Anatomy and Physiology: Chapter 6 - Connect Assignment

The epidermis lacks:

- Blood vessels - Adipose tissue - Collagen fibers

Functions of the skin:

- Calcitriol production - Barrier to water loss - Heat regulation

Acne lesions:

- Comedo: A sebaceous gland's ducts plugged with sebum. - Pustule: Dome-shaped lesions filled with a mixture of white blood cells, dead skin cells, and bacteria. - Nodule: Can be prone to scarring. - Cyst: A fluid-like nodule that can become severely inflamed and painful, and can lead to scarring.

Mammary glands only become functional in:

- Lactating females - Pregnant females

The major functions of merocrine sweat glands are ______.

- Thermoregulation - Protection - Secretion

In the fourth step of wound healing, the process of ______ fills the gap with connective tissue.

Fibrosis

In wound healing, if regeneration is not possible, connective tissue ______ occurs.

Fibrosis

Some integumentary system components are not repaired following damage; these include ______ follicles, ______ glands, ______ cells, and muscle fibers.

Hair; exocrine; nerve

The subcutaneous layer is also known as the ______ or ______ fascia. It is not considered a part of the ______.

Hypodermis; superficial; integument

The cells of the stratum corneum contain large amounts of the protein ______.

Keratin

Cavernous hemangiomas, sometimes called ______ stains, involve large dermal ______ and may last a lifetime.

Port wine; blood vessels

True or false: The acidic pH of merocrine sweat helps prevent the growth of some pathogenic bacteria.

True

Classify the tissue type of the epidermis: keratinized ______ ______ epithelium.

Stratified squamous

Immune cells found in the epidermis are called ______.

Epidermal dendritic

The color of hair is the result of ______.

Melanin production

In anatomy, a single hair is also called a ______.

Pilus

Sebaceous glands are activated primarily by ______ during puberty in both sexes.

Sex hormones

Apocrine sweat glands are classified as ______ glands.

Simple, coiled, tubular

If skin is exposed to sunlight over extended periods, the UV rays can damage ______ in epidermal cells.

DNA

The stratum corneum consists of about 20 to 30 layers of dead, scaly, interlocking keratinized cells called ______.

Keratinocytes

The most numerous cells of the epidermis are ______ and the protein they produce is called ______.

Keratinocytes; keratin

The whitish semilunar area of the proximal end of the nail body is called the ______.

Lunula

Normal skin color results from a combination of factors, mainly pigments called ______, ______, and ______

Melanin; hemoglobin; carotene

Gray hair results from the gradual reduction of ______ production within the hair follicle, while white hair signifies the lack of ______ entirely.

Melanin; pigment

The main function of melanin pigment is to protect the ______ of keratinocytes from UV radiation.

Nucleus

Friction ridges assume the shapes of complex arches and whorls in ______ skin.

Thick

True or false: The epidermis is water resistant.

True

During our lives, we produce three kinds of hair: ______, ______, and ______ hair.

Lanugo; vellus; terminal

During the process of keratinization, the ______ and organelles of the cells disintegrate and the cells start to die. Also their membranes become thicker and less ______ to water.

Nucleus; permeable

In the third step of wound healing, the cut blood vessels ______ and grow in the wound.

Regenerate

Damaged tissues are normally repaired in one of two ways: ______ and ______ formation.

Regeneration; scar

When compressed, tactile cells release chemicals that stimulate ______ ______ endings in the dermis.

Sensory nerve

After a stem cell divides in the stratum basale, the resulting daughter cells enters the stratum ______ and it begins to lose its ability to ______.

Spinosum; divide

As a result of aging process, hair follicles can actually ______ production of hairs.

Stop

The skin houses two types of general exocrine glands: ______ glands and ______ glands.

Sweat; sebaceous

At puberty, terminal hair replaces ______ hair in the ______ and pubic regions of the body.

Vellus; axillary

Keratinocytes of the epidermis are usually present for about ______ week(s).

4

The subcutaneous layer or hypodermis is made up of two types of connective tissue: ______ and ______.

Areolar; adipose

In thin and thick skin, the layers that contain living cells are the stratum ______, stratum ______, and stratum ______.

Basale; spinosum; granulosum

In the first step of wound healing, cut blood vessels release ______ into the wound.

Blood

In the second step of wound healing, a ______ forms.

Blood clot

A hemangioma is a congential anomaly that results in skin discoloration due to ______ that proliferate and form a benign tumor.

Blood vessels

In the nails, the lunula appears whitish because a thickened underlying stratum basale obscures the underlying ______.

Blood vessels

The nail plate is composed of the nail ______, the nail root, and the free edge.

Body

In the first step of wound healing, blood brings ______ proteins, ______, numerous white blood cells, and antibodies to the site.

Clotting; platelets

When the skin is stretched beyond its capacity, some ______ fibers are torn and result in stretch marks, which are called ______.

Collagen; striae

As a result of aging, sweat production ______.

Diminishes

The vascular connective tissue that initially forms in a healing wound is called ______.

Granulation tissue

The amount of melanin in the skin is determined by both ______ and ______ exposure.

Heredity; light

Second-degree burns involve the ______ and part of the ______.

Epidermis; dermis

First-degree burns involve only the ______ and are characterized by ______, pain, and slight edema (swelling)

Epidermis; redness

In the third step of wound healing, ______ produce new collagen in the region.

Fibroblasts

The replacement of scar tissue is produced by ______ and composed primarily of ______ fibers.

Fibroblasts; collagen

Friction ridges are located on the skin in four regions of the body: ______, ______, ______, and toes,

Fingers; palms; soles

Potential complications of a wound under repair include ______ loss and ______.

Fluid; infection

Because an entire portion of skin has been lost, and water cannot be retained in the area, a major concern with third degree burns is ______.

Dehydration