anatomy 2-2
step 1 step 2 step 3 step 4
- contact between pathogens and the phagocytic cell - formation of the phagosome - formation of phagolysosome - digestion and excretion of the antigen
The complement system is part of the_________line of defrense
2nd
Which of the following tests is important in the diagnosis of Addison's disease?
ACTH challenge test
Which of the following hormones does not utilize the hypothalamic hypophyseal portal system (HHPS) to reach the pituitary gland?
ADH
A patient presents to the clinic with complaints of fatigue, myalgia, abdominal pain, syncope, and browning of the skin. Which of the following endocrine disorders is associated with these symptoms?
Addison's disease
Which of the following endocrine organs is upregulated during a stress reaction?
Adrenal cortex
Which of the following is considered a mineralocorticoid?
Aldosterone
Which of the following is a clinical presentation of polycystic ovarian syndrome?
Amenorrhea, Obesity, Hirsutism
What is a systemic reaction to an allergen that may result in death?
Anaphylactic reaction
What do T cells require in order to be activated?
Antigen presented by an antigen-presenting cell, attached to MHC
A patient receives the rubella vaccine and develops antibodies and memory cells against rubella. Which type of immunity does this exemplify?
Artificially acquired active immunity
Agammaglobulinemia is usually the result of which deficiency?
B cell
On what three physiological systems does stress exert its most detrimental effects?
Blood pressure, sleep, body weight
How can antibodies aid the immune system?
By activating the complement system
What is another name for cytotoxic T cells?
CD8+
What is the infundibulum?
Cavity connecting the hypothalamus and pituitary gland
What is the adaptive action of T cells often termed?
Cell-mediated immunity
What is the difference between central and nephrogenic DI?
Central patients will respond to desmopressin treatment and begin to retain water
Which of the following correctly describes the joint effort estrogen and progesterone have on women during menstruation?
Changes in endometrial tissue
What is a system of proteins within the innate immune system that form a membrane attack complex to lyse foreign cells?
Complement system
Why can steroid hormones pass through the plasma membrane of target cells without assistance?
Composed of hydrophobic structures like cholesterol that allow for easy passage into the plasma membrane.
What is the first-line treatment of patients diagnosed with pituitary dwarfism?
Exogenous growth hormone administration
What type of cell within the thyroid gland is responsible for the production of T3 and T4?
Follicular cells
A patient is diagnosed with severe combined immunodeficiency. Her health care professional decides she should receive a stem cell transplant. What complication may this patient experience that would require immunosuppressive drugs?
Graft-versus-host disease
What are second messengers?
Group of molecules that relay the signal created by nonsteroid hormones
What are the antigens that are on the surface of microbial cells?
Heteroantigens
Which endocrine gland is directly connected to the pituitary gland?
Hypothalamus
A transfusion reaction is an example of which type of hypersensitivity?
II
Which type of antibody is a monomer that can cross the placenta to provide temporary, passive immunity?
IgG
What regulates ovary maturation?
Increasing levels of testosterone
Which of the following cells inside of the pancreas act as receptors that sense a rise in blood sugar?
Islets of Langerhans
Which of the following hormones continues to increase in polycystic ovarian syndrome?
LH
Why does chronic renal failure cause hyperparathyroidism?
Lack of calcium being reabsorbed will increase the secretion of PTH
Where are the ovaries located?
Lateral to the uterus in the abdominopelvic cavity
A patient needs a titer to see if they are immune to mumps. What result indicates the patient is immune to mumps?
Low IgG levels nonspecific to mumps
What are the cells of the innate immune system that kill cells infected with viruses?
NK cells
What describes the innate immune system?
Nonspecific and reacts immediately
Which of the following women are at higher risk of having polycystic ovarian syndrome?
Obese female with type 2 diabetes
Organisms that don't normally cause disease in healthy people but can in immunocompromised people are called ____pathogens.
Opportunistic
Which of the following is a component of the adaptive immune system?
Plasma cells
In males, elevated levels of inhibin lead to what response in the body?
Reduction of FSH secretion from the pituitary
Which of the following is most likely to result in a severe deficiency of both T cells and B cells?
SDIC
What is the definition of a unicellular gland?
Simple gland that directly releases its products onto an epithelial surface
Which of the following is the criteria to diagnose type 1 or 2 diabetes mellitus?
Two fasting plasma glucose tests above 126mg/dl
Decreased levels of gnRH in a male may lead to what physical finding?
Underdeveloped testis
As body temperature increases, what is the thermoregulatory response carried out by the hypothalamus?
Upregulation of hormones that cause increased sweat gland activity on the surface of the skin
Which immunoglobulin region is very specific for only one type of antigen?
Variable region
Which of the following patient complaints might make you think about a pituitary adenoma as a differential diagnosis?
Visual disturbances
A patient is immunocompromised following chemotherapy. The patient's health care professional likely supports the patient's immune system by encouraging
acquired passive immunity
The portion of the immune system that is specific, slow to develop, and results in immunologic memory is the ___immune system.
addaptive
Immune system proteins produced in direct response to antigens are
antibodies
What is another name for immunoglobulin?
antibody
Which white blood cell's granules contain histamine and heparin to enhance the innate immune response?
basophil
T cells are created in the__________and mature cell in the___________
bone marrow/ thymus
Sepsis is a form of which kind of stress?
chemical
Clinically, a patient with hypothyroidism will report which of the following to their health care professional?
cold intolerance
Which of the following is not a role hormones have in maintaining homeostasis?
control of intraocullar pressure
What are the two main portions of the adrenal gland?
cortex and medulla
What is the mainstay treatment used for Addison's disease?
cortisol
What are proteins that regulate the immune response called?
cytokines
What is the initial signal that causes cytokine recruitment?
damaged tissue
How is a stimulus affected by negative feedback mechanisms?
decreases stimulus
What are acini cells responsible for?
digestion
Which of the following glands secretes its products into the extracellular space?
endocrine
Low levels of T3 and T4 hormones are often caused by
hashimoto
The predominant type of cell affected by HIV is the
helper T cell
Which of the following cells is necessary for B-cell activation?
helper T cell
What is it called when antibodies participate in an immune reaction?
humoral immunity
Which of the following electrolyte abnormalities would you expect if there was an overproduction of chief cells in the parathyroid gland?
hypercalcemia
Which of the following responses would you expect if the pancreas was consistently activated by the sympathetic nervous system?
hyperglicemia
What electrolyte abnormality would be seen with a patient recently diagnosed with diabetes insipidus (DI)?
hypermatremia
Graves' disease causes:
hyperthyroidism
Which of the following clinical states would cause a patient's level of glucagon to be elevated?
hypoglycemia
A donation from a(n) ____would be least likely to result in a transplant rejection.
identical twin
the defense mechanism that is characterized by heat, swelling, redness, and loss of function of the affected area is
imflamation
adaptive
immune system includes the third line of defense.
adaptive
immune system mounts a very specific response to foreign antigens.
The complement system, actions of phagocytes, and lysozyme in tears are all components of which type of immunity?
innate immunity
A patient is infected with a virus. Which innate immune system component will help prevent replication of the virus?
interferon
What finding on a complete blood count (CBC) might show that the patient is having an acute stress reaction?
leukocytosis
Which cells retain the memory of how to form antibodies to fight an antigen, resulting in immunity?
memory B cell
What is the one medication that all newly diagnosed patients with type 2 diabetes can be started on in addition to lifestyle changes?
metformin
What is the most abundant type of hormone?
nonsteroidal hormones
Which refers to the "coating" of antigens to enhance phagocytosis?
oponization
What is a vesicle inside of a phagocytic white blood cell that contains a microorganism?
phagosome
Alterations in circadian rhythm indicate an issue with what endocrine gland?
pineal
Which of the following clinical findings would be consistent with chronic stress?
pitting edema
A vaccine exposes you to a weakened or killed version of an organism to stimulate
primary immunity
When an immune cell is cloned and increases in numbers, it is
prolifrating
What are the substances that raise the temperature set point, leading to fever?
pyrogens
A patient has antibody/antigen complexes that accumulate in the joints, leading to pain and disfigurement. What is this an example of?
rheumatoid arthritis, type III hypersensitivity
Which of the following is a component of the first line of defense?
skin
Which of the following is the treatment of choice for polycystic ovarian syndrome?
spironolactone
Estrogen and progesterone are what type of hormones?
steroid
In order to decrease hypothyroid events in patients who have had radioactive iodine therapy, which of the following drugs can be initiated?
synthroid
Upon exam, a patient experiencing an increase in T4 levels would expect to have what clinical finding?
tachycardia
In Hashimoto's disease, autoantibodies attack the
thyroid
A PPD test checks to see if a patient has been exposed to tuberculosis by inducing a type
type IV hypersensitive reaction
Which of the following is a possible symptom of multiple sclerosis?
weakness in the limbs
Which of the following is a common symptom of Graves' disease?
weight loss
