Anatomy & Physiology 2: The Urinary System Module Review
Cystitis
A bladder infection. Symptom of "urgency to void" common.
Creatinine
A breakdown product of muscle metabolism. Higher levels in the urine indicate a lower glomerular filtration rate and as a result a decreased capability of the kidneys to excrete waste products.
A
A condition in which a patient voids urine involuntarily is: A. Incontinence B. Retention C. Suppression D. Emptying reflex
B
A drop in systemic blood pressure would cause the filtration rate to: A. Increase B. Decrease C. Stay the same
Filtrate
A liquid that passes through a filter.
B
A scanty amount of urine is: A. Anuria B. Oliguria C. Polyuria D. Glycosuria
Vasa recta
A series of straight capillaries in the medulla of the kidney that arise from the arteriole leading away from a glomerulus. Lie parallel to the nephron loop. Play a role in the concentration of urine. A counter-current mechanism.
Angiotensinogen
A serum globulin formed by the liver that is cleaved by renin from the kidney to form Angiotensin I. Angiotensin converting enzyme from the lung capillaries turns Angiotensin I into Angiotensin II.
Lithotripsy
A technology that uses sound waves to break up renal calculi within the body.
Glomerular Filtration Rate
A test that determines how well the kidneys are working. Specifically, it estimates how much blood passes through the glomeruli each minute.
Trigone
A triangular area on the floor of the bladder formed by the entrance points of the two ureters and the exit point of the urethra. This is an area where bladder infections seem to occur most frequently.
A
Absence of urine is: A. Anuria B. Oliguria C. Polyuria D. Glycosuria
Anuria
Absence of urine.
Arteries
After entering the kidney, the renal artery branches into a series of smaller and smaller _____ which make contact with the nephron units.
A
An increase in systemic blood pressure would cause the filtration rate to: A. Increase B. Decrease C. Stay the same
Polyuria
An unusually large amount of urine.
ACE inhibitors
Angiotensin-Converting Enzyme inhibitor is a pharmaceutical drug used primarily for the treatment of hypertension and congestive heart failure. Reduces the activity of the RAAS (Renin-Angiotensin-Aldosterone System).
Albumin
Another term for protein.
Micturition
Another word for urination.
1.5
Approximately ___ L of glomerular filtrate is eliminated daily as urine.
178
Approximately ___ L of glomerular filtrate per day are reabsorbed by osmosis.
D
Approximately what percentage of water that leaves the blood each day by glomerular filtration returns to the body by tubular reabsorption? A. 75% B. 80% C. 90% D. 99%
Internal sphincter
At the exit of the bladder is a smooth muscle which contracts involuntarily to prevent the bladder from emptying at all times.
Kidney failure
Disorder that is simply the failure of the kidney to properly process blood and form urine. Can be caused from infections, exposure to toxins, and complications of diseases such as diabetes.
Nephron Loop
Extension of the proximal tubule within the nephron. (2 words)
B
Filtration normally occurs at the rate of: A. 180 mL per minute B. 125 mL per minute
180
Filtration occurs at an approximate rate of ___ liters over a 24-hour period.
Urine
Filtration, reabsorption, and tubular secretion are the three processes involved in ___ formation.
Electrostatic
First, positively charged ions, like sodium, are generally actively transported out of the tubule and into the blood. Then, negatively charged ions like chloride follow the large positive charge into the blood due to ____ attraction. Water follows by osmosis.
UTI
For women, doctors suggest the following to avoid a _ _ _: Drink plenty of water, urinate when you feel the need; don't resist the urge to urinate, wipe from front to back to prevent bacteria around the anus from entering the vagina or urethra, take showers instead of baths, and drink concentrated cranberry juice. (3 letter abbreviation)
Casts
Formed elements found in urine that are produced by deposits of protein, minerals, or cells that break off the walls of renal tubules.
Chronic Renal Failure
Has three stages: 1. Often asymptomatic and can last for years; up to 75% nephrons are lost. 2. Renal insufficiency; kidney can no longer adapt to the loss of nephrons 3. Uremia or uremic syndrome; high blood urea; high BUN value.
B
Hemorrhage may cause: A. Increased urine output B. Kidney failure
B
In the kidney, a structure that drains blood from the glomerulus is the: A. Bowman's capsule B. Efferent arteriole C. Afferent arteriole D. Peritubular capillaries
C
In the kidney, the structure that delivers blood to the glomerulus is the: A. Bowman's capsule B. Efferent arteriole C. Afferent arteriole D. Peritubular capillaries
Pyelonephritis
Inflammation of the renal pelvis and connective tissues of the kidney.
Urethritis
Inflammation of the urethra. Urinary tract infection.
Convoluted
Intricately folded, bent, twisted, or coiled.
Neurogenic bladder
Involuntary retention of urine.
Calculi
Kidney stones are also known as renal ____.
Acute glomerulonephritis
Most common form of kidney disease.
Renal colic
Occurs when renal stones (calculi) develop.
B
One difference of the male urethra when compared to the urethra in the female is: A. The male urethra is shorter. B. The male urethra is part of two different body systems. C. The male urethra is lined with mucous membrane and the female is not. D. The male urethra is shorter and is lined with mucous membrane.
Glomerulus
Portion of the nephron that filters.
Proteinuria
Protein in the urine.
Atrial Natriuretic hormone
Salt-and-water losing hormone. Has the ability to stimulate kidney tubules to secrete more sodium and thus lose more water.
Aldosterone
Salt-and-water retaining hormone. Stimulates the tubules to reabsorb sodium salts at a faster rate. Also increases water reabsorption.
Oliguria
Scanty amounts of urine.
Bladder
Serves as a reservoir for urine.
Urinary bladder
Serves as a temporary reservoir until the urine can be eliminated.
External sphincter
Situated below the internal sphincter and surrounding the upper region of the urethra; this skeletal muscle is voluntarily controlled, and when contracted, allows you to resist the urge to urinate.
Detrusor Muscle
Smooth muscle tissue that makes up the wall of the bladder. (2 words)
Reabsorption
The second process in urine formation and is the movement of substances out of the renal tubules back into the blood capillaries surrounding the tubules (peritubular capillaries).
A
The shape of the kidney could be best described as: A. Bean-shaped B. Pear-shaped C. Pen-shaped D. Potato-shaped
BUN
The test that determines the concentration of nitrogenous wastes in the blood. (Blood Urine Nitrogen)
Urethra
The tube that conducts urine from the bladder to the outside for elimination. In females it is 1.5 inches long; in males 6-8 inches long.
Urinary Tract
The ureters, bladder, and urethra form the ___ ___.
System
The urinary ___ removes metabolic wastes from the blood, regulates blood pressure and blood volume, and removes drugs from the body.
Kidneys
The urinary system removes nitrogenous wastes (urea, ammonia, and creatinine), water, electrolytes, toxins, and drugs from the blood. The substances are carried in the bloodstream to the bean-shaped ____ (filters) to be eliminated in urine.
Mucous
The urinary tract has an outer layer of connective tissue, a middle layer of smooth muscle, and an inner layer that is lined with ___ membrane.
C
There are ___ openings in the urinary bladder. A. One B. Two C. Three D. Four
Retroperitoneal
The kidneys are referred to as being ____ because they are located behind the parietal peritoneum.
D
The kidneys function to: A. Excrete toxins and nitrogenous wastes B. Regulate levels of many mineral ions in the blood C. Maintain water balance D. All of the above
B
The majority of water that leaves the blood each day by glomerular filtration returns to the blood through reabsorption by the: A. Glomerulus B. Proximal tubule C. Nephron loop D. Collecting tubules
A
The male urethra passes through the: A. Prostate gland B. Spermatic cord C. Bulbourethral glands D. Ejaculatory duct
C
The mechanism for voiding begins with: A. The relaxation of the internal sphincter. B. The contraction of the muscles of the bladder. C. The relaxation of the external sphincter. D. Parasympathetic impulse sent to the bladder.
Juxtaglomerular Apparatus
The monitoring station with chemoreceptors to determine whether filtration is correct or not.
Urinary meatus
The opening of the urethra to the exterior is called the ____ ____. (2 words)
A
The outer part of the kidney is the: A. Cortex B. Medulla C. Pyramids D. Caylx
A
The primary function of the glomerulus is: A. Filtration B. Reabsorption
B
The primary function of the proximal tubule is: A. Filtration B. Reabsorption
D
The renal corpuscle is made up of: A. The afferent and efferent arterioles B. The proximal and distal convoluted tubules C. The glomerulus and renal tubule D. Bowman's capsule and the glomerulus
Rugae
Bladder folds along the bladder wall.
Afferent
Blood enters the glomerulus through an ____ arteriole that is larger in diameter.
Renal artery
Blood is brought to the kidney from the ____ ____.
Efferent
Blood leaves the glomerulus through an ____ arteriole that is smaller in diameter.
Renal Vein
Blood leaves the kidneys through a series of veins that merge to form the ____ ____. (2 words)
D
Which term does NOT refer to the passage of urine from the body or the emptying of the bladder? A. Micturition B. Voiding C. Urination D. Urinary meatus
Veins
Cleansed blood leaves the kidneys through a series of ____ that finally merge to form the renal vein, which empties into the inferior vena cava.
Hydronephrosis
Condition due to backup of urine into the kidney. Obstructive urinary disorder.
Uremia
Condition that results when blood urea concentration is abnormally high.
Renal Tubule
Consists of the proximal convoluted tubule, the nephron loop, the distal convoluted tubule, and the collecting tubule.
Calyces
Cup-like divisions of the medulla that collect urine as it leaves the renal papilla.
Glomerular Capsule
Cup-shaped top of a nephron. Located in the cortex of the kidney. (2 words)
A
____ is normally excreted in urine. A. Ammonia B. Acetone
Hemodialysis
_____, or artificial kidney, is the most common method used to treat advanced and permanent kidney failure.
Urinary
System that includes two kidneys (pumps/filters), two ureters (pipes), the urinary bladder (tank), and the urethra (spout).
Nephropathy
Term for kidney disease.
Renal Corpuscle
The ___ ___ consists of two structures: a glomerulus an a glomerular capsule. (2 words)
Renal Capsule
The ___ ___ or cortex is the tough fibrous capsule that surrounds and helps to protect the kidney.
Filtrate
The afferent arteriole is larger in diameter that the efferent arteriole. As a result, blood backs up in the glomerulus, causing an increase in blood pressure that forces fluids and solutes out of the bloodstream and creates what is known as the glomerular _____.
Half-life
The amount of time required for the amount of something to fall to half its initial value.
Renal Pelvis
The basin that collects the urine made by the kidney and forms the upper end of the ureter.
Lumen
The cavity or channel within a tube or tubular organ, as a blood vessel or the intestine.
D
The cup-shaped top of the nephron that surrounds the glomerulus is the: A. Renal corpuscle B. Afferent arteriole C. Cortex D. Bowman's capsule
Tubular secretion
The final step in urine formation. The process that moves substances out of the blood and into the urine.
Filtration
The first process in urine formation that occurs in the renal corpuscle. The mechanical or physical operation which is used for the separation of solids from fluids by interposing a medium through which only the fluid can pass.
A
The function of the urinary bladder is to: A. Serve as a reservoir for urine before it leaves the body B. Serve as a passage of male reproductive fluid C. Drain urine from the renal pelvis D. None of the above
B
The functional unit of the urinary system is the: A. Kidney B. Nephron C. Bladder D. Ureter
Hilum
The indentation where the renal artery, vein, and ureter either enter or leave is called the ____.
Nephron
The individual functional units which are the urine making structures of the kidneys. Tiny filtering units. Perform filtration, reabsorption, and tubular secretion for urine production.
Medulla
The inner portion of the kidney. Forms striped cone-shaped structures called renal pyramids.
Hematuria
Traces of blood in the urine.
Pyramids
Triangular divisions of the medulla of the kidney.
False
True or False. Acute renal failure has three progressive stages.
True
True or False. Micturition is synonymous with voiding.
True
True or False. Proteinuria is a common symptom of nephrotic syndrome.
True
True or False. Renal calculi may be a cause of renal colic.
False
True or False. Rugae are folds within the kidney.
True
True or False. The nephron loop is an extension of the proximal tubule.
True
True or False. The primary function of the glomerulus is filtration.
False
True or False. The primary function of the proximal tubule is secretion.
False
True or False. The ureter is a passageway for semen in the male.
True
True or False. The urinary bladder secretes no hormones and its primary functions are to store urine before voiding and assist with micturition.
Ureters
Tubes called ___ conduct urine from the kidneys to the urinary bladder. They are 10-12 inches long and less than 1/4 inch wide.
Urinary Tract Infections
UTI's. Bacteria that lodge in the urethra, urinary bladder, ureter, or kidneys can multiply and cause a variety of symptoms.
B
Urine formation involves all of the following processes except: A. Filtration B. Catabolism C. Reabsorption D. Secretion
D
Urine is transported from the kidney to the urinary bladder through a tube called the: A. Renal column B. Renal pelvis C. Urethra D. Ureter
A
Urine leaving the renal papilla is collected in cuplike structures called: A. Calyces B. Pyramids C. The renal capsule D. Renal veins
Antidiuretic hormone
Urine-decreasing hormone. ADH decreases the amount of urine by making collecting tubules permeable to water. Made in the hypothalamus, released by the pituitary gland.
Incontinence
Voiding urine involuntarily.
Peritubular
Water, glucose, sodium, chloride, and other nutrients are examples of substances that are reabsorbed by the ____ capillaries during the reabsorption process.
Peristalsis
Wavelike, rhythmic contractions in the muscular layer of the ureters that assist in transporting the urine to the urinary bladder.
A
When urine backs up into the kidney and causes swelling of the renal pelvis and calyces, the condition is called: A. Hydronephrosis B. Renal colic C. Renal calculi D. Lithotripsy
B
Which condition might be present if a urinalysis detected glycosuria? A. Nephrotic syndrome B. Diabetes mellitus C. Cystitis D. Renal calculi
D
Which of the following is INCORRECT regarding chronic renal failure? A. Stage one may be asymptomatic and may last for years. B. Stage two is often called renal insufficiency. C. Stage three is called uremic syndrome. D. Stage four is characterized by a very high BUN value and oliguria.
C
Which phrase best describes the hormone aldosterone? A. Water-retaining hormone B. Urine-decreasing hormone C. Salt-and-water retaining hormone D. Salt-and-water losing hormone
C
Which substance would NOT be found in urine normally A. Nitrogenous wastes B. Creatinine C. Ketones D. Urea
