Anatomy 16
4) ____ would detect irritation on the skin if you didn't wear gloves while cleaning with bleach. a) Photoreceptors b) Mechanoreceptors c) Proprioceptors d) Nociceptors e) Thermoreceptors
'D
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20) Which of the neurons in the diagram would most likely pick up an itch sensation? a) A b) B c) C d) Both A and B e) A, B, C
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24) Which structure in the diagram is sensitive to low vibrational frequencies and typically located in areas that lack hair? a) A b) B c) C d) D e) E
image
25) Which structure monitors the stretching of skin during a physical therapy session? a) A b) B c) C d) D e) E
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28) In this diagram neuron [dropdown 1] is a third order neuron and conducts impulses from the [dropdown 2] to the [dropdown 3]. Dropdown 1 choices: A B C Dropdown 2 choices: thalamus peripheral somatic receptors brain and spinal cord Dropdown 3 choices: primary somatosensory area of the cerebral cortex brain or spinal cord thalamus
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29) In this diagram neuron [dropdown 1] is a first-order neuron and conducts impulses from the [dropdown 2] to the [dropdown 3]. Dropdown 1 choices: A B C Dropdown 2 choices: thalamus peripheral somatic receptors brain and spinal cord Dropdown 3 choices: primary somatosensory area of the cerebral cortex brain or spinal cord thalamus
image
30) Why would neuron B in the diagram be considered a second-order neuron? Select all that apply. a) Decussation occurs b) Second-order neurons relay information from the thalamus to the cerebral cortex c) Second order neurons detect stimuli such as touch, vibration, and proprioreception. d) Second-order neurons travel in white matter pathways e) Second order neurons end in the thalamus. f) Second order neurons connect somatic receptors with the spinal cord g) Cell bodies of the second order neurons are located in the gray matter of spinal cord
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31) Which of the structures in the diagram of the trigeminothalamic pathway is the trigeminothalamic tract? a) A b) B c) C d) D e) E
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53) Pain associated with chronic cirrhosis of the liver is referred to which location on the diagram? a) B b) G c) H d) F e) D
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54) To determine if there is pain referral to a tooth versus pain arising in a tooth, a local anesthetic to the jaw can be given. If the pain persists despite the anesthetic this could be a sign of a) stomach issues. b) liver issues. c) lung and diaphragm issues. d) kidney issues. e) heart issues.
20) Which of the neurons in the diagram would most likely pick up an itch sensation? a) A b) B c) C d) Both A and B e) A, B, C
A
31) Which of the structures in the diagram of the trigeminothalamic pathway is the trigeminothalamic tract? a) A b) B c) C d) D e) E
A
33) The first-order neurons in the trigeminothalamic pathway synapse with second-order neurons in the ____. a) pons and medulla oblongata b) pons and midbrain c) medulla oblongata and midbrain d) thalamus and medulla oblongata e) pons and thalamus
A
53) Pain associated with chronic cirrhosis of the liver is referred to which location on the diagram? a) B b) G c) H d) F e) D
A
61) Which disorder is characterized by involuntary periods of sleep that occur throughout the day? a) narcolepsy b) insomnia c) sleep apnea d) coma e) amnesia
A
71) The cell bodies for _____ are found in the anterior gray horns and cranial nerve nuclei of the brainstem. The cell bodies for _____ are found in the cerebral cortex. a) lower motor neurons; upper motor neurons. b) upper motor neurons; lower motor neurons c) upper motor neurons; middle motor neurons d) middle motor neurons; upper motor neurons e)lower motor neurons; middle motor neurons
A
78) A loud noise startles you during an exam so you turn to look in the direction from which it originated. The ______receives input for visual stimuli and input for auditory stimuli via connections to the _____ before sending action potentials along the ______tract. a) superior colliculus; inferior colliculus; tectospinal tract b) inferior colliculus; superior colliculus; tectospinal tract c) superior colliculus; inferior colliculus; rubrospinal tract d) inferior colliculus; superior colliculus; rubrospinal tract
A
79) The red nucleus sends signals along the ______tract, which activates _____movements of skeletal muscles in the distal parts of only the upper limbs. a) Rubrospinal tract; precise b) Tectospinal tract; precise c) Corticospinal tract; precise d) Rubrospinal tract; broad e) Corticospinal tract; broad
A
83) You have a pillow in one hand and are about to pick up your Anatomy and Physiology textbook. What receptor will help determine the muscular effort needed for these two objects? a) proprioceptors b) nociceptors c) mechanoreceptors d) chemoreceptors e) Type II cutaneous mechanoreceptors
A
Answer 1: medial reticulospinal tract Answer 2: Lateral reticulospinal tract
A
'7) Which receptors fire at the onset and the offset of stimulation? Select all that apply. a) Corpuscle of touch (Meissner corpuscle) b) Type 1 cutaneous mechanoreceptor (Merkel disc) c) Lamellated (Pacinian) corpuscle d)Type II cutaneous mechanoreceptor (Ruffini corpuscle) e) Hair root plexus f) Joint kinesthetic receptors g) Tendon organ
Acef
29) In this diagram neuron [dropdown 1] is a first-order neuron and conducts impulses from the [dropdown 2] to the [dropdown 3]. Dropdown 1 choices: A B C Dropdown 2 choices: thalamus peripheral somatic receptors brain and spinal cord Dropdown 3 choices: primary somatosensory area of the cerebral cortex brain or spinal cord thalamus
Answer 1: A Answer 2]: peripheral somatic receptors Answer 3: brain or spinal cord
28) In this diagram neuron [dropdown 1] is a third order neuron and conducts impulses from the [dropdown 2] to the [dropdown 3]. Dropdown 1 choices: A B C Dropdown 2 choices: thalamus peripheral somatic receptors brain and spinal cord Dropdown 3 choices: primary somatosensory area of the cerebral cortex brain or spinal cord thalamus
Answer 1: C Answer 2: thalamus Answer 3: primary somatosensory area of the cerebral cortex
14) [dropdown 1] carry afferent signals from the sensory receptor to the CNS. [dropdown 2] carry afferent signals from the thalamus to the cerebral cortex. [dropdown 3] carry sensory information from the CNS to the thalamus. Dropdown choices: First order neurons Second order neurons Third order neurons Preganglionic neurons Motor neurons Postganglionic neurons Efferent neurons
Answer 1: First order neurons Answer 2: Third order neurons Answer 3: Second order neurons
36) Corticospinal pathways that decussate in the [dropdown 1] form the [dropdown 2]. Corticospinal pathways that do not decussate form the [dropdown 3]? Dropdown 1 choices: Medulla oblongata Pons Thalamus Midbrain Dropdown 2&3 choices: Anterior corticospinal tract Indirect motor pathway Lateral corticospinal tract
Answer 1: Medulla oblongata Answer 2: Lateral corticospinal tract Answer 3: Anterior corticospinal tract
15) After the sensory neurons of a somatosensory pathway enter the dorsal root, the [dropdown 1] extend from the posterior gray horn of the spinal cord and synapse with [dropdown 2] in the thalamus. Dropdown choices: first order neurons second order neurons third order neurons preganglionic neurons motor neurons postganglionic neurons efferent neurons
Answer 1: Second order neurons Answer 2: Third order neurons
82) [dropdown 1] are activated by an increase in tendon tension. [dropdown 2] detect deep pressure and vibration. [dropdown 3] are activated by low frequency vibrations. Dropdown choices: Corpuscle of touch Lamellated corpuscle Merkel cell Muscle spindle Tendon organ
Answer 1: Tendon organs Answer 2: Lamellated corpuscles Answer 3: Corpuscle of touch
-9) Which proteins can activate free nerve endings, such as itch receptors and nociceptors? Select all that apply. a) kinins b) antigens c) histamines d) potassium ions e) prostaglandins f) acetylcholine g) glucose
Answer 1: a Answer 2: b Answer 3: c Answer 4: d Answer 5: e
30) Why would neuron B in the diagram be considered a second-order neuron? Select all that apply. a) Decussation occurs b) Second-order neurons relay information from the thalamus to the cerebral cortex c) Second order neurons detect stimuli such as touch, vibration, and proprioreception. d) Second-order neurons travel in white matter pathways e) Second order neurons end in the thalamus. f) Second order neurons connect somatic receptors with the spinal cord g) Cell bodies of the second order neurons are located in the gray matter of spinal cord
Answer 1: a Answer 2: d Answer 3: e Answer 4: g
69) [dropdown 1] motor neurons innervate [dropdown 2] muscle fibers, which surround muscle spindles. Dropdown 1 choices: Alpha Beta Gamma Delta Dropdown 2 choices: intrafusal extrafusal
Answer 1: alpha Answer 2: extrafusal
80) The corticobulbar pathway synapses with lower motor neurons in nuclei of which cranial nerves? Select all that apply. a) II b) III c) IV d) V e) VI f) VII g) VIII h) IX i) XI j) XII
Answer 1: b Answer 2: Answer 3: c Answer 4: d Answer 5: e Answer 6:f Answer 7: h Answer 8: i Answer 9:
81) The [dropdown 1] pathway is important for movements on opposite sides of the body for distal and proximal portions of the limbs. The [dropdown 2] pathway conveys nerve impulses for precise movements of the head and neck. The [dropdown 3] pathway conveys impulses from the red nucleus that help with precise movements of distal portions of upper limbs. The [dropdown 4] pathway relays information for ipsilateral movements pertaining to posture and balance relating to the head. The [dropdown 5] pathway relays impulses to ipsilateral muscles to maintain posture and muscle tone in relationship to walking. Dropdown choices: corticobulbar corticospinal reticulospinal rubrospinal tectospinal vestibulospinal
Answer 1: corticospinal Answer 2: corticobulbar Answer 3: rubrospinal Answer 4: vestibulospinal Answer 5: reticulospinal
11) Which of the following are correct about muscle spindles? Select all that apply. a) detect tension applied to a tendon b) detect changes in muscle tension c) perceive cutaneous sensations d) detect changes in muscle length e) monitor muscle fatigue f) participate in stretch reflexes
Answer 1: d Answer 2: f
57) As you extend your arm, two tracts work together to maintain posture and muscle tone. Muscles in your proximal limb will be excited by the [dropdown 1 and inhibited by the [dropdown 2]. Dropdown choices: corticobulbar tract lateral reticulosppinal tract medial reticulospinal tract rubrospinal tract tectospinal tract vestibulospinal tract
Answer 1: medial reticulospinal tract Answer 2: Lateral reticulospinal tract
68) Sensory neurons in the muscle spindle are activated during muscle [dropdown 1]. Activation of gamma motor neurons in the muscle spindle cause [dropdown 2] of intrafusal muscle fibers. Dropdown choices: muscle contraction muscle stretch
Answer 1: muscle stretch Answer 2]: muscle contraction
59) The [dropdown 1] conveys impulses for pain, temperature, tickle and itch. The [dropdown 2] conveys impulses for conscious proprioception, pressure and vibration from the lower half of the body, while the [dropdown 3] conveys the same impulses from the upper half of the body. The [dropdown 4] conveys impulses for subconscious proprioception. Dropdown choices: cuneate fasciculus gracile fasciculus spinothalamic tract spinoreticular tract spinocerebellar tract trigeminothalamic tract
Answer 1: spinothalamic Answer 2: gracile fasciculus Answer 3: cuneate fasciculus Answer 4: spinocerebellar
8) The [dropdown 1] contains the cold thermorec'eptors and the [dropdown 2] contains warm thermoreceptors. Dropdown choices: dermis stratum basale stratum corneum stratum granulosum stratum lucidum
Answer 1: stratum basale Answer 2: dermis
19) The descending pathway a) controls sensory functions. b) consists of upper and lower motor neurons. c) consists of neurons located completely within the spinal cord. d) begins in the spinal cord and ends in the brain. e) is only involved with involuntary muscle movements.
B
32) In the trigeminothalamic pathway, first-order neuron's cell bodies are located in the a) posterior root ganglia b) trigeminal ganglia c) pons d) posterior gray horn e) ventral posterior nucleus of the thalamus
B
44) The sensory homunculus appears distorted in the face and hands because it is a representation of the amount of a) motor neurons for those body areas b) sensory neurons for those body areas c) prefrontal cortex dedicated to those body areas d) precentral gyrus dedicated to those body areas
B
51) The cerebellum, premotor cortex and basal nuclei are involved in a) explicit memory b) implicit memory c) long term memory d) memory consolidation e) short term memory
B
55) Sharp pains occurring at the tip of the xiphoid process of the sternum can be an indication of visceral pain in what organs? Select all that apply. a) heart b) pancreas c) gallbladder d) liver e) ovary f) small intestine g) stomach
B
60) Which disorder is characterized by difficulty in falling asleep and staying asleep? a) narcolepsy b) insomnia c) sleep apnea d) coma e) amnesia
B
84) You are playing outside in -9° C (15° F). Why do you feel sharp pains in your hands when you grab material. a) Cold receptors are found throughout the entire dermis. b) Pain receptors are stimulated by extreme temperatures. c) Cold receptors only work between 30-45° C. d) Pain and cold receptors are the same free nerve ending. e) Cold receptors halt sending signals after the initial stimulus.
B
85) If spinal cord injury occurred to the spinothalamic tract, a) Ipsilateral cutaneous sensations would be lost b) Contralateral cutaneous sensations would be lost c) Ipsilateral proprioception sensations would be lost d) Contralateral proprioception sensations would be lost
B
55) Sharp pains occurring at the tip of the xiphoid process of the sternum can be an indication of visceral pain in what organs? Select all that apply. a) heart b) pancreas c) gallbladder d) liver e) ovary f) small intestine g) stomach
Bcg
24) Which structure in the diagram is sensitive to low vibrational frequencies and typically located in areas that lack hair? a) A b) B c) C d) D e) E
C
37) A disorder that affects the basal nuclei would have what affect? a) loss of memory b) total loss of muscle tone c) shaking of hands d) loss of sensation e) loss of speech
C
62) Which disorder is characterized by a person's breathing repeatedly stopping for 10 or more seconds while sleeping? a) narcolepsy b) insomnia c) sleep apnea d) coma e) amnesia
C
25) Which structure monitors the stretching of skin during a physical therapy session? a) A b) B c) C d) D e) E
D
34) A first-order neuron of the posterior column-medial lemniscus pathway from the arm joins other axons to form the posterior column in the spinal column. It would synapse with second-order neuron cell bodies located in the _____. a) gracile fasciculus b) cuneate fasciculus c) dorsal gray horn d) cuneate nucleus e) gracile nucleus
D
35) When distinguishing among the somatic pathways based on its name, one that begins with "spino-", will a) start in the spinal cord and terminate in the brain, carrying motor information. b) start in the brain and terminate in the spinal cord, carrying sensory information. c) start in the brain and terminate in the spinal cord, carrying motor information. d) start in the spinal cord and terminate in the brain, carrying sensory information.
D
38) You are presented with this information for a clinical case study. These statements describe what stage of sleep? 1. Decreased heart rate. 2. Decreased blood pressure. 3. Skeletal muscle tone decreases. . a) Stage 1 NREM b) Stage 2 NREM c) Stage 3 NREM d) Stage 4 NREM e) REM
D
47) A soccer ball was hit your way. You see the area you want to kick it to at the same time you are preparing to plant your foot and kick the ball. What area allows you to compare intended movement with the actual movement? a) cerebral cortex b) medulla oblongata c) midbrain d) cerebellum e) thalamus
D
63) Which condition is a state of unconsciousness in which a person's responses to stimuli are reduced or absent? a) narcolepsy b) insomnia c) sleep apnea d) coma e) amnesia
D
s 49) An individual with damage to their hippocampus may struggle with a) explicit memory. b) implicit memory. c) long term memory. d) memory consolidation. e) short term memory.
D
6) Which receptor fires continuously as long as a stimulation is applied? Select all that apply. a) Corpuscle of touch (Meissner corpuscle) b) Type I cutaneous mechanoreceptor (Merkel disc) c) Lamellated (Pacinian) corpuscle d) Hair root receptor e) Photoreceptor f) Type II cutaneous mechanoreceptor (Ruffini corpuscle) g) thermoreceptor h) muscle spindles
D F gh
54) To determine if there is pain referral to a tooth versus pain arising in a tooth, a local anesthetic to the jaw can be given. If the pain persists despite the anesthetic this could be a sign of a) stomach issues. b) liver issues. c) lung and diaphragm issues. d) kidney issues. e) heart issues.
E
64) Which condition is characterized by a lack of memory for events occurring after the trauma or disease that caused the condition? a) narcolepsy b) retrograde amnesia c) sleep apnea d) coma e) anterograde amnesia
E
72) All of the following result from some form of malfunction by the basal nuclei EXCEPT a) Huntington's disease. b) Parkinson's disease. c) Tourette's syndrome. d) Obsessive-compulsive disorder. e) Synesthesia.
E
73) Infants spend approximately 50% of their sleeping time in a) stage one NREM sleep. b) stage two NREM sleep. c) stage three NREM sleep. d) stage four NREM sleep. e) REM sleep.
E
10) Which statements describe proprioception? Select all that apply. a) Proprioceptive sensations allow us to estimate the weight of certain objects. b) Proprioceptors are slowly adapting receptors. c) Proprioceptors are embedded in muscles and tendons d) Proprioceptive sensations allow us to determine position of body structures relative to each other. e) Proprioceptive sensations are used to activate the nervous system in response to threatening situations. f) Proprioceptive sensations only allow you to know the positon of body parts when looking at the part.
abcd
