AMH- Chapter 2 Smartbook

Who first described Columbus's Indies as Mundus Novus?

Amerigo Vespucci

By the late fifteenth century, the focal point of European sugar production shifted to the Azores and other islands in the eastern ______ that were noted for their rich, volcanic soil.

Atlantic Ocean

Christopher Columbus believed that the fastest route to ______ was to the west.

China

What was the wealthiest and most advanced country in the world in the mid-fifteenth century?

China

TorF: Although the Protestant Reformation created great upheavals in Europe, it had little effect in the New World.

False

Juan Ponce de León landed in what is now the state of ________on the North American continent.

Florida

Who used the term "America" to refer to the New World?

German Mapmaker

Ferdinand and Isabella agreed to support the voyage of Columbus after they completed the reconquista, which was achieved when they took the kingdom of _______ in 1492.

Granada

Vasco da Gama was the first European explorer to reach ______ by sea.

India

During the thirteenth century one of the ways that the Catholic Church expanded its influence and wealth was through the sale of _________, which promised to shorten the time spent in purgatory after death

Indulgences

What was the primary reason that twelfth-century European investors moved their sugar plantations to a new location?

Islamic fighters had taken Jerusalem.

Which statement about the bubonic plague of the fourteenth century is true?

It led to violence against marginal groups.

Which of the following correctly describe sugar production?

It was expensive to cultivate. It required constant tending. Sugar cane spoiled easily.

What was the crusaders' biggest obstacle to profitable sugar production in the Holy Land?

Its production was labor-intensive.

The Protestant Reformation resulted in much of Germany and Scandinavia becoming

Lutheran.

Which of the following statements about Europe in the fourteenth and fifteenth centuries are true?

Most of Europe's people made their living from the land and Europe had high levels of infant mortality due to undernourishment and disease.

Which of the following statements concerning slavery in medieval Europe are true?

Owning slaves was a status symbol. Slaves were typically female. Slaves often came from Slavic lands; hence, the word slave.

What did Portuguese need to do to be able to trade with Africa?

Pay tribute and taxes to local powers

By the sixteenth century, England had adopted the ______ Christian faith.

Protestant

Much of Spain's imperial wealth came from ______ mines in Mexico and Peru.

Silver

Which statement about the overall history of slavery is most accurate?

Slavery has existed throughout human history and has taken various forms.

In what period of time did Europeans abandon slavery and began self labor.

The Middle Ages

Which best describes rival European powers' response to Spanish successes in the New World?

They took little action during most of the sixteenth century.

Which of the following statements about the Roanoke Indians and their leader Wingina is true?

Wingina had most likely encountered or heard of Europeans before meeting Walter Raleigh and his fellow travelers in 1584.

One of the results of political centralization in Europe was

a greater ability to manage colonies.

Henry VIII of England's great, worldly goal was

a male heir

What precedent did early English conquests in Europe set?

a willingness to treat natives cruelly

The Spanish empire in the New World was governed primarily by

bureaucrats

The mines in the Spanish New World were worked

by black slaves, white workers, and Indians.

Changes to the European banking and financial system helped create a pool of ______, which in turn catalyzed trading ventures and overseas expansion.

capital

New ships called ______ allowed the Portuguese to sail down Africa's western coast with greater speed.

caravels

The term historians use to describe the reciprocal transfer of plants, animals, and humans between the Old and New Worlds is the

colombian exchange

On his second voyage, Columbus was less concerned with trade and more interested in

colonizing the islands.

What contributed to the Ottoman Empire's rise to influence and power?

controlling key trade routes

One of the consequences of Hernán de Soto's venture into North America was the

decentralization of native chiefdoms.

The army with which Cortés entered Tenochtitlán had been significantly increased by

disgruntled native warriors.

In the eyes of European explorers, inhabitants of the Caribbean, unlike those in Africa, were

docile

James I's goal as monarch was to

establish an efficient bureaucracy in orderly colonies.

The 1578 charter granted to Humphrey Gilbert gave him permission to explore America but

failed to recognize native claims to the land.

One of Martin Luther's most revolutionary doctrines was "justification by ______ alone," or the belief that salvation was available simply through God's grace.

faith

True or false: Following the conquest of the New World, people from Spain immigrated in large numbers.

false

Francisco Vázquez de Coronado's strangling of his Indian guide was representative of the

growing cruelty toward the natives that characterized the frustrated conquistadors.

Unlike the first Roanoke expedition, the second one

included more settlers and better incentives to undertake the journey.

Which was not a notable means by which the medieval and early modern Catholic Church enriched itself?

investing in business ventures

One of the lasting consequences of the Protestant Reformation was that

it led to religious divisions also known as schisms.

Which of the following does not represent a cultural advantage the Spanish had over the Aztecs?

knowledge of diseases

The English Reformation, unlike that in other Protestant nations, took the form of

monarchical resistance against the reign of the pope.

What most accurately describes the ships Columbus sailed in 1492?

old slave ships that were no longer very seaworthy

Which item was an important African commodity?

pepper

Early modern Europe was volatile because of its

rampant crime.

Spain enjoyed relative freedom in the Americas during most of the sixteenth century partly because of

religious upheavals in Europe.

By 1570, the town of Potosí was larger than any city in Spain or its American empire. Its economy was based on

silver

French pirates in the Caribbean targeted Spanish galleons in order to take their cargoes of

silver

What did the survivors of the Pánfilo de Narváez expedition experience at the hands of Indians on the Gulf of Mexico?

slavery

What killed the most American Indians in the early years of European colonization?

smallpox

In addition to exploring Peru, Hernán de Soto led an expedition through what is now

southeastern United States

After Columbus's contact with the New World, Europeans brought ______ back to Europe, which broke out in more virulent form than ever before

syphilis

Virgin-soil epidemics, which occurred frequently in the New World, were devastating outbreaks of disease in which

the afflicted people had never before been exposed.

According to John Calvin, the achievement of success in one's worldly calling indicated

the bestowal of God's favor.

Inadequate infrastructure and constant warfare in early modern Europe threatened

the food supply.

European monarchs began forging nation-states in what era?

the mid-fourteenth century

The dominant Islamic empire during the fourteenth and fifteenth centuries was the ______ Empire.

the ottomans

The Roanokes expected to benefit from the arrival of the English but were disappointed when

the settlers' encouraged alienation and cruelty.

The English justified their conquest of neighboring lands by arguing that

their civilization and Protestant religion were superior.

When Columbus presented his case for the second time to Ferdinand and Isabella, he was successful. For what purpose did the monarchs want the revenue his voyage would, hopefully, produce?

to continue the reconquista

Which of the following best identifies Prince Henry the Navigator's purpose in encouraging overseas exploration?

to establish direct contact with West Africa and thus circumvent the expensive trans-Saharan trade route

Cabeza de Vaca, during his trek across Texas and northern Mexico, noted that regional trade around present-day Chihuahua relied upon

turquoise and feathers.

The failure of the expedition of Juan Ponce de León did not dispel the Spanish belief that North America contained

untold riches

The nation where some of the worst violence associated with the religious wars of the sixteenth century took place was_______, where the persecution of the Huguenots occurred.

France

The artist ______ ______, who was appointed governor of the second Roanoke colony, hoped his leadership would allow settlers and Indians to coexist peacefully.

John White

China's treasure fleet commanded by Cheng He traveled as far as

Eastern Africa

Which of the following accurately describe the effects of disease in the Americas?

Cortés took advantage of disease-weakened Aztecs in order to conquer them. Smallpox claimed the lives of millions of indigenous Americans in Central Mexico in just one year.

True or false: By the time the Spanish conquistadors arrived, the Aztecs had firm control over all of the city-states in central Mexico.

False

True or false: The fear of a native revolt in the colony of Roanoke led English settlers to appease the natives

False

Which best summarizes the Calvinist belief in predestination?

God has already chosen, or predestined, certain people for salvation.

When James I came to power, how did he treat Elizabeth's favorite, Raleigh?

He arrested and eventually executed him.

Why did the Roanoke leader Wingina favor establishing a relationship with the English?

He sought regular access to their trade goods.

In 1519 the Spanish conquistador _______ made the first European contact with the Aztecs, who ruled a vast empire in what is now Mexico.

Hernan Cortes

In the 95 theses, Martin Luther argued that the Roman Catholic Church's practice of selling ______ was corrupt and irrelevant to eternal salvation.

Indulgences

The conquest of which country served as a model for England's colonization of America?

Ireland

When Columbus first reached the Bahamas, he thought he was on the coast of

Japan

Francisco Vázquez de Coronado's expedition to what is now the southwestern United States, undertaken for the purpose of locating vast stores of wealth, resulted in the European discovery of

The Grand Canyon

One of the advantages that allowed the Spanish to intimidate and eventually defeat the Aztecs was

advanced metal weaponry.