Anatomy and Physiology 2 Chapter 25

What effect does an increase in antidiuretic hormone (ADH) have on the volume of extracellular fluid (ECF)? ECF increases initially, and then decreases when antidiuretic hormone (ADH) is present. ECF increases when antidiuretic hormone (ADH) is present. ECF decreases when antidiuretic hormone (ADH) is present. Antidiuretic hormone (ADH) has no effect on ECF.

ECF increases when antidiuretic hormone (ADH) is present.

What best describes hydrostatic pressure? Hydrostatic pressure is the force that fluids exert against the capillary wall. Hydrostatic pressure is created by the number of solute particles present in solution. Hydrostatic pressure is the force that proteins exert in solution. Hydrostatic pressure is created by the number of proteins present in solution.

Hydrostatic pressure is the force that fluids exert against the capillary wall.

Under what conditions might it be beneficial to administer a hypertonic saline solution to a patient? If a patient has edema, then a hypertonic saline solution could be used to draw water into their cells. If a patient is dehydrated, then a hypertonic saline solution could be used to draw water into their cells. If the patient is overhydrated, then a hypertonic solution could be used to draw the water out of their cells. If a patient suffers from hypovolemia, then a hypertonic saline solution could be used to draw water out of their cells.

If the patient is overhydrated, then a hypertonic solution could be used to draw the water out of their cells.

A nurse is asked to start an intravenous line of isotonic 0.9% sodium chloride. He accidentally grabs a bag of hypertonic 9% sodium chloride instead. What will happen to his patient? The patient's cells will exchange the fluid within the cytosol and the extracellular fluid at a constant rate, creating an isotonic solution. The patient's cells will shrivel due to losing water by osmosis from the cytosol into the hypertonic extracellular fluid. The patient's cells will accommodate for the hypertonic solution and will allow for movement by osmosis to be minimal. The patient's cells will swell due to the hypertonic extracellular fluid, causing movement of water into the cytosol by osmosis.

The patient's cells will shrivel due to losing water by osmosis from the cytosol into the hypertonic extracellular fluid.

Which of the following represents appropriate compensation for metabolic acidosis? The retention of hydrogen ions in the kidneys Hypoventilation Diarrhea The retention of bicarbonate ions in the kidneys

The retention of bicarbonate ions in the kidneys

Which hormone influences the concentration of hydrogen ions in the filtrate formed by the kidneys? aldosterone parathyroid hormone atrial natriuretic peptide (ANP) vitamin D3 (calcitonin)

aldosterone

Identify the hormones responsible for increasing sodium ion retention. angiotensin-II and atrial natriuretic peptide (ANP) angiotensin-II and aldosterone aldosterone and antidiuretic hormone (ADH) vitamin D3 (calcitriol) and parathyroid hormone (PTH)

angiotensin-II and aldosterone

A patient present with severe metabolic alkalosis. The appropriate respiratory compensation would be __________. secretion of bicarbonate ions secretion of hydrogen ions increased respiratory rate decreased respiratory rate

decreased respiratory rate

The pH of the blood primarily depends upon a normal concentration of: calcium ions. hydrogen ions. sodium ions. magnesium ions.

hydrogen ions

The most common cause of this electrolyte imbalance is dehydration. hypercalcemia hyponatremia hypokalemia hyperkalemia hypernatremia

hyperatremia

This electrolyte imbalance is normally caused by hyperparathyroidism. hypernatremia hyperkalemia hypercalcemia hyponatremia hypokalemia

hypercalcemia

Which condition is usually due to hyperparathyroidism? hyperglycemia hypercalcemia hypernatremia hyperkalemia

hypercalcemia

This electrolyte imbalance can be caused by renal failure, aldosterone insufficiency, cellular destruction from severe burns or trauma, and accidental administration or ingestion of excess potassium salts. hypokalemia hypercalcemia hypernatremia hyponatremia hyperkalemia

hyperkalemia

Which of the following is an effect of dehydration or total body water decrease? metabolic alkalosis decreased osmolarity of the ECF hypertension hypernatremia

hypernatremia

The main compensatory mechanism for this acid-base imbalance is hyperventilation. metabolic alkalosis respiratory acidosis metabolic acidosis respiratory alkalosis

metabolic acidosis

Select the blood pH that represents acidosis. 7.24 7.42 7.37 7.58

7.24

The normal range of blood pH is __________. 0 to 14 4.45 to 7.25 4.5 to 8 7.35 to 7.45

7.35 to 7.45

Hyperventilation causes __________, and hypoventilation causes __________. respiratory alkalosis; respiratory acidosis respiratory acidosis; respiratory alkalosis renal alkalosis; renal acidosis metabolic acidosis; metabolic alkalosis

respiratory alkalosis; respiratory acidosis

Substances that function to resist large swings in pH are called __________. bases buffers electrolytes acids

Buffers

Why are chlorine ions important? Chlorine ions are critical for hematopoiesis. Chlorine ions are a major component of collagen fibers. Chlorine ions are a major component of bone tissues. Chlorine ions are involved in the production of stomach acids.

Chlorine ions are involved in the production of stomach acids

Which of the following accounts for about 60% of our total body water? plasma interstitial fluid extracellular fluid cytosol

Cytosol

Increased water volume causes the hydrostatic pressure in plasma to increase and the osmotic pressure to decrease; as a result, water will __________. move from the interstitial fluid to the plasma move from the ECF to the ICF move from the ICF to the ECF not move in any of the listed directions

move from the ECF to the ICF

Which hormone has NO role in potassium ion regulation? insulin epinephrine parathyroid hormone (PTH) aldosterone

parathyroid hormone

A patient is given excessive IV fluids and is experiencing overhydration. Which of the following would you expect? plasma hydrostatic pressure will increase fluid will shift out of the cytosol plasma volume will decrease plasma osmotic pressure will increase

plasma hydrostatic pressure will increase

To compensate for this acid-base imbalance, the kidneys secrete more bicarbonate ions and reabsorb more hydrogen ions. metabolic acidosis metabolic alkalosis respiratory alkalosis respiratory acidosis

respiratory alkalosis

How much water does the average person lose per day? 1.5 liters 5 liters 2.5 liters 1 liter

2.5 liters

Predict what might be found in an arterial blood gases test for a patient who has asthma and has been suffering from pneumonia that has worsened over several days and is obstructing his airways. A patient with pneumonia and asthma is likely to have developed respiratory alkalosis that is partially compensated. A patient with pneumonia and asthma is likely to have developed respiratory acidosis that is partially compensated. A patient with pneumonia and asthma is likely to have developed metabolic acidosis that is partially compensated. A patient with pneumonia and asthma is likely to have developed metabolic alkalosis that is partially compensated.

A patient with pneumonia and asthma is likely to have developed respiratory acidosis that is partially compensated.

Which of the following ions is a component of hydroxyapatite crystals in bone matrix? HCO3− PO43− Cl- Na+

PO43−

What is most abundant intracellular cation? potassium ion chlorine ion bicarbonate ion sodium ion

Potassium ion

In what direction will water move when hypotonic fluids are present in the plasma? Water is pulled from the interstitial fluid and plasma into the cell. Water is pulled of the cytosol and into the interstitial fluid and then plasma. There is no net movement of water when hypotonic fluids are present in the plasma. Water is pushed out of the cytosol into the interstitial fluid and then plasma.

Water is pulled from the interstitial fluid and plasma into the cell.

The hormone PTH causes __________. a decrease in the reabsorption of phosphate ions a decrease in the reabsorption of calcium ions a decrease in the absorption of calcium ions a decrease in the activity of osteoclasts

a decrease in the reabsorption of phosphate ions

Which of the following is an excess accumulation of interstitial fluid? hypovolemia edema hypocalcemia dehydration

edema

Which of the following is not an electrolyte? sodium ion glucose potassium ion chloride ion

glucose

Mrs. Frykholm is experiencing diabetic ketoacidosis, which causes metabolic acidosis. She has experienced damage to her kidneys from diabetes mellitus. Predict how her body compensates to return her blood pH to normal. The kidney tubule cells will decrease hydrogen ion secretion into the filtrate. The kidney tubule cells will decrease bicarbonate ion reabsorption. Hypoventilation. Hyperventilation.

hyperventilation

This electrolyte imbalance is caused by an abnormal decrease in the plasma sodium ion concentration. hypercalcemia hyperkalemia hyponatremia hypernatremia hypokalemia

hypoatremia

This electrolyte imbalance is normally caused by diuretics. hypernatremia hyponatremia hypercalcemia hypokalemia hyperkalemia

hypokalemia

What leads to respiratory acidosis? hyperventilation increasing reabsorption of bicarbonate ions from the filtrate hypoventilation increasing secretion of hydrogen ions into the filtrate

hypoventilation

Water loss from the body that we do not notice is known as: sensible water loss. insensible water loss. obligatory water loss. nonsense water loss.

insensible water loss

A patient has been experiencing prolonged vomiting. Since she has lost many hydrogen ions, you predict her acid-base imbalance to be: respiratory acidosis. respiratory alkalosis. metabolic acidosis. metabolic alkalosis.

metabolic alkalosis

Respiratory compensation for this acid-base balance occurs via hypoventilation. respiratory acidosis metabolic acidosis metabolic alkalosis respiratory alkalosis

metabolic alkalosis

What is a major function of potassium ions in the body? activating enzymes maintaining osmotic pressure in the extracellular fluid (ECF) repolarization of neurons and muscle cells after action potential forming hydroxyapatite salts in osseous tissue

repolarization of neurons and muscle cells after action potential

This acid-base imbalance is caused by an abnormal decrease in ventilation and retention of carbon dioxide. metabolic acidosis respiratory acidosis metabolic alkalosis respiratory alkalosis

respiratory acidosis

Through what two systems is carbon dioxide eliminated from the body? integumentary and skeletal systems cardiovascular and lymphatic systems digestive and urinary systems respiratory and urinary systems

respiratory and urinary systems

What is the most abundant extracellular cation? chlorine ion sodium ion potassium ion magnesium ion

sodium ion

Which system is responsible for the most common route of water loss from the body? integumentary system respiratory system digestive system urinary system

urinary system

Angiotensin-II restores fluid-homeostasis when dehydration occurs due to inadequate fluid intake. Which of the following is NOT an effect of angiotensin-II? stimulation of antidiuretic hormone (ADH) secretion vasodilation stimulation of aldosterone secretion increase sodium ion reabsorption

vasodilation