Anatomy and Physiology Chapter 9, Chapter 10 A&P, Chapter 3, Chapter 4 A&P, A&P Chapter 5, Chapter 6 A&P, Chapter 12: Nervous System, A&P Chapter 13, A&P 15, chapter 14, Chapter 16 A&P, A & P 11

To speed healing from surgery, incisions should be placed ________ to lines of cleavage.

! Parallel

With age, bones: A. become more flexible. B. become brittle. C. lose their blood supply. D. increase their pliability. E. increase in mass.

B. become brittle.

The elbow is a _______ joint. A. plane B. hinge C. condyle D. saddle

B. hinge

Endocrine glands secrete: A. sweat. B. hormones. C. saliva. D. digestive enzymes. E. All of the choices are correct.

B. hormones.

The most common type of cartilage, named for its glassy appearance, is: A. fibrocartilage. B. hyaline cartilage. C. elastic cartilage. D. reticular cartilage. E. areolar cartilage.

B. hyaline cartilage.

A memory that has lasted over a weekend is described as a: A. short term memory. B. long term memory.

B. long term memory.

The acromioclavicular joint is part of the A. sternum. B. shoulder. C. elbow. D. neck. E. cranium.

B. shoulder.

What muscle is known as the "swimmer's muscle"?

Latissimus dorsi

A bipolar neurons has

One axon and one dendrite extending from the cell body

All of these muscles, except one, is innervated by the radial nerve. Select the exception (it is innervated, instead, by the median nerve).

Pronator teres

Which of the following muscles elevates and retracts (adducts) the scapula?

Rhomboid major

Production of this vitamin requires skin exposure to the sun. This vitamin is crucial for regulation of calcium and phosphate.

Vitamin A Vitamin B12 Vitamin C → Vitamin D Vitamin E

The type of voltage-gated channel that possesses an inactivation gate that temporarily closes after the channel is active is the

Voltage-gated sodium channel

Information about pain and temperature is conveyed to the brain by way of the:

anterolateral pathway.

If a patient experiences numbness in the boundaries of a dermatome, it is suggestive of damage to:

a spinal nerve.

The term "codon" refers to:

a three-nucleotide sequence of DNA that codes for a protein. an amino acid that is coded for by three bases of DNA. → a three-base sequence of mRNA. the part of a rRNA molecule where a new amino acid is added. the part of tRNA that is a triplet of bases that forms hydrogen bonds with complementary sequences

A neuron conducting an impulse from the CNS to the detrusor muscle of the urinary bladder would be classified as a(n) __________ neuron.

autonomic motor

Muscles of the pectoral girdle originate on the:

axial skeleton and insert on the clavicle and scapula.

The embryonic feature that gives rise to the anterior and lateral horns of gray matter is the _____ plate.

basal

The two divisions of the autonomic nervous system:

contain autonomic ganglia to house ganglionic neurons.

The function of upper motor neurons is to:

excite or inhibit lower motor neurons.

When a cell surrounds a large particle with pseudopodia and then engulfs it, the process is called:

exocytosis. → phagocytosis. pinocytosis. secondary active transport. receptor-mediated endopinocytosis

Cell shrinking, also known as crenation, occurs when a cell is placed into a(n) _________ solution.

isotonic → hypertonic hypotonic exergonic

A person suffering from carpal tunnel syndrome has lost function of the:

median nerve.

The tapered, conical inferior end of the spinal cord is called the conus ___________.

medullaris

At rest, muscle tissue prefers to use _________ molecules as sources of fuel.

pyruvate ! fatty acid insulin protein simple carbohydrate

Following an injury to his arm, a patient complains that he cannot extend the forearm, wrist, and digits. You suspect that he has damaged the:

radial nerve.

Freckles are the result of:

melanocyte number and genetic inheritance. melanocyte number and sun exposure. → melanocyte activity, genetic inheritance, and sun exposure. melanocyte number, genetic inheritance, and diet. melanocyte activity and diet

The stereocilia of cochlear hair cells project into the:

modiolus. basilar membrane. → tectorial membrane. helicotrema. spiral ganglion.

When we shiver on a cold day, the heat produced by muscle tissue is a demonstration of:

radiant potential energy. the first law of thermodynamics. → the second law of thermodynamics. the creation of energy

Reflexes are described as:

rapid and involuntary.

When neurotransmitter binds to muscarinic receptors on smooth muscle cells in the gastrointestinal tract:

motility increases.

The direct motor pathway originates in the:

motor cortex of the cerebral cortex.

In a myelinated axon, the greatest concentration of voltage-gated ion channels is in the

neurofibril nodes.

The E site of a ribosome is where:

new amino acids enter the ribosome. the polypeptide elongates. → the tRNA exits the ribosome

The flavor of food depends upon:

olfaction. gustation. → both olfaction and gustation. neither olfaction nor gustation

The structure that functions as a diaphragm to control pupil size is the:

ora serrata. suspensory ligament. → iris. cornea. anterior chamber.

Most muscles that move the thigh originate on the:

os coxae.

The function of melanin in the skin is to:

reduce water loss. prevent infections. help regulate body temperature. → protect against UV light. keep the epidermis soft and pliable.

Which muscle forms the traditional "six-pack" of a well-toned abdominal wall?

Rectus abdominis

Which of the abdominal muscles is innervated by spinal nerves T7-T12?

Rectus abdominis

Which is not one of the hamstring muscles?

Rectus femoris

Tactile (Merkel) cells are sensitive to:

sound. light. → touch. heat. cold.

The parasympathetic autonomic responses associated with defecation and urination are processed and controlled at the level of the:

spinal cord.

Neurons of the thalamus that are part of sensory conduction pathways are considered:

tertiary neurons.

The large section of spinal white matter that is found between the posterior gray horns is known as the posterior:

funiculus.

Eyelids serve two purposes: one is to protect the eye and the other is to:

help distribute blood to the eye surface. → help distribute lacrimal fluid to cleanse and lubricate the surface. help spread antiviral solution. help to control the transmission of the nerve impulse to the retina. prevent excess mucus from obscuring vision.

Which is not characteristic of neurons?

high mitotic rate

Exocytosis occurs as a result of:

hydrostatic pressure. → the expenditure of energy in the form of ATP. molecular movement with carrier assistance. concentration gradients. ion pumps

When a cell is placed in a solution with a very low solute concentration, water diffuses into the cell. Such a solution is called a(n) _________ solution.

hypertonic → hypotonic isotonic endergonic

The prevertebral ganglion that receives axons that originate in the L1-L2 segments of the spinal cord is the _____ ganglion.

inferior mesenteric

For many reflexes, including the stretch reflex, the excitation of a muscle leads to:

inhibition of motor neurons of its antagonist.

The third cervical spinal nerve exits the vertebral column through the:

intervertebral foramen between C2 and C3 vertebrae.

The electrochemical gradient refers to:

the combination of electrical and chemical gradients between two areas.

Autonomic tone refers to:

the continual activity maintained by the sympathetic and parasympathetic divisions.

The classification of a receptor as a photoreceptor or a mechanoreceptor depends on:

the location of origin of the stimulus it perceives. → the modality of the stimulus it perceives. its location in the body. whether it is a somatic or visceral receptor

Dural venous sinuses are areas where:

the meningeal and periosteal layers separate to form large blood-filled spaces.

Keratinocytes are:

the most abundant cell type in the epidermis. found throughout all epidermal strata. sometimes alive and sometimes dead, depending on where they are found. able to synthesize the protein keratin. → All of the choices are correct

Most of the nail body appears pink because of the blood in the underlying capillaries. True False

true

A neuron conducting an impulse from the stomach wall to the CNS would be classified as a(n) __________ neuron.

visceral motor

Within the body, carotene is converted to:

vitamin A, which is important for auditory function. vitamin E, which is important for auditory function vitamin E, which is important for visual function. → vitamin A, which is important for visual function.

Stepping on a piece of glass would most likely invoke a _____ reflex.

withdrawal

Which is the correct order of the connective tissue layers of a skeletal muscle, beginning with the outermost first? a: Endomysium b: Epimysium c: Perimysium

→ b, c, a

Acetylcholine exerts its effect by: stimulating the motor neuron's synaptic knob. → binding to receptors at the motor end plate. activating acetylcholinesterase. allowing calcium to enter the cell.

→ binding to receptors at the motor end plate.

To initiate a smooth muscle cell contraction, calcium enters the cell and binds to:

→ calmodulin, which then binds to and activates myosin light chain kinase.

Which is the actively growing part of the nail?

Free edge Nail root Nail bed Nail folds → Nail matrix

There are three types of unencapsulated tactile receptors. Select the exception.

Free nerve endings → Sebaceous filaments Root hair plexuses Tactile discs

Which skin markings usually disappear during childhood?

Friction ridges → Capillary hemangiomas Cavernous hemangiomas Pili Nevi

The net energy yield from one glucose molecule through the process of glycolysis is:

! 2 ATP.

The top long distance runners probably have _______ proportion of slow muscle fibers in their leg muscles.

! a higher

The most abundant lipid of the membrane consists of a head and two tails. This type of lipid is:

! a phospholipid. cholesterol. glycolipid. glycoprotein. a steroid.

Generally, a cell stores enough ATP to meet the energy requirements of a few:

! seconds

Pseudostratified ciliated columnar epithelium is found lining: A. portions of the respiratory system. B. the larger blood vessels. C. the oviduct. D. large kidney tubules. E. ducts of sweat glands.

A. portions of the respiratory system.

The walls of kidney tubules are formed by _____________ epithelium, which functions in resorbing materials filtered from blood plasma such as nutrients, ions, and water. A. simple cuboidal B. simple squamous C. stratified cuboidal D. stratified squamous E. stratified columnar

A. simple cuboidal

Sutures are joints that are found A. throughout the axial and appendicular skeletons. B. between all bones and teeth of the skull. C. between certain bones of the skull. D. only where a facial bone articulates with a cranial bone.

C. between certain bones of the skull.

Fluid-filled sacs that cushion synovial joints are called A. fat pads. B. articular discs. C. bursae. D. menisci. E. diarthroses.

C. bursae.

These receptors respond to touch, pressure, vibration, and stretch.

Chemoreceptors Thermoreceptors Photoreceptors → Mechanoreceptors Baroreceptors

Sensory receptors in the dermis detect touch, temperature, and light. True False

False

There are three anterior thoracic muscles. Select the exception.

Levator scapulae

Which is not a function of the integument?

Protection Water loss prevention Temperature regulation Synthesis of cholecalciferol (vitamin D precursor) → No exceptions; all are functions of the integument

There are five basic taste sensations. Select the one mismatched with its causative agent.

Sweet; organic compounds such as sugar Sour; hydrogen ions from acids such as those in lemons Salty; metal ions such as potassium or sodium → Bitter; acids such as those in toxins or poisons Umami; amino acids such as glutamate or aspartate found in chicken soup

Which type of innervation causes reduced blood flow to the digestive tract?

Sympathetic

Which type of innervation causes the heart rate to increase?

Sympathetic

Which system has more divergence of preganglionic axons?

Sympathetic division

Which system contains short preganglionic axons that branch extensively?

Sympathetic nervous system

The sympathetic division pathway that results in innervation of the pelvic organs has as its spinal cord segment origin in:

T10-L2.

The superior mesenteric ganglion receives preganglionic sympathetic neurons from the _______ segments of the spinal cord.

T10-T12

All muscle tissue develops from mesoderm. TRUE OR FALSE

TRUE

We lack awareness of many of our bodies' systems for maintaining homeostasis. The sensations, movements, and secretions of organs such as the heart and intestines are governed by the:

autonomic nervous system.

The posterior horns of the spinal cord contain:

axons of sensory neurons and cell bodies of interneurons.

The cardiac sphincter is innervated by parasympathetic axons coming from the _______ plexus.

esophageal

the subcutaneous layer, or hypodermis, is one of the two parts of the integument. True False

false

The nerve responsible for innervation (movement) of the quadriceps femoris muscle is the _____ nerve.

femoral

The _______ of a sound stimulus is interpreted as its pitch and measured in hertz, whereas its _______ is referred to as its loudness and is measured in decibels.

frequency, timbre → frequency, loudness timbre, loudness loudness, frequency

A diminished reflex response that may indicate damage to a segment of the spinal cord is a(n) _____ reflex.

hypoactive

Olfactory receptor cells are _____ neurons.

multipolar unipolar → bipolar nonpolar apolar

The iris of the eye contains skeletal muscle. multiunit smooth muscle. single-unit smooth muscle. cardiac muscle.

multiunit smooth muscle

The part of the cochlea that converts pressure waves (from sounds) into changes in membrane potentials is the:

modiolus. scala tympani. → spiral organ. scala vestibuli. helicotrema

The _________ is a large, saw-toothed, flat, fan-shaped muscle positioned between the ribs and the scapula.

serratus anterior

If you were to remove the gastrocnemius muscle you would expose the:

soleus

As an axon approaches the cell onto which it will terminate, it generally branches repeatedly into several

telodendria.

Lobes of the brain are named for the bones superficial to them and are part of the:

cerebrum.

The most numerous type of receptor in the body is the:

chemoreceptor. → tactile receptor. thermoreceptor. nociceptor. photoceptor.

The preganglionic axons of CN III extend to the _______ ganglion.

ciliary

The shape of skeletal muscle cells is described as: columnar.

columnar. biconcave. → cylindrical. spherical. irregular.

The type of neuronal circuit that spreads information from one presynaptic neuron to several postsynaptic neurons is a _____________ circuit.

diverging

The intrinsic foot muscles form a __________ group and a _________ group.

dorsal, plantar

Carotene, a pigment that contributes to skin color, is acquired in the body by eating various yellow-orange vegetables. True False

true

Deep cuts that occur perpendicular to cleavage lines tend to gape. True False

true

Melanocyte cytoplasmic processes transfer pigment granules into stratum basale keratinocytes; these pigment granules shield the nuclear DNA from UV radiation. True False

true

The epidermis exhibits variations among different body regions within a single individual, as well as differences between individuals. True False

true

The skin consists of different tissue types that perform specific activities and therefore is to be considered an organ. True False

true

The separation of oppositely charged ionic particles across a resting neuron's membrane results in a potential that is measured as a

voltage

A typical skeletal muscle cell contains approximately _____ mitochondria. 3 30 → 300 3000

→ 300

Glycolysis is an:

→ anaerobic process that occurs in the cytosol.

The conjunctiva that lines the internal surface of the eyelids is termed the _____ conjunctiva.

! palpebral retinal ocular epithelial visceral

Early in the development of skin, ectoderm becomes:

! periderm and mesoderm becomes mesenchyme. mesenchyme and endoderm becomes periderm. the vernix caseosa and mesoderm becomes the stratum basale. perichondrium and mesoderm becomes the vernix caseosa.

The sodium level inside and outside of a resting cell is described as an example of the:

! potential energy of a concentration gradient, since sodium is more abundant outside the cell.

The sodium-potassium ATPase functions by performing:

! primary active transport. secondary active transport. exocytosis. both exocytosis and endocytosis. receptor-mediated endocytosis

Consider the difference between lifting a light pad of paper versus a heavy text book. The primary way the level of force of muscle contraction is controlled is by:

! recruiting a different number of motor units.

The increase in muscle tension that occurs with an increase in the intensity (voltage) of a stimulus is called:

! recruitment.

When NAD+ becomes NADH it is being:

! reduced and gaining chemical energy. reduced and releasing chemical energy. oxidized and gaining chemical energy. oxidized and releasing chemical energy

A person having a heart attack may feel pain along the medial side of the left arm. This pain is known as:

! referred pain. phantom pain. selected pain. covert pain. masked pain

When a neurotransmitter opens a chemically gated ion channel that allows sodium to enter the postsynaptic cell, the result is an:

EPSP

What does number 5 indicate?

Eccrine gland → Hair follicle Hair matrix Hair shaft Epidermal ridge

When a neurotransmitter causes the opening of chemically gated potassium channels on the postsynaptic cell, the postsynaptic potential that results is an

IPSP, which is a hyperpolarization

Potassium has a higher concentration

Inside the cell versus outside the cell, whereas sodium has a higher concentration outside versus inside the cell.

Based on function, the vast majority of neurons are:

Interneurons

Which term best describes receptors that detect body and limb movements, skeletal muscle contraction and stretch, and joint capsule structure?

Interoceptors Exteroceptors → Proprioceptors Nociceptors Thermoreceptors

Which term best describes receptors that detect stimuli from the external environment?

Interoceptors → Exteroceptors Proprioceptors Nociceptors Thermoreceptors

Which of the following is false regarding acetylcholine?

It is rarely used in the body.

This receptor detects continuous deep pressure and distortion of the skin.

Krause bulbs Lamellated corpuscles Arrector pili corpuscles → Ruffini corpuscles Tactile corpuscles

Phasic receptors for light touch and texture are:

Krause bulbs. lamellated corpuscles. arrector pili corpuscles. Ruffini corpuscles. → tactile corpuscles.

The receptors responsible for detecting deep pressure and high-frequency vibration are:

Krause bulbs. → lamellated corpuscles. arrector pili corpuscles. Ruffini corpuscles. tactile corpuscles

The adult spinal cord extends inferiorly from the brain through the vertebral canal and ends at the level of the _____ vertebra.

L1

The spinal nerves that give rise to the sacral plexus are:

L4-S4

A scientist observes a particular nerve fiber that is among the fastest at conducting action potentials in the body. Which of the following best describes its likely structure?

Large diameter and myelinated

Which are not spinal nerve branches?

Lateral rami

Which extrinsic eye muscle is innervated by the abducens nerve (CN VI)?

Lateral rectus

You hear a sharp noise to your left causing you to shift your eyes in that direction. Which muscles were responsible for your glance?

Left eye - lateral rectus, right eye - medial rectus

Which enzyme system allows for regulation at a single site and also diminishes the chance that a needed substrate will diffuse away from a catalyst?

Metabolic pathway → Multienzyme complex

Which are applicable to the stratum corneum? a: Most superficial stratum b: Consists of about 3-5 cell layers c: Cells are dead d: Interlocking keratinized cells e: Cells are anucleate

a, c, d a, c, e a, b, d ! a, c, d, e a, b, c, d, e

Arrange the inner ear bones from lateral to medial. a: Stapes b: Incus c: Malleus

a, b, c b, a, c c, a, b a, c, b → c, b, a

The vascular tunic of the eye has three distinct regions. From anterior to posterior what are they? a: Ciliary body b: Choroid c: Iris

a, b, c b, a, c → c, a, b c, b, a b, c, a

Which sequence correctly traces the pathway of aqueous humor in the eye? a: Aqueous humor is secreted by epithelial ciliary cells. b: Aqueous humor is released into the posterior chamber. c: Aqueous humor is drained into the scleral venous sinus. d: Aqueous humor washes over the lens and then passes through the pupil into the anterior chamber.

a, b, c, d b, a, c, d → a, b, d, c d, a, c, b a, c, b, d

Which sequence correctly traces the visual pathway followed by the majority of axons? a: Optic nerve b: Optic chiasm c: Occipital lobe d: Lateral geniculate nucleus of thalamus

a, b, c, d b, a, d, c a, d, c, b c, a, b, d → a, b, d, c

What is the correct chronological sequence of events for hearing? a: The tympanic membrane vibrates. b: Ossicles vibrate. c: Spiral organ hair cells convert stimulus to nerve impulse. d: Pressure waves from oval window travel through the scala vestibuli.

a, b, c, d b, c, d, a c, b, a, d → a, b, d, c e, c, , a, b

What is the correct sequence for lacrimal fluid production and drainage? a: Tears disperse across the surface of the eye. b: Tears are produced by the lacrimal gland. c: Fluid drains through the nasolacrimal duct. d: Fluid enters the nasal cavity. e: Fluid enters the lacrimal canaliculi and collects in the lacrimal sac.

a, b, c, d, e b, a, c, d, e c, a, d, b, e → b, a, e, c, d c, a, b, e, d

The postganglionic parasympathetic fibers that are controlled by pelvic splanchnic nerves innervate: a: Large intestine b: Reproductive organs c: Salivary glands d: Pupillary constrictor muscles e: Urinary bladder f: Ureters

a, b, e, f

What is the correct order for the cranial meninges, from superficial to deep? a: Dura mater b: Pia mater c: Arachnoid mater

a, c, b

Stimulation of β2 receptors in the lung causes:

bronchodilation.

Arrange the five secondary vesicles in the correct anterior to posterior order. a: Diencephalon b: Myelencephalon c: Telencephalon d: Metencephalon e: Mesencephalon

c, a, e, d, b

Arrange the primary brain vesicles in the correct anterior to posterior order. a: Rhombencephalon b: Mesencephalon c: Prosencephalon

c, b, a

When exposed to ultraviolet light, keratinocytes convert a steroid precursor into ________, a molecule that is crucial for regulation of calcium levels.

calcitriol → cholecalciferol calcitonin creatine phosphorus

When a nerve impulse reaches the transmissive segment of a neuron,

calcium diffuses into the neuron and neurotransmitter is released by exocytosis.

Neural stem cells in the CNS

can form new neurons in only certain portions of the CNS such as the hippocampus.

Proteins that assist the movement of a substance across the membrane are called _________ proteins.

catalytic cytoskeleton → transport identification intercellular attachment

Proteins that are embedded within, and extend across, the phospholipid bilayer are called _____ proteins.

catalytic → integral cytoskeleton peripheral

The lateral horns of the spinal cord contain:

cell bodies of autonomic motor neurons.

Some odors cause visceral reactions, such as a gagging response to the smell of rotten food. Such responses are a result of olfactory pathways through the:

cerebellum. amygdala. thalamus. → hypothalamus. cerebrum.

Clusters of gray matter that contain neuron cell bodies and lie within masses of white matter are the:

cerebral nuclei.

The plexuses that lie on either side of the neck are the _____ plexuses.

cervical

The spinal cord part with the largest diameter is the ___________ part.

cervical

When light strikes a photoreceptor it:

deporlarizes and releases more neurotransmitter. depolarizes and releases less neurotransmitter. hyperpolarizes and releases more neurotransmitter. → hyperpolarizes and releases less neurotransmitter

Motor pathways are _________ tracts that control _________.

descending, effectors

The function of the ossicles is to:

detect acceleration of the head. → amplify sound waves and transmit them to the inner ear. determine static head position. support the tympanic membrane and protect hair cells of the inner ear. initiate action potentials that propagate to the inner ear

During aging of the integumentary system, sweat production increases as a result of improved sweat gland activity. True False

false

The ability of the components of the integumentary system to respond to stress or trauma is independent of nervous or endocrine system control. True False

false

The reason for the reddish tint seen in lightly pigmented skin is the molecule formed by the combination of oxygen and melanin. True False

false

When the body is cold and needs to conserve heat, the blood vessels in the dermis dilate to allow for more blood flow in that region. True False

false

Two of the nerves of the lumbar plexus are the:

femoral and obturator nerves.

The replication of the DNA molecule during interphase occurs during the:

first "gap" phase. → S phase. second "gap" phase. generation "gap" phase. metaphase.

Many of the muscles in the anterior compartment of the forearm work to _______ the wrist, and they have their origin on the _______ epicondyle of the humerus.

flex, medial

When a child raises her hand to show you she is five years old, she is using all of the following muscles except the:

flexor digitorum.

Once inside the sympathetic trunk, the sympathetic preganglionic axons:

follow any of the routes listed.

What part of the retina is responsible for the sharpest vision?

fovea

The hypodermis is rich in adipose, and thus its functions include:

frequent regeneration, structural support, and defense against infection. maintenance of boundaries and sensation of stimuli. water regulation and vitamin synthesis. → organ protection, energy storage, and thermal insulation.

When light strikes rhodopsin, the retinal is converted:

from cis to trans, and retinal and opsin combine. → from cis to trans, and retinal and opsin disassociate. from trans to cis, and retinal and opsin combine. from trans to cis, and retinal and opsin disassociate.

The proteins in the electron transport chain transport H+:

from the cytosol to the matrix. → from the matrix to the outer compartment. from the outer compartment to the cytosol. from the outer compartment to the matrix. from the cristae to the matrix

Areas where adult males tend to accumulate subcutaneous fat include the:

hips and buttocks. abdomen, forearms, and hips. → neck, abdomen, and buttocks. breasts, upper back, and buttocks.

Clonus often accompanies a ______ reflex after damage has occurred to the brain.

hyperactive

The neurons that are responsible for integrating information by retrieving, processing, storing, and "deciding" how the body responds to stimuli are

interneurons

Which functional class of neurons lies entirely within the central nervous system?

interneurons

The second thoracic spinal nerve exits the spinal column through the:

intervertebral foramen between vertebrae T2 and T3.

The __________ muscles of the foot both originate and insert within the foot.

intrinsic

The movement of glucose across a plasma membrane is achieved by:

ion pumps. receptor-mediated exocytosis. osmosis. → facilitated diffusion. phagocytosis.

A reflex arc in which both the receptor and effector organs of the reflex are on the same side of the spinal cord is:

ipsilateral.

Limited branching of preganglionic axons allows for:

local and discrete activation.

Dual innervation means that an individual effector:

receives input from both the sympathetic and parasympathetic nervous systems.

Phototransduction is the process in which:

retinal ganglion cells signal changes in the color of light. bipolar cells signal the presence of contrast in a visual scene. → photoreceptors convert light energy to changes in membrane potential. primary visual cortex recognizes and identifies a stimulus

One of the ways in which neurotransmitter is removed from the synaptic cleft is

reuptake by the presynaptic cell.

The type of neuronal circuit that ensures that we continue to breathe while asleep is a _____________ circuit.

reverberating

The type of neuronal circuit that uses feedback to produce a repeated, cyclical stimulation of the circuit is a _____________ circuit.

reverberating

The primary vesicle from which the metencephalon arises is

rhombencephalon.

Sharp, color vision is a result of the function of:

rods. → cones.

In human brain anatomy, the term ______ is synonymous with anterior.

rostral

The sympathetic division of the ANS has:

long postganglionic axons. norepinephrine as a transmitter substance. preganglionic neuron cell bodies in the T1-L2 regions of the spinal cord. all of the above

The largest and longest nerve in the body is the _________ nerve.

sciatic

In both the anterolateral pathway and the posterior funiculus-medial lemniscal pathway, the axons of the ________ neurons decussate in the CNS.

secondary

The axons of primary sensory neurons make synaptic connections with:

secondary neurons in the CNS.

A reduction in sensitivity to a continually applied stimulus is called:

sensation. tonicity. conscious awareness. → adaptation. transduction.

A posterior root contains:

sensory axons only.

The neurons that directly innervate skeletal muscles are called:

lower motor neurons.

Cerumen is a secretion that:

lubricates vellus hairs and waterproofs the skin of the limbs. → lubricates the ear canal and traps debris before it reaches the eardrum. cools the body through water evaporation. tends to cause acne on the skin of the face. acts as a pheremone

The muscle or group not originating from the calcaneus is the

lumbricals

Lactose intolerance is caused by the lack of the enzyme lactase, which is normally found in the:

lumen of the stomach. inside of cells of the liver and gall bladder. → membranes of cells in the small intestine. inside of cells in the large intestine. endothelium of large intestine capillaries

The _________ are responsible for synthesizing most of a human body cell's ATP.

lysosomes microfilaments nucleoli ribosomes → mitochondria

Specific prevertebral ganglia are named after the:

major abdominal arteries around which they are found.

The lateral corticospinal tracts include a ________ of the upper motor neuron axons that pass through the medulla, and they govern control of ___________.

majority, muscles used for finely controlled movements

The folds of the internal membrane of a mitochondrion are called:

matrix. vesicles. vacuoles. → cristae. cisternae

The pigment melanin is a(n):

membrane-bound organelle. non-membrane-bound organelle. → inclusion. nutrient. triglyceride.

The epidermis derives from:

mesoderm. → ectoderm. mesenchyme. granulation tissue.

The phase of mitosis that begins with the arrival of a group of single-stranded chromosomes at each pole of the cell is:

metaphase. anaphase. → telophase. prophase. S phase

The phase of mitosis that begins as spindle fibers pull sister chromatids apart at the centromere is:

metaphase. → anaphase. telophase. prophase. interphase

Catecholamines are a subtype of __________ neurotransmitter.

monoamine

The simple knee-jerk reflex is an example of a(n) _____ reflex.

monosynaptic

The footplate of the stapes is:

much larger than the tympanic membrane and the ossicles therefore amplify sound waves. → much smaller than the tympanic membrane and the ossicles therefore amplify sound waves. much larger than the tympanic membrane and the ossicles therefore dampen sound waves. much smaller than the tympanic membrane and the ossicles therefore dampen sound waves.

The type of neuronal circuit in which several neurons process the same information at one time is a _____________ circuit.

parallel-after-discharge

What type of circuit would you use to solve a higher-order mathematical problem?

parallel-after-discharge

The glossopharyngeal nerve innervates the:

parotid salivary gland.

The _______ is responsible for forming the outer, limiting barrier of a cell.

peroxisome ribosome mitochondrion → plasma membrane centrosome

The uptake of cholesterol into cells is an example of:

phagocytosis. pinocytosis. → receptor-mediated endocytosis. receptor-mediated exocytosis. simple diffusion

The most delicate of the meninges consists of elastic and collagen fibers and is known as the:

pia mater.

Removal of old organelles is via a process called:

pinocytosis. → autophagy. autolysis. filtration. vascularization

When the Achilles tendon is tapped or the bottom of the foot is stroked, the reflexive response is that the foot:

plantar flexes.

If someone steps on a sharp object with their right foot it will lead to:

polysynaptic reflexes involving contraction of the right hamstring and left quadriceps.

Billions of CNS interneurons are grouped in complex patterns called neuronal

pools.

The fasciculus cuneatus is part of the:

posterior funiculus--medial lemniscal pathway.

The cell bodies of sensory neurons are located in the:

posterior root ganglion.

The most crucial factor determining the resting potential of a neuron is the diffusion of:

potassium out of the cell through leak channels.

The first of the two ANS motor neurons is the ______ neuron.

preganglionic

Sympathetic splanchnic nerves are composed of:

preganglionic sympathetic axons that did not synapse in a sympathetic trunk ganglion.

The preganglionic axons of CN VII extend to the:

pterygopalatine and submandibular ganglia.

The anterior border of the perineum is the:

pubic symphysis.

The monoamine that has functions related to sleep, appetite, cognition, and mood is

serotonin.

Another name for the skin is the _________ membrane.

serous parietal mucous ! cutaneous visceral

The "fight-or-flight" system is the __________ nervous system.

sympathetic

A structure that is said to resemble a pearl necklace is a:

sympathetic trunk.

While most of the cells in a hair are dead, the living epithelial cells are found in:

the cuticle of the hair shaft. the cortex of the hair shaft. → the hair bulb. the hyponychium.

The postganglionic axons from the superior mesenteric ganglion innervate:

the distal half of the duodenum. part of the pancreas. part of the small intestine. the proximal part of the large intestine. all choices are correct

The "dark current" of photoreceptors refers to:

the exit of Na+ out of the cell when light is not hitting the cell. → the entry of Na+ into the cell when light is not hitting the cell. the entry of K+ into the cell when light is not hitting the cell. the exit of K+ out of the cell when light is not hitting the cell.

The last part of interphase is called:

the first "gap" phase. → the second "gap" phase. telophase. the S phase. anaphase

Which is not a general function of the nervous system?

transporting materials throughout the body

The deepest of the abdominal muscles are the _________ muscles.

transversus abdominis

Although sweat and sebaceous glands develop from the stratum basale of the epidermis, they eventually burrow and remain in the underlying dermis. True False

true

During the fetal period, sebum from the sebaceous glands mixes with the cells of the sloughed off periderm to form the vernix caseosa. True False

true

The epidermal dendritic cells are able to play an important immune response role by their phagocytic activity. True False

true

The thin epidermis, lacking the stratum lucidum, contains only four strata and covers most of the body. True False

true

Following an injury to his arm, a patient complains that he has no sensations from his "pinky". You suspect that he has damaged the:

ulnar nerve.

Postganglionic axons are:

unmyelinated.

Action potentials are generated by the opening of ________ gated channels and they occur on the ________.

voltage-, axon

Osmosis is the diffusion of:

water within the inside of a cell. → water across a membrane. solutes within the inside of a cell. solutes across a membrane

Which type of epithelial tissue would be the least protective? A. Stratified keratinized B. Stratified nonkeratinized C. Simple columnar D. Transitional E. Simple squamous

E. Simple squamous

Which of the following is not lined by nonkeratinized stratified squamous epithelium? A. Oral cavity B. Pharynx C. Vagina D. Esophagus E. Small intestine

E. Small intestine

The part of the limbic system involved in storing memories and forming long-term memory is the: A. cingulate gyrus. B. amygdaloid body. C. fornix. D. mammillary body. E. hippocampus.

E. hippocampus.

Which statement is true regarding the action of an oligodendrocyte?

Each oligodendrocyte can form a myelin sheath around many axons simultaneously.

What structures extend into the axon and dendrite of a neuron to provide tensile strength?

Neurofibrils

The glial cell that myelinates and insulates axons in the peripheral nervous system is the:

Neurolemmocyte

Which is one of the largest muscles in the body and the one most responsible for extending and laterally rotating the thigh?

Gluteus maximus

The process of keratinization begins in the stratum granulosum.

TRUE

The portion of the adult brain that includes the cerebrum is derived from which secondary brain vesicle?

Telencephalon

A sickle-shaped vertical partition that divides the left and right cerebellar hemispheres is the:

falx cerebelli.

When a muscle relaxes:

→ crossbridges stop forming and muscle elasticity

"Intermediate fibers" is another name for:

→ fast twitch, oxidative fibers.

The route that the sensation of taste follows is: a: Primary axons pass along cranial nerves VII and IX. b: Primary neurons synapse in the nucleus solitarius. c: Secondary neurons synapse in the thalamus. d: Tertiary neurons travel to the primary gustatory cortex.

! a, b, c, d b, c, a, d a, d, b, c d, c, b, a c, d, a, b

It may take nearly a half hour for rods of the retina to regenerate a full supply of photopigment during the process of:

! dark adaptation. light adaptation. lateral inhibition. opsinization.

The type of receptor that readily adapts to a stimulus is known as a ________ receptor.

! phasic tonic transducer multimodal

Oxidative fibers are:

! red and fatigue-resistant.

Which photoreceptor cells are more numerous?

! Rods Cones

One turn of the citric acid cycle results in the formation of:

! 1 ATP, 3 NADH, and 1 FADH2. 2 pyruvates and 2 ATP. 2 ATP, 2 NADH+, and 3 FADH. 2 citrates, 4 ATP, and 3 FADH2

The optimal range for the stomach enzyme pepsin is:

! 2-4

Each thick filament contains about ______ protein molecules (each molecule has two heads and two braided tails).

! 200

When one glucose molecule is fully oxidized, how many molecules of CO2 result?

! 6

The optimal pH range for most human enzymes is:

! 6-8

If the sequence of DNA nucleotides being read is TTACTG, then transcription results in the formation of the sequence:

! AAUGAC TTUGUC GTCATT TTACTG AAAGGG

Three molecules that are important energy storage locations in the body are:

! ATP, glycogen, and triglyceride.

Which of the myofilaments of a muscle fiber has the active sites to which the heads of the thick filaments will bind? ! Actin Troponin Tropomyosin Myosin Sarcoplasm

! Actin

When oxygen is low, pyruvate is converted to lactate, while:

! NADH is converted to NAD+. ATP is converted to AMP. citrate is converted to pyruvate. FADH is converted to NADH. FADH2 is reduced to FAD+.

What part of the retina lacks photoreceptors?

! Optic disc Macula lutea Fovea centralis Posterior retina All choices are correct

Which photoreceptor cells function in dim light?

! Rods Cones

Invaginations of the muscle cell membrane that extend deep into the cell are known as the: ! T-tubules. terminal cisternae. titin complexes. Z-discs. end plates.

! T-tubules.

Diffusion rate is fastest when the concentration gradient is:

! steepest and temperature is highest. steepest and temperature is at body temperature. slightest and temperature is highest. slightest and temperature is at body temperature. slightest and temperature is lowest

The enzyme DNA polymerase is:

! synthesized at a ribosome, and it remains within the cell. synthesized at the rough endoplasmic reticulum, and it is secreted from the cell. synthesized at the Golgi apparatus, and it is embedded in the cell membrane. synthesized in the nucleus, and it is converted to RNA for export outside the cell

The inferior tip of the spinal cord is the ___________ part.

coccygeal

When fertilization occurs, the sperm recognizes the egg by:

the chemical messages the egg secretes into the interstitial space. → the unique glycocalyx on the egg's surface. the much larger relative size of the egg. the strong acidity of the egg's environment

In adults, the spinal cord is a different length than the vertebral canal, and most of the lumbar part of the spinal cord is within:

the thoracic vertebrae.

The medial lemniscus is:

white matter in the brainstem that conducts information about proprioception and touch.

What is the letter associated with the dark bands in a sarcomere? I → A Z M H

→ A

During which phase of the crossbridge cycle is ATP split into ADP and Pi? Immediately preceding the detachment of the myosin head → Immediately preceding the resetting of the myosin head Immediately preceding the power stroke

→ Immediately preceding the resetting of the myosin head

Granulation tissue is:

! vascular connective tissue. avascular connective tissue. vascular epithelial tissue. avascular epithelial tissue.

According to the second law of thermodynamics, when energy is transformed from one kind to another:

!! some of it is converted to heat. some energy is destroyed. new energy is created. homeostasis is maintained. chemical bonds must be broken

A flat, thin structure made of dense connective tissue that serves to attach a muscle to a bone (or to another muscle) is a(n): ! aponeurosis. tendon. perimysium. myolemma. superficial fascia.

! aponeurosis.

The coracoclavicular ligament is a ______ ligament that connects the clavicle to part of the _______. A. strong; scapula B. strong; sternum C. weak; scapula D. weak; sternum

A. strong; scapula

Which is not a cartilaginous joint? A. First costochondral joint B. Intervertebral joint C. Second costochondral joint D. First sternocostal joint E. Second sternocostal joint

E. Second sternocostal joint

Movement of a body part toward the main axis of the body is called A. abduction. B. flexion. C. inversion. D. retraction. E. adduction.

E. adduction.

Which letter is associated with a zone (in a relaxed muscle) that is a little more lightly shaded because only thick filaments are present? I A M Z → H

→ H

Which is not a protein found in thin filaments? Actin Troponin Tropomyosin → Sarcomyosin No exceptions; all are found in thin filaments

→ Sarcomyosin

Which are the reservoirs that store the calcium required for muscle contraction? Synaptic vesicles Synaptic clefts → Terminal cisternae Peroxisomes Mitochondria

→ Terminal cisternae

Which letter is associated with the line that is a thin protein structure that serves as an attachment site for thin filament ends? I A → Z M H

→ Z

Which are possible functions of skeletal muscles? a: Maintenance of posture b: Both highly coordinated and localized simple movements c: Temperature regulation d: Support of certain body organs e: Regulation of the movement of material through certain body tracts

→ a, b, c, d, e

The characteristic of muscle that allows it to be passively stretched is: conductivity. elasticity. excitability. extensibility. contractility.

→ extensibility.

The neurons that stimulate muscle contraction are called _____ neurons. sensory contractile inhibitory → motor association

→ motor

The amount of CSF within the brain at any given moment is approximately:

130 ml.

A typical spinal cord in an adult is

16-18 inches long

Typically, the resting membrane potential of a neuron is

-70 mV

Which number indicates the eponychium?

1 2 3 4 → 5

Which number indicates a dermal papilla?

1 2 3 → 4 5

Which number indicates the arrector pili muscle?

1 2 →3 4 5

Which number indicates the hair papilla?

1 2 3 4 → 5

Which number indicates the reticular layer of the dermis?

1 → 2 3 4 5

Some of the largest spherical cells in the human body (for example oocytes) have a diameter of approximately:

1 nm. 1 cm. 1 μm. 100 nm. → 100 μm

The total number of ATP generated by the breakdown of glucose is 38, but the net number of ATP generated is:

2. 24. 30. ! 36. 40.

The growth rate for a scalp hair is about _______ per day for 2 to 5 years, and then the hair becomes dormant.

1.3 mm 1.3 cm 1/30 mm → 1/3 mm 3.1 mm

Gustatory cells within a taste bud are specialized neuroepithelial cells that have a _________ life span.

7-10 hour → 7-10 day 7-10 week 7-10 month 7-10 year

Which space associated with the spinal cord meninges contains cerebrospinal fluid?

Subarachnoid space

Which of the following accurately compares sections of spinal white matter?

A fasciculus is smaller than a funiculus.

Somatic motor neuron axons fall into the category of

A fibers.

A graph of an EPSP would plot time against a voltage trace that would resemble

A hill where the high point approaches the threshold value

Conductive activity in a neuron generally causes it to secrete

A specific neurotransmitter that either excites or inhibits its target

What is a retinaculum?

A thickened fibrous band of fascia

Damage to which lobe of the brain (that normally plans appropriate behavior) has been most frequently associated with personality abnormalities? A. Frontal B. Parietal C. Occipital D. Temporal E. Insula

A. Frontal

Following a head injury, a young woman frequently loses her temper and is often depressed and otherwise "moody". What part of the brain do you think has been damaged? A. Amygdaloid body B. Caudate nucleus C. Putamen D. Globus pallidus E. Claustrum

A. Amygdaloid body

Which ligament is responsible for holding the head of the radius in place? A. Anular ligament B. Ulnar collateral ligament C. Radial collateral ligament D. Transverse humeral ligament E. Deltoid ligament

A. Anular ligament

Which of the primary tissue types is most widely distributed throughout the body? A. Connective B. Muscle C. Nervous D. Epithelium

A. Connective

This portion of the brain forms part of the roof of the diencephalon and covers the third ventricle. Its posterior portion houses the pineal gland and the habenular nuclei. A. Epithalamus B. Thalamus C. Hypothalamus D. Cerebellum E. Infundibulum

A. Epithalamus

Which of the five cerebral lobes is the one not visible on the surface of the brain? A. Insula B. Temporal C. Frontal D. Occipital E. Parietal

A. Insula

Most commonly, which cerebral hemisphere is responsible for controlling speech? A. Left B. Right

A. Left

Which cell type, found in connective tissue proper, is formed from monocytes and serves to phagocytize damaged cells or pathogens? A. Macrophage B. Plasma cell C. Mast cell D. Mesenchymal cell E. Adipocytes

A. Macrophage

If a person were unable to form saliva, what type of gland could be missing or malfunctioning? A. Merocrine glands B. Holocrine glands C. Apocrine glands

A. Merocrine glands

Which is the first type of connective tissue to form in the embryo and the source of all other adult connective tissues? A. Mesenchyme B. Mucous C. Adipose D. Areolar E. Umbilical

A. Mesenchyme

Which are not considered to be features of a synovial joint? A. Muscles B. Nerves C. Blood vessels D. Articular cartilage E. Synovial fluid

A. Muscles

Which cranial nerve is composed of only motor fibers? A. VI B. VIII C. IX D. V E. I

A. VI

In a first-class lever A. the fulcrum is in the middle, between the effort and the resistance. B. the resistance is between the fulcrum and the effort. C. the effort is between the resistance and the fulcrum. D. there is no effort arm.

A. the fulcrum is in the middle, between the effort and the resistance.

Axons: A. transmit signals away from the cell body. B. transmit signals toward the cell body. C. manufacture proteins to be used by the neuron. D. use hormones to transmit information. E. None of the choices is correct.

A. transmit signals away from the cell body.

The enzyme that harnesses the energy of H+ diffusion down its concentration gradient within a mitochondrion to make high energy molecules for the cell is:

ATP phosphatase. → ATP synthetase. pyruvate decarboxylase. succinic dehydrogenase. creatine phosphatase

Which occurs first? Absolute refractory period Relative refractory period

Absolute refractory period

Which of the following is considered a required enzyme for the process of transcription?

Aminoacyl-tRNA synthetase DNA polymerase → RNA polymerase amine transferase

Which type of protein is used by cells of the immune system to distinguish normal cells from foreign or infected cells?

Anchoring proteins Ligands Cell adhesion proteins → Identity markers Transport proteins

Glial cells differ from neurons in that they

Are smaller and capable of mitosis

The endoneurium is composed of

Areolar connective tissue

Which is not correct regarding articulations? A. An articulation is a joint between a bone and another bone, cartilage, or tooth. B. All articulations contain some type of cartilage. C. Arthrology is the scientific study of articulations. D. Articulations can range in motion from freely mobile to immobile. E. There are three structural categories of articulations.

B. All articulations contain some type of cartilage.

During a mugging, a person experiences an extreme level of fear. What portion of the limbic system is responsible for this and other emotional states? A. Cingulate gyrus B. Amygdaloid body C. The fornix D. Mammillary bodies E. Hippocampus

B. Amygdaloid body

Which of the following describes a meniscus? A. Attach one bone to another at a joint B. Fibrous cartilage pads C. Flat, fluid-filled sacs D. Found only at the temporomandibular joint E. Attach muscles to bones

B. Fibrous cartilage pads

Which knee ligament is most crucial for preventing hyperadduction? A. Tibial collateral ligament B. Fibular collateral ligament C. Patellar ligament D. Anterior cruciate ligament E. Medial meniscus

B. Fibular collateral ligament

Which is not a correct pairing of a joint with its common name? A. Radiocarpal joint - wrist B. Glenohumeral joint - elbow C. Metacarpophalangeal - knuckle D. Temporomandibular - TMJ E. Talocrural - ankle

B. Glenohumeral joint - elbow

Which joints are responsible for flexion and extension at the elbow? A. Glenohumeral and humeroulnar B. Humeroulnar and humeroradial C. Humeroulnar, humeroradial, and radioulnar D. Humeroradial, radioulnar, and radiocarpal E. Humeroradial and radioulnar

B. Humeroulnar and humeroradial

Gomphoses A. contain fluid-filled joint cavities. B. are found only in tooth sockets. C. consist of sheets of hyaline cartilage. D. cover the tendons in the shoulder and coxal joints. E. are also called saddle joints.

B. are found only in tooth sockets.

In the temporomandibular joint, a pad of fibrocartilage called the _________ divides the synovial cavity into two separate chambers. A. meniscus B. articular disc C. mandibular partition D. sphenomandibular ligament E. coronoid capsule

B. articular disc

A nursing baby is using what muscle to suckle?

Buccinator

The cranial nerve that innervates smooth muscle and glands of the heart, lungs, larynx, trachea, and most abdominal organs is the ___________ nerve. A. facial B. trigeminal C. vagus D. accessory E. hypoglossal

C. vagus

The slowest category of nerve fibers are the

C fibers, and they conduct impulses at 1 meter per second.

In the human body, joints start to form by the _________ week of embryonic development. A. 4th B. 8th C. 6th D. 10th E. 12th

C. 6th

In this image showing connective tissue components, what structure does number 1 indicate? A. Mesenchymal cell B. Fibroblast C. Adipocyte D. Macrophage E. Extracellular matrix

C. Adipocyte

The blood-brain barrier is reduced or missing from three locations in the brain. Which is not one of these locations? A. Hypothalamus B. Pineal gland C. Cerebrum D. Choroid plexus

C. Cerebrum

Which of the following is not secreted by glands? A. Mucin B. Hormones C. DNA D. Enzymes E. Waste products

C. DNA

Which type of connective tissue predominates in the deep portion of the dermis, where it lends strength to the skin? A. Adipose B. Dense regular C. Dense irregular D. Cartilage E. Areolar

C. Dense irregular

Which part of the brain contains the epithalamus, hypothalamus, and the thalamus? A. Pons B. Medulla oblongata C. Diencephalon D. Cerebrum E. Cerebellum

C. Diencephalon

Which tissue type covers body surfaces and lines the inside of organs and body cavities? A. Muscle B. Connective C. Epithelial D. Nervous E. None of the choices is correct

C. Epithelial

Bell palsy is a condition characterized by the paralysis of facial muscles, eyelid droop, and sagging at the corners of the mouth. What nerve is affected in this condition? A. Olfactory B. Trigeminal C. Facial D. Accessory E. Hypoglossal

C. Facial

Which spinal nerves contribute to the brachial plexus?

C5-T1

What is the function of the cruciate ligaments in the knee joint? A. Hold the patella in place on the femur B. Hold the patella in place on the tibia C. Limit the movement of the femur on the tibia D. Limit the movement of the fibula on the femur E. Limit the movement of the fibula on the tibia

C. Limit the movement of the femur on the tibia

Which cell type, found in connective tissue proper and close to blood vessels, secretes heparin and histamine? A. Plasma cell B. Adipocyte C. Mast cell D. Fibroblast E. Mesenchymal cell

C. Mast cell

Which is the most anterior cranial nerve? A. Trochlear B. Optic C. Olfactory D. Oculomotor E. Accessory

C. Olfactory

Which connective tissue cells become activated and produce antibodies when exposed to foreign materials? A. Mast cells B. Fibroblasts C. Plasma cells D. Mesenchymal cells E. Fixed macrophages

C. Plasma cells

A football player can hear his coach's voice above the noise of the crowd and can sense an opponent about to run him down. These abilities are due to the action of what part of the brain? A. Hypothalamus B. Epithalamus C. Thalamus D. Pineal body E. Pons

C. Thalamus

Which structure serves as the main relay point for sensory information that is headed to a primary sensory region of the cerebral cortex? A. Hypothalamus B. Epithalamus C. Thalamus D. Pineal body E. Pons

C. Thalamus

Which skills are associated with the right hemisphere for most individuals? A. Language and task sequencing B. Categorization and symbolization C. Visuospatial skills and music D. Mathematics and the partitioning of information into small fragments

C. Visuospatial skills and music

The glenohumeral joint exhibits A. a high degree of stability and a wide range of motion. B. a high degree of stability but a narrow range of motion. C. a low level of stability but a wide range of motion. D. a low level of stability and a narrow range of motion.

C. a low level of stability but a wide range of motion.

A skeletal muscle fiber is: A. an elongated series of muscles held together by dense connective tissue. B. a collection of several muscles bound together by a membrane. C. a skeletal muscle cell. D. found only in cardiac muscle. E. a contractile filament within the osteon of bone.

C. a skeletal muscle cell.

The fibrocartilage rim that deepens the hip socket is the A. coxal retinaculum. B. obturator membrane. C. acetabular labrum. D. glenoid labrum.

C. acetabular labrum.

Shrinkage of tissue by a decrease in either cell number or cell size is termed: A. hypertrophy. B. neoplasia. C. atrophy. D. metaplasia. E. fibrosis.

C. atrophy.

Structurally, a syndesmosis is a _________ joint; functionally, it is a __________. A. cartilagenous; diarthrosis B. cartilagenous; amphiarthrosis C. fibrous; amphiarthrosis D. fibrous; synarthrosis E. ball and socket; pivot

C. fibrous; amphiarthrosis

The reticular formation is an area of the brain that: A. is sensory in function. B. is motor in function. C. has sensory and motor components. D. serves higher order cognitive functions.

C. has sensory and motor components.

When elevating the mandible to chew food, the temporomandibular joint functions as a _________ joint. A. pivot B. ball and socket C. hinge D. saddle

C. hinge

When the angle between articulating bones increases beyond the anatomic position, the movement is referred to as A. dislocation. B. supination. C. hyperextension. D. hyperflexion. E. hypertrophy.

C. hyperextension.

The brain region that exerts significant control over the endocrine system is the: A. pons. B. thalamus. C. hypothalamus. D. epithalamus.

C. hypothalamus.

If you gently rub your thumb and forefinger together, each finger is contacting: A. simple squamous epithelium. B. keratinized simple squamous epithelium. C. keratinized stratified squamous epithelium. D. nonkeratinized simple squamous epithelium. E. nonkeratinized stratified squamous epithelium.

C. keratinized stratified squamous epithelium.

Interpretation of emotion is governed by the _______, and expression of emotion is governed by the ________. A. hippocampus, hypothalamus B. hypothalamus, hippocampus C. limbic system, prefrontal cortex D. prefrontal cortex, amygdala E. endocrine system, association cortex

C. limbic system, prefrontal cortex

The type of membrane that prevents desiccation, provides lubrication, and traps bacteria and foreign particles is: A. serous. B. cutaneous. C. mucous. D. cartilaginous. E. synovial.

C. mucous.

Number 2 indicates a compound _____ gland. A. coiled acinar B. coiled tubular C. tubular D. tubuloacinar E. acinar

C. tubular

Which is not a function of cerebrospinal fluid?

CSF helps to promote mitosis within neuronal tissue

Which may be involved in an autonomic reflex?

Cardiac muscle contraction Smooth muscle contraction Secretion by glands all choices are correct

Which autonomic plexus consists of postganglionic sympathetic axons that come off the cervical and thoracic sympathetic trunk ganglia, as well as preganglionic axons from the vagus nerve?

Cardiac plexus

Which does not occur during the G2 phase?

Centriole replication is completed. Organelle production continues. Enzymes needed for cell division are synthesized. → Each DNA molecule replicates. No exceptions; all of these occur during the G2 phase

Which of the following structures function in holding organelles in place, maintaining cell shape and rigidity, and directing organelle movement?

Centrioles Flagella Golgi apparatus → Microtubules Cilia

What is the correct order for the parts of the spinal cord, from superior to inferior?

Cervical - thoracic - lumbar - sacral - coccygeal

There are two types of synapses, based on mode of communication. What are they?

Chemical and electrical

These receptors detect changes in pressure within the body caused by the stretch or distention of internal structures.

Chemoreceptors Thermoreceptors Photoreceptors Mechanoreceptors → Baroreceptors

These receptors respond to pain caused by external and internal stimuli.

Chemoreceptors Thermoreceptors Photoreceptors Mechanoreceptors → Nociceptors

Which is not characteristic of a cell undergoing apoptosis?

Chromatin degradation Shrinkage in volume Abnormal development in organelle structure Abnormal development in plasma membrane structure → No exceptions; all of these are characteristic of a cell undergoing apoptosis

The most inferior spinal nerve is:

Co1

Of the muscles listed, which is the only one not innervated by the pudendal nerve?

Coccygeus

Receptors are parts of the nervous system that allow it to:

Collect information

Which eye feature provides vitamin A for photoreceptor cells?

Cornea Conjunctiva Sclera → Pigmented layer of the retina Neural layer of the retina

The patellar ligament attaches the patella to the A. femur. B. quadriceps muscle. C. fibula. D. tibia. E. hamstring muscles.

D. tibia.

Groups of similar cells and extracellular products that carry out a common function are called: A. organs. B. organ systems. C. matrices. D. tissues.

D. tissues.

Transpiration is another name for sweating. true or false

False

All connective tissues have three features in common. They are: A. cells, protein fibers, and mucus. B. cells, hormones, and protein fibers. C. protein fibers, a liquid portion, and ground substance. D. cells, a liquid portion, and protein fibers. E. cells, protein fibers, and ground substance.

E. cells, protein fibers, and ground substance.

The largest of the four dural septa, this large, sickle-shaped vertical fold of dura mater separates the left and right cerebral hemispheres.

Falx cerebri

Endocrine glands A. possess short ducts and secrete their products directly onto the skin surface. B. lack ducts and secrete their products onto the skin surface. C. possess ducts to secrete their products into the bloodstream or into interstitial fluid. D. lack ducts and secrete their products into the bloodstream or into interstitial fluid. E. secrete mucus directly into a body cavity.

D. lack ducts and secrete their products into the bloodstream or into interstitial fluid.

The movement that occurs when the trunk of the body moves in a coronal plane laterally away from the body is A. adduction. B. hyperextension. C. eversion D. lateral flexion. E. gliding.

D. lateral flexion.

The __________ is composed of multiple structures that collaboratively process and experience emotions. A. medulla oblongata B. cerebellum C. hypothalamus D. limbic system E. cerebellar peduncle

D. limbic system

With age, connective tissues: A. become more flexible. B. become thinner. C. lose their blood supply. D. lose their pliability and resiliency. E. increase in mass.

D. lose their pliability and resiliency.

A synarthrotic joint would have A. high mobility and high stability. B. high mobility and low stability. C. low mobility and low stability. D. low mobility and high stability.

D. low mobility and high stability.

One of the components of sweat is the nitrogenous waste urea. True False

True

The lobe that is immediately posterior to the central sulcus and that is involved in general sensory functions is the: A. occipital lobe. B. temporal lobe. C. insula. D. parietal lobe. E. frontal lobe.

D. parietal lobe.

The joint formed by the axis and atlas that permits the "no" shaking of the head is a _____ joint. A. condylar B. hinge C. plane D. pivot E. saddle

D. pivot

Rotation of the forearm so as to direct the palm anteriorly (as in anatomic position) is called A. abduction. B. pronation. C. eversion. D. supination. E. protraction.

D. supination.

The type of membrane that lines many of the body's joints is a _________ membrane. A. serous B. mucous C. cutaneous D. synovial E. metastatic

D. synovial

Which is not considered part of the cytoplasm?

Cytosol → Nucleus Organelles Inclusions

List these events in the correct order for CSF flow in the CNS. a: CSF flows into the arachnoid villi. b: CSF enters the blood. c: CSF flows through the cerebral aqueduct to the 4th ventricle. d: CSF flows into the subarachnoid space. e: CSF is produced by the choroid plexus. A. a, b, c, e, d B. e, a, b, c, d C. c, d, a, e, b D. e, c, d, a, b E. e, d, a, b, c

D. e, c, d, a, b

The numerous folds of the cerebellar cortex are called: A. fissures. B. gyri. C. vermis. D. folia. E. petalias.

D. folia.

A tissue transplant from an animal to a human is a(n): A. autograft. B. syngenetic graft. C. allograft. D. heterograft. E. homograft.

D. heterograft.

What specialized feature of an epithelium consists of a reticular lamina, a lamina densa, and a lamina lucida? A. Microfilament B. Desmosome C. Fenestrated membrane D. Basement membrane E. Plasma membrane

D. Basement membrane

There are four types of body membranes. Select the exception. A. Serous B. Cutaneous C. Mucous D. Cartilaginous E. Synovial

D. Cartilaginous

The nucleus and other organelles of a neuron are primarily housed in which part of the cell? A. Axon B. Dendrite C. Glial cell D. Cell body E. None of the choices is correct

D. Cell body

This portion of the brain ensures that skeletal muscle contraction follows the correct pattern leading to smooth, coordinated movements. A. Pons B. Medulla oblongata C. Cerebrum D. Cerebellum E. Epithalamus

D. Cerebellum

Which part of the brain contains the arbor vitae? A. Pons B. Medulla oblongata C. Cerebrum D. Cerebellum E. Epithalamus

D. Cerebellum

Which portion of the brain adjusts skeletal muscle activity to maintain equilibrium and posture? A. Pons B. Medulla oblongata C. Cerebrum D. Cerebellum E. Epithalamus

D. Cerebellum

Which does not correctly pair a movement with its opposing movement? A. Flexion - extension B. Abduction - adduction C. Pronation - supination D. Elevation - retraction E. Dorsiflexion - plantar flexion

D. Elevation - retraction

The type of exocrine gland in which the entire cell disintegrates, liberating any accumulated products, is the __________ gland. A. apocrine B. merocrine C. goblet cell D. holocrine E. None of the choices is correct

D. holocrine

In what tissue would you expect to find very little if any extracellular matrix? A. Muscle tissue B. Nervous tissue C. Immune tissue D. Epithelial tissue E. Connective tissue

D. Epithelial tissue

Suppose that you were involved in an automobile accident and suffered a back injury. When examined by your physician you are told that you have a slipped disc in the lower back. What type of tissue is involved? A. Adipose tissue B. Bone C. Elastic cartilage D. Fibrocartilage E. Dense regular connective tissue

D. Fibrocartilage

What type of cartilage is located between the bones in a symphysis? A. Elastic cartilage B. Reticular cartilage C. Hyaline cartilage D. Fibrocartilage E. Sutural cartilage

D. Fibrocartilage

This nucleus both excites and inhibits the activities of the thalamus to control and adjust muscle tone. A. Amygdaloid body B. Caudate nucleus C. Putamen D. Globus pallidus E. Claustrum

D. Globus pallidus

Which ligament is not associated with the glenohumeral joint? A. Coracoacromial ligament B. Coracohumeral ligament C. Glenohumeral ligament D. Humeral collateral ligament

D. Humeral collateral ligament

Where in the body would you find a glial cell? A. In the stomach B. In the cardiovascular system C. In the immune system D. In the nervous system E. In the skeletal system

D. In the nervous system

Which is not a correct pairing of a joint with its classification? A. Tibiofemoral - hinge B. Glenohumeral - ball and socket C. Trapezium and first metacarpal - saddle D. Intertarsal - condylar E. Proximal radioulnar - pivot

D. Intertarsal - condylar

Which is not true regarding ligaments? A. Intracapsular ligaments are within the articular capsule. B. Ligaments are composed of dense regular connective tissue. C. Extrinsic ligaments are physically separate from the articular capsule. D. Intrinsic ligaments are thickenings of the articular cartilage. E. Extracapsular ligaments are outside the articular capsule.

D. Intrinsic ligaments are thickenings of the articular cartilage.

The vasomotor center is an important regulator of ________ and is located in the ________. A. voluntary movement, frontal lobe B. blood pressure, pons C. visual reflexes, pons D. blood pressure, medulla oblongata. E. visual reflexes, midbrain

D. blood pressure, medulla oblongata.

As motor tracts descend to the brainstem they become the anterolateral surfaces of the midbrain known as the: A. inferior colliculi. B. accessory nerves. C. inferior olives. D. cerebral peduncles. E. substantia nigra.

D. cerebral peduncles.

Association tracts: A. connect different regions of the cerebral cortex with the opposite hemisphere. B. extend between the right and left cerebral hemispheres. C. link the cerebral cortex to the caudal brain regions and the spinal cord. D. connect different regions of the cerebral cortex within the same hemisphere. E. None of the choices is correct

D. connect different regions of the cerebral cortex within the same hemisphere.

Which statement is accurate?

DNA is made up entirely of genes; a chromosome is the unwoven form of chromatin. → A sequence of nucleotides in DNA constitutes a gene; DNA and associated proteins form chromatin. Human cells contain 46 genes; another name for a gene is a nucleosome. Each nucleotide in a gene is bound by hydrogen to the next nucleotide in the sequence; chromatin is a nitrogenous base

The function of the nucleolus is to make:

DNA molecules. → the subunits of ribosomes. the secretions that will be packaged by the Golgi apparatus. histones. the deoxyribose sugar

With damage to nerve fibers, larger distances between the site of damage and the target structure innervated result in _________ chances of successful regeneration.

Decreased

Within which layer of the anterior compartment of the forearm is the flexor pollicis longus located?

Deep layer

The main way acetylcholine is cleared from a synapse is by

Degradation by an enzyme

The epineurium is composed of

Dense irregular connective tissue

When contracted, this muscle causes expansion of the thoracic cavity and increases pressure in the abdominopelvic cavity. Its insertion is on a central tendon.

Diaphragm

Which secondary brain vesicle forms the portion of the adult brain that includes the epithalamus, thalamus, and hypothalamus?

Diencephalon

According to Ohm's law, current is

Directly related to voltage and inversely related to resistance.

Which of the cranial meninges consists of dense irregular connective tissue in two layers (the periosteal layer and the meningeal layer)?

Dura mater

Which is true regarding the action of a neurolemmocyte?

Each meurolemmocyte can wrap only 1 mm portion of a single axon.

Of the two types of synapses, based on mode of communication, which is less common but allows faster signal transmission?

Electrical synapse

Which stage of cellular respiration is catalyzed by pyruvate dehydrogenase?

Electron transport system → Intermediate stage Citric acid cycle Glycolysis Fermentation to lactate

There are four types of encapsulated receptors. Select the exception.

End bulbs Lamellated corpuscles → Arrector pili corpuscles Ruffini corpuscles Tactile corpuscles

Which is not a membrane-bound organelle?

Endoplasmic reticulum Lysosome Golgi apparatus Peroxisome → All of these are membrane-bound organelles

The glial cell that helps to circulate cerebrospinal fluid is the:

Ependymal cell

Which space associated with the spinal cord meninges contains areolar connective tissue, blood vessels, and adipose connective tissue?

Epidural space

Which structure is indicated by number 1?

Eponychium Hyponychium → Free edge Cuticle Nail fold

An organ is made up of only one tissue type; for example, the heart is made of cardiac muscle. TRUE OR FALSE

FALSE

What type of stimulus is detected by the sensory receptors of the skin?

Heat Cold Pressure Vibration → All of the choices are correct

Where is the greatest concentration of cones located?

In the optic disc In the ora serrata → In the fovea centralis In the posterior retina In the optic nerve

Where would you find the protein crystallin?

In the retina In the ciliary body In the choroids → In the lens In the optic nerve

Following an injury to his arm, a patient complains that he has no sensations from the thumb, index finger, middle finger, and part of the ring finger. What nerve do you suspect to be damaged?

Median nerve

Cancer cells in the epidermis are attacked by:

Merkel cells. → epidermal dendritic cells. melanocytes. keratinocytes.

The portion of the adult brain that includes the cerebral peduncles, superior colliculi, and inferior colliculi is derived from which secondary brain vesicle?

Mesencephalon

The glial cell that defends the body against pathogens is the:

Microglial cell

Which statement is consistent with the current understanding of neural tissue?

Most neurons formed in fetal development last a lifetime, but some brain regions in adults can generate new neurons

This muscle extends and rotates the vertebral column toward the opposite side of the body. Its origin is on the sacrum and transverse processes of each vertebra and its insertion is the spinous processes of more superior vertebrae.

Multifidus

Based on structure, the most common type of neuron is the _______ neuron.

Multipolar neuron

The glial cell that myelinates and insulates axons within the CNS is the:

Oligodendrocyte

A term that describes the change in muscle following a lack of exercise is:

→ atrophy.

Which muscles arise from the skull and often attach to the skin?

Muscles of facial expression

Which muscles help us in the initial breakdown of food?

Muscles of mastication

Following an injury to his arm, a patient complains that he has lost the ability to flex his elbow and supinate his forearm. Which nerve do you suspect he has damaged?

Musculocutaneous nerve

The portion of the adult brain that includes the medulla oblongata is derived from which secondary brain vesicle?

Myelencephalon

To measure the resting potential of a neuron, a physiologist would place

One micro electrode inside the neuron and another in the interstitial fluid

The hyperpolarization that occurs at the end of an action potential is due to the prolonged

Open state of voltage-gated potassium channels.

Which papillae, distributed on the anterior two-thirds of the tongue surface, lack taste buds?

Papiform → Filiform Fungiform Vallate Foliate

Which division functions to conserve energy and replenish the supply of nutrients?

Parasympathetic

Which system has long preganglionic axons and therefore ganglia that are relatively far from the central nervous system?

Parasympathetic nervous system

All of these muscles, except one, have their origin on the scapula. Select the exception.

Pectoralis major

The cytoplasm within a cell body of a neuron is called the:

Perikaryon

From which part of the CNS do parasympathetic preganglionic axons of CN VII emerge?

Pons

Which muscle "unlocks" the fully extended knee joint?

Popliteus

Which of the following structures is closest to the spinal cord?

Posterior rootlets

Which sympathetic pathway involves a preganglionic neuron that synapses with a ganglionic neuron in a sympathetic trunk ganglion, but the postganglionic axon does not leave the trunk via a gray ramus?

Postganglionic sympathetic nerve pathway

Which sympathetic pathway is responsible for activating the esophagus, heart, lungs, and thoracic blood vessels?

Postganglionic sympathetic nerve pathway

In neurophysiology, the term "summation" refers to the addition of

Postsynaptic potentials at the initial segment.

When voltage-gated K+ channels open on the conductive segment of a neuron,

Potassium exits, repolarizing the cell to a negative value.

The mentalis muscle has what action?

Pouting

The superficial layer of the urogenital triangle contains three muscles. Select the exception.

Puborectalis

With three seconds left on the clock, Mia breaks free and scores the winning goal in her soccer game. Of the muscles listed, select the one with the primary action in extending the leg for kicking.

Quadriceps femoris

Which of the following lists the components of the brachial plexus in correct order starting with the most medial?

Rami, trunks, divisions, cords

Which is the longest muscle of the body?

Sartorius

The glial cell that protects neuron cell bodies located within ganglia is the:

Satellite cell

Where would you find olfactory hairs?

Scattered among the lamina propria → At the apical surface of olfactory neurons Buried within the olfactory glands At the surface of supporting cells Concentrated along basal cells

Following damage to axons nearby, oligodendrocytes

Secrete growth -inhibitory molecules

The afferent division of the nervous system is also known as the _____ division.

Sensory

________ pathways have peripheral primary neurons and central secondary and tertiary neurons.

Sensory

A mixed nerve refers to one that contains both:

Sensory and Motor Neurons

Which accurately describes sensory and motor pathways?

Sensory pathways terminate in the brain, and motor pathways terminate at effectors.

Which is an active transport process?

Simple diffusion Bulk filtration Osmosis Facilitated diffusion → Ion pump

Which is not an effector innervated by the autonomic nervous system?

Skeletal muscle

Which part of the neuron contains the nucleus?

Soma

The portion of the nervous system that conducts impulses from the skin, joints, skeletal muscles, and special senses is the ___________ division.

Somatic Sensory

The portion of the nervous system that has voluntary control over skeletal muscles is the _____________ division.

Somatic motor

In a mixed nerve

Some axons transmit sensory information and other transmit motor information

When multiple presynaptic neurons release neurotransmitter at various locations onto the postsynaptic neuron at the same time, this results in

Spatial summation

Which extrinsic eye muscle moves through a pulleylike loop?

Superior oblique

The pronator teres and pronator quadratus cause pronation of the forearm. What muscle opposes this movement?

Supinator

All of these muscles, except one, adduct the arm. Select the exception.

Supraspinatus

What molecules help concentrate odorants at the olfactory receptor cells?

Sustentacularin → Odorant-binding proteins Volatile molecules G-proteins Tastants

Pharyngeal constrictor muscles are especially important for which function?

Swallowing

Which division functions to increase alertness and direct bodily responses in stressful situations?

Sympathetic

Which type of innervation causes pupil dilation?

Sympathetic

What inner ear structure detects acceleration and deceleration movements of the head?

Tensor tympani and stapedius Spiral organ → Maculae Ossicles Scala vestibule

You have just disembarked from an airplane following a cross-country flight. You are experiencing difficulty in hearing and notice that your ears are plugged. To relieve the pressure you try "yawning" to clear the ear canal. It worked. What muscle was involved?

Tensor veli palatini

Which of the following is not one of the rotator cuff muscles?

Teres major

Which of the following is correct about the autonomic nervous system (ANS)?

The ANS is part of both the CNS and the PNS. ANS functions are involuntary. ANS motor neurons innervate cardiac muscle fibers, smooth muscle fibers, and glands. ANS motor pathways always include two neurons. All of these are correct.

Which statement accurately compares the motor systems of the somatic nervous system (SNS) and autonomic nervous system (ANS)?

The SNS does not have ganglia for its motor neurons but the ANS does.

Which is not true about the somatic nervous system (SNS)?

The SNS is activated by visceral sensory neurons.

The glossy-white appearance of most axons is due to

The higher lipid content of myelin sheath

In the limbs, which tends to be a muscle's more distal attachment?

The insertion

What is the diamond-shaped region between the lower appendages called?

The perineum

Which of the rami is much smaller?

The posterior ramus

When transmission occurs at a synapse, neurotransmitter is released by?

The presynaptic neuron's synaptic knob into the synaptic cleft

Which cranial nerve innervates the superior oblique muscle?

The trochlear nerve

As a neuron's refractory period ends, its sodium channels are changing from

Their inactivated state to their resting state

Which group of muscles forms a thick, fleshy mass at the base of the thumb?

Thenar group

What do all glial cells have in common?

They assist neurons in their respective functions

What is the function of the auditory tube?

To transmit sound waves to the inner ear → To equalize air pressure between the atmosphere and the middle ear To prevent the invasion of microorganisms into the inner ear To provide a passageway for fluid from the middle to the inner ear To provide an airway between the middle and inner ear

Which statement accurately compares the transmission speed of the different types of synapses?

Transmission at chemical synapses involves a brief synaptic delay, but electrical synapses are faster

Which is not a type of neuronal pool?

Triangular-pre-discharge

All of the following muscles that move the glenohumeral joint insert on the humerus, except one. Which one?

Triceps brachii

Which of these spinal nerve counts is incorrect?

Thoracic nerves = 8 pairs

This nerve helps to plant the foot and receives sensory signals from the skin of the sole.

Tibial nerve

Which muscle is the primary dorsiflexor of the foot at the ankle?

Tibialis anterior

Fingernails are helpful in protecting the distal tips of fingers and in grasping small objects. true or false

True

Which elevates the ribs?

Two of the choices are correct

Continuous conduction of a nerve impulse occurs only along

Unmyelinated axons

Tear secretions are governed by parasympathetic fibers within which cranial nerve?

VII

A graded potential is one that

Varies in size depending on the magnitude of the stimulus (larger voltage change for stronger stimulus)

Why might someone pale when they are exposed to a cold temperature?

Vasodilation has occurred → Vasoconstriction has occurred Purely psychological Dehydration of the stratum corneum Constriction of the dermal collagen and elastic fibers

Where is the saccule located?

Within the middle ear Lateral to the auditory ossicles Within the cochlea → Within the vestibule In the auditory tube

The frontal belly of the occipitofrontalis muscle causes what action?

Wrinkling the brow (forehead)

If you were to cut a cross section of the retina and examine it under a microscope, what would be the order of features from the choroid to the posterior cavity? a: Rods and cones b: Ganglionic axons progressing to the optic nerve c: Bipolar cells d: Ganglion cells' bodies e: Pigmented retina

a, b, c, d, e → e, a, c, d, b c, a, e, d, b d, e, a, b, c e, d, c, b, a

Among the components of the dermis are: a: sweat glands b: hair follicles c: collagen fibers d: sensory nerve endings e: arrector pili muscles

a, b, d a, c, d a, b, d, e a, b, c, e → a, b, c, d, e

Which of these are functions of hair? a: Sensory reception b: Heat retention c: Pheromone dispersal d: Protection e: Visual identification

a, b, d a, d, e a, b, d, e → a, b, c, d, e

At the optic chiasm:

all axons from each optic nerve cross to the opposite side of the brain. none of the axons actually cross to the opposite side of the brain. → ganglion cell axons from the medial region of each retina cross to the opposite side of the brain. ganglion cell axons from the lateral region of each retina cross to the opposite side of the brain.

Gray rami from the sympathetic trunk connect to:

all spinal nerves.

A group of enzymes that are physically attached to each other is referred to as a:

allosteric pathway. metabolic pathway. → multienzyme complex. phosphate complex.

When Ach binds to nicotinic receptors it:

always produces an excitatory response.

The term "flagellum" is appropriate for the structure it represents because it means:

an eyelid. the center. a nut or kernel. → a whip. a bench

For elbow flexion:

biceps brachii is the agonist and triceps brachii is the antagonist.

In order to trigger the release of neurotransmitter from a neuron terminal, calcium ions

bind to proteins on the surface of synaptic vesicles.

The plexus that supplies the upper limbs is the _________ plexus.

brachial

The centers for cardiac, digestive, and vasomotor functions are housed within the:

brainstem.

The nerves projecting inferiorly from the spinal cord are collectively called the:

cauda equina.

The muscle that forms a partition between the thoracic and abdominal cavities is the:

diaphragm

The flexor digitorum longus is located in the:

deep layer of the posterior compartment of the leg, and it flexes toes 2-5.

The posterior ramus of a typical spinal nerve innervates the:

deep muscles of the back and the skin of the back.

The circuitry of the autonomic system allows for control in activation. The characteristic that allows a small number of preganglionic cells to stimulate a large number of postganglionic cells is:

divergence.

The brain ventricle located between the pons and the cerebellum is the _____ ventricle.

fourth

Of the muscles listed, the only one that inserts on the hyoid bone is the:

genioglossus.

Nails are hard derivatives formed from the stratum ______ of the epidermis.

granulosum basale lucidum → corneum spinosum

Immune cells of the epidermis tend to be found in the stratum:

granulosum. lucidum. → spinosum. basale. corneum.

The cerebral cortex consists of ______ matter.

gray

Postganglionic sympathetic axons are carried from the sympathetic trunk to the spinal nerve by the:

gray rami communicantes.

The most laterally placed of the three erector spinae components, the ___________ group, is composed of three parts: cervical, thoracic, and lumbar.

iliocostalis

The sympathetic trunks are located:

immediately lateral to the vertebral column.

Hexokinase is an enzyme involved in cellular respiration, and its substrate is glucose. To perform this function, hexokinase is located:

in the lumen of the stomach. in the lumen of the small intestine. inside the mitochondria of cells. → in the cytosol of cells

When we initiate a rapid rotation of our head, it results in bending of cilia on hair cells:

in the utricle of our cochleas. in the maculae of our semicircular ducts. → in the ampullae of our semicircular ducts. in the maculae of our vestibules. in the ampullae of our vestibules.

If oxygen levels drop such that glucose metabolism becomes primarily anaerobic, then the amount of ATP produced per glucose molecule will:

increase slightly. remain roughly the same. be halved. → decrease to much less than half of what it was

Activation of parasympathetic fibers in pelvic splanchnic nerves leads to:

increased smooth muscle motility in the digestive tract.

The presence of an enzyme within a chemical system:

increases activation energy. → decreases activation energy. increases potential energy. does not affect either activation energy or potential energy

When an enzyme catalyzing a catabolic reaction changes conformation to an induced fit with the substrate:

it strengthens the chemical bonds in the enzyme so that it remains perpetually active. ! it stresses chemical bonds in the substrate, making it easier to break them. it strengthens chemical bonds in the substrate so that cofactors can act on it. it stresses chemical bonds in the enzyme so that it breaks into two catalytic subunits

The two types of leukocytes that clean up debris underneath the blood clot of a wound are:

keratinocytes and macrophages. Merkel cells and dendritic cells. dendritic cells and keratinocytes. → macrophages and neutrophils. fibroblasts and neutrophils.

A brain ventricle located in the cerebrum is the _____ ventricle.

lateral

A depolarization is when the inside of a neuron becomes _______________ the resting membrane potential.

less negative than

The meninx composed of a thin layer of delicate areolar connective tissue that follows every contour of the brain surface is the:

pia mater.

A network of interwoven anterior rami of spinal nerves is a:

plexus.

Thick skin contains:

seven epidermal strata and lacks sweat glands. five epidermal strata and lacks sweat glands. four epidermal strata and lacks sebaceous glands. six epidermal strata and lacks sweat glands. → five epidermal strata and lacks sebaceous glands.

The rhomboid muscle is named for its:

shape

Typically, alpha adrenergic receptors have:

stimulatory effects.

The lipid that stabilizes the membrane at extreme temperatures and is found in the hydrophobic regions of the bilayer is:

the polar head. the nonpolar tails. → cholesterol. glycolipid. glycocalyx

Within the axilla, axons of neurons are organized within:

three cords--the posterior, medial, and lateral cords.

Where the sciatic nerve splits, it branches directly to the:

tibial and common fibular nerves.

A fever of 101°F causes most enzymes in the body:

to denature. to become more rigid. → to be more flexible and efficient. to saturate

A conduction pathway consists of a:

tract and a nucleus.

Which is not a function of the motor division of the nervous system?

transmits impulses from the viscera

The type of adrenergic receptor found on the smooth muscle cells of blood vessels in the skin is:

α1

In the heart, activation of these receptors increases heart rate.

β1

To maintain a resting membrane potential, the sodium-potassium pump

→actively transports 3 sodium ions out of the cell and 2 potassium ions into the cell. passively transports 3 sodium ions out of the cell and 2 potassium ions into the cell. actively transports 3 potassium ions out of the cell and 2 sodium ions into the cell. passively transports 3 potassium ions out of the cell and 2 sodium ions into the cell.

With increased age, skeletal muscles show:

! a decrease in the number of myofibrils.

Fingernails and toenails start to form in the ______ week of development.

2nd 3rd 5th → 10th 16th

There are ________ prevertebral ganglia.

3

Which number indicates the lunula?

3

Which is avascular (lacks blood vessels)? A. Epithelial tissue B. Muscle tissue C. Nervous tissue D. Connective tissue E. All of the choices are correct

A. Epithelial tissue

What type of epithelium would be most suited for high levels of diffusion and filtration? A. Simple squamous B. Stratified squamous C. Pseudostratified D. Transitional E. Stratified columnar

A. Simple squamous

Which list is in correct developmental order? A. Zygote, blastocyst, embryo B. Blastocyst, embryo, zygote C. Zygote, embryo, blastocyst D. Blastocyst, zygote, embryo

A. Zygote, blastocyst, embryo

Which muscle does not originate on the ischial tuberosity?

Adductor longus

If you had all of your fingers (including the thumb) spread out wide, which muscle or group would bring your thumb toward your first finger?

Adductor pollicis

Which is not one of the bases found in DNA nucleotides?

Adenine Cytosine Guanine Thymine → Diamine

What is the composition of the subcutaneous layer?

Adipose connective tissue Areolar connective tissue Dense irregular connective tissue Areolar connective tissue and dense irregular connective tissue → Areolar connective tissue and adipose connective tissue

The glial cell that helps to form the blood-brain barrier is the:

Astrocyte

The glial cell that provides structural support and organization to the CNS is the

Astrocyte

The glial cell with perivascular feet that wrap around capillaries in the CNS is the

Astrocyte

The glial cell with the responsibility of occupying the space left by dead or dying neurons is the?

Astrocyte

What is the most abundant glial cell in the CNS?

Astrocyte

Where are synaptic knobs located?

At the tips of telodendria

These nuclei are located in the lateral horns and innervate smooth muscle, cardiac muscle, and glands.

Autonomic motor nuclei

The conductive segment of a neuron is its _______, a region that contains many _______ gated channels.

Axon, voltage-

When hyperplasia proceeds out of control, a tumor may develop. This condition is termed: A. hypertrophy. B. neoplasia. C. atrophy. D. metaplasia. E. fibrosis.

B. neoplasia.

The cranial nerve that passes through the cribriform plate of the ethmoid bone is the __________ nerve. A. optic B. olfactory C. trigeminal D. oculomotor E. abducens

B. olfactory

Common, wear-and-tear arthritis, in which repeated use of a joint gradually wears down the articular cartilage, is known as A. gout. B. osteoarthritis. C. rheumatoid arthritis. D. osteopenia. E. articular porosis.

B. osteoarthritis.

Mucous connective tissue is found only in: A. the cartilage of the nose. B. certain bones of the skull. C. the umbilical cord. D. serous fluid. E. fibers of the respiratory system.

C. the umbilical cord.

Which type of connective tissue is found in the papillary layer of the dermis and contains all of the cell types of connective tissue proper? A. Adipose B. Reticular C. Dense irregular D. Dense regular E. Areolar

E. Areolar

Which portion of the brain contains the posterior part of the fourth ventricle? A. Pons B. Thalamus C. Medulla oblongata D. Hypothalamus E. Cerebellum

E. Cerebellum

There are three gluteal muscles. Select the one that is correctly matched with its primary action.

Gluteus medius: abducts the thigh

The largest internal cellular structure is known as the ______ and is the cell's control center.

Golgi apparatus → nucleus lysosome cytosol smooth ER

This structure contains unmyelinated axons and serves as a communication route between the right and left sides of the gray matter in the spinal cord.

Gray commissure

Which enzyme class splits a chemical bond in the absence of water?

Ligase Oxidoreductase → Lyase Hydrolase Dehydrogenase

Which is not characteristic of the parasympathetic division of the ANS?

Long postganglionic axons

The connective tissue wrapping that surrounds bundles (fascicles) of axons is the

Perineurium

Nerves and ganglia are structures found in the:

Peripheral Nervous System (PNS)

Apocrine sweat glands secrete sweat by having the apical portion of epithelial cells pinch off. True or false

True

Which muscle is the prime extensor of the elbow joint?

Triceps brachii

The proper sequence of eye layers from the outermost to the innermost layer is: a: Neural tunic b: Fatty tunic c: Vascular tunic d: Fibrous tunic

a, b, c b, a, c a, b, d c, a, d → d, c, a

Choose the answer that correctly lists, in chronological order, the events involved in synaptic transmission. a: A nerve impulse reaches the synaptic knob. b: Neurotransmitter molecules diffuse across the synaptic cleft. c: A nerve impulse begins in the postsynaptic cell. d: Neurotransmitter molecules bind to receptors in the postsynaptic cell. e: A voltage change occurs in the postsynaptic cell.

a, b, d, e, c

Preganglionic axons of the ANS release:

acetylcholine.

The electron transport chain functions in:

anaerobic respiration, and involves proteins in the outer membrane of mitochondria. anaerobic respiration, and involves proteins in the cristae of mitochondria. aerobic respiration, and involves proteins in the outer membrane of mitochondria. → aerobic respiration, and involves proteins in the cristae of mitochondria.

In a chemical reaction where an electron is exchanged from one reactant to another, the structure that loses an electron is:

analyzed. catalyzed. ! oxidized. reduced

Crural muscles are those that move the:

ankle, foot, and toes.

The enzyme substrate complex is:

another name for the active site. the reactants whose chemical reaction the enzyme catalyzes. ! the chemical structure formed when the substrate binds to the active site. a pocket on the substrate that the enzyme recognizes

A muscle whose action opposes that of the prime mover is known as a(n):

antagonist.

The sympathetic and parasympathetic systems have _________ effects on heart rate.

antagonistic

The cervical plexus is formed by the:

anterior rami of spinal nerves C1-C4.

Prevertebral ganglia are located:

anterior to the vertebral column.

What is the correct order for the events that occur during a reflex? a: Impulse travels through sensory neuron to the CNS b: A stimulus activates a receptor c: Information is processed by interneurons d: Motor neuron transmits impulse to effector e: Effector responds

b, a, c, d, e

Motor neurons of the autonomic nervous system:

can either excite or inhibit effector organs.

A flattened lens:

is necessary for near vision. → is necessary for distant vision. is necessary for both near and far vision. only functions with color vision. reflects light rays.

The potential across a cell membrane has changed drastically, from -90mV to +30mV. In other words,

→there is a postive charge on the inside of the cell, relative to the outside. there is a negative charge on the inside of the cell, relative to the outside. the resting membrane potential has been established. there is no relative charge difference between the inside and the outside of the cell.

Nails, hair, and sweat and sebaceous glands are all derived from the epidermis. True False

true

Sebum has bactericidal properties. True False

true

During osmosis, water moves toward the solution with the _________ solute concentration.

! Greater

Consider a cell with a total internal solute concentration of 0.9%. Placing the cell in which bath solution would result in creation of the greatest osmotic pressure in the cell?

! 0.5% NaCl 0.9% NaCl 1.2% NaCl

How many ATP does it cost to move one NADH molecule from the cytosol to the inside of a mitochondrion?

! 1 2 4 8 12

In order to retain heat, what occurs in the skin on a cold day?

! Blood vessels of the dermis constrict. Blood vessels of the dermis dilate. Blood vessels of the epidermis constrict. Blood vessels of the epidermis dilate.

Which statement accurately describes structures at a taste bud?

! The gustatory microvillus of a gustatory cell extends through the taste pore of a taste bud. The gustatory villi of basal cells project through the taste bud to the surface of the epithelium. The gustatory microvilus of a papilla projects through the gustatory pore to the gustatory glomerulus. Basal cells contain villi that project through the pore of a papilla to make a taste bud

Compared to a young adult, an older individual has ________ skin.

! Thinner

Normally, skin color results from a combination of: a: melanin b: hemoglobin c: bilirubin d: carotene

! a, b, d a, c, d a, d a, b, c b, c, d

The epithelial tissue root sheath is the _________ layer of the concentric layers making up the hair follicle wall; it derives from the ________.

! inner, epidermis inner, dermis outer, epidermis outer, dermis

In a redox reaction, when one reactant is oxidized, the other:

! is reduced

The type of muscle that has elongated, multinucleated cells and is under voluntary control is __________ muscle. A. skeletal B. cardiac C. smooth

A. skeletal

Synovial membranes are composed of areolar connective tissue covered with _________ epithelial cells. A. squamous B. cuboidal C. columnar D. pseudostratified

A. squamous

The deltoid ligament, lateral ligament, and tibiofibular ligaments belong to the ________ joint. A. tarsometatarsal B. talocrural C. humeroradial D. knee E. fibulometatarsal

B. talocrural

The superior colliculi help you respond to: A. visual stimuli, for example, when you turn toward a bright flash of light. B. auditory stimuli, for example, when you turn toward a loud bang. C. somatic stimuli, for example, when you swat at a bug that has landed on your arm. D. internal stimuli from your viscera, for example, when you feel abdominal pain.

A. visual stimuli, for example, when you turn toward a bright flash of light.

An electroencephalogram measures A.electrical activity in the brain. B. blood flow in the brain. C.the use of glucose in the brain. D.the production of CSF in the brain.

A.electrical activity in the brain.

The prefrontal cortex A.has axons that continue to myelinate well into our 20s. B.matures soon after birth. C. is primarily responsible for understanding spoken or written language. D.processes raw visual information, putting it into context.

A.has axons that continue to myelinate well into our 20s.

The main ligament supporting the lateral aspect of the elbow is the A. radial collateral ligament. B. lateral cruciate ligament. C. annular ligament. D. ulnar collateral ligament. E. ulnar condylar ligament.

A. radial collateral ligament.

The lateral sulcus is superior to the: A. occipital lobe. B. temporal lobe C. insula D. parietal lobe E. frontal lobe

B. temporal lobe

Which primary tissue type would be located in blood, body fat, ligaments and tendons, dermis of the skin, and in the cartilage of some joints? A. Epithelial tissue B. Connective tissue C. Nervous tissue D. Muscle tissue E. None of the choices is correct

B. Connective tissue

The glenohumeral ligaments are A. strong and distinct. B. weak and indistinct.

B. weak and indistinct.

In connective tissue, the extracellular matrix consists of: A. cells and ground substance. B. protein fibers and ground substance. C. cells and protein fibers. D. ground substance and intracellular fluid. E. ground substance only.

B. protein fibers and ground substance

A _____________ epithelium consists of a single layer of flattened cells attached directly to a basement membrane. A. simple columnar B. simple squamous C. simple cuboidal D. stratified squamous E. stratified cuboidal

B. simple squamous

In a young person, the joint between the sphenoid bone and the occipital bone is a A. suture. B. synchondrosis. C. syndesmosis. D. symphysis. E. gomphosis.

B. synchondrosis.

The epithelial linings of the respiratory and digestive systems develop from the: A. ectoderm. B. endoderm. C. mesoderm. D. lumenoderm.

B. endoderm.

The sagittal suture is a(n) A. cartilaginous joint. B. fibrous joint. C. synovial joint. D. synchondrosis. E. amphiarthrosis.

B. fibrous joint.

In addition to its hinge function, when the knee is _______ it allows for some slight ________. A. flexed; circumduction B. flexed; rotation C. extended; supination D. extended; gliding

B. flexed; rotation

When the arm is raised anteriorly, the movement at the shoulder is A. extension. B. flexion. C. abduction. D. adduction. E. rotation.

B. flexion.

The term "diarthrosis" refers to a joint that is A. immobile. B. freely mobile. C. fused. D. slightly mobile. E. dislocated.

B. freely mobile.

When protracting the jaw or making small side-to-side movements during chewing, the temporomandibular joint makes ________ movements. A. rotation B. gliding C. flexion D. extension E. circumduction

B. gliding

In general, the movements demonstrated at plane joints between the carpals are A. rotations. B. gliding movements. C. flexions and extensions. D. circumductions. E. pivots.

B. gliding movements.

The ________ joint is the simplest synovial joint and also the least mobile synovial joint. A. pivot B. plane C. hinge D. saddle E. suture

B. plane

The middle cerebral peduncles connect the cerebellum to the: A. spinal cord. B. pons. C. medulla. D. midbrain. E. diencephalon.

B. pons.

In the male, which muscle ejects urine or semen, compresses the base of the penis, and helps in formation of an erection?

Bulbospongiosus

A person with damage to the premotor cortex area that coordinates eye movements: A. can read but cannot understand the words. B. cannot read or understand the words. C. can understand the words but cannot follow the lines on the page. D. can process linguistic information visually but not through auditory inputs.

C. can understand the words but cannot follow the lines on the page.

The metatarsophalangeal joints allow movement in two planes and are classified as _________ joints. A. planar B. ball and socket C. condylar D. pivot E. hinge

C. condylar

The sleep-wake cycle and the sex drive are both regulated by the: A. pons. B. thalamus. C. hypothalamus. D. olive.

C. hypothalamus.

When mucin mixes with water it becomes: A. fatty tissue. B. solid. C. mucus. D. bone. E. muscle.

C. mucus.

In addition to the joint between the tibia and the femur, the knee contains a joint between the A. fibula and the femur. B. patella and the fibula. C. patella and the femur. D. patella and the tibia.

C. patella and the femur.

Epithelial tissues have an attached (basal) border and a free (apical) border. This arrangement is known as: A. bilateral symmetry. B. distal orientation. C. polarity. D. proximal orientation. E. lateral flexibility.

C. polarity.

Connective tissue proper is divided into two broad categories: loose connective tissue and dense connective tissue. This classification is based upon the: A. location of the tissue. B. size of the cells present. C. relative proportions of cells, fibers, and ground substance present. D. number of different cells types and their respective arrangement. E. origin of the tissue type.

C. relative proportions of cells, fibers, and ground substance present.

The type of muscle that is found in blood vessel walls is __________ muscle. A. skeletal B. cardiac C. smooth

C. smooth

Functionally, a gomphosis is categorized as a A. cartilagenous joint. B. diarthrosis. C. synarthrosis. D. synovial joint.

C. synarthrosis.

What is the most abundant protein in the body, forming about 25% of all body protein? A. Myosin B. Elastin C. Actin D. Fibrogen E. Collagen

E. Collagen

Where in the body would you expect to find a perichondrium? A. Covering bones B. Lining kidney tubules C. Covering the heart D. Inside of the brain E. Covering cartilage

E. Covering cartilage

You would most likely find goblet cells in what type of tissue? A. Cartilage B. Nervous tissue C. Muscle tissue D. Bone E. Epithelial tissue

E. Epithelial tissue

A patient visits her doctor and explains that since being hit on the cheek with a hockey puck she has been suffering from dry eyes and a dry mouth. It's apparent to the doctor that, since both lacrimal secretion and salivary secretion are affected, there may be damage to the ____________ nerve. A. Trigeminal B. Hypoglossal C. Glossopharyngeal D. Abducens E. Facial

E. Facial

Which feature is found in both cartilage and bone? A. Chondrocyte B. Osteocyte C. Perichondrium D. Central canal E. Lacuna

E. Lacuna

Which feature is not characteristic of epithelial tissue? A. Polarity B. Cells connected to each other by intercellular junctions C. High regeneration capacity D. Attachment to a basement membrane E. Large amount of extracellular matrix

E. Large amount of extracellular matrix

Which of the following is not a function of epithelial tissue? A. Secretion B. Physical protection C. Selective permeability D. Sensation E. No exceptions; these are all functions of epithelial tissue

E. No exceptions; these are all functions of epithelial tissue

Which type of epithelium is composed of multiple layers, including an apical layer containing tall, slender cells? A. Simple squamous B. Simple columnar C. Pseudostratified squamous D. Stratified squamous E. Stratified columnar

E. Stratified columnar

The gnostic area of the brain provides comprehensive understanding of a current activity. It is composed of portions of the: A. parietal and frontal lobes. B. occipital and parietal lobes. C. temporal and occipital lobes. D. parietal, occipital, and frontal lobes. E. parietal, occipital, and temporal lobes.

E. parietal, occipital, and temporal lobes.

The interosseous membrane between the radius and the ulna is an example of a A. synchondrosis. B. suture. C. synostosis. D. synarthrosis. E. syndesmosis.

E. syndesmosis.

Which statement accurately describes spinal nerves?

Each spinal nerve is mixed in that it contains some sensory axons and some motor axons.

The nervous system controls the activity of muscles and glands. Muscles and glands can generate changes and are therefore called:

Effectors

Which choice correctly orders the connective tissue wrappings of a nerve, beginning at the outermost layer?

Epineurium - perineurium - endoneurium

Which muscle is used for sticking out the tongue?

Genioglossus

The type of transport protein that moves a substance down its concentration gradient is a:

channel

Cerebrospinal fluid is formed by the:

choroid plexus.

The battery of your electric toothbrush is running down and so you feel a low frequency vibration in your oral cavity. Which receptors detect this stimulus?

Root hair plexus Free nerve ending Bulbous corpuscle → End bulbs All of the choices are correct

Changes in the external and internal environment are ________ that are detected by the sensory system.

sensations receptors → stimuli adaptations transducers

The entire area through which the sensitive ends of the receptor cells are distributed is the:

sensory field. → receptive field. stimulus area. adaptative radius. transducer field.

Which system engages in mass activation?

Sympathetic nervous system

The partition between the lateral ventricles is the:

septum pellucidum.

During cellular respiration, decarboxylation occurs when:

a carbon atom is removed from glucose. a carbon dioxide molecule is removed from the cytosol. → a carboxyl group is released from pyruvate. a carbon atom is removed and an oxygen atom is added to fructose. all carbon and oxygen atoms are released from a high energy molecule

During the early steps of glycolysis, glucose is converted to glucose 6-P, and then glucose 6-P is converted directly to

aldolase. → fructose 6-P. isomerase. pyruvate. NADH.

The nerve that innervates the deltoid muscle and receives sensory input from the superolateral lateral arm is the:

axillary nerve.

An enzyme that is described as a protein kinase is a:

hydrolase that removes an amino acid from a protein. → transferase that transfers a phosphate group to a protein substrate. ligase that adds an amino acid to a protein. isomerase that changes one protein into another. protease that transfers electrons from one protein to another

ATP formation:

is endergonic and liberates energy for cellular processes that require energy. ! is endergonic and requires the presence of fuel molecules such as glucose. is exergonic and liberates energy for cellular processes that require energy. is exergonic and requires the presence of fuel molecules such as glucose.

The sodium-potassium pump moves:

sodium and potassium into the cell. sodium and potassium out of the cell. sodium into the cell and potassium out of the cell. → sodium out of the cell and potassium into the cell

Maintenance of appropriate ion concentrations (especially after nerve impulses that involved ion diffusion) is primarily the job of:

sodium-potassium pumps

The sympathetic trunk ganglia are primarily composed of:

somas of ganglionic neurons.

Motor neurons of the _________ nervous system contain more rapidly conducting axons.

somatic

The _______ nuclei within the gray matter of the spinal cord send nerve impulses to skeletal muscles.

somatic motor

The knee jerk reflex (when the quadriceps muscles contract after the patellar tendon is tapped) is the work of the:

somatic nervous system.

Nuclei within the gray matter of the spinal cord that receive information from sensory receptors such as pain or pressure receptors in the skin are _____ nuclei.

somatic sensory

Information about temperature, proprioception, and pressure from skin, joints, and muscles is conveyed by:

somatosensory pathways.

The middle and inner ear are housed within the _____ bone.

sphenoid maxillary frontal occipital → temporal

The arrector pili muscles receive their sympathetic innervation via the:

spinal nerve pathway.

The extensor digitorum muscle is found in the:

superficial layer of the posterior compartment of the forearm.

If the receptive fields of the skin's receptors were smaller, then:

precision would be greater, and we would not need as many receptors to monitor the environment for stimuli. → precision would be greater, but we would need more receptors to monitor the environment for stimuli. precision would be lessened, and we would need more receptors to monitor the environment for stimuli. precision would be lessened, but we would not need as many receptors to monitor the environment for stimuli.

Most commonly, a synapse is made between a:

presynaptic neuron's axon and a postsynaptic neuron's dendrite.

The Golgi tendon reflex:

prevents skeletal muscles from tensing excessively.

Coupled transport that involves the moving of one substance against its concentration gradient by using energy from a second substance moving down its concentration gradient is known as:

primary active transport. receptor-mediated endocytosis. bulk transport. sympathetic exocytosis. → secondary active transport

You just ran over a skunk on your way to class. The odor was overwhelming and in response you wrinkled your nose in disgust by contracting your:

procerus muscle.

The function of myelin is to:

produce faster nerve impulse propagation.

Severe injuries and burns to the skin result in scars that are:

produced by stratum basale keratinocytes, which effectively bind damaged skin parts together. produced by chondrocytes and made mainly of desmosomes. → produced by fibroblasts and made mainly of collagen. made by macrophages, which produce a dense granulation tissue. fully functional regenerations

Cytokinesis usually begins before ________ ends.

prophase interphase metaphase anaphase → telophase

The anterior spinocerebellar tract conducts signals about:

proprioception from the lower limbs.

For defecation to take place, the puborectalis must:

relax.

Growth of the uterus during pregnancy is accomplished by _________ of its smooth muscle.

→ both hypertrophy and hyperplasia

For relaxation to occur: calcium leaves the sarcoplasmic reticulum, troponin binds calcium and blocks the binding sites on actin. calcium enters the myofibril, it detaches from myosin, and the binding sites on myosin become inactive. → sarcoplasm calcium levels fall, calcium is removed from troponin, and tropomyosin blocks binding sites on actin. extracellular calcium levels fall, calcium is pumped into the myofibril, and tropomyosin slides away from actin.

→ sarcoplasm calcium levels fall, calcium is removed from troponin, and tropomyosin blocks binding sites on actin.

The membranous network that wraps around myofibrils and holds relatively high concentrations of calcium is known as the: sarcolemma. T-tubule. → sarcoplasmic reticulum. sarcomere. Golgi body

→ sarcoplasmic reticulum.

The type of fibers specialized to continue contracting for extended periods of time, as would be required in running a marathon, for example, are _____ fibers.

→ slow twitch

The latchbridge mechanism of myosin heads is a property of ________ muscle.

→ smooth

The type of muscle fibers that have only a single nucleus, both thick and thin filaments, but no Z discs, are:

→ smooth.

Which statement accurately describes the effects of substrate and enzyme concentrations on reaction rate?

! An increase in either substrate or enzyme concentration will increase the reaction rate. An increase in either substrate or enzyme concentration will decrease the reaction rate. An increase in substrate concentration increases the reaction rate, but enzyme concentration has no effect. A decrease in substrate concentration or an increase in enzyme concentration increases the reaction rate. An increase in substrate concentration or a decrease in enzyme concentration will increase the reaction rate

Which one of the following choices includes three descriptions that are consistent with each other (that is, that describe the same type of chemical reaction)?

! Anabolic, dehydration, endergonic Exchange, hydrolysis, endergonic Catabolic, dehydration, irreversible Metabolic, synthesis, exergonic Anabolic, catabolic, dehydration

Which sequence correctly lists the changes that allow the thick and thin filaments to slide past one another in skeletal muscle contraction? ! Attach - pivot - detach - return Pivot - attach - return - detach Attach - detach - pivot - return Return - pivot - attach - detach Pivot - attach - detach - return

! Attach - pivot - detach - return

From deep to superficial, the order of the strata of the epidermis is

! Basale - spinosum - granulosum - lucidum - corneum Spinosum - granulosum - basale - lucidum - corneum Corneum - lucidum - granulosum - spinosum - basale Basale - granulosum - spinosum - lucidum - corneum Corneum - granulosum - lucidum - spinosum - basale

These receptors detect specific molecules in our external and internal environments.

! Chemoreceptors Thermoreceptors Photoreceptors Mechanoreceptors Baroreceptors

What is the greatest risk factor for skin cancer?

! Exposure to UV light rays Advanced age Being a female Low skin hydration levels Using excessive sun block

Which answer lists the steps of enzyme action in correct order?

! Formation of enzyme-substrate complex, induced fit, formation or breakage of chemical bonds, release of product Induced fit, formation of enzyme-substrate complex, formation or breakage of chemical bonds, release of product Formation or breakage of chemical bonds, induced fit, formation of enzyme-substrate complex, release of substrate Induced fit, formation or breakage of chemical bonds, formation of enzyme-substrate complex, release of product

Which of the following choices lists the order of stages of cellular respiration in proper order?

! Glycolysis, intermediate stage, citric acid cycle, and the electron transport system Citric acid cycle, glycolysis, intermediate stage, and the electron transport system Glycolysis, citric acid cycle, intermediate stage, and the electron transport system Glycolysis, intermediate stage, electron transport system, and the citric acid cycle Citric acid cycle, electron transport chain, intermediate stage, and glycolysis

Which statement accurately describes the merits of different receptive field properties?

! Having small receptive fields allow for more precision, but since more receptors are needed it increases overall energy costs. Having large receptive fields allow for more precision, but since since the area of responsiveness is larger, it increases the body's energy costs. Having small receptive fields allows for more precision, smaller body surfaces, and decreased energy costs overall. Having large receptive fields allows for more precision, larger body surfaces, and decreased energy costs overall.

Which is a form of energy that is generally unavailable to do any work?

! Heat Kinetic energy Radiant energy Sound energy Mechanical energy

Which letter is associated with the light band and contains thin filaments only? ! I A M Z H

! I

Which term best describes receptors that detect stimuli from internal organs?

! Interoceptors Exteroceptors Proprioceptors Nociceptors Thermoreceptors

Which contraction occurs when you try (unsuccessfully) to move a wall?

! Isometric

What type of epithelium is found in the epidermis?

! Keratinized stratified squamous Nonkeratinized stratified squamous Keratinized stratified cuboidal Nonkeratinized stratitified cuboidal Transitional

Compared to the young, elderly individuals have _______ epidermal dendritic skin cells.

! Less

Which choice describes the activation steps of a G protein-coupled receptor properly (and in correct order)?

! Ligand binds to receptor, G protein activated, effector protein activated, second messenger made available Ligand binds to receptor, second messenger activated, G protein turned on, protein kinase activated Protein kinase activated, ion channel opened, ions enter and activate second messenger, G protein turned on Ion channel opened, G protein activated, second messenger synthesized, phosphatase ends signal

An image produced by passing visible light through a specimen is obtained using the:

! Light microscope

Which of the following choices describes three general functions cells must perform?

! Maintain shape, obtain nutrients, and dispose of wastes Respond to all hormones, maintain a waterproof barrier, give rise to gametes Grow until dividing, store complex carbohydrates, generate antibodies Take up oxygen, prevent water entry, undergo mitosis frequently

What unit of measurement is often used to measure cell size?

! Micrometer

Which is a non-membrane-bound organelle?

! Microtubule Lysosome Golgi apparatus Rough endoplasmic reticulum Mitochondrion

Which protein makes up the thick filaments? ! Myosin Actin Tropomyosin Troponin Myopathy

! Myosin

The coenzymes that will provide the electrons needed for the electron transport system are:

! NADH and FADH2. NAD and FAD+. acetyl CoA and citrate. pyruvate and NADH. FAD and decarboxylase

Which enzyme class transfers electrons from one substance to another?

! Oxidoreductase Transferase Isomerase Ligase Electin

Which of the following shows the correct sequence of mitosis?

! Prophase - metaphase - anaphase - telophase Metaphase - prophase - anaphase - telophase Telophase - metaphase - prophase - anaphase Metaphase - telophase - anaphase - prophase Prophase - anaphase - metaphase - telophase

Which structure is not considered to be part of the membranous labyrinth?

! Scala vestibuli Semicircular duct Saccule Cochlear duct Utricle

Which fibers dominate many of the back and calf muscles that contract almost continually to maintain posture?

! Slow twitch

Which choice is not one of the three criteria used to describe receptors?

! Stimulus strength (intensity of stimulus) Stimulus origin (location of stimulus) Receptor distribution (body location) Modality of stimulus (stimulating agent)

Which structures are reservoirs that store acetylcholine? ! Synaptic vesicles Synaptic clefts Terminal cisternae Lysosomes Sarcomeres

! Synaptic vesicles

Which type of hair forms the beard on the faces of males?

! Terminal Lanugo Vellus Nonpigmented Pilus

The fibrous tunic of the eye is composed of two parts. What are they?

! The cornea and the sclera The conjunctiva and the cornea The conjunctiva and the sclera The sclera and the retina The sclera and the uvea

A sarcomere is defined as the distance from one _____ to the next adjacent ____ . (The same answer fills in both spaces.) ! Z disc I band H zone A band M line

! Z disc

Which is a correct listing of the hierarchy of a skeletal muscle's components, beginning with the smallest? a: Myofibrils b: Muscle fiber c: Fascicle d: Skeletal muscle

! a, b, c, d

Which of these comprise the nail plate? a: Free edge b: Nail folds c: Eponchyium d: Nail root e: Nail body

! a, d, e a, b, d, e a, b, c, e a, c, d, e a, b, e

Generally, people have ________ number of melanocytes ______________.

! about the same, no matter where they live a highly variable, irrespective of where they live a lower, if they live in colder climates of the northern hemisphere a higher, if they live in the warmer climates near the equator a higher, if they live in the southern hemisphere

The presence of mitochondria and myoglobin facilitate _________ respiration in muscle cells. ! aerobic anaerobic

! aerobic

Caffeine and unsweetened chocolate both taste bitter, as they are:

! alkaloids. acids. amino acids. ions of heavy molecular weight. carbohydrates.

The term "metabolism" refers to:

! all the chemical reactions in the body

Enzyme regulation by negative feedback involves:

! allosteric inhibition of an enzyme by a product of its metabolic pathway. allosteric facilitation of an enzyme by a substrate of its metabolic pathway. allosteric modification of a substrate by an enzyme of an alternate metabolic pathway. occupation of the active site of an enzyme so that it catalyzes less efficiently. enhancement of the active site by a negatively charged substrate

Noncompetitive inhibition of an enzyme occurs when the inhibitor binds to the:

! allosteric site, and its effectiveness is not influenced by substrate concentration. allosteric site, and its effectiveness depends on substrate concentration. active site, and its effectiveness is not influenced by substrate concentration. active site, and its effectiveness depends on substrate concentration. substrate, and its effectiveness depends on product concentration

During transcription:

! an RNA molecule is formed as a DNA sequence is read. a protein is formed as a DNA sequence is read. a DNA sequence is formed as a RNA sequence is read. an amino acid is transferred to a ribosome as a DNA sequence is read. a protein is formed as a RNA sequence is read.

The building of complex molecules from simpler ones is described as:

! anabolism. catabolism. exergonic. irreversible. reversible

The type of gland that secretes sweat into a hair follicle that is found in the axillary, anal, and genital regions is the ________ sweat gland.

! apocrine merocrine ceruminous sebaceous

The branch of the nervous system that helps govern smooth muscle contraction is the _______ nervous system.

! autonomic

The organelles responsible for organizing microtubules that are part of the mitotic spindle are called:

! centrioles. nucleoli. microvilli. cilia. vesicles

Mucus is moved along the lining of the trachea by extensions from cell membranes known as:

! cilia. flagella. microvilli. stereovilli

Auditory cells in the superior olivary nucleus receive their input from the:

! cochlear nuclei, and they are involved in localizing the source of a sound. cochlear nuclei, and they determine the pitch of a sound. inferior colliculi, and they are used to relay the information directly to the primary auditory cortex. inferior colliculi, and they filter out irrelevant auditory information. thalamus, and they allow us to recognize familiar voices.

Another name for the intracellular fluid is:

! cytosol. interstitial fluid. intercellular matrix. cytoplasm. cisternae

One of the main dangers of burns is:

! dehydration, as water can escape from the body. hyperthermia, as temperture regulation is very compromised. hypocalcemia, as blood ion levels are dramatically altered. respiratory infection, as body defenses are concentrated superficially.

When our brains process visual information about objects directly in front of us, they are able to use information that compares signals from the two eyes (steroscopic vision) in order to provide:

! depth perception. color perception. motion detection. brightness levels.

Blood capillaries that supply nourishment for the epidermis are located in the:

! dermal papillae. epidermal ridges. reticular connective tissue. epidermis proper. subcutaneous layer

The olfactory tracts project:

! directly to the primary olfactory cortex of the temporal lobe of the cerebrum. directly to the primary olfactory cortex of the frontal lobe of the cerebrum. to the thalamus and then to the primary olfactory cortex of the temporal lobe of the cerebrum. to the thalamus and then to the primary olfactory cortex of the frontal lobe of the cerebrum

What is the correct order for structures in the nervous system pathway for hearing? a: Axons project to the auditory cortex. b: Axons project to inferior colliculi. c: Axons project to the cochlear nucleus in the brainstem. d: Axons project to the medial geniculate nucleus of the thalamus. e: Impulse travels in cochlear nerve sensory fibers.

! e, c, b, d, a b, c, d, e, a c, b, a, d, e e, d, c, a, b a, b, e, c, d

When ligands bind to them, ___________ receptors directly phosphorylate enzymes within the cell.

! enzymatic channel-linked G protein-coupled phosphatase

Another name for the cuticle is the:

! eponychium. hyponychium. nail bed. nail matrix. nail root.

After being funneled by the auricle, sound waves pass (in sequence) through the:

! external acoustic meatus, tympanic membrane, ossicles, and oval window. external acoustic meatus, oval window, ossicles, and cochlea. external acoustic meatus, tympanic membrane, internal acoustic meatus, and oval window. internal acoustic meatus, tympanic membrane, oval window, and ossicles. internal acoustic meatus, tympanic membrane, ossicles, and round window.

Muscles of the eye and hand have a high percentage of _______ fibers.

! fast twitch

The multiple nuclei in skeletal muscle cells are the result of the: ! fusion of myoblasts. cytokinesis of embryonic satellite cells. spontaneous development of nuclei in embryonic cells. stimulation of fibroblasts by hormones. action of testosterone on mesenchyme cell.

! fusion of myoblasts.

Structurally, enzymes are generally:

! globular proteins. fibrous proteins. spherical carbohydrates. elongated carbohydrates. four ring steroids.

Epidermal dendritic (Langerhans) cells function as part of the ______ response.

! immune sensory tanning heating sweating

If the nutrient glycogen is found stored inside a cell it is considered a(n):

! inclusion. membrane-bound organelle. non-membrane-bound organelle. pigment

In a lab setting, heating a vessel full of reactants will generally:

! increa1se the kinetic energy of the molecules and increase the reaction rate. raise the activation energy and catalyze the reaction. lower the activation energy and the kinetic energy of the reactants. convert products to reactants by increasing the energy requirements. lower the reaction rate due to the change in structure of the reactants.

Pinocytosis is the process in which the cell:

! internalizes ("drinks") a droplet of interstitial fluid. internalizes ("eats") a large solid particle. splits ("pinches") off a small part of itself to secrete into the extracellular space. pumps small solutes against their concentration gradient and out of the cell

Muscle tone is a result of _________ nervous system activity, and it acts to _________ joint position.

! involuntary, stabilize

Drugs that are administered by skin patches tend to be _______ soluble molecules that are absorbed ________.

! lipid, slowly lipid, quickly water, slowly water, quickly

Catalase-containing peroxisomes are most abundant in ______ cells.

! liver kidney pancreas thymus pituitary

In order to process digested nutrients and detoxify chemical agents such as drugs and alcohol, the ______ contains abundant amounts of smooth ER.

! liver kidney small intestine pancreas stomach

The otolithic membrane is part of the:

! maculae of the inner ear. tympanic cavity of the middle ear. semicircular canals of the inner ear. cochlea of the inner ear.

As a runner sprints down a track, her movement is an example of:

! mechanical energy.

The vestibular nuclei are located within the _______ and project directly to the _______.

! medulla, cerebellum cerebellum, medulla cerebellum, thalamus thalamus, cerebral cortex thalamus, cerebellum

The vascular supply to slow muscle fibers is ______ the network of capillaries around fast muscle fibers.

! more extensive than

Skin cancer is the _______ type of cancer, and due to sun exposure it occurs most frequently on the __________.

! most common, head and neck third most common, head and neck most common, hands and ears third most common, hands and ears

A skeletal muscle cell contains hundreds to thousands of _________, which are complex organelles; they are cylindrical in shape--about 2 micrometers in diameter and as long as the cell. ! myofibrils microfilaments sarcomeres T-tubules sarcolemma

! myofibrils

High frequency sounds activate neurons within the cochlea that are:

! near the oval window at the base of the cochlea. far from the oval window at the apex of the cochlea. along the entire length of the cochlea.

A photopsin is a protein:

! of a photopigment within cone photoreceptors. of a photopigment within rod photoreceptors. that is derived from Vitamin E. that allows ions to flow into rod and cone photoreceptors

Glycolipids are found on the:

! outer layer of the cell membrane, and they help make the sticky sugar coating on its surface. middle layer of the cell membrane, and they function to transmit solutes through the membrane. inner layer of the cell membrane, and they provide scaffold support to the cell membrane. inside of the cell, where they are a source of high energy nutrition to power mitochondria

During the citric acid cycle, an acetyl CoA molecule produced in the intermediate stage combines with a molecule of:

! oxaloacetic acid. pyruvate. citrate. succinate

In performing its enzymatic function, carbonic anhydrase:

! requires the inorganic coenzyme zinc. requires the organic coenzyme carbon dioxide. is facilitated by the inorganic coenzyme NAD+. is facilitated by the organic coenzyme zinc. requires the inorganic coenzyme NADPH

The deeper sublayer of the dermis is the ________ layer, and it is the _______ of the two.

! reticular, thicker reticular, thinner papillary, thicker papillary, thinner

The microscope of choice for a detailed three-dimensional study of the surface of a specimen is the:

! scanning electron microscope. transmission electron microscope. light microscope. telescope.

As a middle aged person gets older, the lenses of their eyes no longer assume as round of a shape when their ligaments slacken. This results in difficulty in:

! seeing nearby objects. seeing distant objects. seeing colored objects. seeing low contrast scenes.

Conscious awareness of incoming sensory information is called:

! sensation. receptor. a stimulus. adaptation. transducer.

The part of the hair that extends beyond the skin surface is called the:

! shaft. root. bulb. papilla. alopecia.

The most abundant form of smooth muscle is:

! single-unit, which is also known as visceral smooth muscle.

Pancreatic amylase serves its function when it is located in the:

! small intestine

Fatty acids enter the cell respiration pathway at:

! the citric acid cycle once they have been converted to acetyl CoA. glycolysis once they have been converted to glucose. electron transport chain, once they have been converted to NADH. the intermediate stage, once they have been converted to pyruvate

The more common way that ATP is produced in cells is:

! the indirect pathway known as oxidative phosphorylation. the indirect pathway known as substrate-level phosphorylation. the direct pathway known as oxidative phosphorylation. the direct pathway known as substrate-level phosphorylation

Because numerous cutaneous and visceral sensory neurons conduct signals on _______ ascending tracts of the spinal cord, the brain sometimes falsely localizes the location of a pain stimulus.

! the same very different

To prevent depletion of a substrate, the product of a metabolic pathway will:

! turn off an enzyme early in the pathway. catalyze its own production. increase enzyme activity through positive feedback. occupy the active site of an enzyme early in the pathway

The eye measures about ________ in diameter.

2.5 mm 12.5 mm → 2.5 cm 12.5 cm 22.5 cm

In sum, there are ____ pairs of spinal nerves.

31

Suppose you cut your finger only slightly in what is known as a "paper cut." You observe that the cut hurts but it doesn't bleed. How would you interpret your observation? A. Nerve endings occur in epithelium but blood vessels do not. B. The paper severed the skin, missing blood vessels, but hitting nerve endings. C. Very thin cuts never draw blood but do sever nerves. D. You probably have some unknown condition related to blood clotting. E. The paper had some factor that prevented the release of blood but not the sensation of pain.

A. Nerve endings occur in epithelium but blood vessels do not.

Which is not a function of synovial fluid? A. Nourishes osteocytes B. Lubricates articulating surfaces C. Removes wastes D. Serves as shock absorber E. Distributes stress forces across articular surfaces

A. Nourishes osteocytes

Which structures form the lentiform nucleus? A. Putamen and globus pallidus B. Globus pallidus and caudate nucleus C. Caudate nucleus and claustrum D. Putamen and claustrum E. Amygdaloid body and globus pallidus

A. Putamen and globus pallidus

The lining of the air sacs in the lungs (alveoli) is comprised of what epithelium? A. Simple squamous B. Simple columnar C. Simple cuboidal D. Stratified squamous E. Transitional

A. Simple squamous

Which structure plays a crucial role in filtering out the irrelevant noise at a crowded party so that you can listen to someone speaking to you? A. Thalamus B. Hypothalamus C. Epithalamus

A. Thalamus

What feature of your ear accounts for its ability to regain its shape after it has been deformed or compressed? A. The elastic fibers present in the ear's cartilage B. The elastic fibers present in the ear's muscles C. The ear has a built-in memory based upon its overall size and shape D. There is an abundance of reticular fibers forming a dense meshwork E. The ear's skin is filled with elastic fibers that contract after being stretched

A. The elastic fibers present in the ear's cartilage

Which of the following is false regarding sleep? A. The longest bouts of REM sleep occur early in the night, with shorter REM periods toward the morning. B. During REM sleep, the brain uses as much oxygen as when the individual is awake. C. Different stages of non-REM sleep are characterized by different brain waves. D. REM sleep is important for memory processing and consolidation.

A. The longest bouts of REM sleep occur early in the night, with shorter REM periods toward the morning.

Which would be the correct order of brain area activation if one were to understand a sentence and repeat it aloud? A. Wernicke area, Broca area, primary motor cortex B. Primary motor cortex, Broca area, Wernicke area C. Broca area, Wernicke area, primary motor cortex D. Wernicke area, primary motor cortex, Broca area E. Broca area, primary motor cortex, Wernicke area

A. Wernicke area, Broca area, primary motor cortex

Suppose that you had a congenital condition that prevented your body from forming holocrine glands. If that were the case, which statement would be most accurate? A. Your skin would become excessively dry for lack of oil from sebaceous glands. B. You would be unable to digest your food. C. Your bones would be like rubber. D. Your nerves could not transmit signals. E. You would have difficulty breathing.

A. Your skin would become excessively dry for lack of oil from sebaceous glands.

When compared to the shoulder, the hip joint has A. a deeper bony socket and stronger supporting ligaments. B. a deeper bony socket but weaker supporting ligaments. C. a shallower bony socket and weaker supporting ligaments. D. a shallower bony socket but stronger supporting ligaments.

A. a deeper bony socket and stronger supporting ligaments.

Plasma is: A. a liquid ground substance containing dissolved proteins. B. a dissolved ground matrix and a lining of epithelial cells. C. a liquefied ground substance that includes several dissolved cells. D. platelets, red blood cells, and white blood cells. E. platelets and a watery ground substance.

A. a liquid ground substance containing dissolved proteins.

Fibronectin is an example of a(n): A. adherent glycoprotein. B. glycosaminoglycan. C. proteoglycan.

A. adherent glycoprotein.

A movement that increases or decreases the angle between two bones is a(n) __________ motion. A. angular B. rotational C. eversion D. sliding

A. angular

Cognition is generally thought to be governed by: A. association areas of the cerebrum. B. gray matter of the cerebellum. C. the reticular formation of the brainstem. D. primary sensory cortices and projection tracts. E. the corpus callosum.

A. association areas of the cerebrum.

The pubic symphysis is classified as a A. cartilaginous joint and an amphiarthrosis. B. fibrous joint and a synarthrosis. C. synovial joint and a diarthrosis. D. cartilaginous joint and a synarthrosis. E. fibrous joint and an amphiarthrosis.

A. cartilaginous joint and an amphiarthrosis.

Paired, irregular masses of gray matter buried deep within the central white matter in the basal region of the cerebral hemispheres, inferior to the floor of the lateral ventricle, are the: A. cerebral nuclei. B. corpus callosi. C. inferior colliculi. D. interthalamic adhesions. E. ventricular connections.

A. cerebral nuclei.

Non-REM sleep A. comprises most of our sleep time. B. is characterized by movements of the eyes. C. is where we have our most memorable dreams. D. is a time when the brain is very active.

A. comprises most of our sleep time.

In fibrous joints, the articulating surfaces are held together by A. dense regular connective tissue. B. areolar connective tissue. C. dense irregular connective tissue. D. fibrocartilage. E. articular cartilage.

A. dense regular connective tissue.

If a heavy load is at one end of a lever, the distance between the fulcrum and that load is called the A. effort arm. B. resistance arm. C. lever length.

B. resistance arm.

Commissural tracts: A. extend between the right and left cerebral hemispheres. B. connect a region of one lobe with another lobe in the same hemisphere. C. connect different regions within a lobe. D. connect different regions of the cerebral cortex within the same hemisphere. E. link the cerebral cortex to the caudal brain regions and the spinal cord.

A. extend between the right and left cerebral hemispheres.

Clenching the fingers to make a fist, then relaxing and straightening them, is an example of __________ followed by __________. A. flexion; extension B. extension; flexion C. adduction; abduction D. abduction; adduction E. extension; hyperextension

A. flexion; extension

In the body, a joint serves as a ________ for a long bone. A. fulcrum B. lever C. effort arm D. resistor

A. fulcrum

The fixed point around which a lever rotates is the A. fulcrum. B. condyle. C. resistance node. D. effort arm. E. multiaxis.

A. fulcrum.

Formation of new memories involves the ________, and storage of long term memories primarily involves the ________. A. hippocampus, association areas of the cerebrum B. habenulum, amygdaloid body C. amygdala, reticular formation D. cerebellum, corpus callosum E. lateral ventricles, hippocampus

A. hippocampus, association areas of the cerebrum

If you move your head in such a way to look up at the ceiling, you are _________ your neck. A. hyperextending B. rotating C. circumducting D. flexing E. elevating

A. hyperextending

Strong reinforcement for the anterior aspect of the hip joint is provided by the Y-shaped A. iliofemoral ligament. B. pubofemoral ligament. C. ligament of the head of the femur. D. ischiofemoral ligament.

A. iliofemoral ligament.

One of the weakest parts of the shoulder is the part that lacks tendons of the rotator cuff. This weak area is the ______ aspect of the shoulder. A. inferior B. superior C. anterior D. posterior

A. inferior

During development of synovial joints, the articular capsule forms from mesenchymal tissue that is A. laterally located. B. centrally located.

A. laterally located.

The ______ hemisphere is known for its involvement in categorization, symbolization, and analytical reasoning. A. left B. right

A. left

The superior olivary complex is involved in detecting the: A. location of a sound. B. brightness of a light. C. flavor of a taste. D. intensity of a smell. E. texture of a touch stimulus.

A. location of a sound.

The articular capsule of the temporomandibular joint is exceptionally A. loose. B. tight.

A. loose.

The feet of the sensory homunculus are located: A. medially on the postcentral gyrus. B. medially on the precentral gyrus. C. laterally on the postcentral gyrus. D. laterally on the precentral gyrus.

A. medially on the postcentral gyrus.

The portion of the brain involved primarily with vision is the: A. occipital lobe. B. temporal lobe. C. insula. D. parietal lobe. E. frontal lobe.

A. occipital lobe.

The cranial nerve responsible for movement of the medial rectus, superior rectus, inferior rectus, and inferior oblique muscles is the __________ nerve. A. oculomotor B. trochlear C. abducens D. trigeminal E. hypoglossal

A. oculomotor

The elbow contains _____ articular capsule(s). A. one B. two C. three

A. one

The limbic system allows: A. processing and experiencing of emotion. B. bending over backwards. C. perception of language. D. expression of language. E. retrieving memories from a long time ago.

A. processing and experiencing of emotion.

The refractive indices between glass and oil are quite similar, as compared to the refractive indices between glass and air, which are quite different. Therefore, in which of the following situations will light bend the most? A. When passing between glass and air B. When passing between glass and oil

A. when passing between glass and air

The sternoclavicular joint is a saddle joint with a _______ range of movement. A. wide B. narrow

A. wide

Which sympathetic pathway involves only a preganglionic axon going to the effector organ?

Adrenal medulla pathway

Our calf muscles contract to cause plantar flexion, resembling the lever system of a wheelbarrow. Therefore, it is a _______ -class lever. A. first B. second C. third

B. second

Which joint is multiaxial? A. Pivot B. Ball and socket C. Condylar D. Plane E. Hinge

B. Ball and socket

The tectal plate (corpora quadrigemina) is part of what portion of the brain? A. Diencephalon B. Brainstem C. Thalamus D. Telencephalon E. Epithalamus

B. Brainstem

What type of muscle contains intercalated discs? A. Skeletal B. Cardiac C. Smooth

B. Cardiac

Which nucleus stimulates the muscles to produce the pattern of arm and leg movements associated with walking? A. Amygdaloid body B. Caudate nucleus C. Putamen D. Globus pallidus E. Claustrum

B. Caudate nucleus

What is the name of the brainstem sensory area that contains axons that project to the cerebral cortex to arouse us from sleep? A. Habenular nucleus B. Reticular activating system C. Mammillary body D. Hippocampus E. Parahippocampal gyrus

B. Reticular activating system

Which type of connective tissue protein fiber forms a meshlike framework that provides structural support within many organs (within the spleen, for example)? A. Collagen fibers B. Reticular fibers C. Elastic fibers D. Mucoid fibers E. Cartilaginous fibers

B. Reticular fibers

If you were to reach out your hand to receive a set of keys from someone, what movements of your forearm and hand would be involved? A. Pronation and adduction B. Supination and extension C. Depression and flexion D. Protraction and rotation E. Eversion and abduction

B. Supination and extension

The ligamentum teres of the hip extends from the A. ilium to the lesser trochanter of the femur. B. acetabulum to the head of the femur. C. pubis to the greater trocanter of the femur. D. iliac crest to the head of the femur. E. ischium to the intertrochanteric crest of the femur.

B. acetabulum to the head of the femur.

Number 1 indicates a simple _____ gland. A. tubular B. acinar C. branched tubular D. branched acinar E. coiled tubular

B. acinar

Synovial fluid is A. a watery fluid produced by hyaline cartilage. B. an oily fluid produced by the synovial membrane. C. a watery fluid produced by capsular ligaments. D. an oily fluid produced by articular cartilage.

B. an oily fluid produced by the synovial membrane.

Your memories of the sights and sounds of your elementary school are probably stored in: A. the arbor vitae of your cerebellum. B. association cortex areas of your cerebrum. C. your hippocampus and amygdala. D. your thalamus and hypothalamus. E. your limbic system and cranial nerves.

B. association cortex areas of your cerebrum.

With age, epithelial tissues: A. become more flexible. B. become thinner. C. lose their blood supply. D. lose resiliency but gain pliability. E. increase in mass.

B. become thinner.

The largest of the body membranes, commonly called the skin, is the _______ membrane. A. serous B. cutaneous C. mucous D. cartilaginous E. synovial

B. cutaneous

Axons of the corticospinal tract cross the brainstem at the: A. medial lemniscus of the pons. B. decussation of the pyramids in the medulla oblongata. C. primary fissure of the cerebellum. D. cerebral aqueduct of the midbrain. E. hypoglossal canal.

B. decussation of the pyramids in the medulla oblongata.

When considering leverage, the part of the bone from the muscle attachment to the joint would be the A. fulcrum. B. effort arm. C. resistance arm.

B. effort arm.

The internal feature of bone that makes it simultaneously strong and lightweight is the: A. presence of cartilage. B. latticework structure of spongy bone. C. pattern of osteons. D. areolar connective tissue in the central cavity. E. arrangement of collagenous fibers.

B. latticework structure of spongy bone.

Projection tracts: A. extend between the right and left cerebral hemispheres. B. link the cerebral cortex to the caudal brain regions and the spinal cord. C. connect different regions within a lobe. D. connect different regions of the cerebral cortex within the same hemisphere. E. connect a region of one lobe with another lobe in the same hemisphere.

B. link the cerebral cortex to the caudal brain regions and the spinal cord.

Microscopic folds that extend from the apical surface of certain epithelia to increase the surface area for absorption and secretion are called: A. cilia. B. microvilli. C. flagella. D. mucus. E. desmosomes.

B. microvilli.

The primary role of epithelial tissue in the stomach is: A. housing blood vessels and nerves. B. secretion of substances for chemical digestion. C. mixing and propulsion of foodstuffs. D. regulation of contraction.

B. secretion of substances for chemical digestion.

The primary gustatory cortex processes information about ________ and is located in the ______. A. sound, cerebellum B. taste, insula C. taste, frontal lobe D. smell, parietal lobe E. smell, temporal lobe

B. taste, insula

Dendrites: A. transmit signals away from the cell body. B. transmit signals toward the cell body. C. manufacture proteins to be used by the neuron. D. use hormones to transmit information. E. release neurotransmitter.

B. transmit signals toward the cell body.

One function of the brain's frontal lobe is: A. smell. B. verbal communication. C. hearing. D. speech interpretation. E. vision

B. verbal communication.

The heart is confined within a double-walled serous membrane sac. The part of the membrane that is in contact with the heart is the _____ layer. A. serous B. visceral C. parietal D. synovial E. mesothelial

B. visceral

Where on the human body is the hair thick enough to retain heat?

Beard Axillary region Nose Pubic region → Scalp

Besides the supinator, which other muscle is a powerful supinator of the forearm?

Biceps brachii

Which of the following muscles inserts on the head of the fibula?

Biceps femoris

There are four muscles of mastication. Select the exception.

Buccinator

What unit of bone consists of a central canal (containing blood vessels, nerves, and lymph vessels) surrounded by concentric rings of calcified matrix? A. Canaliculus B. Lamella C. Osteon D. Osteocyte E. Trabeculum

C. Osteon

This portion of the brain secretes the hormone melatonin, which helps to regulate the body's circadian rhythm. A. Habenular nucleus B. Anterior nucleus C. Pineal gland D. Mammillary body E. Paraventricular nucleus

C. Pineal gland

Which nucleus is part of the lentiform nucleus that controls muscular movement at the subconscious level? A. Amygdaloid body B. Caudate nucleus C. Putamen D. Dentate nucleus E. Claustrum

C. Putamen

If you were to rub your finger over the surface of your face you would notice that the skin was oily. What makes up the oil? A. Waste material from cellular metabolism B. Waste material (bilirubin) from dead red blood cells C. Ruptured cells from sebaceous glands D. Extracellular fluid not drained by the lymphatic system E. Plasma leakage from damaged blood vessels

C. Ruptured cells from sebaceous glands

Which type of muscle contains fusiform cells that function to propel materials through hollow organs? A. Voluntary B. Striated C. Smooth D. Skeletal

C. Smooth

Which are the midbrain nuclei that produce dopamine, and thereby affect motor control? A. Red nuclei B. Cerebral nuclei C. Substantia nigra D. Arcuate nuclei

C. Substantia nigra

A tissue transplant from one person to another (one who is not genetically identical) is a(n): A. autograft. B. syngenetic graft. C. allograft. D. heterograft. E. homograft.

C. allograft.

The advances in higher order brain functioning that happen from birth to age five correlate with: A. an increase in the number of brain neurons. B. completion of PNS myelination. C. an increase in total brain size and complexity. D. completion of myelination of the frontal cortex.

C. an increase in total brain size and complexity.

The blood-brain barrier is made up of: A. microglial extensions and capillary endothelial cells. B. ependymal cells and venous blood vessels. C. astrocyte perivascular feet and capillary endothelial cells. D. astrocyte extensions and dural sinuses. E. astrocyte perivascular feet and the falx cerebri.

C. astrocyte perivascular feet and capillary endothelial cells.

If you were examining a microscope slide containing a type of muscle tissue and observed a branching network of striated cells, each with one or two central nuclei, you could conclude that you were looking at _____ muscle. A. smooth B. skeletal C. cardiac D. osseous E. voluntary

C. cardiac

The nucleus of a neuron is found in its: A. glioma. B. axon. C. cell body. D. dendrite

C. cell body.

An articular capsule is present in A. fibrous joints. B. fibrous joints and cartilaginous joints. C. synovial joints. D. fibrous joints and synovial joints. E. all joints.

C. synovial joints.

When considering joints in the human body, the most common lever type is the A. first-class lever. B. second-class lever. C. third-class lever.

C. third-class lever.

Which autonomic plexus innervates viscera within the pelvic region?

Hypogastric plexus

The joint movement called eversion involves A. lateral rotation of the coxal joint. B. medial rotation of the coxal joint. C. turning the sole of the foot laterally. D. turning the palm of the hand laterally. E. turning the palm of the hand or sole of the foot laterally.

C. turning the sole of the foot laterally.

Based on its range of motion, the elbow is classified as a(n) __________ joint. A. multiaxial B. gliding C. uniaxial D. biaxial E. ellipsoid

C. uniaxial

The CN having multiple terminal and intramural ganglia is:

CN X.

The CN that supplies parasympathetic innervation to the thoracic organs is:

CN X.

These receptors detect changes in the color, intensity, and movement of light.

Chemoreceptors Thermoreceptors → Photoreceptors Mechanoreceptors Baroreceptors

These receptors respond to changes in temperature.

Chemoreceptors → Thermoreceptors Photoreceptors Mechanoreceptors Baroreceptors

In this image showing connective tissue components, what structure does number 2 indicate? A. Mesenchymal cell B. Fibroblast C. Adipocyte D. Macrophage E. Extracellular matrix

D. Macrophage

All connective tissue is formed from which embryonic germ layer? A. Endoderm B. Ectoderm C. Mucoderm D. Mesoderm E. Epiderm

D. Mesoderm

Which of these synovial joints does not have at least one rounded or convex surface? A. Saddle B. Ball and socket C. Pivot D. Plane E. Condylar

D. Plane

A synarthrosis is A. always made of cartilage. B. a joint that has a capsule. C. a joint within a fetus that ossifies during early development. D. immobile. E. slightly mobile.

D. immobile.

Association areas: A. correlate information from opposite sides of the brain. B. correlate similar functions from different lobes on the same side of the brain. C. correlate similar functions from the same lobes on the opposite side of the brain. D. integrate new sensory inputs with memories of past experiences. E. integrate outgoing motor information.

D. integrate new sensory inputs with memories of past experiences.

The general name given to the phenomenon that occurs when a mature epithelium changes to a different form is: A. mesothelia. B. hyperplasia. C. hypertrophy. D. metaplasia. E. neoplasia

D. metaplasia.

Some bone interiors contain hemopoietic tissue, which functions in: A. storing fat. B. producing hormones. C. making connective tissue fibers. D. producing blood cells. E. breaking down toxins.

D. producing blood cells.

The type of epithelium that lines the urinary bladder and may include some binucleated cells is called ____________ epithelium. A. stratified squamous nonkeratinized B. stratified squamous keratinized C. pseudostratified D. transitional E. simple squamous

D. transitional

Which is not true about synovial joints? A. All articulating bone surfaces are covered with articular cartilage. B. Synovial joints are enclosed by fibrous articular capsules. C. Synovial fluid is secreted by the synovial membrane. D. Ligaments strengthen and reinforce joints. E. Blood circulates within the joint cavity to nourish the articular cartilage.

E. Blood circulates within the joint cavity to nourish the articular cartilage.

An exocrine gland has two parts: A. a duct and a basement membrane. B. a basement membrane and a goblet cell. C. a brush border and a glandular portion. D. an acinus and a brush border. E. a duct and a secretory portion.

E. a duct and a secretory portion.

The location of conscious thought processes and the origin of all complex intellectual functions is the: A. cerebellum. B. pons. C. hypothalamus. D. corpus callosum. E. cerebrum.

E. cerebrum.

The major pathway of communication between the right and left hemisphere is the: A. cerebral gyri. B. cerebral sulci. C. longitudinal fissure. D. hypothalamus. E. corpus callosum.

E. corpus callosum.

Cerebral lateralization refers to the: A. difficulty in assigning a precise function to a specific region of the cortex. B. generalization that both cerebral hemispheres receive their sensory information from and project motor commands to the opposite side of the body. C. separation of the various lobes of the brain from each other. D. crisscrossing of information between the two hemispheres. E. functional differences between the right and left hemispheres.

E. functional differences between the right and left hemispheres.

The two types of cells that make up the nervous system are: A. macrophages and mast cells. B. neurons and chondrocytes. C. mast cells and fibrocytes. D. neurons and mast cells. E. neurons and glial cells.

E. neurons and glial cells.

Which muscle is not innervated by the plantar nerve?

Extensor digitorum brevis

These muscles elevate the ribs and have their origin on the inferior border of the superior rib and their insertion on the superior border of the inferior rib.

External intercostals

Which of the abdominal muscles has its fibers running in an inferomedial direction?

External oblique

Which muscle is part of the urogenital diaphragm and constricts the urethra to voluntarily inhibit urination?

External urethral sphincter

Cardiac muscle is also known as visceral muscle. TRUE OR FALSE

FALSE

Exocrine glands secrete hormones into the blood. TRUE OR FALSE

FALSE

Glial cells transmit impulses. TRUE OR FALSE

FALSE

In nonkeratinized stratified squamous epithelial tissue, the cells in the superficial layers are dead. TRUE OR FALSE

FALSE

Mesenchyme is found only in the umbilical cord. TRUE OR FALSE

FALSE

Skin is an entirely waterproof barrier, preventing all gain or loss of fluid from the skin except sweat. True or false

False

Vesicles and glycoproteins required at the synapse are moved down a nerve fiber by _______ axonal transport.

Fast

What are tendinous intersections?

Fibrous, perpendicular insertions between successive sheets or blocks of muscle

What is the thin strand of pia mater that helps to anchor the spinal cord to the coccyx?

Filum terminale

Which of the following serve to increase the surface area of a cell for absorption and secretion?

Flagella → Microvilli Cilia Cilia and flagella Cilia and microvilli

The primary inhibitory neurotransmitter in the brain is

GABA

Electrical synapses involve coupling of neurons by?

Gap junctions

These junctions hold adjacent cells together and provide resistance to mechanical stress.

Gap junctions → Desmosomes Tight junctions Synapses

All of the muscles listed, except one, are innervated by the deep fibular nerve. Select the exception.

Gastrocnemius

These two muscles are known as the triceps surae and together are the most powerful plantar flexors of all of the leg muscles.

Gastrocnemius and soleus

What two muscles insert on the calcaneal tendon?

Gastrocnemius and soleus

Which muscle does not move the mandible?

Genioglossus

Which are the smallest components of the cytoskeleton?

Microtubules → Microfilaments Intermediate filaments Centrosomes Centrioles

Which type of reflex occurs with the smallest delay?

Monosynaptic

If there were no sodium leak channels, the resting membrane potential of a neuron would be

More negative

Which is not a cell type found in the olfactory epithelium?

Olfactory receptor cell Supporting cell Basal cell → Fungiform cell No exceptions: all are examples of cells in the olfactory epithelium

Which is the "kiss muscle" used for puckering the lips?

Orbicularis oris

Which division of the nervous system shows a greater capacity for regeneration?

PNS

If you had all of your fingers (including the thumb) spread out wide, which muscle or group would bring fingers 2-5 together?

Palmar interossei

Identify the organelle that provides enzymes for autolysis.

Peroxisomes Mitochondria Smooth ER Golgi apparatus → Lysosomes

Which is a passive transport process?

Phagocytosis Pinocytosis Receptor-mediated endocytosis → Osmosis Ion pump

Which of the following factors influence cell membrane permeability?

Phospholipid composition of the membrane Ionic charge along the membrane Presence or absence of transport proteins Molecule size → All of the choices are correct

If a person suffers a thorax-crushing injury and is unable to breathe properly, you would suspect that this nerve was damaged.

Phrenic nerve

This thick sheet of fascia extends between the phalanges of the toes and the calcaneus, and also encloses the plantar muscles of the foot.

Plantar aponeurosis

Which muscle or group is responsible for adduction of the toes?

Plantar interossei

Chemically gated ion channels are mainly found in the ________ segment of a neuron.

Receptive

This muscle has its origin on the manubrium and sternal end of the clavicle and its insertion on the mastoid process.

Sternocleidomastoid

Epithelial tissue tends to be richly innervated and highly regenerative. TRUE OR FALSE

TRUE

Glycosaminoglycans (GAGs) are polysaccharides. TRUE OR FALSE

TRUE

Hyperplasia is an increase in the number of cells in a tissue. TRUE OR FALSE

TRUE

Many connective tissues play a role in immune protection. TRUE OR FALSE

TRUE

Some neurons are longer than 1 meter. TRUE OR FALSE

TRUE

Fingernails reach the tips of the fingers before toenails are fully formed. True False

True

The nuclear envelope consists primarily of:

a double helix of DNA. ribosomal subunits. → two phospholipid bilayers. messenger RNA

The citric acid cycle involves:

a multienzyme complex within the cytosol. → several enzymes within the matrix of the mitochondrion. a multienzyme complex within the outer compartment of the mitochondrion. several enzymes within the cytosol and the outer membrane of the mitochondrion

The sympathetic postganglionic axons from the superior cervical ganglion innervate: a: Sweat glands in the head b: Sweat glands in the palms c: Smooth muscle of blood vessels in the head d: Smooth muscles of blood vessels in the antebrachial region e: Superior tarsal muscle of the eye f: Submandibular salivary gland

a, c, e

Which statements are correct concerning the parasympathetic division of the ANS? a: Contains preganglionic cell bodies in brainstem nuclei b: Contains preganglionic cell bodies in the lateral horns of the T1-L2 regions c: Participates in the "fight-or-flight" response d: Helps maintain homeostasis e: Contains preganglionic cell bodies in the sacral region of the spinal cord

a, d, e

Which cranial nerves are associated with the parasympathetic division of the ANS? a: III b: IV c: V d: VII e: IX f: X g: XII

a, d, e, f

Of the muscles that move the glenohumeral joint, two originate on the axial skeleton. Which ones?

a: Latissimus dorsi c: Pectoralis major

The principal elbow flexors located on the anterior side of the humerus are the:

a: biceps brachii b: brachialis c: brachioradialis

Nicotinic receptors bind:

acetylcholine and allow sodium ions to enter the cell.

Muscarinic receptors are proteins that bind the neurotransmitter:

acetylcholine.

A rise in blood pressure causes a reflexive:

activation of the parasympathetic system and inhibition of the sympathetic system.

Fast axonal transport is:

active (requires ATP) and can occur in either the anterograde or retrograde direction.

The reticular layer of the dermis consists primarily of:

adipose tissue. reticular connective tissue. → dense irregular connective tissue. nervous tissue. elastic connective tissue.

When norepinephrine is released from varicosities of postganglionic neurons, its targets are:

adrenergic receptors on effectors such as smooth muscle.

The primary function of eyebrows is to:

allow the appropriate amount of light to enter the eye. prevent excess light from entering the eye. prevent objects from striking the eye. → prevent sweat from dripping into the open eye. form a protective barrier of fat and hair to help shade the eye

The term "activation energy" refers to the:

amount of energy released by an exergonic reaction. amount of energy released by an endergonic reaction. amount of energy released by a catabolic reaction. → amount of energy required to initiate any chemical reaction. amount of energy required to initiate only catabolic reactions

When the body's digestive system breaks down starch, a complex carbohydrate, into simpler carbohydrates the reaction is:

anabolic and endergonic. anabolic and exergonic. → catabolic and exergonic. catabolic and endergonic

The intermediate stage of cellular respiration is:

anaerobic and occurs in the cytosol. → aerobic and occurs in the mitochondria. aerobic and occurs in the cytosol. anaerobic and occurs in the mitochondria

Muscles that protract the scapula would be ________ thoracic muscles.

anterior

The anterior ramus of a typical spinal nerve innervates the:

anterior and lateral trunk and the limbs.

The extensor hallucis longus is located in the:

anterior compartment of the leg.

The meninx composed of a delicate web of collagen and elastic fibers is the:

arachnoid mater.

Excess CSF is removed from the subarachnoid space by:

arachnoid villi.

By definition, transducers:

are electrical devices that do not work with biological systems. → change one form of energy into another form. transmit signals away from the central nervous system. transmit signals toward the central nervous system.

In general, you become unaware of the shirt on your back because your touch receptors:

are tonic. → undergo adaptation. are transducers. maintain firing but are ignored.

Accommodation of the lens occurs when:

ciliary muscles contract. the ciliary body moves closer to the lens. parasympathetic axons stimulate the ciliary muscles. the lens becomes more spherical. → All choices are correct

The lens of the eye flattens when:

ciliary muscles contract. → ciliary muscles relax. extrinsic eye muscles contract. extrinsic eye muscles relax. intrinsic muscles of the iris contract.

When you travel on a moving walkway or an elevator the acceleration of your body in a straight line is sensed by the:

cochlea. semiciercular canals. → utricle and saccule. ossicles.

The condition known as "tennis elbow" is caused by trauma or overuse of the:

common extensor tendon of the posterior forearm muscles.

The mictruition reflex results in:

contraction of smooth muscle in the bladder and relaxation of urinary sphincters.

Since most pathways decussate, each side of the brain processes information from the _________ side of the body.

contralateral

Late one night you are leaving the science building during a snowstorm. As you approach your car your right foot suddenly slips on a patch of ice. Your left leg immediately stiffens as you try to regain your balance. The reflex action you relied upon is a(n):

contralateral reflex.

Many different sources can stimulate an autonomic ganglion cell simultaneously due to:

convergence.

The type of neuronal circuit in which several nerve impulses come together at a single postsynaptic neuron is a _____________ circuit.

converging

You walk into a restaurant and amidst the sights, sounds, and smells of food preparation, you notice that you have begun to salivate. This is evidence that a particular neuronal circuit has been activated. Which one?

converging

Sebum is a secretion that:

cools the skin and eliminates certain drugs. → lubricates skin and helps defend against bacteria. maintains water balance through waterproofing the skin. acts as a pheremone once reproductive maturity is reached.

The opening of the neural tube that is closest to the future head is the:

cranial neuropore.

Pyruvate dehydrogenase is located in the:

cytosol. cell membrane. outer compartment of the mitochondrion. middle of the crista. → matrix of the mitochondrion

Our ability to precisely locate a stimulus is ________ proportional to receptive field size.

directly → inversely

What type of circuit is used to maintain body posture while walking?

diverging

Axons of the corticobulbar tracts:

do not pass through the spinal cord, as they synapse with lower motor neurons in brainstem cranial nuclei.

Catecholamines include:

dopamine, epinephrine, and norepinephrine.

The muscles of the anterior compartment of the leg function to:

dorsiflex the foot and extend the toes.

Neural tissue develops in the embryo from a portion of the: A. ectoderm. B. endoderm. C. mesoderm.

ectoderm.

Each side of the spinal cord gives rise to _____ cervical nerves.

eight

Hyperpolarization of a neuron results from:

either the entry of an anion or the exit of a cation.

The first stage of cellular respiration is:

electron transport, and it occurs in the cytosol. electron transport, and it occurs in the mitochondria. → glycolysis, and it occurs in the cytosol. glycolysis, and it occurs in the mitochondria. the citric acid cycle, and it occurs at the mitochondria

The release of neurotransmitter from a neuron is an example of:

endocytosis and is a form of passive transport. receptor mediated endocytosis and it requires expenditure of ATP. exocytosis and is a form of passive transport. → exocytosis and it requires expenditure of ATP. pinocytosis and it is a form of primary active transport

Since they produce ribosome subunits, one would expect to find large numbers of nucleoli in cells that synthesize:

energy sources. pigments. solubility enhancing substances. steroid hormones. → proteins

Movement of a substance from an area of higher concentration to one where it is less concentrated is known as:

equilibrium. active transport. → diffusion. facilitation. selective transport

Activation of parasympathetic fibers in pelvic splanchnic nerves leads to:

erection of the male penis and female clitoris.

Some prey animals, such as rabbits, have laterally placed eyes, and the images on their two retinas do not overlap. Such animals would be expected to show _________ depth perception.

excellent → poor

The function of the biceps femoris is to:

extend the thigh and flex the leg.

When the left and right splenius capitis contract together, the resulting movement is:

extension of the neck.

The structure responsible for pulling on the follicle and causing "goose bumps" is the:

external root sheath. internal root sheath. epithelial root sheath. → arrector pili muscle. papilla.

When a neuromodulator slows the reuptake of a neurotransmitter or causes expression of an increased number of receptors on postsynaptic neurons, the effect is called

facilitation.

In the brain, the ________ is the integration and command center for autonomic functions.

hypothalamus

Muscles whose functions are to either depress the hyoid bone or the thyroid cartilage of the larynx are the _________ muscles.

infrahyoid

Distortion of hair cells in the cochlea causes:

initiation of action potentials in CN VI. bending of the basilar membrane. movement of the tympanic membrane. → initiation of action potentials in CN VIII.

Contraction of the diaphragm assists in:

inspiration

The anterior rami of T1-T11 are called:

intercostal nerves.

The reaction in which water and carbon dioxide combine to form carbonic acid is:

irreversible, as carbonic acid rapidly causes a drop in pH. → reversible, and can proceed in either direction depending on the concentrations of the molecules. exergonic, and is an important energy source within the body. an exchange reaction in which protons are transferred between atoms. a catabolic reaction in which the formation of a larger molecule can lead to an increase in cell size

A nerve:

is a cablelike bundle of parallel axons.

In humans, the only cell that bears a flagellum is the ________ cell.

kidney oocyte red blood brain → sperm

Phosphorylation is carried out by a:

kinase, and it results in the negative feedback inhibition of an enzyme. ! kinase, and it may activate some enzymes and inhibit others. phosphatase, and it results in the negative feedback inhibition of an enzyme. phosphatase, and it may activate some enzymes and inhibit others

The gelatinous mass inside of the eye is called the:

lacrimal secretion. mucoid body. → vitreous humor. hyaloid mass. scleroid humor.

If the right sternocleidomastoid contracts unilaterally, the resulting movement will be:

lateral flexion of the head to the right and rotation of the head to the left.

Preganglionic neurons of the sympathetic division originate in the:

lateral horns of the thoracolumbar spinal segments.

Saltatory conduction occurs in

myelinated axons, where action potentials occur only at neurofibril nodes.

A nerve impulse travels fastest along ________ axons of ______ diameter.

myelinated, large

When our inner ears convert sound energy into neural impulses or our retinas convert light into neural impulses:

no heat is generated, and so it is an exception to the first law of thermodynamics. it is an exception to both laws of thermodynamics, since no usable energy is lost. it is consistent with the second law of thermodynamics, but an exception to the first. → the conversion is consistent with both laws of thermodynamics

The building blocks that form the DNA double helix are called:

nucleoli. → nucleotides. steroid bases. nitrogenous acids. nuclear pores

The papillae located mainly on the tip and sides of the tongue that contain only a few taste buds each are the _______ papillae.

papiform filiform → fungiform vallate foliate

In the process of glycolysis:

one enzyme converts glucose into NADH. two enzymes are involved in breaking glucose down to ten pyruvate molecules. ! ten enzymes are involved in breaking glucose down to two pyruvate molecules. twelve enzymes split glucose into thirteen smaller molecules. six enzymes use two ATP to split glucose in half

The region of an enzyme into which the substrate fits is a:

one size fits all active site. ! highly specific active site. highly specific antibody. one size fits all antibody.

Sweat glands and arrector pili muscles are controlled:

only by the sympathetic nervous system.

Arrival of an action potential at the synaptic knob results in

opening of voltage-gated calcium channels and diffusion of calcium into the synaptic knob.

When a person blinks she is using her:

orbicularis oculi.

The least developed of the papilla types are the ______ papillae, which house only a few taste buds during infancy and early childhood.

papiform filiform fungiform vallate → foliate

The least numerous but the largest of the papillae are arranged as a V-shape on the posterior dorsal surface of the tongue. They contain the majority of taste buds and are called _____ papillae.

papiform filiform fungiform → vallate foliate

Channel-mediated diffusion is a subtype of:

simple diffusion. carrier-mediated diffusion. active transport. → facilitated diffusion. endocytosis

When a small, polar solute binds to a membrane protein that then changes shape and transports the solute across the membrane, the process is known as:

simple diffusion. channel-mediated diffusion. → carrier-mediated diffusion. active transport. endocytosis

The conjunctiva is composed of _____ epithelium.

simple squamous simple cuboidal → stratified squamous simple columnar stratified keratinized

After causing vibrations of the maleus, sound waves pass (in sequence) through the:

stapes, round window, scala externa perilymph, scala media endolymph, and oval window. → incus, stapes, oval window, scala vestibuli perilymph, and cochlear duct endolymph. oval window, scala tympani perilymph, scala vestibuli endolymph, and spiral organ. incus, stapes, oval window, scala tympani endolymph, scala vestibuli, and helicotrema. stapes, incus, round window, scala media perilymph, and scala vestibuli endolymph.

Postganglionic axons from the celiac ganglion innervate the:

stomach. spleen. liver. gallbladder. all choices are correct

Sweat and sebaceous glands develop from the:

stratum corneum. → stratum basale of the epidermis. hypodermis. reticular layer. papillary layer of the dermis.

A monosynaptic reflex that monitors and regulates skeletal muscle length is a _____ reflex.

stretch

In a lumbar puncture (spinal tap), fluid is extracted from the:

subarachnoid space.

As a baseball pitcher winds up to throw, he medially rotates his arm by contracting his:'

subscapularis.

At temperatures above 40°C (104°F) in the human body:

substrates have their chemical reactions more quickly catalyzed. → enzymes denature and reaction rates decrease. protein flexibility is optimum and reaction rates increase. protein shape is rigid and reaction rates are constant

The shallow depressions between folds on the surface of the brain are called:

sulci.

Consider a basketball player whose heart is racing during the final moments of a game. With seconds on the clock, she makes a jump shot. Her excitement is a function of her ________ nervous system, and her movements are a function of her _______ nervous system.

sympathetic, somatic

The diameter of many blood vessels is controlled exclusively by the ________ nervous system, and decreases in the activity of this system result in _________.

sympathetic, vasodilation.

Most axons within the optic tract terminate in the:

temporal lobe of the cerebral cortex. occipital lobe of the cerebral cortex. → lateral geniculate nucleus of the thalamus. medial geniculate nucleus of the thalamus

The horizontally oriented fold of dura mater that separates the occipital and temporal lobes of the cerebrum from the cerebellum is the:

tentorium cerebelli.

Fine hair called _________, which is unpigmented or lightly pigmented, is the primary human hair and is found on the upper and lower limbs.

terminal lanugo → vellus cuticle phalanx

Olfactory glomeruli are located in the:

thalamus. olfactory epithelium. → olfactory bulbs. hypothalamus.

Lines of cleavage are a result of:

the alignment of dermal papillae. → the orientation of collagen fibers in the dermis. the alignment of epidermal ridges. wounds to the epidermis such as hemangiomas.

The ending "glossus" on the name of a muscle refers to:

the tongue.

The word "biceps" in the name of a muscle refers to the fact that:

the muscle has two tendons of origin.

The reason that certain odors can initiate behavioral and emotional reactions is because:

the olfactory pathway is connected directly to the medulla oblongata. → there are widespread olfactory associations within the hypothalamus and limbic system. olfactory sensations are interpreted at the prefrontal cortex. the olfactory pathway is connected directly to the occipital lobe. the sense of olfaction occurs immediately at the olfactory epithelium

Wallerian degeneration involves the breakdown of:

the segments of axon and myelin sheath between the site of damage and the peripheral effector.

The structural continuity between the cornea and the sclera is called:

the substantia propria. → the limbus. the uvea. Decemet's membrane. Schlemm's membrane.

In the final stem of enzymatic catalysis:

the substrate is released and the enzyme is inactivated. the product is completed and the enzyme is inactivated. → the products are released and the enzyme is free to bind other substrates. the enzyme and substrate form chemical bonds with each other resulting in a new product. equilibrium is obtained so that the enzyme does not catalyze further reactions.

Saturation occurs when:

there is so much enzyme present that the reaction rate decreases if more is added. ! all enzymes are busy and further increases in substrate concentration will not increase reaction rate. enzymes become fatigued and can no longer catalyze changes in the substrate. intramolecular interactions are disrupted in the enzyme, decreasing its efficiency and decreasing reaction rate. the substrate is denatured and the enzyme cannot catalyze any changes in its structure

The brain ventricle located in the diencephalon is the _____ ventricle.

third

Which is the neurotransmitter that causes the release of calcium ions from reservoirs within the muscle cell and thereby initiates the steps of contraction? Acetylcholinesterase Rubitussin → Acetylcholine Serotonin Norepinephrine

→ Acetylcholine

For relaxation to occur: A. Ach receptors close and Ca++ channels on the sarcoplasmic reticulum close. B. Ach receptors close and Ca++ channels on the sarcoplasmic reticulum open. C. Ach receptors open and Ca++ channels on the sarcoplasmic reticulum close. D. Ach receptors open and Ca++ channels on the sarcoplasmic reticulum open.

→ Ach receptors close and Ca++ channels on the sarcoplasmic reticulum close.

Which may occur as a result of muscle atrophy?

→ All choices are correct

A power stroke involves: an actin molecule pulling a myosin molecule toward the M-line. a thin filament shortening in length and thereby shortening the sarcomere. → a myosin head pulling a thin filament toward the center of the sarcomere. a thick filament pushing an actin filament towards the nearest Z-line.

→ a myosin head pulling a thin filament toward the center of the sarcomere.

A motor unit consists of: multiple motor neurons and multiple muscle fibers. → a single motor neuron and the multiple muscle fibers it controls. multiple motor neurons and the one muscle fiber they control. one synaptic terminal button, a cleft, and an acetylcholine receptor. an end plate, T-tubule, and sarcoplasmic reticulum.

→ a single motor neuron and the multiple muscle fibers it controls.

In general, a skeletal muscle is composed of: a: connective tissue sheaths b: nerves c: arteries d: veins e: muscle fibers

→ a, b, c, d, e

The action potential of a muscle fiber occurs: at the end plate. → along the sarcolemma and down the T-tubules. within the sarcoplasmic reticulum. in the mitochondria.

→ along the sarcolemma and down the T-tubules.

Fibers from one motor unit: are clustered together within one fascicle of the muscle. → are dispersed throughout most of the muscle.

→ are dispersed throughout most of the muscle.

Lifting weights will cause muscles to enlarge. This is primarily due to

→ by an increase in the size of muscle cells.

The type of muscle fibers that are striated, form Y-shaped branches, and have junctions called intercalated discs are:

→ cardiac.

A skeletal muscle cell can be several inches long. The property of muscle tissue that allows an impulse to travel down the entire length of the cell membrane is: elasticity. conductivity. extensibility. contractility. responsibility.

→ conductivity.

Rather than tightly coupled synapses between neurons and muscle cells, single-unit smooth muscle contains:

→ diffuse junctions where neuron varicosities are responsible for neurotransmitter release.

When a muscle is isometrically contracted, its length _______ change.

→ does not

The spring-like property that returns muscle to its original length after a contraction ends is: extensibility. elasticity. contractility. treppe effect. conductivity.

→ elasticity.

A drug that inhibited acetylcholinesterase would result in: a failure to stimulate the muscle due to decreased Ach release. → enhanced stimulation of the muscle due to decreased Ach breakdown. enhanced stimulation of the muscle due to enhanced Ach release. poor muscle stimulation due to enhanced Ach breakdown

→ enhanced stimulation of the muscle due to decreased Ach breakdown.

When an impulse arrives at the knob of the motor neuron, calcium: enters through active transport pumps and triggers the release of transmitter. → enters through voltage-gated channels and triggers the release of transmitter. exits through active transport pumps and brings transmitter with it. exits through voltage-gated channels and triggers transmitter release. is released from synaptic vesicles.

→ enters through voltage-gated channels and triggers the release of transmitter.

The most prevalent of skeletal muscle fibers in the body are _____ fibers.

→ fast twitch

In a lab, wave summation is demonstrated by increasing the _________ of the stimulus.

→ frequency

One of the reasons you might struggle to lift a heavy object if you tried to lift it with your arm at a fully extended posture is that:

→ full extension results in decreased overlap between thick and thin filaments in the muscle.

A motor unit within the powerful quadriceps muscle would: contain several motor neurons. be much like those in the eye muscles. generally contain less than ten fibers. → generally contain several hundred fibers.

→ generally contain several hundred fibers.

One feature that helps provide fast energy to a muscle cell is the presence of granules containing the complex carbohydrate: creatine phosphate. myoglobin. → glycogen. nebulin. hemoglobin.

→ glycogen.

Phosphate transfer is used for

→ immediate ATP needs and is not dependent on oxygen.

Events of excitation contraction coupling, such as the release of calcium from intracellular stores, occur during the ________ period of a muscle twitch.

→ latent

Smooth muscle tissue in which cells are individually sent signals to contract (rather than contracting in unison) is referred to as:

→ multiunit.

Myoglobin is a molecule within muscle cells that can bind: creatine phosphate. → oxygen. hemoglobin. acetylcholine. ATP

→ oxygen.

Increased phosphate ion concentration is believed to contribute to fatigue by interfering with:

→ phosphate release by myosin heads during crossbridge cycling.

An end plate potential is an event that involves a gain of: positive charge for the cell, as potassium rapidly enters. → positive charge for the cell, as sodium rapidly enters. negative charge for the cell, as potassium rapidly enters. negative charge for the cell, as sodium rapidly enters

→ positive charge for the cell, as sodium rapidly enters.

Release of crossbridges and a decline in muscle tension characterize the _______ period of a twitch.

→ relaxation

When smooth muscle is stretched for a prolonged period of time, it responds by:

→ relaxing

The narrow space that separates the motor neuron and the skeletal muscle fiber in a neuromuscular junction is called the: motor end plate. synaptic vesicle. → synaptic cleft. synaptic knob. Ach floor.

→ synaptic cleft.

The structure responsible for attaching muscle to bone is a: sphincter. ligament. fascia. → tendon. myofibril

→ tendon.

For a sprint lasting 60 seconds, ATP is supplied initially by:

→ the phosphagen system but primarily by glycolysis.

The way acetylcholine is released from a neuron is: by a primary active transport pump. by rapid diffusion when a voltage-gated ion channel opens for it. → through exocytosis when a vesicle fuses with the membrane. by conduction through a gap junction from nerve to muscle.

→ through exocytosis when a vesicle fuses with the membrane.

"Staircase" and "warm up" are alternative names for ___________, an increased muscle response to a constant stimulus.

→ treppe

The calcium ions involved in skeletal muscle contraction bind to a(n)______ subunit. myosin actin elastin tropomyosin → troponin

→ troponin

The repolarization of the action potential involves the opening of:chemically gated Na+ channels. voltage-gated Na+ channels. chemically gated K+ channels. → voltage-gated K+ channels.

→ voltage-gated K+ channels.