Anatomy and Physiology 2 Module 3 Quiz

The NET result of a single glycolysis run is the formation of

2 NADH and 2 ATP.

Which of the following statements is true?

Anabolic reactions are involved in the production of proteins from amino acids.

A kilocalorie (kcal) is a measure of the

Energy Content of Food

Excessive bleeding due to slowed blood clotting is a symptom of vitamin _____ deficiency.

K

endocrine cells

Produce secretin and cholecystokinin

Which of these describe a function performed by the liver.

Storage of Glycogen Destruction of old Red Blood Cells Maintenance of Blood Sugar Levels Digestion of proteins Conversion of nutrients Production of bile Detoxification of harmful substances

Water-soluble vitamins include

Vitamin C

The digestion of complex carbohydrates is an example of

catabolism.

Shortly after a meal, the gallbladder contracts in response to stimulation by __________.

cholecystokinin

Which of the following vitamins is mismatched with its function?

folate - synthesis of clotting factors

The _____________ phase of gastric regulation is initiated when acidic chyme enters the duodenum and simulates the secretion of hormones and local reflexes that inhibit gastric activity.

gastrointestinal

Which of the following is the correct sequence?

glycolysis, acetyl-CoA formation, citric acid cycle, electron transport chain

Which of the following organs can store glycogen?

liver and muscles

The chemical digestion of the disaccharides occurs in the ______.

small intestine

After contacting the intestinal enzyme enterokinase, ____________ is converted into ____________ . The ____________ produces a number of zymogens that are released in the GI tract at the duodenum including procarboxypeptidase, ____________ , and trypsinogen. Trypsin then works on converting both chymotrypsinogen and ____________ into ____________ and carboxypeptidase respectively. A ____________ is an inactive or pro-enzyme that is only activated after it has been secreted and had some of its amino acids cleaved. The chief cells of the stomach secrete ____________ into the stomach lumen; which in the presence of HCl becomes ____________ , the active form of the enzyme.

1. A zymogen is an inactive or pro-enzyme that is only activated after it has been secreted and had some of its amino acids cleaved 2.The chief cells of the stomach secrete pepsinogen into the stomach lumen; which in the presence of HCl becomes pepsin, the active form of the enzyme. 3.The pancreas produces a number of zymogens that are released in the GI tract at the duodenum including procarboxypeptidase, chymotrypsinogen, and trypsinogen. 4.After contacting the intestinal enzyme enterokinase, trypsinogen is converted into trypsin. 5.Trypsin then works on converting both chymotrypsinogen and procarboxypeptidase into chymotrypsin and carboxypeptidase respectively.

in order and fill in the blank

1. Lipids, being hydrophilic are incapable of being transported in the aqueous environment of blood and require assimilation of proteins in the formation of lipoproteins in order to gain mobility throughout the body. 2.After intestinal absorption of lipid, chylomicrons are synthesized in the intestinal epithelium and are secreted via exocytosis to the interstitium for uptake in lacteals. 3. Produced and packaged by the liver, a VLDL transports lipids to the adipocytes for energy storage. 4. A VLDL that has lost lipids and is now composed of a greater percentage of protein is known as an LDL and functions to deliver lipids to the other cells of the body. 5. With large portions of lipids left at tissues since leaving the liver, the resulting HDL is extremely high in protein and now picks up used or excess lipids in the circulation and delivers them back to the liver for recycling or excretion.

Digestion Steps

1. The orbicularis oris acts as the first sphincter of the digestive tract by voluntarily controlling entrance into the buccal cavity. 2.The upper esophageal sphincter separates the pharynx from the esophagus and volitionally regulates the passage of food into the esophagus. 3. At the terminal end of the esophagus is the lower esophageal sphincter, which subconsciously controls the entrance of food into the stomach. 4. The pyloric sphincter regulates the movement of food from the stomach to the small intestines. 5.The junction of the large and small intestines is marked by a pronounced muscular swelling known as the ileocecal valve which regulates movement into the large intestine. 6. The involuntarily controlled internal anal sphincter is composed of smooth muscle that relaxes at the onset of defecation. 7. The final step in allowing defecation is voluntary relaxation of the external anal sphincter which is composed of skeletal muscle.

Absoptive state

Insulin secretion Satiety Glycogenisis Protein anabolism Elevated Blood Sugar Secretin GIP Lipogenisis Eating and Digesting Gastin CCK

The sum of all chemical reactions that occur in the body is known as

Metabolism

Carbohydrates are absorbed into the blood stream as

Monosaaccharides

Secretion of the small intestine include those that produce ____________ which aids in protecting it from the digestive ____________ from the stomach Bound to the inner wall of the intestines are disaccharidases and peptidases which are involved in digestion of ____________ and proteins. The secretion of these materials can be initiated by several stimuli including signals from the ____________ nerve as well as chemical and ____________ irritation. Movements of material within the small intestine involve ____________ contractions which mix food and ____________ ones with force the food down the digestive tract.

Mucus Enzymes and Acid Carbohydrates Vagus Tactile Segmental Peristaltic

Which of the following best describers the reduction of the coenzyme NAD?

NAD+ + H -> NADH

The electrons that are transferred through the electron transport system initially belonged to

NADH and FADH2

Fill in blank

Occurring in all bodily cells, glycogenesis is the process of creating massive polymers of glucose molecules for storage and osmotic purposes. In times of glucose deficiency, the liver and kidneys can engage in gluconeogenesis, the process of creating glucose from protein or lipid precursory molecules. The breaking of a 6-carbon molecule of glucose into two 3-carbon fragments in preparation for further oxidation is called glycolysis. During times of postabsorptive energy consumption, glycogenolysis is the process of breaking down the glucose polymer glycogen for glycolysis and entry into mitochondrial oxidation.

Goblet Cells

Produce Mucus

Absorbative cells

Produce digestive enzymes and absorb digested food

Granulosa cells

Protect intestinal epithelium from bacteria

Before entering the Krebs cycle, pyruvate is converted to

acetyl-CoA.

Excess triglycerides are stored in adipose tissue. Adipose tissue functions

all of these are correct

Vitamin E and Vitamin C

are both antioxidants

What is the measurement of the energy content of food?

calories

Essential nutrients

cannot be made in sufficient quantities by the body.

The enteric plexus is composed of the _________ and the __________.

submucosal plexus; myenteric plexus