AN 101 Exam 3 Example Questions

here is evidence in Neanderthal culture that there was compassion among the population. Explain how we know about compassion among the population.

In Neanderthal culture, there was care for the injured and the elderly. We know this by skeletons of old people along with treatment of trauma with evidence being healing of the skeletal system. In addition to this, in Shanidar cave, Iraq, there is a preserved old man with injuries. Most species would die if it had an injury that was uncared for.

Upper paleolithic culture was present: a) Around 50,000 years ago to 10,000 years ago b) Around 20,000 years ago to 9,000 years ago c) Around 35,000 years ago to 14,000 years ago d) Around 45,000 years ago to 15,000 years ago

a

What evidence shows AMH/Neanderthal interaction? a. Chatelperronian tool technique b. Ritualistic art c. Broadening subsistence base d, Mousterian tool technique

a

What kind of tools did Neanderthals use? a. Mousterian tool kit b. Oldowan tool tradition c. Acheulean tool tradition d. Levallois tool tradition

a

What species has the same size brain or even bigger than modern humans? a.) H. Neanderthalensis b.) H. Habilis c.) H. Erectus d.) Singe Anthropoide

a

Which Upper Paleolithic tool making technique involves removing waste flakes by "pushing them off"? a. Pressure flaking b. Percussion flaking c. Forced air flaking d. All of the above

a

Which is not one of the purposes for Upper Paleolithic Art? a. Location/ Directions b. Initiation rites c. Trance Experience d. Ceremonial

a

Which tool technique did the early Archaic Homo Sapiens use? a. Levallois Tool Tradition b. Acheulean Tool Tradition c. Oldowan Tool Tradition

a

Why couldn't the AMH's migrate further down in North America at first? a) Glaciers b) Lack of resources c) Large animals d) Flood

a

AMH's used all of the following forms of hunting and weapons technology except: a. Atlatl b. Hammering and Butchering c. Bow and Arrow d. Net hunting and Fishing

b

Anatomically modern Homo sapiens existed __________ years ago. a. 50,000 b. 200,000 c. 2,000 d. 5,000,000

b

During which period did anatomically modern humans (AMHs) appear? a) Eocene b) Pleistocene c) Pliocene d) Miocene

b

The hyoid bone which gathers in muscles in the throat that allows us to project certain messages exemplifies what part of Neanderthal culture? a. Hunting techniques b.Language c. Burial d. Care of elderly

b

What did Anatomically Modern Homosapiens used for new hunting technology? a. Blade technology b. Pressure flaking c. Oldowan tool d. Mousterian tool

b

What percentage of DNA in non-African populations comes from Neanderthal ancestors? A. 2-8% B. 1-4% C. 5-7% D. 8-10%

b

What types of art did the upper Paleolithic people create? A) Music B) Dance C) Cave art D) Ornamental art (jewelry and figurines)

b

What was the Acheulean Tool Tradition new technique known as? A. Drafting B. Hafting C. Rafting D. Grafting

b

When can the earliest settlement of New Guinea be tracked back to? a) 20 000 years ago b) 50 000 years ago c) 100 000 years ago d) 150 000 years ago

b

Which description best describes the Levallois technique? a. Shape stone into cylinder resulting in long, sharp blades b. Flake tools struck from a prepared core c. Tool used to press flakes from stone d. Retouch only one side of blade

b

Which hypothesis focuses more on the other species going extinct either with the help of AMHs or on their own? A) Multiregional Hypothesis B) Out of Africa (Replacement) Hypothesis C) Assimilation or "Some Assimilation" Hypothesis D) None of the above

b

Which of the following is NOT an indicator of Neanderthal's developing language? a. FOXP2 gene b. Tongue c. Hyoid bone d. Modern- sized brain

b

Which of the following were not considered a cranial trait of Neanderthals? A. Low forehead B. Fairly small nose C. Lack of chin D. Low arching brow ridges

b

Which of these is an ancestral trait of Early Archaic H. Sapiens? a.Flatter faces b.retain brow ridges c.larger more robust than modern humans d.thinner cranial bones

b

Which specific species of homo erectus where the ones to migrate to Asia? a) H.sapiens b) Denisovans c) Neanderthals d) H.Habilis

b

A cultural innovation by Homo erectus included a. Lone-wolf hunting b. vehicles c. controlled use of fire d. sexuality

c

What is the Percentage of Denisovan DNA within a non-African, non-European population? A) 1% B) 3% C) 5% D) 7%

c

What was the H.Floresiensis nickname? A.The Chosen one B.The Dwarf C.The Hobbit D. The Man

c

When did the Neanderthals go extinct? a. 50 kya b. 15 kya c. 30 kya d. 9 kya

c

When were AMHs believed to be in Australia? 30 kya 40 kya C.50 kya 60 kya

c

Where were Neanderthals and Denisovans located? A. Africa B. Australia C. Europe D. Both "A" and "B"

c

Which country was Early H. sapiens not found in? A. Africa B. Europe C. Australia D. Asia

c

Which is NOT a feature of the Upper Paleolithic Culture? a. Improved stone tool technologies b. Elaborate burials c. Levallois technique d. First "true" art

c

Which of the following is NOT an example of hafting? A. Wooden handle B. Stone Tip C. Handheld objects D. Binding material

c

Which one of these terms does not explain the blade technology of the Upper Paleolithic Culture: a. Aurignacian tradition b. Gravettian tradition c. Summeterian tradition d. Solutrean tradition e. Magdelanian tradition

c

Which site indicated that the Clovis people were not the first settlers in the Americas? A. Paramitee North B. Shanidar Cave C. Monte Verde D. Monte Circeo

c

Which species was not found in Africa? a.all were found in africa b.Archaic H. Sapiens c.Neanderthals d.H.Erectus

c

Which was not an advance in upper Paleolithic culture? a. Rapid change b. Diversity C.Bigger families d. Regional Variance

c

All of the following are true of which of Neanderthals cranial traits except: A) large nasal aperature B) large brow ridges C) occipital bun D High forehead

d

Evidence for all of these have been found in Upper Paleolithic culture EXCEPT: a. Art b. Music c. Larger settlements d. Metal weapons

d

The evidence of symbolism at Shanidar consists of __________ around and on top of a man's buried body. a. fruits b. vegetables c. seeds d. pollen

d

What is a key component to hunting techniques in the AMH culture? A. Adhesive components B. Aerodynamic projectiles C. Manufacturing of string D. All of the above

d

What type of art was not used/mentioned during the Upper Paleolithic time period? a.) Music b.) Figurines c.) Cave art d.) Dance

d

What was a symbolic behavior of the Neanderthal Culture? A. Burial of dead B. Art C. Music D. All of the above

d

Where is the Panaramitee rock art located? a) Polynesia b) New Guinea c) Chile d) Australia

d

Which characteristic does not explain why Neanderthals could survive in cold climates? a. Large noses b. Short Stature c. Low forehead d.Small brow ridges

d

Which is NOT a common motif in upper paleolithic figurines? a. Animals b. Women c. Chimeras d. Children

d

Which of the following are apart of the AMH weapon/technology? a. Bow and arrow b. Spear-throwing c. Net-hunting d. All the above

d

Which of these is NOT a new aspect of Neanderthal culture? A. Big game hunting B. Elaborate Burials C. Mousterian tool tradition D. Levallois tool tradition

d

What is the Actual Paleolithic diet?

A diet of large animals, big or small birds, and shellfish as well as fruits and vegetables.

Please differentiate between the Out of Africa theory and the Multiregional theory.

A1: In both theories, a population of H. erectus leave Africa in a mass migration 1.8 million years ago. The population spreads out over a wide area and each separate population evolves into distinct H. sapiens subspecies. In the Multiregional theory, gene flow between distinct groups leads to the eventual coming together of the modern H. sapiens. In the Out of Africa theory, a wave of anatomically H. sapiens migrate out of Africa and into the areas that the subspecies inhabit. They slowly take over their niches and replace the subspecies.

Name some distinct physical features of Neanderthals.

A2: Pronounced brow ridges, occipital bun, robust skeletal and muscular features, short stature.

Explain the differences similarities and differences between the 3 different Out of Africa hypothesis.

All three-hypothesis state that 1.8 million years ago the H. Erectus migrated out of Africa to where we know today then evolved into distinct archaic h. sapiens. H erectus evolved into the Neanderthals in Europe and the Denisovans in Asia. The Multiregional Hypothesis states that gene flow between the all distinct H. sapiens led to the evolution of the modern H. sapiens. The out of Africa replacement and assimilation hypothesis states that Anatomically Modern H. Sapiens (AMH) evolved from archaic H. Sapiens in Africa then 200 thousand years ago left Africa. The out of Africa replacement When the AMH left Africa competitive exclusion led to the replacement of archaic forms such as Neanderthals and Denisovans. The assimilation hypothesis states that along with completive exclusion between modern and archaic H. sapiens there was gene flow which accounts for archaic H. sapiens DNA still in humans today.

Explain the tool traditionof the archaic H. Sapiens.

Archaic H. Sapiens used a tool tradition called levallois. This tradition included removing flakes from the surface of a stone to prepare the core and then using the flakes and core as tools so there is a variety of tools.

Name explain the use of an Upper Paleothic hunting tool

Atlatl- similar to a spear with a handle and allows for better accuracy, speed, and puts more distance between prey and hunter. Can be used on smaller and larger animals such as squirrels or elephants. When used right it can even be stronger then a compound bow

What tool tradition was the shift from core tools to flake tools? A. Mousterian B. Levallois C. Oldowan D. Acheulean

B

Name the two techniques that AMH's used to make tools.

Blade technique and pressure flaking

What was an ancestral trait passed down by H. Erectus to early H. Sapiens? A. Flat faces B. Thin cranial bones C. Brow ridges D. Steep foreheads

C

Name some examples of expressional art that we see used in the Upper Paleolithic culture?

Cave art, repetitive motifs, jewelry, figurines with exaggerated female characteristics, decorated burial, bone flutes and whistles, musical bow, ceremonial art to ensure a successful hunt or promote fertility.

Explain competitive exclusion.

Competitive exclusion is when two species that are similar in nature and occupy the same niche compete against each other until one species either become extinct or leaves to occupy another environment.

What allowed archaic modern humans to out compete the Neandethals?

Culture advantages for an example tool making, allowed more big game hunting which in result allowed them to out compete them.

What tool kit did early archaic homo sapiens use, and how were they made and used?

Early archaic homo sapiens used the Levallois tool kit, which was used in many different ways. It was made by removing flakes from the surface, creating a "platform" where the ends were struck. This was a shift from simple tools made from just flakes before. Some of these new tools incorporated a new technique known as hafting. Hafting created composite tools that were composed of a handle, stone tip, and binding materials. This new tool kit and techniques were vital for hunting as well as domestic uses giving it a "swiss-army" ability.

How did evolution occur through the assimilation model?

H. erectus leaves Africa 1.8 million years ago. The separate populations, such as Denisovans and Neanderthals, move to unique environments. In Africa, archaic H. sapiens evolve to anatomically modern H. sapiens. About 200,000 years ago, AMHs leave and assimilate into the unique populations through reproduction.

Explain the Assimilation Hypothesis.

H. erectus leaves Africa 1.8 mya and spreads out. H. erectus in Europe evolves into Neanderthals and H. erectus in Asia evolves into Denisovans. Anatomically Modern Homo sapiens evolve from archaic H. sapiens in Africa and 200,000 years later leave and assimilate the Neanderthals and Denisovans. Some gene flow occurs.

Define hafting and explain the effect it had on society.

Hafting is a new technique for making tools. It uses the stone tip and a binding agent to bind the tip to a handle to create a composite tool. This led to more specialized tools being made which made hunting easier among other things.

What is the out of Africa/Replacement hypothesis?

Home erectus leaves Africa, then spreads out in different environments then the second and greater migration of homo sapiens leave Africa, a little gene flow was involved.

How did modern homosapiens get to Australia and New Guinea?

It was hypothesized that there were two possible routes for them to travel. North and South people were able to "water hop" over the low sea levels because it was cold enough for all the water to freeze up into glaciers.

What are some main physical traits of late archaic homo sapiens neanderthalensis, and how did these traits help and/or hinder the species?

Neanderthals had a large nasal aperture, large brow ridges, occipital bun, no chin, short and robust stature of musculoskeletal hypertrophy. Neanderthals seemed to be a highly specialized species that adapted to cold temperatures and high altitudes. Having a short, robust stature kept them warmer better, and having larger nasal apertures allowed for more, warmer air flow to the cranium. These traits may have led to a species being to specialized for future evolution, or were simply a result of competitive exclusion.

In many shows and books Neanderthals are depicted as "savages" with barely any form of intelligence. List several things that show that this isn't the case?

Neanderthals seem to show many things that indicate intelligence and other aspects that show differently from what tv and books depict them as. For example Neanderthals had several cultural innovations from clothing and shelter, caring for their sick and elderly, and symbolic behaviors like burying their dead.

What does the evidence of big game hunting tell us about the difference in Neanderthals society?

Neanderthals started large game hunting by using close range and cliff-fall hunting. This tells us that Neanderthals were not opportunistic with hunting and actually were well organized in going out and trapping big game.

Explain the history of Neanderthals and their cultural innovations.

Neanderthals were around 130,000 to 40,000 years ago. Their cultural innovations include: Mousterian tool tradition, big game hunting, clothing and shelter and Care for sick and elderly. Another important factor in their culture is symbolic behavior which includes the burial of the dead, art, and even music.

Name some of the advances that AMH culture brought to light?

Net weights, gorges, casting techniques, creating the bow and arrow, spear throwing, broadening subsistence base through natural resources and variation in prey.

What were some advantages for the new Stone technology?

New stone technology was an opening to new sets of tolls that were not used before. The atlatl and bow & arrow were two main new ideas. They created a wider variety of animals/ insects that could be hunted. They created a more convenient way of hunting, you could be further away from the prey.

Explain the new tool techniques of anatomically modern H. Sapiens.

One new technique is the blade techniquewhich a stone is shaped into a cylinder and a striking platform is created, this results in long, sharp blades. Another new technique is pressure flaking which a tool is used to press flakes from the stone rather than it being struck off.

Describe some of the key factors that show how crossing the pacific was intentional?

People were taking everything they needed to survive with them to new areas. They were taking animals and plants and It would've taken sophisticated boating in order to travel and navigate. They were also leaving in big groups (20-30) of people of different age to allow for more reproduction.

Name three possible reasons for creating cave paintings.

Possible options: ceremony, initiation rites, transmission of information, use during a trance state

Name three things found at the Monte Verde site:

Possible options: wooden planks, wooden stakes, hide-covered buildings, interior hearths, a child's footprint, leaf-shaped spear points, knotted cords, woven basketry, 70 plant species.

Describe the Levallois technique.

Prepare core by removing flakes from surface, strike end of core of stone and remove the flakes.

In what ways were seasonal rounds beneficial to modern H.sapiens?

Seasonal rounds were beneficial to modern H. sapiens because it allowed family groups to travel in a nomadic style to where a predicted animal used for food would be migrating towards. Seasonal rounds resulted in population aggregation and larger sites being constructed as well as some settling to form communities.

What are some post cranial traits?

Shorter torso and arms, denser bones and muscles, broader chest, retain heat better, stronger hands, short stature, robus

Explain the sequence of the Levallois, Mousterian and Upper Paleolithic tool traditions.

The Levallois Technique made the shift from core tools to flake tools carefully striking the sides to remove flakes creating a striking platform. This allowed for more control over size and shape of tools, a larger variety of tools and more efficient use of materials. The Mousterian tool kit refined the Levallois tool tradition and featured more points in tools The percussion method was used here which means tools were made by repeated strokes. This allowed for more specialized tools as there hunting and domestic tools. Tools also became more standardized which showed increased levels of cognition. The process of making Upper Paleolithic tools included a sharp stone being jabbed into a cylinder creating a striking platform resulting in long sharp blades and more cutting edge. Here tools were made using the pressure flaking method which consist of a constant pressure to press flakes from stone unlike the percussion method.

What was the Mousterian tool kit? Who used it? What does it tell us about the species hunting style?

The Mousterian tool kit was used 125-40 kya, by the Neandertals and Homo sapiens sapiens. It is consisted of tools with lighter and smaller points and was made using the Levalloisian technique. The tools show us that the Neandertals were in large game hunting, which consisted of close range and cliff-fall hunting.

Discuss how the advancement of hunting tools and weapons led AMH to a much broader and diverse substance base.

The advancement of hunting tools and weapons, such as the bow and arrow, atlatl, and fishing nets, led AMH to be able to broaden their substance base. Rather than hunt big game, as they were doing, they are now able to catch fish and hunt smaller game, such as birds and squirrels. Being able to do this led them to many different types and kinds of foods, which keeps them out of danger of big game and also gives them different proteins and nutrients.

Explain the multi-regional hypothesis:

The first thing that happens is H erectus leaves africa 1.8 mya. The species then spreads to europe, asia, indonesia. H. erectus evolves into distinct archaic H. sapiens subspecies in their new environments (and in Africa). H. erectus in Europe- Neanderthals H. Erectus Asia- Denisovans Gene flow between distinct archaic H. sapiens groups- everyone becomes an anatomically modern H. sapiens. Enough gene flow so that everyone kind of evolved into modern H. sapiens.

What kind of evidence is there for language in Neanderthal language?

The hyoid bone allows us to make sounds and shape. The location is identical today. They have a modern size brain. Genetically the FOX P2 gene is present which controls the mouth and throat.

How did the Paleolithic culture express themselves musically?

The main ways archeologist have seen their expression was with music, ornamental art: jewelry & figurines), gender and art.

Describe at least one thing about upper paleolithic art. (e.g. Music, Figurines, cave art).

The musical instruments consisted of different things from the bones of animals like a bone flute too even a musical bow.

Describe some features from the late Archaic H. sapiens.

The species had large nasal apertures and brow ridges. They also had a low forehead with an occipital bun that was not seen previously. Their body was robust with a short stature. Finally, a trait they possessed was musculoskeletal hypertrophy which meant that they were very muscular.

Explain the differences between the settlement patterns during the Upper Paleolithic Era.

There are two settlement patterns used during the Upper Paleolithic Era, population aggregation and seasonal round. Population aggregation consists of large, more permanent sites and structures, consist of many family groups together, and usually are found in key locations among the routes of migrating animals. Seasonal round is where people are moving from season to season to follow migrating/seasonal species and plants and usually only consist of small family groups who live in small camps.

Why is there a unknown major gap in the Siberia era?

There is a major gap because due to the fact that glaciers were a major part of why many sites were underwater at the time. It was hard to travel in those conditions. There are species that date back than before the earliest sites were discovered but we would never know due to the conditions during that time.

Explain the Upper Paleolithic and their culture.

These species were around 50,000 to 10,000 years ago. Their culture included much improvement to their stone tools, their hunting and creating weapons, and they sought out new resources. They were more broad with their diet and started to move around to larger populations.

Describe characteristics of AMH?

They are the most gracile of all humans with a modern cranial capacity. they have high vertical foreheads with round skulls and a projecting chin.

What gave evidence of settlement in the upper paleolithic times?

They begun seeing larger sites where they were more grounded to stay for different times of the year.

Of the Neanderthal's hunting technique, what set them apart from the earlier species that came before them?

They did close range hunting on bigger animals and evidence shows this because their bones had the wear and tare from the hassle of the kill.

What happened to the Neanderthals?

They were gone by 30,000 years ago and some of them were replace by anatomically modern homosapiens and some assimilation was involved.

Who were the Neanderthals?

They were just another pre-modern human being. They were intelligent, as well as physically powerful. They were well adapted to the glacial conditions of the pleistocene. They were probably not directly ancestral to us. They were likely an extinct side branch of humanity.

Why did Neanderthals go extinct?

They were to specialized to the cold climate, so when the environment began changing it was hard to adapt. AMH were more well suited and flexible to the new niche, and due to competitive exclusion replaced the Neanderthals.

Name at least 2 traits that H. sapiens derived from H. erectus.

Thinner cranial bones, steeper foreheads, flatter faces and larger, more robust than humans.

What did large game hunting such as cliff-fall and close range hunting say about Neanderthals cognitive development?

This showed a more advanced and complex thinking and communication process. Hunting was no longer just opportunistic it was now organized.

What is the atlatl or "spear thrower" from the Upper Paleolithic culture?

This was an innovation in the Upper Paleolithic culture where an hooked handle attaches to the butt of the spear. This tool gives a greater speed and distance of the throwing of the spear.

What is one explanation for why the Venus figures were female? Why?

Venus figures are thought to be used as symbols of either sex or fertility because of their exaggerated female features.

What is an example of gender and art in the Upper Paleolithic and what is its significance?

Venus figures featured exaggerated female characteristics and possibly was used for a symbol of sex for men or as a sign of fertility for women.

The Mousterian Tool kit was used by_________. a) Neanderthals and Homo sapiens sapiens b) Homo sapiens sapiens c) Neanderthals d) Denisovans and Neanderthals

a