Anatomy and Physiology Chapter 9 Learning Objectives

Describe the knee joint and its motion

It's a synovial hinge joint, and it can perform extension, flexion, and a slight amount of hyperextension.

Identify the characteristics common to all synovial joints

Joint cavity, synovial membrane, articular cartilage, a fibrous layer, a ligament and articular capsule.

Compare the structural and the functional classification of joints

Joints are classified by mobility, if it has cartilage/what type of cartilage, if it has a joint cavity with synovial fluid.

Explain rotational motion, and name joints in which it occurs

when a bone pivots around its own longitudinal axis. occurs in coral and glenohumeral.

Describe angular motion and specify the three types of motion

when the angle between the articulating bones increases or decreases.

Describe the features of the temporomandibular joint (TMJ)

it's a diarthroses, a synovial hinge joint, and it has the ability to perform depression, elevation, lateral displacement, slight rotation of the mandible, protraction, and retraction.

Describe gliding motion, and name joints in which it occurs

A gliding motion is when 2 opposing surfaces slide past each other in any direction, but the movement is slight.

Define a joint

A joint is a place of contact between bones, cartilage, and teeth.

Define a lever

A lever is an elongated rigid object that rotates around a fixed point called the fulcrum.

Explain why the hip joint is more stable than the glenohumeral joint

Because articular capsule is loose, and the ligaments are indistinct

Explain the location and characteristics of gomphoses

Gomphoses resemble a peg in a socket, an example of these are teeth in the alveolar process. The joint is immovable and is classified as synarthroses.

Explain what is meant by special movements, and give examples of joints at which they occur

Special movements are movements that aren't classified in the other categories. ankle joint, thumb joint, temporomandibular joint, and glenohumeral joint.

Describe the location and functions of sutures

Sutures are located on the skull mostly, there are sagittal, lambdoid, coronal, and squamous suture. The coronal suture is across the top of the skull horizontally, the sagittal suture goes medially to the occipital bone, the lambdoid suture that goes along the back of the skull, and the squamous goes along the sides of the skull.

Name the locations of symphyses and their functions in these locations

Symphyses are located in the pubic symphysis, and intervertebral joints. They help with shock absorption and some flexibility.

Describe the locations and functions of synchondroses

Synchondroses are located where hyaline cartilage is, ex. ribs. They provide flexibility, but are immobile and are classified as synarthroses.

List the locations of syndesmoses and describe their function

Syndesmoses are located between the radius and ulna, and between tibia and fibula. They provide a way for the bones to pivot without breaking.

Describe the composition and function of synovial fluid in a typical synovial joint

Synovial fluid lubricates the joint, reduces friction, and distributes nutrients to the joint

Compare and contrast the six types of synovial joints including the movement of the joint

The 6 types of synovial joints are plane joints, hinge joints, pivot joints, condylar joints, saddle joints, and ball and socket joints. Plane joints move slightly from side to side in a gliding motion. Hinge joints are confined to a singular axis and move like the hinge on a door. Pivot joints are uniaxial and the first bone rotates on its longitudinal axis. Condylar joints are biaxial joints which can move in 2 axes. Saddle joints are biaxial and resemble a saddle. Ball and socket joints are multiaxial with a spherical head that fits into a cuplike socket.

Describe the elbow joint and its motion

The elbow joint is a synovial hinge joint and has a decent amount of movement but is limited. The elbow joint can perform flexion and extension only.

Describe the three individual joints that make up the shoulder articulation

The glenohumeral joint, the acromioclavicular joint, and the sternoclavicular joint.