by committee" necessarily dulls sharp edges and thoughts in its intellectual product.

Public sniping by one department against another is a sign of disarray. What does it suggest about a president?

Suggests a president cannot settle an issue definitively or enforce discipline in his administration.

Who did Truman want the day-to-say conduct and conceptualization of Foreign Policy to reside with?

The State Department

What did the US aim to use the SDI as leverage for?

The US strategy was to try to leverage USSR concern about SDI into a comprehensive negotiation that would reduce the offensive weapons which were the main American strategic concern

What was the catalyst of New Politics?

The Vietnam War

What did the "Family Jewels" crisis reveal about the balance of power in Washington?

The balance of power in Washington had shifted to Congress

True or False: After 1936, FDR's appointments and loyalties were to the New Deal rather than the Democratic Party.

True

US Foreign Service

True elite; tiny cadre of only around 6,500 men and women selected through a process of rigorous examinations and trained to a high level of prof expertise

Roosevelt began a revolution in American politics and diplomacy, _____ consolidated and institutionalized it beyond recall.

Truman

How does legitimacy cut both ways? (Nixon)

a president who asserts authority in ways that seem high-handed or arbitrary will usually pay the political price, but any president elected by the people with a mandate for change will have no choice but to persist in the struggle that Nixon waged to give effect in the government to popular will.

A president cannot declare war, but he can proclaim the existence of a(n)...

domestic rebellion or insurrection

According to Landy, what precludes LBJ from being considered great?

due to introduction and failure of the Great Society

Main issues facing the country in 1992 seemed to be...

economic

Community action marked an extension of the modern presidency, of further displacement of party politics by...

executive administration.

What was the pattern of Carter's interactions with the shah?

expressions of support, coupled with recommendations for political concessions to his opponents

Why did Kissinger remain as Nixon's national security advisor even after he moved to state?

not about to permit anyone to get b/t him and the pres as he had done with Rogers

Followers praised Reagan as the moral leader of a "revolution" that was attempting to....

restore the values that had brought America greatness.

Agricultural Adjustment Administration (AAA)

sent county agents through the South to urge planters to uproot cotton already in the field For plowing up 10 mil acres of cotton, farmers collected over $100 mil in benefit payments

Uproar over Watergate spawned a generation of institutional changes that ...

weakened the presidency and strengthened the checks on it

What department did Kissinger move to in 1973?

State

House Divided Speech

"A house divided cannot stand" → Implies that although the Republicans would not go after slavery in the Southern states, they will abolish it eventually. The Union cannot endure a permanently half-free, half-slave existence. [Radical deviation from the typical Republican stance of simply preventing slavery from expanding into the territories]

The Chinese Nationalists were led by....

Chiang Kai-Shek

Overall, Clinton served as a "__ figure wedged between the end of the Cold War and the beginning of a new century."

Transitional

What was the cardinal rule of Bush's management style?

Transparency

What did Reagan call the USSR?

the "Evil Empire"

New Democrat

(Clinton) "an agent of change" who offered an alternative to both traditional Dem liberalism and traditional Repub conservatism

Robert Taft

"Mr. Republican" His attachment to his party and the cause of conservatism became the single fierce emotional commitment of his life Gained respect on both sides of the Senate chamber for raw intellectual ability and seemingly endless capacity for hard work - generally perceived as a serious pres possibility

Kissinger Memorandum

"Proposal for a New National Security Council System" Cited the strengths and weaknesses of the Eisenhower system, and set about to offer up a new system that improved upon it. Every admin since Nixon had retained some version of the White House-centered system he put in place.

What was the conclusion of the Tower Board?

"as a general matter, the NSC staff should not engage in the implementation of policy or the conduct of operations."

First New Deal

(1933-1934) "Bold, persistent experimentation" to meet great emergency at hand. Works Progress Administration Public Works Administration National Recovery Administration

Second New Deal

(1935-1936) Converted emergency programs into ongoing obligations of nat'l gov't Social Security Act National Labor Relations Board The programmatic initiatives of the Second New Deal were considered tantamount to rights

Purge Campaign

(1938) Bold effort to replace conservative Dems with candidates who were "100% New Dealers" FDR's campaign took place on an unprecedentedly large scale and made no attempt to work through regular partisan channels (instead direct appeal to pub opinion) FDR launched the purge campaign with a fireside chat; also used to draw a line b/t liberal and conservative.

McCarran Act

(1952) Required the ingerprinting and registration of all "subversives" at large in the United States; vetoed by Truman; overridden by Congress

Myers v. US: Conclusion

(6-3 Decision) Majority Opinion (Chief Justice William H. Taft) Debate at Constitutional Convention suggests a strong executive Article II Section 3: "take care that the laws be faithfully executed" The Pres must execute laws with the assistance of subordinates The appointment limitation of Article II Section 2 was intended to give the Senate the power to prevent the Pres from making too many appointments from the larger states. If Founders intended to give the Senate removal powers it would have done so or suggested the limitation in Article II. An inability to get rid of inefficient men would keep the executive from doing it constitutionally bound duty (executing the laws) There is no legal precedent that gives Congress the right of removal Tenure of Office Act is unconstitutional and invalid; following legislation from this measure is also unconstitutional

Clinton v. Jones: Ruling

(9-0)No. In a unanimous opinion, the Court held that the Constitution does not grant a sitting President immunity from civil litigation except under highly unusual circumstances. After noting the great respect and dignity owed to the Executive office, the Court held that neither separation of powers nor the need for confidentiality of high-level information can justify an unqualified Presidential immunity from judicial process. While the independence of our government's branches must be protected under the doctrine of separation of powers, the Constitution does not prohibit these branches from exercising any control over one another. This, the Court added, is true despite the procedural burdens which Article III jurisdiction may impose on the time, attention, and resources of the Chief Executive.

New Republicanism

(Arthur Larson) A mean b/t the political principles of 1896 (McKinley Republicanism) and those of 1936 (Rooseveltian Democracy) - man who holds the center hold as position of almost unbeatable strength Aimed at preservation of the federal-state balance, encouraged business enterprise (same tolerance for labor), and accepted broad government responsibility for the general welfare; professed a belief in God

Why England Slept (1940)

(Book By Kennedy) Biographical essays about politicians willing to defy the clear sediment of their constituents; relationship b/t the leaders and the ppl in a democratic society. British statesmen had ultimately fallen prey to one of democracy's failings: its tendency to seek scapegoats for its own weakness; good leadership might have made a difference.

Dick Cheney

(Bush) Secretary of Defence; More hard-line in his convictions on some issues than the rest of the Bush team but the disagreements never reached a level of personal animosity Cheney's attitude to the use of American military was a desire to overthrow the "Vietnam syndrome" He was also an unreconstructed Cold Warrior on the Bush team; Classic example of a cabinet sec acting as the president's man at the head of his department, imposing the president's agenda

Gen. Colin Powell

(Bush) Xhairman of the Joint Chiefs

What were Nixon's 2 strategies for Vietnam?

1) Vietnamization 2) Negotiation Track

Court-Packing Bill

(FDR) Retaliation for the Court's striking down more important national laws in 1935 and 1936 than in any comparable period. Bill called for every justice who failed to retire w/in 6 months of turning 70, the president would appoint a new justice. This would have allowed FDR to enlarge the court to 15 mems by making new appts. Failed to pass Congress.

New Thinking

(Gorbachev) New perspective of the Soviet Union toward America - Sought to avoid painting the west as the enemy and instead push coexistance with the capitalist powers

New Frontier

(JFK - 1960 Acceptance Speech)

New Economics

(JFK) Keynesian assumptions with post-Keynesian advances in the study of econ growth and the projection of statistical data. Favored strong federal role in stimulating and managing the econ Primary goal: Full employment

Democratic Liberalism

(JFK) a refined and systematized version of the tradition of FDR and Truman. Proceeded from a pent-up frustration with the domestic "do-nothingism" of the Eisenhower administration and a passionate conviction that the constructive potentialities of government had scarcely been tapped.

Bread and Butter Liberalism

(Kennedy) Basic/simple'; something on which all Liberals agree (New Deal politics)

Project Head Start

(LBJ) Early childhood edu initiative At best it could only mitigate poverty in the long run Job training did little for ppl who lived where there were few jobs to fill

New Federalism

(Nixon) Revenue sharing with the stated to weaken the grip of the federal bureaucracy

Negotiation Track

(Nixon) The effort to induce N. Vietnam to accept a compromise settlement

Super-secretaries

(Nixon) Tight group of 4 cabinet secretaries who would be given the additional titles of "counsellor to the president" and an oversight role over other cabinet departments. Proved unworkable and were abandoned after 5 months

Vietnamization

(Nixon) Training and equipping the S. Vietnamese army so that is could take over combat responsibility.

Melvin Laird

(R-WI) Distinguished conservative and Republican leader in Congress; experienced defense expert and master politician. Nixon selected him as secretary of defense Frequently outmaneuvered Kissinger, the NSC staff, and Nixon's desire to gain some control over defense policy.

Cabinet Government

(Reagan's Management Model) Wanted his cabinet officers, not his staffers, to be both his principal advisers in their field and the individuals responsible for executing his policies

New Right

(Reagan) Composed of Protestant evangelicals and an emergent class of policy intellectuals.

Strategic Defense Initiative (SDI)

(Reagan) Designed to overturn Mutually Assured Destruction; RR argued for development of an advanced laser-based defense system that could throw up an impenetrable against missile attacks

National Security Decision Directives

(Reagan) Internal directives that were a primary vehicle for articulating broad strategies; contents were laboriously negotiated among the departments and agencies; reflected the strong influence of a group of ideological soul-mates of the president on the NSC staff.

Conviction Politician

(Reagan) The practice of campaigning based on a politician's own fundamental values or ideas rather than attempting to represent an existing consensus or simply take positions that are popular in polls.

American Exceptionalism

(Reagan): America was great and good and had a moral mission to be the "shining city on a hill."

Toward Board

(Special Review Board) - Drew a # of lessons about the proper role of the NSC staff and national security adviser

The Clinton admin declared that its policy was a "strategic alliance with Russian reform." What step did it take toward this?

1) 1994 - Russia was admitted formally to the G-7 group of industrial democracies 2) Russia was given formal status as a partner of NATO

What were the two groups putting pressure on the White House regarding US intervention in Kosovo?

1) Albright and Berger (activists) did not want to suffer same humiliation as they had in the Balkans 2) Cohen opposed to anything sounding like US ground intervention

What mistakes led to Haig's failures in the Reagan administration?

1) Appeared at the Wht House with a draft directive on the nat'l security w/o including the troika 2) Made frequent threats to resign -Reagan and his minions tended to see Haig's restiveness as a bid for dominance or for pres support - Haig never had Reagan's consistent backing.

A president who wishes to insure control over a strong cabinet officer should dispense with the feeble gestures of "independence" and insist, instead on 2 things from his cabinet:

1) Commonality of views: Intimate conversations 2) Subordinate's loyalty: Being the president's "man" in the bureaucracy not the bureaucracy's representative in the cabinet.

What are some of the attributes of the Classical Protestant Ethic?

1) Connection between piety and worldly success 2) Affirmation of individualism and self-help 3) Sense of continuity w/the past and a moral alternative to liberal welfarism

What were the "tasks" of US policy toward the USSR under Reagan? (3)

1) Contain and over time reverse USSR expansionism by competing effectively in all international arenas 2) To promote the process of change in the USSR toward a more pluralistic political and econ system 3) Engage the USSR in negos to attempt to reach agreements to protect and enhance US interests

How did Reagan succeed in turning the overall direction of California politics to the right?

1) Cut rate of increase in state spending 2) Secured a welfare reform package that tightened restrictions 3) Dogmatic conservative in principle, functioned as slightly-right-of-center accommodationist in practice.

By the end of 1966, what was causing the US to experience considerable disorder and doubt?

1) Domestic effects of the Vietnam War 2) The Great Society was by no means the well-formulated agenda that many people had taken it to be.

What two developments stand out in changing the shape of international politics in the 1950s?

1) Emergence of the Third World - generally anti-W, anticap, and non-liberal democratic in outlook. 2) Death of Stalin and succession by a shrewder subtler Soviet leadership

What were some of the accomplishments of Eisenhower's foreign policy?

1) Ended Korean War on liberationist terms 2) Did not lead us to war with Indochina 3) Cut defense budget 4) Engaged in discussions with the USSR

How did Eisenhower manipulate the symbols of liberalism?

1) Extended the protection of containment of Chiang Kai-shek 2) Undertook a diplomatic crusade against China

What economic goals did the Ford administration focus on?

1) Fighting inflation 2) Reducing a soaring rate of price increases

What 3 points did Truman emphasize on the Democratic Agenda?

1) Health insurance 2) Aid to education 3) Civil Rights

What were the 3 major points of the Fair Deal?

1) Health insurance 2) Increase in minimum wage 3) All Americans be guaranteed equal rights

What are 2 questionable actions on Truman's record regarding civil liberties and the Cold War?

1) His decision to est a fed loyalty program 2) The admin's decision to prosecute the top leadership of the American Communist party under the Smith Act

The Communist issue stages a protest resurgence in the latter part of 1949 and early 1950 for what 4 reasons?

1) Hiss Case 2) Soviet Atomic Bomb 3) Rosenberg arrests 4) Fall of China

What 2 attributes did Scowcroft contribute to the Bush administration?

1) Intellectual contribution to the shaping of strategy 2) A strong hand for crucial management tasks - Active help in maintaining presidential control

What 2 conditions put pressure on the Kissinger-Ford Relationship?

1) Intensifying domestic debate over policy toward the USSR 2) Ford's White House staff who were convinced that to achieve full presidential stature, Ford had to achieve a certain degree of independence from Kissinger.

What are Weinberger's 6 criteria for US military involvement?

1) Issue vital to national/allies' interests 2) Clear intention of winning 3) Clearly defined objectives 4) Relationship between objectives and size of forces 5) Reasonable assurance of congressional and public support 6) Last resort

What was the Pentago'n's 3-tiered spying operation targeting Kissinger's office?

1) Laird's use of the National Security Agency (NSA) and the Defense Intelligence Agency (DIA) to monitor White House backchannel activities. 2) Yeoman Charles Radford - Job was to serve as a liaison to the Chairman of Joint Chiefs of Staff Admiral Thomas Moore; More entrepreneurial assignment: Stealing whatever information it could about Nixon's and Kissinger's activities 3) Chief of Naval Operations Admiral Elmo Zumwalt's private window into Kissinger's front office.

What were the 2 major failures of the domestic side of Eisenhower's administration?

1) McCarthyism 2) Black Revolution

What were the 2 dimensions of Reagan's policy failure in Lebanon?

1) Miscalculation of the changing pol circumstances on the ground in Lebanon 2) Bureaucratic stalemate in Washington that Reagan was unwilling to break

How did Kissinger propose the US address the OPEC oil price hikes?

1) Mobilize solidarity among the consumer nations as a counter weight 2) Split the Third World

What two instances caused some distance between Kissinger and Nixon?

1) Moscow 1972 - Nixon wants to stress Vietnam and not give the Soviets anything; Kissinger made a strong pitch on Vietnam but then decided to tempt Brezhnev with a discussion of other issues that managed the Soviet leader's state in the forthcoming summit 2) 1972 - North Vietnam Compromise

On what 2 occasions did Jimmy Carter intervene in Clinton's Foreign Policy?

1) North Korea 2) Haiti

What were the 2 dimensions of the Iran-Contra affair?

1) Overtures to Iran - Seriously undercut the core US policy at the time, which was to oppose Iran 2) Diversion of funds for the Contras

What were some of the handicaps to Ike's administration?

1) Political experience severely limited 2) Deteriorating health 3) Well-established distaste for detail 4) Engaged in compromise and conciliation as the major tools of leadership

Who were LBJ's 2 sponsors in the Senate?

1) Rayburn 2 ) Russell

How did the Voters Rights Act change the face of American politics?

1) Republicans have made vast inroads in the S (Since 1964, no Dem pres candidate has won a majority of S wht votes) 2) Dems have amassed overwhelming black support

How did Eisenhower's campaign demonstrate the inroads McCarthyism had made among Republicans of all varieties?

1) Richard Nixon as VP - Built a national reputation as a militant anti-Communist conservative 2) Advisers persuaded Ike to behave almost with deference toward McCarthy; Ike too inexperienced in politics to be able to form the judgement that McCarthyism was not necessary for victory.

How did Reagan attempt to manage the ongoing Middle Eastern crises?

1) Sent a detachment of marines to Beirut - Marines never had a clear mission and did not have the numbers. Became daily targets for snipers and subject to radical attacks 2) Opened back-channel negotiations with Iran in 1986 - Iranians requested and received a "demonstration of good faith" in the form of secret weapons sales - Took proportions of a major scandal when it became known that proceeds from the arms sales had been diverted to the aid of the Nicaraguan contras in defiance of a congressional resolution

What caused the upheaval in Iran?

1) Shah failed to accompany econ modernization w/political modernization to incorporate middle class. 2) Shah dealt harshly with his opposition

What were the 3 driving forces behind McCarthy's success?

1) Skills as a demagogue 2) Pressure of the events that created a political climate of near hysterical anti-Communism 3) Tolerance of most of the Republican establishment

What were the 2 US POVs regarding the Iran crisis?

1) State Department: Seize the opportunity to help effect a transition; moderate elements in the rev rep a new order 2) Brzezinski: Shah was a strategic ally in a vital region; risking strategic disaster (Carter sided w/B)

What did Reagan see as his 2-fold task regarding the Cold War?

1) Strengthen the nation's military capabilities 2) Repair its self-confidence

What two major issues did Bobby Kennedy challenge LBJ on?

1) The Vietnam War (vehement critic of US involvement) 2) The plight of the underprivileged in America

From which part of society did most of the resentment toward Vietnam stem from?

1) The intellectuals 2) The communicators, 3) The middle-class college students.

What were the key concerns of Democratic Liberalism?

1) The quality of American Life 2) The persistence of poverty

What constituencies did Reagan's tax cutting appeal to? (2)

1) Traditional GOP middle class 2) Hard-pressed, angry blue-collar and lower-middle class voters

Following the breakdown of the USSR governing apparatus, what acceptance did Bush need to secure from it?

1) Unification of Germany 2) Unified Germany's remaining in the Atlantic Alliance and in NATO's integrated military structures

What 2 events had generated an atmosphere endless scandal and political warfare fueled by tendentious leaks around the time of the Ford administration?

1) Vietnam 2) Watergate

Family Jewels

A 693-pg compendium of CIA activities dating back to 1959 that could arguably have conflicted with the agency's charter.

Partnership for Peace (PfP)

A NATO program of defense cooperation with the new democracies; An intermediate status, a way station on the path to full NATO membership Beginning of necessary defense cooperation with the Central and East Europeans

Weinberger Doctrine (Powell Doctrine):

A doctrine of avoiding incrementalism; laid out 6 criteria for use of American mil power

The Johnson Treatment

A highly personalized technique most effective with individuals and small groups; depended on knowing whom to approach on which issues and which buttons to push; fed off of Johnson's penchant for persuasion, bargaining, and bullying.

Bricker Amendment

A proposed amendment that would have placed strict limits on the authority of the president to negotiate treaties or to enter into executive agreements with foreign powers. Major challenge to Eisenhower from the Republican right.

How did Reagan respond to the challenge in Grenada?

A radical Marxist regime was coming apart and plunging the tiny Caribbean island into anarchy. The liberation of Grenada had deep importance: Success marked the breaking of the post-Vietnam taboo in America against the use of military force.

New Politics

A style of political opposition derived from the intellectual outlook, organizational skills, and emotional sensibilities of the liberal intelligentsia. Advocates conceived of politics as a moral and intellectual exercise; outraged at war, racism, and poverty. Rejecting conventional pragmatic deal-making, they behaved as crusaders for a just cause. By the mid-60s it had emerged as a class whose consent was necessary for the smooth functioning of the political system, necessary indeed for an administration to govern.

McCarthyism

Above all a politics of revenge engaged in by groups that coupled resentment against Communism with indignation at the works of the Roosevelt and Truman administrations. Fundamentally irrational; convenient partisan bludgeon for the party out of power Could be contained as long as it seemed Communism was being contained around the world.

How did Truman view the US on the world stage?

Added a wide-ranging and rather naive idealism - accepted unquestioningly the assumption that the American nat'l mission was divine in its origins and purpose More Secular: Capable of genuine eloquence when he spoke of the need for U.S. leadership in aid for the impoverished and undeveloped areas of the world.

US-North Korea Agreed Framework

Agreement that the Clinton admin believed halted North Korea's nuclear weapons development.

Executive Reorganizaiton Bill

Aimed to strengthen the power and capacity of the president by creating a number of new administrative tools and support staff for the office as an institution.

After the defeat of __ _____ in 1928, it had become a commonplace of American political commentary that Catholicism in effect disqualified one from the presidency.

Al Smith

Who was Reagan's first Secretary of State?

Alexander Haig

Hepburn Act

Allowed the ICC to fix "just and reasonable" rates for Railroads

Great presidents have the ___ to undertake great projects and are graced with the __ to do so.

Ambition Opportunity

To many in the US and elsewhere, BK had become a symbol of the ______ _____. His assassination thus evoked tragedy in all its dimensions.

American Promise

FDR's Second Bill of Rights

Americans must construct a lasting peace based on the economic rights they have discovered: Right to a useful and remunerative job Right to earn enough to provide adequate food, clothing, and recreation Right of every family to a decent home, etc. All these rights added up to security

Welfare Rights

Among welfare recipients there suddenly emerged a sense of entitlement at variance with all past American traditions.

What did Reagan denounce the USSR as?

An Evil Empire

North American Treaty Organization (NATO)

An alliance committing the US to defend W. Europe against outside attack.

What was the most immediate and persistent result of Reaganomics?

An enormous increase in the federal deficit. US had transformed itself from a creditor of awesome financial power to the biggest debtor nation in history in terms of net dollars owed to foreign sources.

How did Schultz view the crisis in Lebanon?

Argued that to allow Syria and its rad allies to topple the US-brokered peace agreement would set an ominous precedent for Arab-Israeli diplomacy

How did Reagan view Communists in Central America?

As a geopolitical and ideological threat

What opportunities did Iraq's invasion of Kuwait create?

Attempt presented an affront to American moral values and a serious challenge to U.S. strategic-economic interests Gave a largely directionless presidency an opportunity to define itself

Clinton: Haiti

Attempted to bring Elected President Jean-Bertrand Aristide back to power October - Sm contingent of more than 200 lightly armed military trainers and engineers (American and Canadian) was scheduled to go to Haiti for 6 months for a training mission. turned back due to visible Haitian unrest. The admin would recoup in Haiti a year later

What was Reagan's response to the Lebanon Crisis?

Authorized the MNF to stay, but only in purely peacekeeping role Gradually agreed to incremental increases in mil pressure, but never decisive ones. Splitting the difference only led to incoherence

How did foreign policy fit into Reagan's campaign against Ford in 1976?

Based on the theme that the US was falling behind the USSR in the military field and that US policy was only weakening us further.

How did the New Deal impact the presidential office?

Before the New Deal, the executive office was not yet the center of politics and government in the US. New Deal party realignment was the first dedicated to expanding national administrative power and to placing presidential power at the heart of its approach to politics and government.

What did JFK see as the linchpin of NATO?

Berlin

The shadow of Russian opposition lay over the Clinton admin's most sig mil undertaking, in the crises in ____ and ____..

Bosnia Kosovo

Bay of Pigs Invasion

Botched attempt of invasion of Cuba by exiles propped up by the Kennedy administration. Disaster. Left behind by Eisenhower admin and already far advanced when JFK reached the presidency

Who was Carter's assistant for national security affairs?

Brzezinski

____, at Carter's urging, became a public spokesman for the administration

Brzezinski

"A President controls his Administration through the ____" - Ford

Budget

How did the bureaucracy fight back against Nixon's attempt to restructure national institutions to its disadvantage?

Bureaucracy fought back with leaks on the Watergate scandal which ate away at Nixon's public standing

What action in 1990 seriously eroded Bush's popularity in public opinion polls?

Bush agreed to break a budget impasse w/congressional (D) by accepting a marginally higher income tax rate and increased excise taxes

What was the most controversial decision of the Gulf War?

Bush's decision to end the ground combat after 100 hrs, leaving important units of Saddam's Republican Guard to escape and forswearing any military action to overthrow Saddam Hussein's regime in Baghdad

What impact did Reaganomics have on the trade deficit?

By making US goods expensive in foreign markets, it brought US exports to a standstill and gave rise to a ballooning trade deficit that became almost impossible to control.

William Colby

CIA director who had run afoul of the White House by delivering voluminous CIA documents, w/o White House clearance, to congressional committees investigating CIA misdeeds. Fired by Ford

How did the Cold War pose a serious challenge to American civil liberties?

Cast widespread suspicion on Communists and fellow travelers as disloyal and made almost any sort of radicalism suspect

Underconsumptionist Explanation for the Depression

Caused by lack of buying goods --> Need to boost wages and Prices

supply-side economics

Centerpiece of the New Rights; Held that supply (in the form of creative investment) was the driving force behind growth. ^ budget deficits were irrelevant if they abetted an econ growth that was even greater

Throughout his presidency, Reagan faced stiff Democratic opposition to a US presence in _____ ______.

Central America

Wilson's commitment to democracy and anti colonialism had a blind spot with respects to the countries of ___ ____ and the ____

Central America Caribbean

George Corley Wallace

Challenge to LBJ from the right; Succeeded in carrying the appeal of S racism populism to a N. working-class constituency. Playing to the blue-collar, lower middle class of the New Deal-oriented industrial states, Wallace moved his rhetoric across taut nerves with the skill of an angry maestro. Seditionist w/in the (D) party, he urged the commoners within it to overthrow its ruling elite.

What were the 2 POVs of Bush's cabinet following the breakdown of the USSR after 1991?

Cheney: "Aggressive" approach: Establish American consulates in all the repubs of the USSR so as to nudge events in that direction. Baker: "Strengthening the center" - hopes for peaceful transition rested on Gorbachev (moderate); declare our principles rather than any preference as to the continuation or break up of the USSR.

The Carter administration oversaw the full normalization of relations with...

China

The postwar Red Scare emerged only as a full-blown powerful political movement when containment proved unsuccessful in ______.

China

What country was the great failure of Truman's diplomacy?

China

What religious tradition did Eisenhower's campaign emphasize?

Classical Protestant Ethic

Why did US-Chinese relations deteriorate under Clinton?

Clinton issued an executive order that renewed MFN for China for one year but conditioned it on Chinese improvements in the status of human rights; Chinese reacted badly to this overt pressure

Anthony Lake

Clinton's National Security Advisor; Took a prominent role in articulating the new admin's philosophy, which he called engagement (diplomatic and humanitarian engagement in the world) and enlargement (of the zone of democracy)

Warren Christopher

Clinton's Secretary of State; Considered himself a pragmatist; Clinton may have wanted to avoid a strong figure who would only raise the prominence of issues that he wanted to put on the back burner

It was the persistence of the ____ War and the creation of the ______ Atlantic Treaty _____ that propelled Eisenhower back into the center of American public life.

Cold North Organization

The Strategy of Peace

Collection of addresses by Kennedy on the issue of Foreign Policy. Synthesis of 2 main Democratic themes: 1) Need to rebuild American power 2) Need to conduct American foreign police according to liberal virtues

Nixon administration was NOT a "government by ___" that characterized almost every other admin since FDR

Committee

What was the main issue Reagan faced as a 5-time president of the Screen Actors Guild?

Communism and its infiltration of the unions

The center piece of LBJ's antipoverty effort was ____ action.

Community

Brownlow Committee

Composed of administrative experts it called or overhaul of Executive Branch; ordered integration of government agencies into 12 major branches under virtually complete authority of the president. [failed to pass the House]

New Left

Concentrated on the oppressed Indicted American racism and materialist affluence Advocated participatory democracy

What alternate path to directing foreign policy did Nixon take to avoid the State Department?

Conducting operational policy more and more from the White House, relying on Kissinger and the NSC staff to implement it.

Defense Reorganization Act (Goldwater-Nichols Act)

Elevated the status of the chairman as the principal military adviser to the pres and sec of defense

The division between a Republican Presidency and Democratic Congress reflected that...

Congress had long been the cockpit of special interest politics - Dems were more receptive to this

US Patriot Act

Congress passed the USA PATRIOT Act (the Act) in response to the terrorists' attacks of September 11, 2001. Gives federal officials greater authority to track and intercept communications, both for law enforcement and foreign intelligence gathering purposes. It seeks to further close our borders to foreign terrorists and to detain and remove those within our borders. It creates new crimes, new penalties, and new procedural efficiencies for use against domestic and international terrorists Critics contend some of its provisions go too far; others are concerned it does not go far enough.

Iron Triangle

Congress, the bureaucracy, and interest groups

Truman: Health Insurance

Congressional enactment was never a serious possibility Opposition was better financed and organized Majority of Americans were receptive to the charge that it was an attempt to est "socialized medicine" and alien to American tradition. There was no widely felt public need for major changes in the existing medical care system.

What was Nixon and Kissinger's philosophical undercurrent?

Conservative Philosophy: Tragic view of history in which conflicts are not always reconcilable and enemies must often be resisted

What was the political significance of Ford's firing of Schlesinger?

Conservatives were in an uproar, believing that Kissinger had engineered it; controversy over SALT intensified When Rumsfeld replaced Schlesinger, the State Defense deadlocks simply reappeared

According to Landy's book, greatness is "the opportunity and capacity to engage the nation in a struggle for its _______ soul," to stage a "____ revolution"

Constitutional Conservative

The willingness and ability of Truman's successors to adhere to the ___ policy for more than 40 yrs, until it reached its objective of toppling the USSR, is one of the grandest achievements in presidential history

Containment

The presidencies of Truman, Eisenhower, and Kennedy represented the consolidation and continuity of _______'s project, not change.

FDR

New Look

Core of Eisenhower's attempt to reconcile internationalist diplomacy with traditional Republicanism (defense strategy) Defense spending had to reflect larger budgetary considerations - had to be cut back in the name of fiscal conservatism. Relied heavily on nuclear deterrence and expected allies

How did the political traditions of Roosevelt and Truman emerge from Ike's administration largely unscathed?

Counterrevolution never came and was never even attempted New and Fair Deals were too woven into the fabric of society to be torn out Conservatism at its simplest and most elemental to accept social and political arrangements much as they existed and to assume that change in any direction had to be a slow process.

Cater wanted Brzezinski and Vance to be ___ to each other

Counterweights

Medicare

Created to offset the costs of health care for the nation's elderly

Why did Baker criticize the Foreign Services?

Criticized the Foreign Service for its institutional rigidity and lack of imagination and initiative Solution: To centralize policy authority in a small team of talented, loyal aides, and build outward from them.

George F. Kennan

Decided that Stalinist Communism was incapable of coexisting with the W. world in a friendly alliance: too suspicious and too much in need of external hostility to justify its totalitarian rule Only way to deal with USSR was to frustrate its expansionism through a policy of constructive containment.

Nixon came to the White House fundamentally convinced that "Washington is a city run primarily by ___ and _____."

Democrats Liberals

How did Bush depict his opponent (Dukakis) in the 1988 election?

Depicted Dukakis as an example of the bankruptcy of liberalism in contemporary America. Republicans had asserted that lib Dems were deficient in patriotism and soft on crime.

Reagan's administration marked the end of what American foreign policy (began with Nixon)?

Detente

Who was the vigorous defender of the Reagan following the Iran-Contra scandal (an act that propelled him to national recognition?

Dick Cheney

Immigration and Naturalization Service v. Chadha (1983): Constitutional Question

Did the Immigration and Nationality Act, which allowed a one-House veto of executive actions, violate the separation of powers doctrine?

Youngstown Sheet & Tube Co. v. Sawyer (1952): Constitutional Question

Did the President have the constitutional authority to seize and operate the steel mills?

Clinton v. City of New York: Constitutional Question

Did the President's ability to selectively cancel individual portions of bills, under the Line Item Veto Act, violate the Presentment Clause of Article I?

What diplomatic impact did the Korean War have on US-Communist China relations?

Diplomatic loses were, in the short run, irreversible - admin was at war with Communist China; The Korean War drove China closer to the USSR

Silver Purchase Act

Directed the Sec of Treasury to buy silver until it reached ¼ of the country's monetary reserve or until the world price of silver climbed to $1.29/oz

Control over ___ can be a synonym for control of one's own policy.

Disclosure

What did the Kennedy administration and New Economics dismiss about the Keynesian tradition?

Dismissed the old Keynesian notion that the federal budget needed to be balanced over the ups and downs of the business cycle; budget surpluses could constitute an unwarranted "fiscal drag" on a recovery.

National Economic Council (NEC)

Economic version of the National Security Committee established under Clinton; was in formal terms a cabinet-level body chaired by the pres, with the mandate to coordinate the process of advising the president and monitoring implementation of his decisions.

Roosevelt held "the great duty of a statesman is to _____."

Educate

What role did Eisenhower play in NATO?

Eisenhower presided over the organization in Paris - symbol of strength and unity; served as convincing guarantee of American determination

Corporate Commonwealth

Eisenhower's outlook on the presidency; respect for efficiency and organization, concealed contempt for politics and politicians, well-hidden distrust of popular democracy, commitment to duty, disinterest in public service

Myers v. United States (1926): Facts of the Case

Elbridge Gerry and Roger Sherman: Since department heads are appointed by approval of the Senate, they should be removed in the same way. 1876 statute (passed by Congress, signed by Pres. Ulysses S. Grant): "Postmasters of the first, second, and third classes shall be appointed and may be removed by the President with the advice and consent of the Senate." 1917- Frank S. Myers: Appt'd first class postmaster of Portland, Oregon by Pres. Wilson Only served a little less than 3 yrs. when Wilson asked for his resignation Myers refused and was fired Took the president to court: B/c Senate did not approve of his dismissal, Wilson was in violation of the law

Taft-Hartley Labor Relations Act

Emotionally denounced as a "slave labor act" by union leaders Affirmed the powers of the states to prohibit union shop arrangements if they wished to do so.

What was State's preferred response to dealing with the Soviets under Nixon?

Encouraged Nixon to relaunch Strategic Arms Limitation Talks (SALT)

How was Reagan a responsible anti-Communist liberal?

Est a process by which former Communists could "rehabilitate" through cooperating with government investigators and renouncing their former affiliations

Council of Economic Advisors

Est by the Employment Act of 1946; gave the president a unit charged with surveying the economy from the viewpoint of the general public welfare and making recommendations accordingly

National Labor Relations Act (Wagner Act)

Est the National Labor Relations Board - Recognized and protected the right of unions to bargain collectively

The Truman Doctrine

Established the the US would provide political, military, and economic assistance to all democratic nations under threat from external or internal authoritarian forces. US was compelled to assist "free people" in their struggles against "totalitarian regimes," b/c the spread of authoritarianism would "undermine the foundations of international peace and hence the security of the United States."

Fireside Chats

Evening addresses given by FDR to the people over radio addressing topics of the day

Brent Scowcroft

Ever present adviser, the confidant; National Security Advisor of Ford and Bush

What prevented Reagan's slashing of big government? (his revolution)

Every existing fed program possessed a constituency determined to defend it. Built-in safeguards of a gov't system ch by federalism and checks and balances provided a degree of protection for practically every existing program.

Scowcroft Model

Exemplary conduct of office under Ford had already become the paradigm of the honest broker model of the security adviser's position

Emergency Banking Measure

Extended government assistance to private bankers to reopen their banks

Medicare

Extended the welfare state to include healthcare for the elderly

Describe Kennedy's face-off with the steel industry. What did it expose about the relationship between the administration and the business community?

Faced off against steel companies; steel backed down; unleashed all the latent hostility that almost by definition existed between a liberal Dem admin and a conservative business community.

Why did US allies fear German unification?

Feared the power of a united GER

Key Biscayne Memorandum

Feature of Nixon's system was his insistence on being presented with policy options. Vital element of Presidential control

What launched the US into a political crisis with Panama in 1988?

Fed grand jury in Tampa and Miami handed down indictments of Manuel Noriega (Panama dictator) on drug-trafficking and racketeering.

What conditions won Reagan relatively broad cooperation from the (D) for substantial deregulation of the economy?

Federal regulation had evolved into government sanctioned cartelism that restricted competition while delivering even-higher revenues to managers and even-higher wages to employees at the expense of the general public.

How did the Vietnam War impact the Great Society?

Financing spun off inflation and drained money from the Great Society

Third New Deal

Focused on bolstering American presidential administration

Why did the party system face erosion following 1945?

For the majority of Americans, party affiliation had become a peripheral commitment scarcely worth making. The institutionalized civil service and welfare systems supplant practices

How did the bureaucracy respond to Nixon's use of backchannels?

For the rest of bureaucracy some sig battles continued where the complex negotiations still depended on interagency collaboration.

How did the battle between Ford and Reagan reflect a "political earthquake" in the Republican Party?

Ford - Embodied good-gov't northeastern and Midwestern party; representative of end of an era Reagan - Won where there was previously a minimal (R) trad; all except CA are what we now call red states and form the core of the modern GOP

How did the "Family Jewels" scandal spit Ford and Colby?

Ford instructed Colby to write a summary report on the "Family Jewels," but keep it classified. Colby insteaded handed it over to the Senate committee. Considered that the CIA was no longer a creature of the Executive exclusively; political power had moved to Congress

Schlesinger

Ford's Secretary of Defense; Ford let it be known even when he was VP that if he should succeed to the highest office, Schlesinger would not remain Saw Schlesinger as mishandling relations with Congress; Beyond the problems of substance, Ford and Schlesinger had a severe clash of personalities.

What was Bush's management style?

From the management POV, the Bush admin was the most collegial and smoothest-run of the presidencies we are considering. Led by a pres who was consistently the master of his brief, and whose personal engagement preempted bureaucratic warfare. Secs of State and Defense saw themselves and acted as the president's men. Bush's management style was open and informal - access to him was easy

What was the primary goal of new economics?

Full employment

Securities Act (Glass-Steagall Act)

Gave the FTC power to supervise issues of new securities Required each new stock issue to be accompanied by a statement of relevant financial info Made company directors civilly and criminally liable for misrepresentation. Separated investment from commercial banking

Who was Truman's Secretary of State?

Gen. George C. Marchall

Who was Reagan's Second Secretary of State?

George Shultz

What was Eisenhower's Foreign Policy Mission?

Global confrontation with Communism on a scale that went well beyond the practice of the Truman administration

What process has allowed more groups to enter the international economic world?

Globalization

How did the Republican nomination of Barry Goldwater basically guarantee LBJ the presidency in 1964?

Goldwater espoused an aggressive frontier individualism that did not fit the realities of a modern world.

Which Russian leader would assist in the ending of the Cold War?

Gorbachev

Reykjavik

Gorbachev would make sweeping concessions on offensive missiles if Reagan made some on SDI. Reagan refused and the summit broke up in disarray. Reagan eventually won Gorbachev's agreement on the offensive reductions anyway.

Head Start

Great Society: a preschool program designed to help disadvantaged students arrive at kindergarten ready to learn

What was FDR's Foreign Policy legacy?

Great role accorded to the UN in maintaining peace was predicated on enduring harmony among all the Allies including the Soviets

Group of Seven (G7)

Grouping of the leading industrial democracies; Ford and Kissinger say the forum as invaluable as a political directorate of the W demos, sorely needed to reinforce pol solidarity and head off demoralization threat. (reaction of OPEC price hikes)

How did Truman hold together the polyglot New Deal coalition?

HT ultimately held the Roosevelt coalition together by means of his struggle with the 80th Congress and his 1948 reelection campaign

What was Reagan's relationship with the labor unions?

Had an adversarial relationship w/organized labor Reaction to federal air safety controllers strike enjoyed substantial support from a pub fed up with lrg and growing gov't-employee unions.

Interest-group democracy

Had the tactical advantage of weakening opposition by incorporating potential opponents within the administration, but it also served to make the FDR Admin the prisoner of its own interest groups.

What is remarkable about Eisenhower's defeat of the Bricker Amendment?

Hardly overwhelming victory, but it was a remarkable accomplishment to obtain the defeat of a party position without opening serious wounds

What is the effect of the State department's institutional bias toward diplomacy?

If a problem cannot be solved by these means, then the lead responsibility in the US gov't is liable to migrate to some other agency Can rarely event bring itself to admit that diplomacy is not working

Executive Order 8248

Implemented the Executive Reorganization Act of 1939 Created the Executive Office of the President and moved several agencies under its umbrella: 1) White House Office 2) National Resource Planning Board 3) Bureau of Budget

Nixon v. Fitzgerald (1982): Facts of the Case

In 1968, Fitzgerald, then a civilian analyst with the United States Air Force, testified before a congressional committee about inefficiencies and cost overruns in the production of the C-5A transport plane. Roughly one year later he was fired, an action for which President Nixon took responsibility. Fitzgerald then sued Nixon for damages after the Civil Service Commission concluded that his dismissal was unjust.

Youngstown Sheet & Tube Co. v. Sawyer (1952): Facts of the Case

In April of 1952, during the Korean War, President Truman issued an executive order directing Secretary of Commerce Charles Sawyer to seize and operate most of the nation's steel mills. This was done in order to avert the expected effects of a strike by the United Steelworkers of America.

What role did Reagan play on WWII?

Ineligible for combat assignment b/c of his myopia, he spent most of the war living at home, shooting training, morale, and bomber-mission briefing films

What was the typical pattern of the interaction of the Kennedy administration with the South during the Civil Rights Era?

In each case, the pattern was similar: The Kennedy brothers attempted conciliation, urged moderation on both sides, and ultimately intervened on behalf of black integrationists with marshalls, troops, legal aid, and, finally, the proposing of major civil rights legislation

Immigration and Naturalization Service v. Chadha (1983)

In one section of the Immigration and Nationality Act, Congress authorized either House of Congress to invalidate and suspend deportation rulings of the United States Attorney General. Chadha had stayed in the U.S. past his visa deadline. Though Chadha conceded that he was deportable, an immigration judge suspended his deportation. The House of Representatives voted without debate or recorded vote to deport Chadha.

What did the Iran-Contra Scandal show about transparency?

In the post-Kissinger era, no national security adviser can be expected to remain a hermit Good governance requires not that this be stopped but that it be in the service of polities that are transparent and openly deliberated Every president needs the flexibility to choose the most congenial system of policy-making.

Rational Actor Model

Inclined to view gov'ts as unitary actors and attribute to their decisions the kinds of motivations and logical reasoning that are conventionally attributed to individuals.

New Class

Individuals who wither formulated the Great Society or had staked out positions to the left of it.

Principle Committee

Interagency committee of the key cabinet secretaries; in effect a National Security Council meeting w/o the president Could move issues closer to resolution in a way that can be very useful to the pres (Bush)

Carter renounced ____ and use of ____ force in diplomacy

Interventionism Military

Where did Carter's greatest set back come from? (Country)

Iran

Why was support of Iran strategically unwise? (Reagan)

Iran-Iraq War; All America's Arab friends were backing Iraq; US policy tilted toward Iraq

Iran Contra Scandal

Iranians requested and received a "demonstration of good faith" in the form of secret weapons sales. Took proportions of a major scandal when it became known that proceeds from the arms sales had been diverted to the aid of the Nicaraguan contras in defiance of a congressional resolution Many staff mems, including chief of staff Donald Regan, were forced to resign A special counsel began to look around for people to prosecute Reagan freely admitted knowledge of the negotiations with Iran and the arms sales but denied being aware of diversion of funds to the contras

Clinton v. Jones: Constitutional Question

Is a serving President, for separation of powers reasons, entitled to absolute immunity from civil litigation arising out of events which transpired prior to his taking office?

Why was, politically, New Republicanism a flop?

It was incapable of producing the #s of legislator, governors, and congressmen it needed to est itself as an enduring force Also failed to produce fresh new moderate faces on a national basis

What was the impact of the Cuban Missile Crisis on the Cold War?

It was more immediately apparent that the Russians had made their most daring attempt ever to change the structure of the Cold War and had been forced to retreat in humiliation For both sides the experience was profoundly traumatic - Result was a mutual impulse to change the surface tenor of the Cold War if not the underlying dynamics of the USSR-US rivalry.

What was the congressional ambience during LBJ's career as a Senator?

It was the conviction of most congressmen that opposites - however different their views - had to live and work together in a small club, that the need for a civil atmosphere demanded mutual respect on a personal basis, however forcefully on represented a cause in the legislative process.

How did Reagan view the US-USSR conflict?

It would be wrong to "label both sides equally at fault, to ignore the fact of history and the aggressive impulses of an evil empire, to simplify all the arms race a giant misunderstanding and thereby remove yourself from the struggle between right and wrong and good and evil." Reagan, embodying the outlook of 1945, possessed no doubt that America had an affirmative moral mission in the world

Cuban Missile Crisis

JFK's Premise: US cred would be impaired by an unchallenged installation of USSR missiles in Cuba. Chose to blockade Cuba rather than unleash bombers and an attack force Compromised, promising explicitly to cease efforts to overthrow Castro and indirectly pledging to make a token withdrawal of relatively valueless US nuclear missiles from ITA and Turkey.

What foreign policy of the Eisenhower administration did Kennedy deplore?

Liberation

Who did Robert Kennedy work for that calls into question his legitimacy?

Joe McCarthy

How did LBJ employ acts of vulgarity?

Johnson indulged in open displays of vulgarity as if to tell a highly influential group of image shapers that they were beneath his notice. Free use of profanity Near obsession with the sexual characteristics of animals Tendency to adjourn meetings to a nearby toilet as he attended to his bodily functions

US v. Belmont

Justified the president's right to reach executive agreements with other countries.

What did Nixon blame most of our serious reverses abroad since 1960" on?

Kennedy and Johnson's dismantling of the National Security Council system.

How did the age of television benefit Kennedy?

Kennedy enjoyed the benefit of a telegenetic personality. Not a speaker of high technical quality. Television emphed his youth and good looks; conveyed more fully than radio both his cool wit and his personal intensity.

Doctrine of Liberation (Eisenhower)

Liberation could only come through efforts of ppl behind the Iron Curtain themselves - Americans role could only be one of encouragement

Deputies Committee

Like PC but headed by deputy national security adviser

Members of Ford's White House staff reflected a desire that Ford demonstrate a certain independence from ___ to elevate his own stature

Kissinger

What did Kissinger provide for the Nixon Administration?

Kissinger provided the specifics of both strategy and tactics. He also possessed a remarkable degree of bureaucratic tenacity.

How did LBJ treat those who worked under him?

LBJ achieved a heightened sense of himself by abusing humiliating those who worked for him (i.e. Hubert Humphrey)

How did LBJ have to adapt himself to advance in TX politics?

LBJ did not shed his old liberalism, he made himself a moderate by local standards and had become a more viable statewide candidate.

How did television impact LBJ's presidency?

LBJ's path was especially difficult b/t Vietnam became the first televised war in American history. American television journalists displayed to the country the nastiest aspects of dirty war Confirmed the fears and prejudices of the opposition, gave it an emotional self-assurance, and won converts for it.

Active Negative Personality

LBJ: Threw himself into work and planning as a way to avoid the feeling of fundamental miscalculation, of meriting self-pity, of escaping a sense of defeat or failure.

Samuel (Sandy) Berger

Lake's deputy in the first term and successor in the second Strongly liberal, but Vietnam did not give him the same traumatic experience As secretary adviser he was known most of all for his acute sense of Clinton's political needs and for policy advice that was attuned to them.

How can secrecy in negotiations enable compromise?

Leaked information can doom domestic support and undermine the entire enterprise. In China, the reason for secrecy had to do with the desire to shield delicate initiative from the many forces that had an interest in torpedoing it.

What does the State Department often use as an effective weapon in bureaucratic wars?

Leaks

Stokely Carmichael

Led the more aggressive side of the civil rights movement; Slogan: Black Power; Reflected a new sense of racial pride, but asserted even more a rejection of the wht America It was also an expression of alienation from the larger society so deeply felt that neither the old civil rights leaders, the pres, nor liberal est could fully comprehend it.

Liberal Dems could anticipate electoral edge in _____ races Conservative Repubs continue to have an advantage in ___ contests

Legislative Presidential

What was the major policy objective of the New Right?

Lowering taxes

Teamsters

Major labor unions who had become corrupt and engaged in labor racketeering; investigated by Robert Kennedy

"It's the economy stupid"

Mantra of Clinton's 1992 campaign; Meant a focus first on the domestic economy and on international economic issues as an adjunct to that.

The Chinese Communist party was led by...

Mao Tse-tung

Hamdan v. Rumsfeld (2006): Constitutional Question

May the rights protected by the Geneva Convention be enforced in federal court through habeas corpus petitions? Was the military commission established to try Hamdan and others for alleged war crimes in the War on Terror authorized by the Congress or the inherent powers of the President?

What challenge did McCarthy pose to the Eisenhower administration?

McCarthy would not disappear b/c his party won the WH - had to be handled forcefully Eisenhower not willing to act - did not want to alienate McCarthy's disciples on the Republican Right + wanted to avoid unseemly public fight McCarthy would not be stopped until the Senate disciplined him

Washingtonians

Members of Congress who had mastered the procedure of Congress and taken on an identification with its ways that verged on a religious commitment. Most were Democrats; heavily Southern and Western in regional identity

The Other America (1962)

Michael Harrington: Argued that poverty was widespread, if relatively invisible, in the sea of prosperity that had been presumed to envelop most of the nation.

What issues did the Clinton admin encounter in North Korea?

Mid-1994: Clinton admin engaged in diplo effort to mobilize international pressure on N. Korea to head off its pursuit of nuclear weapons.

How did Kennedy approach labor relations?

Middle-of-the-road labor reform package designed to prevent racketeering and protect the rights of rank and file members.

How did liberals want to respond to the invasion of Kuwait?

Most liberals opposed going beyond econ sanctions against Iraq

Pentagon Papers

Most massive and famous of all leaks of classified docs. Documentary record of US involvement in Vietnam compiled in the Pentagon toward the end of the Johnson administration Emphasized the necessity as Nixon saw it to keep the rest of the government at arm's length.

Bracket Creep

Movement into a higher tax bracket as taxable income increases; ad been crucial in producing the ever-mounting stream of federal revenues needed to pay for the rising costs of social programs. - Steadily increasing drain from private economy; Integral part of Reagan's tax proposal was cutting this.

Reagan built much of his career around the construction of a persona as...

Mr. Everyman from small-town America.

What position did Kissinger give up under Ford and who was his successor?

National Security Adviser Brent Scowcroft

What is the president's instruments and exists only to serve him?

National Security Council

What does Carter's terms show about what should be looked for in a Secretary of State?

Need a sec of state who is loyal, both personally and philosophically, to the president and able and willing to impose the president's agenda on a recalcitrant bureaucracy

What type of leader did JFK view himself as?

Neither a legislative type nor an administrator, JFK saw himself as a public leader, concerned with campaigning, getting elected, educating the people on the issues, and exercising his informed, independent judgement on important policy matters.

How did Robert Taft view Foreign Policy?

New Isolationist Felt a deep revulsion against European politics and diplomacy Feared expansion of gov't that an activist FP and possible war would likely produce Argued that America should be prepared to go it alone, protecting the W. Hemisphere as the last bastion of its ideals

After victory in Kuwait, Bush asserted that the US was fighting for a...

New World Order

What effect did the "Great Society" have on the average American's perception of the party?

New and Fair Deals bequeathed a faith in the benevolence and efficiency of the gov't → After LBJ's admin, that faith largely evaporated

What is shocking about the relationship between JFK and Ngo Dinh Diem?

Ngo Dinh Diem was supposed to be our ally in South Vietnam. Before his assassination, JFK and Henry Cabot Lodge essentially dealt confidentially with conspirators and gave them a green light, sanctioning the assassination of an ally (Ngo Dinh Diem), albeit a weak and troublesome one.

Colorado Springs Directive

Nixon issued a more formal directive reaffirming that all public statements and press releases "on matters of known or potential Presidential interest" must be cleared by the White House.; this was never distributed within the State Department

Romania Visit (1969)

Nixon visited Romania - Mem of the Warsaw Pact, had broken w/Moscow earlier in the decade Point: Demonstrate that the US did NOT concede Soviet dominance in Central or Eastern Europe

Eisenhower was a candidate of the Republican party's ____ Establishment?

Northeastern

What was the major international economic challenge the Ford Administration faced?

OPEC quadrupled the price of oil and tipped much of the world into recession.

The Halloween Massacre

Oct. 1975 - Ford confined to residence due to cold and sinus infection - decided it was time to make a set of changes Not only was Schlesinger to be fired, but Colby was to be replaced as CIA director. This plan was exposed through a press leak of the Kissinger-Schlesinger portions of the change a week after Ford's Oval Office convo with Kissinger and Rumsfeld, but before Schlesinger, Colby, et al. had been told.

Which political figure brought old Republicans and the New Right together?

Reagan

Economic Opportunity Act of 1964

Omnibus bill that started up a broad range of educational, training, loan, and assistance programs for the underprivileged classes.

Teflon President

One to whom bad news did not stick, not even such fiascos as the Lebanon intervention or the Iran-contra episode

Team B

Outside group appt'd by George H.W. Bush to critique US intelligence on Soviet mil and other activities Conclusion: CIA tended to underestimate USSR threat - when it leaked, became another weapon against Ford's and Kissinger's policies

Why did Jimmy Carter seem like the ideal leader for a nation still reeling from Watergate?

Outsider not identified with the Washington establishment Ardent supporter of tradition of Democratic liberalism (FDR, LBJ) Interested in eliminating waste in government Honest, deeply religious, motivated by a highly developed social conscience

Clinton v. Jones (1997): Facts

Paula Corbin Jones sued President Bill Clinton. She alleged that while she was an Arkansas state employee, she suffered several "abhorrent" sexual advances from then Arkansas Governor Clinton. Jones claimed that her continued rejection of Clinton's advances ultimately resulted in punishment by her state supervisors. Clinton sought to invoke his immunity to completely dismiss the Jones suit against him.

How did the political ground shift in Lebanon?

Peace agreement b/t Lebanon and Israel - All Israeli forces were to withdraw. Denounced by Syria - egged on radical allies in Lebanon to overthrow Lebanese government by force Israel started pulling back unilaterally

Why had "liberalism" become a dirty word in politics by 1988?

People were unhappy with a contemporary variant of the tradition that seemed to promote license rather than liberty and was increasingly seen as the creed of a privileged elite

LBJ: Inclined toward toughness almost as a reflex, he conceived of every foreign policy challenge as _____.

Personal

What officials were the masterminds behind diverting funds to the Contras?

Poindexter North

How did the Reagan administration impact the role of the national security adviser?

Position of the assistant for nat'l security affairs was downgraded. This was a conscious decision to reempower cabinet secretaries Stripped not only of cabinet rank, but also of direct line of access to president

What strategic nuclear problem did the Ford administration face?

Post-Cuban missile crisis, US halted its production of new intercontinental ballistic missiles (ICBMs) on the assumption that the strategic comp was over. However, the Soviets embarked on major missile build up

Carter was part of the American ___ tradition which considers issues case by case - the system he set up only enshrined the philosophical schizophrenia of its chief

Pragmatic

What was Ike's ultimate presidential objective?

Preserve the essence of traditional Republicanism and make it palatable to mid-20th c. America

Imperial Presidency

President taking foreign matters into his own hands in the expansion of American powers abroad.

Vietnam and Watergate left a legacy of new restrictions on ____ power that are now embedded in legislation.

Presidential

Even in a system of cabinet government, the national security advisor has an essential role in managing the process, but his/her effectiveness depends on...

Presidential engagement

Carter Doctrine

Proclaimed the vital US interest in the security of the Gulf

What was the name of the new rights that FDR's New Deal introduced?

Programmatic Rights

Medicaid

Provided medical care for the poor.

"The Speech"

RR's address consisting of a single abstract idea, universal in application: that centrally administered government tended to weaken a free people's character.

Community Action Program (CAP)

Rather than relying on bureaucrats and experts, direction and implementation would reside w/the poor ppl themselves Result: Widespread corruption that not only deprived poor communities of valuable resources but also besmirched the program's rep

How did Sec. Rogers respond to the Nixon's use of backchannels?

Reaction was one of wounded acquiescence; Rogers was afraid of being embarrassed that it would be known that he was not involved Nixon did not want a secretary of state who actually made foreign policy.

Twenty First Amendment

Repealed 18th Amendment and ended prohibition

How did Munich impact LBJ's view of foreign policy?

Resulted in the still widely held assumption that tolerance of any aggression anywhere represented a grave danger to all peoples everywhere

Gulf of Tonkin

Retaliatory air strike AND a congressional resolution giving the pres open-ended authority to employ American power in SE Asia.

Pecora Probe (1932)

Revealed that the most respected men on Wall Street had rigged the system Only one of the episodes that destroyed the financier as a folk hero

Reagan's conservatism was more __ than substantive

Rhetorical

What SCOTUS ruling resulted in the emergence of the evangelicals as a prominent political force?

Roe v. Wade

Youngstown Sheet & Tube Co. v. Sawyer (1952): Conclusion

Ruling (6-3) The president lacks the authority to seize and operate steel mills In a 6-to-3 decision, the Court held that the President did not have the authority to issue such an order. The Court found that there was no congressional statute that authorized the President to take possession of private property. The Court also held that the President's military power as Commander in Chief of the Armed Forces did not extend to labor disputes. The Court argued that "the President's power to see that the laws are faithfully executed refutes the idea that he is to be a lawmaker."

Who replaced Schlesinger?

Rumsfield

How did FDR view the South?

S's commitment to states' rights had been holding the Dem party back The Democratic party became more national, bifactional party w/durable ideological and policy divisions b/t liberals and conservatives.

Soviet aggression undermined American congressional and public support for _____.

SALT

Social Security Act of 1950

SS was still pegged to the deflated $ and low expectations of the 1930s; 1950 legislation extended old age and survivors' insurance coverage to an additional ten and ½ million people and considerably liberalized many federal-state public assistance programs.

Hamdan v. Rumsfield (2006): Facts

Salim Ahmed Hamdan, Osama bin Laden's former chauffeur, was captured by Afghan forces and imprisoned by the U.S. military in Guantanamo Bay. He filed a petition for a writ of habeas corpus in federal district court to challenge his detention. Before the district court ruled on the petition, he received a hearing from a military tribunal, which designated him an enemy combatant. A few months later, the district court granted Hamdan's habeas petition, ruling that he must first be given a hearing to determine whether he was a prisoner of war under the Geneva Convention before he could be tried by a military commission. The Circuit Court of Appeals for the District of Columbia reversed the decision, however, finding that the Geneva Convention could not be enforced in federal court and that the establishment of military tribunals had been authorized by Congress and was therefore not unconstitutional.

Who did Nixon run into conflicts with in the state department?

Sec. Rogers

What did FDR proclaim in his 1944 State of the Union Address?

Second Bill of Rights

Foreign Services's natural instinct is loyalty to the ___

Secretary

James A. Baker III

Secretary of State (Bush); Only larger-than-life personality in the cabinet White house COS and Sec of the Treasury under Reagan A lawyer by training, he exemplified the practical, lawyerlike, case-by-case approach to problems that we have seen in other secretaries of state. Personal closeness to Bush guaranteed that he would be seen in the world as embodying the will and authority of the president.

Truman: Public Housing

Seemed much more successful on the surface in this department - pushed it through Congress Spoke to a widely felt sense of deprivation In practice, the new leg provided substantial help for middle-class home buyer but did little to improve the lot of the slum dweller Weakly administered, blocked by local interests in many cities, financially drained when the Korean War began

What did the Review Group of the new National Security Council system replace?

Senior Interdepartmental Group (last effort to give State Department the leadership role in coordinating and integration national policy)

Liberalism of the 20th C.

Sense of reverence for individual rights, an acceptance of majority rule, a basic welfare state, and a commitment to American international involvement remained the basic American ideology.

What led to US intervention in Kosovo?

Serbian dictator Slobodan Milosevic's belligerence had found another outlet: Brutal crackdown in Kosovo. Muslim refugees poured into neighboring Albania and Macedonia, threatening to destabilize the region After diplomatic efforts failed Clinton agreed to US and allied airstrikes (1999) NATO bombing campaign went on for 78 days before Milosevic desisted

Iraq Liberation Act

Signed by Clinton in 1998; made it US policy to remove Saddam's regime.

What portion of South East Asia initially attracted the interests of Eisenhower and continued under Kennedy?

South Vietnam

By 1979 what became the biggest burden on US-Soviet relations?

Soviet campaign of geopolitical opportunism in the Third World

How did US intervention in Kosovo impact US alliance relations?

Spurred the construction of new EU political and military structures to create a counterweight to what the French were calling the American hyperpower Russia was at the beginning of a phase that was soon to become familiar - lining up, reflexively, against assertions of American power.

In the Carter system, the ____ controlled the implementation of policy

State

What was the symbol of the National Recovery Administration and what was its significance?

Symbol of Blue Eagle w/ "We Do Our Part" Symbol of NRA approval and gained wild support of populace for co.s that had them

Multiple Untruth

Tactic employed by McCarthy that involved throwing out so many accusations that neither the press nor the public could keep track of them.

What was the triple wall of privilege that Wilson attacked?

Tariffs Banking Trusts

The pattern emerged that Nixon and Kissinger looked into the bureaucracy for _____ expertise, but not for _____.

Technical Strategy

How did television impacy LBJ's Presidency?

Television, JFK's greatest ally, was LBJ's nemesis. His lack of polish on television stirred inevitable comparisons to his predecessor. Ill at ease in the few scheduled press conferences he held, he exuded evasiveness and insecurity. Johnson made himself increasingly perceived as a pres who was mean and perhaps psychologically erratic.

What platform provided Kennedy with a key advantage over Nixon in the 1960 election?

Television: In print, Kennedy appeared less articulate than Nixon Kennedy looked better than Nixon on television, an accident of complexion but a fortunate one nonetheless Television enabled JFK to display his entire personality, not just his mediocre speaking voice. He was able to display wide-ranging, solid knowledge of the major issues, thereby refuting contentions that he still had a lot to learn

How did Reaganomics result in increased inequality?

The "rich enjoyed increases at twice the rate of the "poor"

How did the 1964 Civil Rights Act jeopardized the future of the Dem Party?

The "solid" S had sustained their great success since the 1930s Black voters would need to be mobilized in the S to offset the inevitable drift of wht S to the (R)

Immigration and Naturalization Service v. Chadha (1983): Ruling

The Court held that the particular section of the Act in question did violate the Constitution. Recounting the debates of the Constitutional Convention over issues of bicameralism and separation of powers, Chief Justice Burger concluded that even though the Act would have enhanced governmental efficiency, it violated the "explicit constitutional standards" regarding lawmaking and congressional authority.

What political machine did Truman align himself with early in his career?

The Kansas City machine of Boss Tom Pendergast, whose power and personal fortune derived from almost every unsavory source the rural Protestant mind could imagine.

According to the New Right, what portion of the economy was the only one that could produce real wealth?

The Private Sector

How did US entrance into WWII impact the New Deal?

The condition of total war gave FDR the authority he needed to further shape the reconstructed executive as an agent of New Deal politics.

What did Truman view the purpose of American politics as?

The creation of opportunity for the common man

What strategic problem did the Gulf War leave behind?

The difficulties that G.W. Bush ran into when he imposed regime change in 2003 might be seen as proof of the unwisdom of regime change and a ringing vindication of G.H.W. Bush's restraint in 1991.

What was one of the most significant events taking place in the world during Clinton's administration?

The evolution of post-Soviet Russia

FDR attempted to help the American population understand that due to the new complexities of an industrial society...

The federal government had to help ppl secure their welfare in times of need.

What symbolized the nationalist turn of Russian policy?

The firing of Kozyrev and his replacement by Yevgeni Primakov

Brain Trust: (Privy Council)

The group of intellectuals and experts FDR had with him on the campaign trail to develop plan, agenda, and policy. Members included: Samuel Rosenman, Raymond Moley, Basil O'Connor, Rexford Guy Tugwell, and Adolf Berle, Jr.

What is the principle lesson of Clinton's presidency?

The importance of focus, sustained engagement, and willingness to spend political capital.

War on Poverty:

The most ambitious of LBJ's Great Society efforts LBJ chose to rely on a combo of edu and training efforts and civic mobilization to fight poverty

What was the most celebrated product of Nixon's use of backchannels to achieve policy goals?

The opening of China

What was the fundamental flaw of Carter's "balanced" system?

The philosophical schizophrenia of the president, his worldview, and his resulting policies

How did Reagan view nuclear weapons?

The president stood firmly for deployment and proclaimed verifiable nuclear disarmament as his ultimate goal.

How did the President and State's view on Iran contradict each other?

The president's view remained that the purpose of any pol concessions was to enable the shah to remain in power, the State Department was explicitly of the view that the possibility of a moderate pro-W gov't now depended on the shah's removal

How did the Bush administration generally view Gorbachev?

The prevailing view was that the US had a strategic stake in Gorbachev and wanted him to succeed against his hard-line adversaries in the Politburo and in the country

How did the Carter administration change the role of the VP?

The substantive role of the VP was also elevated during Carter's presidency Brought Walter Mondale into the inner circle; given a West Wing office close to the president.

What is the area in which Reagan left his strongest mark on history?

The terminal phase of the Cold War

What does the Kennedy brother's importance stem from?

Their importance stems from the personal impact they made upon their times rather than from what they achieved or even what they stood for.

How is defense policy different from foreign policy?

There is NO way for a president to bypass the Department of Defense on military operations

Since Nixon, how have presidents handeled integrative various interests into the international economy?

They have created alternative interagency mechanisms (i.e. Ford's Economic Policy Board)

Clinton v. City of New York (1998)

This case consolidates two separate challenges to the constitutionality of two cancellations, made by President William J. Clinton, under the Line Item Veto Act ("Act"): In the first, the City of New York, two hospital associations, a hospital, and two health care unions, challenged the President's cancellation of a provision in the Balanced Budget Act of 1997 which relinquished the Federal Government's ability to recoup nearly $2.6 billion in taxes levied against Medicaid providers by the State of New York. In the second, the Snake River farmer's cooperative and one of its individual members challenged the President's cancellation of a provision of the Taxpayer Relief Act of 1997. The provision permitted some food refiners and processors to defer recognition of their capital gains in exchange for selling their stock to eligible farmers' cooperatives.

What did TR view as "good" trusts?

Those that dominated the market through efficiency and low prices

What did TR view as "bad" Trusts?

Those that harmed the public and stifled competition

How did the Great Society impact views on American liberalism?

To American radicals, the fading dream of the Great Society was just one more not unexpected, not unwelcome, indication of the bankruptcy of American liberalism. Seemed to show that gov't could be too heavy handed, too inefficient, too insensitive to manage complex social problems.

What was Kennedy's major challenge in dealing with the economy?

To encourage econ growth while containing inflationary tendencies

White House and NSC staff docs dealing with the sensitive diplomacy received the exuberant classification marking...

Top Secret/Sensitive/Exclusively Eyes Only

How did Truman view FDR's foreign policy legacy?

Truman interpreted FDR's legacy to require that aggression be checked regardless of how deep a debt of gratitude one owed to the aggressor

Why was Truman tapped for the VP position in 1944?

Truman was nominated because he was acceptable to all factions of his party

What did the Truman administration fail to do that contributed to the outbreak of the Korean War?

Truman's diplomats and military strategists failed to define the American relationship to S. Korea N. Korean leadership interpreted this to mean that the US would not resist a Communist effort to unify the peninsula.

Madeleine Albright

UN ambassador in Clinton's first term and then Christopher's successor Advocate of muscular intervention in and admin populated by a # more cautious souls

Clinton: Somalia

US forces entered Somalia on a benign peacekeeping mission, only to feel the political ground shift under their feet - Somalia was in the midsts of a Civil War Disaster: 2 helicopters downed, 18 Americans killed, 74 wounded, corpse of 1 American dragged through the street by Aidid's cheering mobs

What did the Noriega grand jury display about the Justice Department?

US gov't had yet to include in a coherent national security framework the growing international activities of US law enforcement agencies.

According to the Pentagon study, what went wrong in Lebanon?

US had not worked hard enough to develop "diplomatic alternatives" to resolve the pol conflict, as opposed to "military options"

Why did the US Senate reject the Treaty of Versailles?

US membership to the League might interfere with US sovereignty and might cause European nations to interfere in the Western Hemisphere.

Linkage

US policy on issues that seemed to be of interest to the Soviets should be linked to other matters we cared about (Nixon)

What was the initial purpose of US troops in Lebanon?

US troops arrived in Lebanon in benign circumstances as neutral peacekeepers US acting as part of multinational force (MNF) Expectation was a neutral humanitarian mission with broad support and low risk of involvement in hostilities.

Liberalism (FDR)

Understood as the expansion, rather than the transcendence, of natural rights.

How did the economy of the 1950s provide an obstacle to the success of New Republicanism?

Upward trend in unemployment Persistence of inflation Cast doubt on argument that the Republicans could bring the country prosperity as well as peace.

Why did Johnson accept the vice presidential nomination in 1960?

VP was the only chance he had left to est a national constituency, and it offered a way out of the potentially difficult situation he would face as a Sen Dem leader: If Nixon won - Would precipitate bitter divisions If Kennedy won - Would trap LBJ b/t the conservatism of the est and the liberalism of the Wht House.

Marshall Plan

Vast program of econ aid for all of non-Communist Europe based on the premise that the surest mode of containment was the erection of strong, non-Communist economies

What set of issues did Robert Taft display litter moderation on?

Vehement critic of the New and Fair Deals and the welfare state

Who was Carter's VP?

Walter Mondale

How did Khrushchev differ from Stalin?

Wanted to devote more attention to internal Russian development and to tone down the atmosphere of confrontation.

How did Carter view the relationship between the Secretary of State and the White House?

Welcomed "natural competition" b/t the State Department and the WH (National Security Adviser) - diff b/t these orgs maxed his own ability to make the final decisions and thereby control the process

What was Reagan's first foray into Hollywood politics?

When his friend, George Murphy, president of the Screen Actors Guild, appointed him to the Guild's Board of Directors. Saw self as fighting a Communist bid to take over the film industry unions.

Myers v. U.S.: Constitutional Question

Whether, under the Constitution, the President has the exclusive power of removing executive officers of the US whom he has appointed by and with the advice and consent of the Senate.

All liberals took up the argument that "___ _____" was the fundamental explanation for black-white divisions in American life and an excuse for ever manifestation of black militance, no matter how extreme.

White Racism

Who was Reagan's Director of the Office of Management and Budget?

Wienberger

How were Nixon and Ford polar opposites?

With Ford, there was no hidden agenda, no complex presidential motivation to be divined - "With Ford, what one saw was what one got."

What was a major contributor to G.H.W. Bush's failure to be reelected?

With the world's major dangers having gone away, the American people in 1992 denied him reelection b/c his skills seemed no longer needed in an era when domestic policy issues seemed to dominate

Home Owners' Loan Act

Without having to scale back the debt he was owed, the mortgagor could turn in defaulted mortgages for guaranteed government bonds. In the end, the Home Owners' Loan Corporation would help refinance ⅕ mortgaged urban private dwellings in America.

Ludlow Resolution

Would amend the Const to provide that, save in the case of an invasion, the US could engage in war only when a majority so voted in a national referendum.

Tennessee Valley Authority

Would build multipurpose dams which would serve as reservoirs to control floods and at the same time generate cheap, abundant hydroelectric power.

Hamdan v. Rumsfeld (2006): Ruling

Yes and no. The Supreme Court, in a 5-to-3 decision authored by Justice John Paul Stevens, held that neither an act of Congress nor the inherent powers of the Executive laid out in the Constitution expressly authorized the sort of military commission at issue in this case. Absent that express authorization, the commission had to comply with the ordinary laws of the United States and the laws of war. The Geneva Convention, as a part of the ordinary laws of war, could therefore be enforced by the Supreme Court, along with the statutory Uniform Code of Military Justice. Hamdan's exclusion from certain parts of his trial deemed classified by the military commission violated both of these, and the trial was therefore illegal. Justices Scalia, Thomas, and Alito dissented. Chief Justice John Roberts, who participated in the case while serving on the DC Circuit Court of Appeals, did not take part in the decision.

Clinton v. City of New York: Ruling

Yes. In a 6-to-3 decision the Court first established that both the City of New York, and its affiliates, and the farmers' cooperative suffered sufficiently immediate and concrete injuries to sustain their standing to challenge the President's actions. The Court then explained that under the Presentment Clause, legislation that passes both Houses of Congress must either be entirely approved (i.e. signed) or rejected (i.e. vetoed) by the President. The Court held that by canceling only selected portions of the bills at issue, under authority granted him by the Act, the President in effect "amended" the laws before him. Such discretion, the Court concluded, violated the "finely wrought" legislative procedures of Article I as envisioned by the Framers.

Nixon v. Fitzgerald: Constitutional Question

Yes. The Court held that the President "is entitled to absolute immunity from damages liability predicated on his official acts." This sweeping immunity, argued Justice Powell, was a function of the "President's unique office, rooted in the constitutional tradition of separation of powers and supported by our history."

National Youth Administration

a New Deal work relief agency aimed at the young unemployed; LBJ would serve as the director for TX

Since 1945 given the scale and scope of our strategic challenges, policy inexperience is...

a weakness in any cabinet officer whose job is to impose political direction on the bureaucracy.

How did political parties view the Community Action Program?

as a direct threat to their political base; treated this assault on their patronage monopoly as a reason to press their congressional minions and allies to greatly de-escalate the poverty war

Why did Eisenhower pursue the presidency?

b/c he felt a duty to save his party and his country from forces of irrational extremism. (Taft and McCathy)

Eisenhower was assuredly successful in the one area of politics where it matters most, at the ___ ___.

ballot box

How did Bobby Kennedy act as JFK's alter-ego of sorts?

he won a rep as the hard-driving, "ruthless" force in the administration, bent, on might conclude, on making his brother look benign by comparison.

Reagan sacrificed programmatic aims for the sake of mere ___.

popularity

Misery Index

pseudo-stat that combined the rates of inflation and unemployment

How did Eisenhower's administration have a corporate tone?

surrounded himself with successful financiers, corporate lawyers, and high-level business executives Tended to rep the values and aspirations of the mid-20th century corporate executive suite

Kissinger's initiatives in the international economic policy were based on the idea that...

the US should wield its econ power in accordance with a strategy I.e. grain sales to the USSR --> Planned to use US grain supplies as leverage

Executive Privilege

the right to withhold information from other government branches to preserve confidential communications within the executive branch or to secure the national interest (Nixon Watergate)

Roosevelt's predilection for balanced government often meant that the privileges granted by the New Deal were in precise proportion to...

the strength of the pressure groups which demanded them. (broker system)