AMSCO Final Review (Ch. 17, Ch. 18, Ch. 19)

What book did Edward Bellamy write in 1888?

1. "Looking Backward" 2. A futuristic novel that hoped for a society in which there was no poverty, greed, and crime.

What 7 factors contributed to the U.S.' success as an industrial giant?

1. Access to abundant raw materials necessary for industrialization (ie. iron, coal, ore, copper, lead, timber, oil) 2. Abundant labor supply, supplemented by immigrants 3. Growing population + advanced transportation and communication networks >> big market 4. Capital was plenty; European invested in American industries 5. Laborsaving technologies = increased productivity 6. Business-friendly govt policies; supported the growth of railroads and granted lands; protective tariffs were raised 7. Talented entrepreneurs

What were George Westinghouse's most important inventions?

1. Air brake from railroads 2. Transformer to produce high-voltage alternating current. - made it possible to light cities and operate any electrical machine

How did most working-class families survive?

1. Because one income from one person could not support a family, they had to rely on the additional incomes from women and children.

What technological breakthrough launched the rise of heavy industry?

1. Bessmer Process + William Kelly = production of high-quality steel by blasting air through molten iron

What were some significant changes in the college curriculum?

1. Charles W. Eliot reduced the number of required courses and introduced electives. 2. John Hopkins University was founded as the first school to specialize in graduate studies. - emphasized research and free inquiry - US can now rival the intellectuals of Europe

What laws did the Congress pass in 1882 that restricted immigration?

1. Chinese Exclusion Act of 1882 - banned all new immigrants from China 2. Exclusion of undesirable persons (criminals or mentally incompetent) 3. 1885 - prohibited contract labor to help protect American laborers 4. When Ellis Island opened, they opted for a more rigorous medical and document examination and to pay an entry tax before coming into the country

How did railroads survive in a competitive industry?

1. Discounts 2. Kickbacks to favored customers 3. Charged higher freight rates to smaller customers like farmers 4. Formed pools - they agreed to secretly and informally fix rates and share traffic

Explain what happened in the Great railroad strike of 1877.

1. Erupted during a financial depression, so companies had to cut wages to reduce costs. 2. Strikes in Baltimore and Ohio Railroads spread in 11 states, thus becoming national in scale very quickly. 3. Rutherford B. Hayes used troops to end labor violence (first time). 4. Hundreds died, and some employers tried to raise wages and improved working conditions while others took a hard line approach.

What negative forces forced European immigrants to move into the US?

1. Farmers were displaced because of the mechanization of agriculture (Agricultural Revolution) 2. Overcrowding and unemployment in European cities because of the population boom 3. Religious persecution (ie. Jews in Russia)

Why did Pullman workers resort to a strike?

1. George Pullman announced a general cut in wages and fired the leader of the workers' delegations when they came to bargain. 2. Workers at Pullman resorted first to a boycott, as was directed by Eugene Deb, leader of the American Railroad Union. 3. Railroad owners supported Pullman by linking Pullman cars to mail trains, and was able to obtain an injunction from the government to forbid interference with the operation of mails and ordered the workers to abandon the strike. 4. Debs and other unionists were jailed for failing to follow the injunction.

Which laws attempted to regulate railroads failed?

1. Granger Laws 2. Interstate Commerce Act of 1886

Why did Carnegie sell his company? To whom did he sell it to?

1. He wanted to devote himself to philanthropy, believing that he should be giving back a lot to the community and the poor. He sold it to a new steel company headed by J. P. Morgan.

Who wrote "Progress and Poverty"? What did it talk about?

1. Henry George wrote the book, and it criticized laissez-faire economics. 2.He proposed placing a single-tax on land as a solution to poverty. 3. Brought attention to the inequalities in wealth due to industrialization.

CHANGES IN CITIES: RESIDENTIAL SUBURBS 1. Why was there a different pattern in the US in terms of where different social classes lived relative to the city? 2. What was the world's first suburban nation?

1. In the US, the wealthy lived in the suburbs and the poor lived in the inner cities. a few reasons are due to: (a) abundant land at low cost at the suburbs (b) inexpensive transpo by rail (c) low-cost construction methods (D) ethnic and racial prejudice (e) American fondness for grass, privacy, and detached individual houses. 2. The US

CHANGES IN CITIES: SKYSCRAPERS 1. What encouraged the building of skyscrapers? 2. What was the first true skyscraper with a steel skeleton? 3. What made the construction of steel skyscrapers possible? 4. Did it become a dominant figure of American cities?

1. Increasing land values in central business districts dictated the construction of taller buildings. 2. William Le Baron Jenny's Home Insurance Company Building in Chicago 3. Otis elevator and central steam-heating system 4. Yes

CHANGES IN CITIES: ETHNIC NEIGHBORHOODS 1. What were the conditions like in the inner cities, after the wealthy moved out? 2. How were ethnic neighborhoods established?

1. It was unsanitary and extremely cramped. This is mostly due to the fact that landowners, wanting to increase their profit, divided up the housings into small, windowless rooms. While the government passed a law that required a window for each room, the landlords built in ventilation shafts in the middle of the building instead. Diseases spread rapidly. 2. They maintained their own language and culture within the rooms and lands they occupies, and they even supported their own newspapers and schools. They were very unsanitary and had high crime rates, but produced many hardworking people.

Which social groups supported strict immigration laws?

1. Labor unions, because they do not want lower wages 2. American Protective ASsociation (nativists), openly against Roman Catholics 3. Social Darwinists, because they saw these people to be inferior to Germans or Britons.

Why were laborers dissatisfied with their working conditions?

1. Labor was repetitive and monotonous, and in some industries, dangerous. 2. Most workers were exposed to chemicals and pollutants that caused disease and early death. 3. Workplace was unstable and mobile, so they have to change jobs frequently.

How did industrialization help expand the middle class?

1. Large corporations needed a lot of white-collar workers to fill organized administrative structures. 2. Created jobs for accountants, clerks, and salespersons. 3. Middle-class employees increased demand for services from other middle-class workers (professionals, public employees, storekeepers). 4. Increased their income because there were more better-paying jobs.

Describe the Old Immigrants of the 1880s.

1. Mostly from: British Isles, Germany, Scandinavia 2. Mostly spoke English 3. Most had high literacy levels and high occupational skills >> easy assimilation into American society

CHANGES IN CITIES: STREET CARS 1. How did this change the daily lives of people in the cities? 2. How did help improve urban life? 3. What was its effect on society?

1. People who used to live in walking cities had to crowd near the cities because of lack of transportation, but people could now commute using horse-drawn street cars. They were later replaced with electric ones. 2. It encourage the construction of suspension bridges and made possible longer commutes between residential areas and inner cities. 3. It segregated people by income. Upper and middle-class people moved further out, while those who are poor remained at the core of the cities.

How did the Boss and Machine Politics work?

1. Political parties in major cities were tightly organized in groups of politicians (political machines). Each machine had a boss. 2. The boss gives out orders and gives jobs to loyal supporters,. 3. Political machines such as the Tammany Hall (NYS) began as social clubs and then became powerful political centers. 4. The political machines answers the needs of the underprivileged and performs business functions, as well as accommodating to immigrants. In exchange for these, they ask for their votes.

How did businessmen cope with the need to sell their products to a bigger market?

1. R.H. Macy (NY) and Marshall Field (Chicago) made department stores in urban centers 2. Woolworth's Five and Ten Cent Store brought nationwide chains to towns and neihgborhoods. 3. Sears, Roebuck and Montgomery Ward used rail system to ship to rural customers whatever they ordered from the "wish book"

What was the impact of industrialization on society?

1. Raised standard of living 2. Created sharper divide in economic and social class (rich, mid-class, poor)

Which 2 legislations moved to curb the formation of trusts? What were the results?

1. Sherman Antitrust Act in 1890 - prohibited any "contract, combination, in the form of trust or otherwise, or conspiracy in restraint of trade or commerce." 2. United States v. E.C. Knight Co. 1895 - ruled that the Sherman Antitrust only applied to commerce, not manufacturing.

What were the other 4 transcontinental railroads completed in 1900?

1. Southern Pacific (New Orleans to LA) 2. Atchison, Topeka, Santa Fe (Kansas City to LA) 3. Northern Pacific )Minnesota and Washington) 4. Minessota and Seattle

Where did most of the "new" immigrants come from in the 1890s? How are they like?

1. Southern and eastern Europe. (Italians, Greeks, Croats, Slovaks, Poles, Russians) 2. Poor and illiterate 3. Unused to democratic traditions because most fled autocratic societies 4. Mostly Roman Catholics, Greek/Russian Orthodox or Jewish 5. Made ethnic neighborhoods in major US cities 6. 25% "bird passage" - men contracted to unskilled factory, mining and construction jobs who would return to their country after saving enough good money

What were 4 important innovations in transportation and communications that created a radical change in the ways of life in the 20th century?

1. Telegraph, Samuel Morse. Around Civil War, the telegraph and railroads were becoming standards parts of modern life. 2. Transatlantic cable, Cyrus Field, increased communications; messages can be sent across the sea quickly. 4. Telephone, Alexander Graham Bell.

What did the government hope to gain when they helped the railroad companies?

1. That the companies would sell the land to new settlers to finance construction. 2. That it would increase the value of government lands to provide for the rate for carrying mails and transporting troops.

CHANGES IN CITIES: PRIVATE CITY VERSUS PUBLIC CITY 1. What was the result when Americans tried to live in cities the way they did in rural areas without aid from the government? 2. What did they do to resolve this?

1. There was a huge build-up of waste, pollution, disease, crime, and other hazards. 2. Gradually, they called for water purification programs, waste disposal, street lighting, police departments, and zoning laws.

Who was the greatest inventor of 19th century? What was his most important contribution?

1. Thomas Edison 2. Established a laboratory in Menlo Park, NJ, solely for inventing new technology. It was the first modern laboratory and paved way to the idea that it was better to develop on techs as a team instead of doing it alone.

What were some positive forces that made Europeans emigrate?

1. US reputation for political and religious freedom 2. Economic opportunities (more land and jobs available) 3. Steamships allowed for an inexpensive one-way passage

What were two examples of organizations that sprang up during the temperance movement?

1. Woman's Christian Temperance UNion - wanted total abstinence of alcohol 2. Antisaloon League - persuaded states to close down all saloons and bars

What were the three primary reasons for the increase in colleges in the 1800s?

1. land grants under the Morrill Acts of 1862 and 1890 2. Universities funded by wealthy philanthropists 3. Founding of new colleges for women - by 1900, 71% of colleges admitted women.

What 2 critical roles did railroads play in the trans-Mississippi West?

1. promoted settlement on the Great Plains 2. Linked eastern and western territories by creating a huge market.

What tactics did employers use to defeat labor unions?

1. the lockout - close factories before a labor movement could be organized 2. blacklists - names of pro-union workers circulate 3. yello-dog contracts - workers must sign an agreement to not join unions 4. call in private guards or state militia to put down strikes 5. obtain court injunctions against strikes They were also able to manipulate public opinion by painting unionists as anarchists and un-American. They were also almost always supported by the federal government.

By the beginning of the 20th century, how much of the US population was comprised of immigrants?

15%

What was the average growth of the U.S. economy?

4%

What happened in the Hay Market Bombing?

80k Knights were in the first May Day labor movement, and they were in a strike to achieve an 8-hour day, but violence broke out. When the strikers were in the square trying to form a meeting and the police were trying to break it off, someone threw a bomb. 8 anarchists were tries; 7 sentenced to death.

What was the positive result of the bankers taking over the railroad industry?

A more efficient railroad system

What did Henry George's and Bellamy's books encourage?

A shift away from laissez-faire economic and to move forward towards more government regulation.

What were common forms of protest amongst laborers in the 20th century?

Absenteeism and quitting

Which businessman developed vertical integration? What was it about? BONUS: What was he known for?

Andrew Carnegie developed vertical integration, a system in which a company would control every stage of the industrial process. The Carnegie Steel Company dominated the steel industry. BONUS: He was known for working his way up from being a poor immigrant to one of the leading salesmen.

How did urban life place extreme strains on parents and their children? What was its effect on familial dynamics?

By isolating them from extended families and village support. As a result, divorce rates increased (but also because state legislatures expanded grounds for divorce), Family size also dwindled down, and children became economic liabilities instead of assets.

How did the Roman Catholics adapt to the stresses of social and urban life?

Cardinal James Gibbons got the support of new and old workers when he defended the Knights of Labor and the cause of organized labor.

Who merged the local railroads into the New York Central Railroad?

Commodore Cornelius Vanderbilt; earned money from steamboat industry

What increased the literacy rate of the population to 90%?

Compulsory laws on education and the concpet of sending children to kindergarten. Tax-supported public high schools have also been growing and began to emphasize vocational and citizenship education

How did Protestants help in the problems of society?

Dwight Moody and the Moody Bible Institute helped generations of urban evangelists to adopt to city life. The Salvation Army also provided basic necessities of life for the homeless and the poor.

Who founded the National American Woman Suffrage Association? What was the first state to grant women suffrage?

Elizabeth Cady Stanton and Susan B. Anthony. Wyoming was the first state to grant women suffrage.

TRUE OR FALSE: Industrialization did not create a new class of millionaires.

FALSE; it did.

TRUE OR FALSE: The Homestead Strike was a success after the steelworkers won their walkout.

False; Frick defeated the strikers using lockouts, private guards, and strikebreakers.

What did speculators do to gain a lot of profit?

He went into the railroad industry to sell off assets and watering stocks so he can make a lot of money.

Which two social groups mostly made up the people who moved into the cities?

Immigrants and native-born Americans + African Americans from the South; people from rural areas moved into the cities for better economic opportunities

How did David Ricardo justify low wages?

In his "Iron Law of Wages", he argued that raising wages arbitrarily would only increase the working population and the availability of workers would fall, so there would be more starvation for people who could not find jobs.

Discuss the lives of working women in the 20th century.

In society, it is believed that women should stay at home as much as possible. Only 5 % of married women work, and even if they do, they tend to work in places that were considered to be extensions of the house, such as in textile or food-processing industries. However, women moved into formerly male occupations when the demand for clerical workers rose. Professions that become feminized usually saw a drop in wages.

What did the Carnegie Steel become under J.P. Morgan?

It became the United States Steel; first billion-dollar company and largest enterprise in the world; controlled 3/5s of the nation's steel business

When did the United States emerge as a leading industrial power? Which three European countries did its manufacturing outputs exceed?

It emerged in 1900, exceeding Great Britain, Germany, and France.

How much did the US population increase by during the last half of the 19th century? Why was there such an increase?

It increased 3-fold, mostly due to the 16.2 million immigrants that came into the country.

What is the social gospel? Who led the movement>

It is the importance of applying Christian principles to social problems. New York minister Walter Rauschenbusch led the movement.

What is the Comstock Law?

It prohibited the mailing or transportation of obscene and lewd material and photographs.

What is the Horatio Alger myth?

It was a belief that stemmed from Alger's million-copy selling novels that showed young men getting rich through modest means. This gave most Americans the idea that the owners of corporate giants had a "rags-to-riches" type of life like Carnegie, though this was statistically false as most wealthy men were white, Anglo-Saxon, Protestant and came from a middle- or upper-class family.

What was the Antitrust Movement? Was it successful?

It was a movement against the building up of trusts in industries as middle-class citizens and the old rich were becoming wary of the growing power of the new rich. It was not that successful as the Supreme Court was not able to curb the growing trust movement.

What is Laissez-Faire Capitalism? Who developed this idea?

It was developed by Adam Smith in his book "The Wealth of Nations". It stated that the economy should be regulated by the invisible hand of supply and demand. There should be no government interference as they believe that self-interest was enough to propel the development of improved goods and to keep prices low.

Who developed horizontal integration? How was it used?

It was developed by John D. Rockefeller, and it is a system in which former competitors were brought under a single corporate umbrella. He would essentially sell oil for much lower prices to force smaller companies to sell out, and then later buy them.

Who saved the bankrupt railroad industry and how?

J. Pierpont Morgan and other bankers consolidated them. They stabilized rates and reduced debts when competition was eliminated.

What was the only transcontinental railroad to be built without federal subsidy?

James Hill's Great Northern

Which labor union first began as a secret society and then turned into a public organization?

Kinghts of Labor. 1. Wanted to make "each man his own employer" 2. Wanted to abolish child labor 3. Wanted to abolish trusts and monopolies Terence V. Powderly wanted arbitration instead of strike to reach a compromise, but because the society had a lose netwrok of supporters, he could not control them when they went for strikes. Declines rapidly after the Hay Market riot violence.

Who was the founder of Christian Science? What was it about?

Mary Baker Eddy; it said that good health was the result of correct thinking about "Father Mother God"

What provoked the temperance movement?

Most people, especially women, were convinced that excessive drinking was the cause of poverty for immigrant and working class families. Moralists thought that cities became a breeding ground for vice and prostitution.

What was the negative side to bankers taking over the railroad industry?

Only 7 giant systems controlled 2/3s of the railroads; the industry was now dominated by a few powerful men, thus creating regional monopolies.

What are the businessmen's take on wealth?

People believed that wealth was a blessing that was given to them by God. 1. John D. Rockefeller - "God gave me my wealth." 2. Rev. Russell Conwell said everyone had a duty to be rich. 3.Carnegie on "Wealth" argued that the wealthy has a God-given responsibility to give bacj to the community. This is why he engaged in philanthropy.

Why were there such low wages in the 20th century for normal workers?

People toiled for 10 hours, 6 days a week. Because there were many immigrants from Europe and China, wages were kept at barely subsistence levels because they were determined by the idea of supply and demand.

Which industries did the "2nd Industrial Revolution" focus on?

Production of steel, petroleum, electric power, and industrial machinery.

Where did the Union and Pacific lines meet?

Promontory Point, Utah

What were the negative consequences of government subsidies to railroad companies?

Promoted hasty and poor construction. 2. Led to widespread corruption in the government. - Credit Mobilier, bribed govt and legislators to reap huge profits

What was the foundation of a modern day social worker?

Settlement workers who were also political activists that advocated child-labor laws, housing reform, and women's rights.

TRUE OR FALSE: Many railroads frequently suffered from mismanagement and fraud.

TRUE

What is social Darwinism?

Taking Darwin's idea of natural selection, Herbert Spencer believed that the idea of "survival of the fittest" should be applied in the economy. The concentration of wealth on few men was needed to secure the future of the human race. William Graham Sumner also concluded that helping the poor will disrupt the laws of nature and weaken the evolution of species by preserving those who are unfit.

Which labor union was led by Samuel Gompers?

The American Federation of Labor. 1. Wanted to focus on PRACTICAL economic goals. 2. Did not want reform, but just practical conditions for higher wages and better working conditions. 3. Gompers directed local unions to walk out until their employers agree to negotiate a new contract.

Which region in the US emerged as a leading steel producer?

The Great Lakes region

Which organization first attempted to organize all workers in all states?

The National Labor Unon. 1. Wanted higher wages and 8-hour day working conditions. 2. Wanted equal rights for women and blacks, monetary reform, and worker cooperatives. VICTORY: Got 8-hour day deal from govt. Lost supported after unsuccessful strikes.

What was the ruling of the In re Debs case?

The Supreme Court approved the use of court injunctions against strikes, thus giving the employers a powerful weapon to break unions.

what is the most important innovation of the railroads?

The creation of modern stock-holder corporation + complex structures in finance, business management, and regulation of competition.

Who became the scapegoats during times of economic depression in the 1890s?

The immigrants or jobless workers

Which social group was the most inclined to begin reform movements? What inspired them to do so?

The middle-class was inspired by urban problems and the poverty of the working class to begin their reform movements.

Which technological or industrial innovation had the biggest impact on American economic life? Why?

The railroad. It created a national market for goods, thus encouraging mass production, mass consumption, and economic specialization. The resources needed to build them also helped in the growth of industries (coal and steel).

What happened to the railroad industry when the financial panic in 1893 struck?

They all went bankrupt.

What was the result of Rockefeller's horizontal integration in terms of his Standard Oil's success?

They controlled 90% of the oil refinery business. Other industries soon followed his example.

How did the public feel about a few corporate giants controlling the railroad industry?

They felt that they were victims of financial schemes and ruthless practces.

Why did the federal government help the railroad companies? How did they help them?

They helped railroad companies because they saw that the creation of western railroads could lead to settlement. They helped them in the form of loans and land grants.

What did some idealistic and middle-class men and women do to alleviate the poverty of the working class?

They made settlement houses, where they provided the neighborhood with social services. They taught immigrants English , industrial arts, established neighborhood theaters, and music schools.

How did businessmen use the idea of laissez-faire to their own advantage?

They used it to justify their strategies, despite being under the protection of high tariffs and high subsidies. The rse of monopolistic trusts did seem to undercut the need for govt regulation.

TRUE OR FALSE: The richest 10% in the US controlled 9/10s of the nation's wealth in 1890.

True

What are trunk lines? Why were they important?

Trunk lines were major routes between large cities; this helped reduce the inefficiencies caused by the early decades of railroading, where separate local lines were build, thus having different gauges.

Which two companies were assigned to build the first transcontinental railroad?

Union Pacific (Great Plains to Nebraska) and Central Pacific (Sierra Mountains to Cali)

Which two aspects of society developed simultaneously? Why?

Urbanization and industrialization; Cities = central supply of labor for factories + principal market for factory goods + lots of available labor bc of rural-to-urban population shift

Who did Dodge and Crocker hire to build the transcontinental railroad?

War veterans and Irish immigrants for Dodge, and Chinese immigrants for Crocker.

How did corruption show up in political machines?

While they do promise to help the masses, people such as Boss Tweed and his company were able to steal millions of dollars from tax payers through either graft or fraud.

What percentage of Americans lived in towns or cities in 1920?

more than half