Anatomy and Physiology Ch 9

Jamie is dehydrated from playing a rough game of football on a hot summer afternoon. Explain why beer is not a good choice of beverage considering what you know about antidiuretic hormone.

Antidiuretic hormone prevents urine production and promotes water retention by the kidneys. However, alcoholic beverages inhibit ADH secretion and result in a large output of urine. Jamie is already dehydrated and alcohol will only further that situation.

Insulin is produced by cells of the pancreatic islets called: A) alpha cells B) delta cells C) gamma cells D) beta cells E) theta cells

D) beta cells

Which one of the following is NOT one of the major processes controlled by hormones: A) mobilizing body defenses against stressors B) growth and development C) maintaining electrolyte balance D) body coordination E) regulating cellular metabolism

D) body coordination

Which one of the following is NOT an action of the catecholamines: A) increased heart rate B) dilation of the small passages of the lungs C) stimulation of the sympathetic nervous system D) decreased blood pressure E) increased blood glucose levels

D) decreased blood pressure

Which of these hormones is released by the adrenal medulla: A) sex hormones B) aldosterone C) glucocorticoids D) epinephrine E) cortisone

D) epinephrine

Which one of the following hormones exerts its primary effects on the reproductive organs: A) prolactin B) adrenocorticotropic hormone C) thyroid- stimulating hormone D) follicle- stimulating hormone E) growth hormone

D) follicle- stimulating hormone

The chemical messengers of the endocrine system are known as: A) stimuli B) neurons C) effectors D) hormones E) target cells

D) hormones

Which one of the following is NOT a sign of diabetes mellitus: A) polydipsia B) polyuria C) polyphagia D) moon face E) acidosis

D) moon face

Estrogens do all of the following EXCEPT: A) stimulate menstruation B) stimulate the development of secondary sex characteristics in females C) help maintain pregnancy D) stimulate growth of facial hair E) prepare the uterus to receive a fertilized egg

D) stimulate growth of facial hair

Tropic hormones: A) stimulate the pineal gland to secrete hormones B) stimulate nervous tissue C) stimulate prostaglandins D) stimulate other endocrine glands to secrete hormones E) stimulate the thymus gland to secrete hormones

D) stimulate other endocrine glands to secrete hormones

Which of these hormones does NOT play a role in reproduction: A) estrogen B) luteinizing hormone C) testosterone D) follicle- stimulating hormone E) antidiuretic hormone

E) antidiuretic hormone

The secondary sex characteristics brought about by testosterone secretion do NOT include: A) development of heavy muscles B) growth of facial hair C) lowering the voice D) development of heavy bones E) development of breasts

E) development of breasts

Which one of the following is NOT produced by the adrenal cortex: A) mineralocorticoids B) glucocorticoids C) sex hormones D) aldosterone E) epinephrine

E) epinephrine

Tetany resulting from uncontrolled muscle spasms may indicate a malfunction of the: A) pineal gland B) adrenal cortex C) thymus D) posterior pituitary E) parathyroid glands

E) parathyroid glands

Which hormone works with estrogen to bring about the menstual cycle: A) prolactin B) oxytocin C) testosterone D) human chorionic gonadotropin E) progesterone

E) progesterone

Glucocorticoids do all of the following EXCEPT: A) decrease edema B) suppress inflammation C) increase blood glucose levels D) help resist long- term stress E) regulate salt content of the blood

E) regulate salt content of the blood

Explain the pituitary-hypothalamus relationship.

Hormones from the anterior pituitary are released in response to releasing and inhibiting hormones produced by the hypothalamus. The hypothalamus releases these hormones into the blood of the portal circulation, which connects the blood supply of the hypothalamus with that of the anterior pituitary. Hormones from the posterior pituitary are made in the hypothalamus by hypothalamic neurons. Those hormones are then stored in the posterior pituitary until their release is necessary.

Explain how insulin and glucagon work as antagonists to one another.

Hormones that perform opposite actions are called antagonists. Insulin lowers blood glucose levels by increasing the ability of cells to transport glucose across their plasma membranes. Glucagon targets the liver to break down stored glycogen into glucose. The glucose is then released into the bloodstream to increase blood glucose levels.

Compare the effects of hypersecretion and hyposecretion of growth hormone on a child.

Hyposecretion of growth hormone in a child leads to pituitary dwarfism. Body proportions are normal, but the person does not exceed 4 feet in height. Hypersecretion of growth hormone in a child leads to gigantism. Although body proportions are normal, the person can reach 8 to 9 feet in height.

An enlargement of the thyroid gland resulting from a deficiency of dietary iodine is called: A) goiter B) acromegaly C) cretinism D) myxedema E) exophthalmos

A) goiter

25) Which one of the following is NOT typical of the changes that follow the binding of a hormone to its target cells: A) mitosis is stimulated B) cellular mutations occur C) proteins are synthesized in the cell D) plasma membrane permeability changes E) enzymes are activated or inactivated

B) cellular mutations occur

The ʺ fight- or- flightʺ response triggers the release of: A) growth hormone B) epinephrine C) melatonin D) prolactin E) ADH

B) epinephrine

Insulin works as an antagonist to: A) oxytocin B) glucagon C) testosterone D) thyroid hormone E) thymosin

B) glucagon

Which one of the following hormones is NOT produced by the anterior lobe of the pituitary gland: A) thyroid- stimulating hormone B) oxytocin C) growth hormone D) prolactin E) luteinizing hormone

B) oxytocin

Rising blood levels of aldosterone cause the kidney tubules to: A) reabsorb calcium B) reabsorb sodium C) reabsorb iodine D) reabsorb potassium E) reabsorb hydrogen

B) reabsorb sodium

Explain the two major chemical classifications of hormones.

The amino acid- based molecules include proteins, peptides, and amines. The steroid hormones include the sex hormones made by the gonads and the hormones produced by the adrenal cortex.

Insulin causes: A) a decrease in the concentration of blood glucose B) an increase in blood pressure C) a decrease in blood pressure D) an increase in the production of glucagon E) an increase in the concentration of blood glucose

A) a decrease in the concentration of blood glucose

Which one of the following is NOT a symptom of Cushingʹ s syndrome: A) bronze skin tones B) high blood pressure C) buffalo hump D) moon face E) water retention

A) bronze skin tones

The cells in the testes that produce testosterone are called: A) interstitial cells B) alpha cells C) gonadotropic cells D) beta cells E) pancreatic islet cells

A) interstitial cells

Prostaglandins are: A) lipid hormones manufactured in cell plasma membranes B) steroid hormones C) amino acid- based hormones D) target organs E) glycerol hormones

A) lipid hormones manufactured in cell plasma membranes

The hormone that triggers ovulation of an egg from the female ovary is: A) luteinizing hormone B) prolactin C) interstitial cell- stimulating hormone D) progesterone E) follicle- stimulating hormone

A) luteinizing hormone

The hormone that appears to help regulate our sleep- awake cycles is: A) melatonin B) thyroxine C) progesterone D) thymosin E) glucagon

A) melatonin

Which one of the following is NOT an anterior pituitary hormone: A) prolactin B) antidiuretic hormone C) follicle- stimulating hormone D) adrenocorticotropic hormone E) luteinizing hormone

B) antidiuretic hormone

Alcohol inhibits the secretion of: A) prolactin (PRL) B) antidiuretic hormone (ADH) C) parathyroid hormone (PTH) D) oxytocin E) glucagon

B) antidiuretic hormone (ADH)

Diabetes insipidus is caused by hyposecretion of: A) glucagon B) antidiuretic hormone (ADH) C) growth hormone D) prolactin (PRL) E) parathyroid hormone (PTH)

B) antidiuretic hormone (ADH)

The thyroid gland is located: A) within the parathyroid glands B) below the Adamʹ s apple C) within the mediastinum D) within the pancreas E) above the kidneys

B) below the Adamʹ s apple

Which of these hormones regulate calcium levels in the body: A) T3 and T4 B) calcitonin and parathyroid hormone C) melatonin and glucocorticoids D) oxytocin and prolactin E) insulin and glucagon

B) calcitonin and parathyroid hormone

Being lipid soluble, steroids can do all the following EXCEPT: A) bind to receptor proteins within the nucleus B) catalyze cyclic AMP C) enter the nucleus D) activate genes to transcribe mRNA for protein synthesis E) diffuse through the plasma membranes of target cells

B) catalyze cyclic AMP

The enzyme produced by the kidneys when blood pressure drops, stimulating a release of aldosterone, is called: A) cortisol B) renin C) angiotensin D) vasopressin E) cortisone

B) renin

Which one of the following is NOT a function of oxytocin: A) stimulation of uterine contractions B) stimulation of menstruation C) stimulation of breast milk ejection D) labor induction E) postpartum bleeding control

B) stimulation of menstruation

Hyposecretion of thyroxine in early childhood leads to: A) exophthalmos B) myxedema C) cretinism D) acromegaly E) dwarfism

C) cretinism

Hypersecretion of growth hormone after long bone growth has ended (as an adult) is called: A) pituitary dwarfism B) acromegaly C) gigantism D) myxedema E) Cushingʹ s disease

C) gigantism

Most endocrine organs are prodded into action by other hormones; this type of stimulus is called: A) neural stimulus B) humoral stimulus C) hormonal stimulus D) receptor- mediated stimulus E) steroid stimulus

C) hormonal stimulus

24) The element necessary in the diet for proper thyroid function is: A) sodium B) potassium C) iodine D) bromine E) calcium

C) iodine

The pineal gland produces A) insulin B) cortisol C) melatonin D) thymosin E) estrogen

C) melatonin

Negative feedback mechanisms regulate: A) steroid hormones only B) very few hormones C) most hormones D) prostaglandin hormones only E) amino acid- based hormones only

C) most hormones

The hypothalamus is most closely associated with the: A) thymus gland B) thyroid gland C) pituitary gland D) pineal gland E) pancreas

C) pituitary gland

Growth hormone: A) results in Cushingʹ s disease if produced in excess B) is produced by the thyroid gland C) promotes growth in long bones and skeletal muscles D) is secreted by the thymus gland E) prevents urine production

C) promotes growth in long bones and skeletal muscles

The hormone responsible for the maturation of white blood cells known as T lymphocytes is: A) aldosterone B) progesterone C) thymosin D) melatonin E) thyroxine

C) thymosin

The bodyʹ s major metabolic hormone is called: A) calcitonin B) growth hormone C) thyroid hormone D) prolactin E) adrenaline

C) thyroid hormone

Explain the negative feedback interaction between calcitonin and parathormone.

Calcitonin, released by the thyroid gland, decreases blood calcium levels by causing calcium to be deposited in the bones. Parathormone, released by the parathyroids in response to low blood calcium levels, stimulates bone destruction by osteoclasts, causing release of calcium into the blood. PTH is, therefore, a hypercalcemic hormone, whereas calcitonin is a hypocalcemic hormone. PTH is the most important regulator of calcium ion homeostasis of the blood.

Four-year-old Tim is extremely small for his age, and he shows signs of mental retardation. His hair is thinning and his skin is dry. His parents have read about cretinism and pituitary dwarfism as possible diagnoses for their son and have taken him to the pediatrician for tests to be run. Which diagnosis do you think is correct? Explain why.

The likely diagnosis is cretinism. Hyposecretion of the thyroid hormone in early childhood leads to cretinism. Cretinism results in dwarfism and mental retardation. Cretinism also causes hair to be scanty and the dry skin. It is unlikely Tim suffers from pituitary dwarfism. Pituitary dwarfism results from hyposecretion of growth hormone in children but does not cause the other symptoms listed.

Describe the three types of stimuli that activate the endocrine organs.

The most common stimulus is hormonal. In hormonal stimulus, endocrine organs are prodded into action by other hormones, known as tropic hormones. Another type of stimulus is humoral, in which changing blood levels of certain ions and nutrients stimulate hormone release. The third type of stimulus is neural, in which nerve fibers stimulate hormone release.

Explain the causes and effects of menopause.

The onset of menopause, commonly called ʺ change of life,ʺ is brought about by decline and atrophy of the ovaries. The decreased production of estrogen and other female hormones results in the inability to bear children, arteriosclerosis, osteoporosis, decreased skin elasticity, and sympathetic nervous system changes. These changes in the sympathetic nervous system bring about what are commonly called ʺ hot flashes.ʺ Other symptoms include fatigue, nervousness, and mood changes.