Anatomy & Physiology Exam 5
Which of these are cells that are involved in inflammation? 1) macrophages and neutrophils 2) mast cells and basophils 3) lymphocytes 4) B cells and T cells 5) histamine 6) cytokines Select one: A. 1 and 2 are correct B. 1, 2, 3 and 4 are correct C. 1, 2 and 3 are correct D. all are correct E. 5 and 6 are correct
A. 1 and 2 are correct
Which statement best describes why an individual's antibodies and T cells do not attack their own cells? Select one: A. B and T cells mature in the bone marrow and thymus; their antigen receptors are, in effect, tested for their potential to recognize and react against self. B. Interferons interfere with antibodies trying to attach to the B and T cells C. B and T cells have about 100,000 antigen receptors and so they can match anything in the human body. D. B and T cells develop into plasma cells which dissolve automatically into the plasma, thus they are not recognized as foreign. E. Opsonins keep leukocytes from binding to the B and T cells
A. B and T cells mature in the bone marrow and thymus; their antigen receptors are, in effect, tested for their potential to recognize and react against self.
Determine the first phase of the antibody-mediated immune response. Select one: A. B cell clones recognize its specific antigen. B. Antibody levels in the blood rise dramatically. C. Memory cells react rapidly upon a second encounter with the antigen. D. B cells should now be present in the body's fluids.
A. B cell clones recognize its specific antigen.
Which is an action of antibodies that help phagocytes to more efficiently recognize and destroy pathogens? Select one: A. Opsonization B. Precipitation C. Neutralization D. Complment fixation E. Agglutination
A. Opsonization
What statement best describes the function of pyrogens? Select one: A. Pyrogens cause the hypothalamic thermostat to reset to a higher range. B. Pyrogens interfere with the ability of bacteria or viruses to infect other cells. C. Pyrogens are potent vasodilators. D. Pyrogens increase secretion of thymosin.
A. Pyrogens cause the hypothalamic thermostat to reset to a higher range.
The clumping of cells that are cross-linked by their attachments to antibodies is known as: Select one: A. agglutination. B. precipitation. C. neutralization. D. opsonization.
A. agglutination.
In passive immunity, the Select one: A. body receives antibodies produced by other humans or by an animal. B. body receives antibodies produced by other humans. C. body is deliberately exposed to an antigen. D. immune system attacks normal body cells. E. body receives antibodies produced by an animal.
A. body receives antibodies produced by other humans or by an animal.
Which of the following is NOT one of the body's nonspecific defenses against pathogens? Select one: A. cytotoxic T cell B. interferons C. natural killer cell D. inflammation E. complement system
A. cytotoxic T cell
Interferons are released from ________ and act to inhibit viral replication by ________. Select one: A. infected cells : degrading RNA B. phagocytotic cells : digesting the virus C. T lymphocytes : degrading RNA D. neutrophils : digesting the virus E. phagocytotic cells : degrading RNA
A. infected cells : degrading RNA
The effects of activating the complement system include all of the following except Select one: A. inhibition of the immune response. B. chemotaxis (movement of WBC ) C. stimulation of inflammation. D. destruction of target cell plasma membranes. E. opsonization ("tagging" pathogens for phagocytes).
A. inhibition of the immune response.
Surface barriers, such as cutaneous and mucous membranes, are part of the ____ and respond generally to ____. Select one: A. innate immune system, extracellular pathogens B. innate immune system, intracellular pathogens C. adaptive immune system, extracellular pathogens D. adaptive immune system, intracellular pathogens
A. innate immune system, extracellular pathogens
What type of immunity exists even in the absence of a specfic stimulus by a specfific epitope? Select one: A. innate immunity B. specific immunity C. cell-mediated immunity D. adaptive immunity
A. innate immunity
What cells play an extensive role as phagocytes ? Select one: A. macrophages B. Helper T-Cells C. memory B cells D. cytotoxic T-cells
A. macrophages
What cell type secretes histamine at the site of an infection? Select one: A. mast cells B. cytotoxic T cells C. helper T cells D. macrophages E. natural killer cells
A. mast cells
T lymphocytes and B Cells (plasma cells) Select one: A. mediate the acquired immune response. B. are the most numerous formed componen of blood C. all function and behave the same way. D. are alway present in blood in high amounts. E. are the primary phagocytes
A. mediate the acquired immune response.
What cells play an extensive role as phagocytes in the eradication of bacteria? Select one: A. neutrophils B. basophils C. eosinophils D. memory B cells
A. neutrophils
MODULE 2 Which leukocytes are active phagocytes? Select one: A. neutrophils and monocytes (macrophages) B. lymphocytes and monocytes C. eosinophils and basophils D. reticulocytes and erythrocytes
A. neutrophils and monocytes (macrophages)
Which of the following is NOT a cytokine involved in innate immunity? Select one: A. opsonins B. tumor necrosis factor (TNF) C. interferons D. interleukins
A. opsonins
Cytotoxic T cells release two proteins to destroy infected cells: ________, which forms pores in the membrane of the infected cells, and ________, which enters the infected cell through these pores and triggers apoptosis. Select one: A. perforins : fragmentins B. fragmentins : perforins C. MHC class I : MHC class II D. complement system proteins : perforins E. complement system proteins : fragmentins
A. perforins : fragmentins
Which immune response has a shorter lag phase in which more antibody levels peak more rapidly? Select one: A. secondary immune response B. primary immune response C. inflammation response D. passive immunity
A. secondary immune response
The increase in interstitial fluid associated with an edema (swelling) during inflammation will lead to a(n) Select one: A. sensation of pain. B. increased movement of water out of the capillaries. C. release of bradykinin. D. increase in blood flow. E. decrease in the recruitment of leukocytes to the site of infection.
A. sensation of pain.
Which would protect un-infected cells from cytotoxic T-cells that are killing a nearby infected cell? Select one: A. supressor T cells B. Killer (cytotoxic) T cell C. Helper T-Cell D. Memory T-Cell
A. supressor T cells
The incorporation of perforins into the cell membrane results in the cell's Select one: A. swelling and subsequent lysis. B. being marked for degradation by macrophages. C. being bound by antibodies. D. shrinkage and subsequent death. E. binding of the helper T cell.
A. swelling and subsequent lysis.
Natural killer cells 1) are cytotoxic 2) release peforins 3) attack cells that display MHC complexes 4) are a type of T cell Select one: A. 1, 2 and 4 B. 1 and 2 C. 4 and 2 D. 1, 2 and 3 E. all of the above
B. 1 and 2
The treatment for venomous snake bites is an injection of an antibody to the toxins in the snake venom. This is an example of 1) Active Immunity 2) Natural Immunity 3) Innate Immunity 4) Artificially acquired immunity 5) Passive immunity Select one: A. 1 and 4 B. 4 and 5 C. 1, 2 and 3 D. 1 and 2
B. 4 and 5
What antibody is most involved in the allergic response? Select one: A. IgG B. IgE C. IgA D. IgM E. IgD
B. IgE
During the second stage of the inflammatory response, what do neutrophils accomplish when they migrate to areas of damaged tissue? Select one: A. Neutrophils increase capillary permeability. B. Neutrophils destroy bacteria and other cellular debris. C. Neutrophils are potent vasodilators. D. Neutrophils interfere with the ability of viruses or bacteria to infect other cells.
B. Neutrophils destroy bacteria and other cellular debris.
What initiates T cell activation? Select one: A. T cell activation begins with the interaction of the T cell with other molecules on the cells called co-stimulators. B. T cell activation begins with a dendritic cell processing and displaying antigen fragments on its MHC molecules. C. T cell activation begins when the T cell differentiates into effector cells and memory cells. D. T cell activation begins when a T cell is ingested by a macrophage.
B. T cell activation begins with a dendritic cell processing and displaying antigen fragments on its MHC molecules.
In order to mount a response, particular B or T cells must express the appropriate ________ that will bind to the ________. Select one: A. antigen : antibody B. antigen receptor : antigen C. antigen : antigen receptor D. antigenic determinant : antigen E. epitope : antigen
B. antigen receptor : antigen
What type of non-phagocytic cell mediates inflammation? Select one: A. neutrophil B. basophil C. natural killer (NK) cell D. eosinophil
B. basophil
Which of the following is a non-phagocytic cell? Select one: A. macrophage B. basophil C. eosinophil D. neutrophil
B. basophil
Which of the following is NOT a cardinal sign of inflammation? Select one: A. swelling (edema) B. cold C. pain D. redness
B. cold
What cell type kills cells infected by a virus as part of the specific immune response? Select one: A. mast cells B. cytotoxic T cells C. macrophages D. helper T cells E. natural killer cells
B. cytotoxic T cells
The process of clonal selection gives rise to short-lived clones called ________, which combat the antigen that stimulated their production. Select one: A. antigens B. effector cells C. antibodies D. helper cells E. memory cells
B. effector cells
Neutrophils are most effective at: Select one: A. fighting a parasitic infection. B. fighting a bacterial infection. C. fighting a viral infection. D. antibody formation.
B. fighting a bacterial infection.
A patient has a high level of pyrogens, indicating that she: Select one: A. is feeling achy. B. has a fever. C. has swollen lymph nodes. D. has a sore throat.
B. has a fever.
The memory response is characterized by Select one: A. non-specificity to a particular antigen B. high levels of IgG C. pimarily high levels of neutrophils D. high levels of IgM
B. high levels of IgG
What is the function of the red pulp of the spleen? Select one: A. house leukocytes and dendritic cells B. house macrophages that destroy old erythrocytes C. filter pathogens from the blood D. filter pathogens from lymph
B. house macrophages that destroy old erythrocytes
During the second phase of the antibody-mediated immune response, what is formed? Select one: A. memory cells B. immunoglobulins C. agglutinogens D. antigens
B. immunoglobulins
What causes the increase in interstitial osmotic pressure that occurs during edema? Select one: A. recruitment of leukocytes B. increased capillary permeability C. increased blood flow D. stimulation of sensory neurons E. leukocyte migration
B. increased capillary permeability
Which is NOT true of the innate response? Select one: A. it is rapid B. it is specific to a particular antigen or type of pathogen C. there is no memory response D. it can involve both cells and chemicals
B. it is specific to a particular antigen or type of pathogen
What are the primary cells of adaptive (specific) immunity? Select one: A. dendritic cells B. lymphocytes C. natural killer (NK) cells D. cytokines
B. lymphocytes
What cell type secretes perforins as part of the nonspecific defense mechanism? Select one: A. macrophages B. natural killer cells C. helper T cells D. plasma cells E. mast cells
B. natural killer cells
Immunity that results from exposure to an antigen in the environment is called ________ immunity. Select one: A. innate B. naturally acquired C. artificially acquired
B. naturally acquired
What cells play an extensive role as phagocytes in the eradication of bacteria? Select one: A. memory B cells B. neutrophils C. Helper T-Cells D. cytotoxic T-cells
B. neutrophils
Natural killer cells can kill infected or abnormal cells by the release of ________, which form pores in the target cell's membrane. Select one: A. interferons B. perforins C. fragmentins D. complement proteins E. antibodies
B. perforins
What protein, released by cytotoxic T (TC) cells, perforates a target cell's plasma membrane so that enzymes can enter and fragment the target cell's DNA? Select one: A. interferons B. perforins C. interleukins D. cytokines
B. perforins
Which of the following is NOT a function of antibodies? Select one: A. opsonization B. phagocytosis C. neutralization D. agglutination
B. phagocytosis
Which of the following secrete antibodies? Select one: A. memory T cells B. plasma cells C. antigen-presenting cells D. dendritic cells
B. plasma cells
Histamine increases blood flow and vascular permeability. This would account for all of the following changes that occur during inflammation except Select one: A. movement of defense proteins and cells into the interstitial space. B. production of antibodies C. redness of the inflamed tissue. D. swelling of the inflamed tissue. E. heat of the inflamed tissue.
B. production of antibodies
Once bound by antibodies, an antigen is effectively opsonized and thus rendered more Select one: A. to be recognized by natural killer cells. B. susceptible to phagocytosis. C. to the complement cascade. D. likely to block the activity of a pathogen. E. likely to agglutinate.
B. susceptible to phagocytosis.
In order to be completely functional, a T cell must be activated by Select one: A. the lymph nodes. B. the thymus gland. C. bone marrow. D. the thyroid gland. E. the parathyroid gland.
B. the thymus gland.
Which statement best describes the mechanism of neutralization? Select one: A. Pathogens are bound by antibodies and are more susceptible to phagocytosis. B. Antigens clump together and are more susceptible to phagocytosis. C. An antibody blocks an antigen's activity by binding to it. D. Cells are neutralized by toxins injected by natural killer cells. E. It causes pathogenic cells to lyse.
C. An antibody blocks an antigen's activity by binding to it.
Determine the first phase of the antibody-mediated immune response. Select one: A. B cells should now be present in the body's fluids. B. Memory cells react rapidly upon a second encounter with the antigen. C. B cell clones recognize its specific antigen. D. Antibody levels in the blood rise dramatically.
C. B cell clones recognize its specific antigen.
The cells responsible for humoral immunity are the ________ cells. Select one: A. NK B. mast cells C. B cells D. macrophages E. cytotoxic T
C. B cells
Which of the antibody classes is able to cross epithelial cells and is therefore present in breast milk? Select one: A. IgG only B. IgM only C. IgA only D. both IgG and IgM E. both IgM and IgA
C. IgA only
During the primary response, which antibody peaks sooner? During the secondary response, which antibody level is higher? (Figure 22-25) Select one: A. IgG; IgM B. IgA; IgG C. IgM; IgG D. IgD; IgE E. IgE; IgA
C. IgM; IgG
What initiates T cell activation? Select one: A. T cell activation begins with the interaction of the T cell with other molecules on the cells called co-stimulators. B. T cell activation begins when a T cell is ingested by a macrophage. C. T cell activation begins with a dendritic cell processing and displaying antigen fragments on its MHC molecules. D. T cell activation begins when the T cell differentiates into effector cells and memory cells.
C. T cell activation begins with a dendritic cell processing and displaying antigen fragments on its MHC molecules.
The cells responsible for cell-mediated, adaptive immunity are the Select one: A. plasma cells. B. B lymphocytes. C. T lymphocytes. D. dendritic cells
C. T lymphocytes.
Cytokines function by Select one: A. making holes in cells walls and membranes B. digesting invading cells. C. acting as chemical messengers for growth and activity of immune cells. D. neutralization of pathogens E. opsonization of pathogens
C. acting as chemical messengers for growth and activity of immune cells.
Defense of the body against a particular indivdual epitope of a pathogen is provided by Select one: A. fever. B. skin defenses. C. adaptive immunity. D. innate immunity. E. immunological surveillance.
C. adaptive immunity.
The movement of WBC in reponse to chemicals in their environment is called Select one: A. infection. B. polarity. C. chemotaxis. D. inflammation E. cytotoxicity.
C. chemotaxis.
The process of antigen-induced lymphocyte proliferation is called Select one: A. clearing. B. diversity. C. clonal selection and clonal expansiion. D. the membrane attack complex. E. specificity.
C. clonal selection and clonal expansiion.
T cells and natural killer (NK) cells are largely involved in scanning the cells in the body for tumor antigens, a function known as: Select one: A. agglutination. B. vaccination. C. immune surveillance. D. complement.
C. immune surveillance.
Which type of chemical attracts and stimulates NK cells as a way to enhance viral resistance to viral infection? (Figure 22-12) Select one: A. pyrogens B. histamine C. interferon D. complement
C. interferon
Where are pathogens filtered from lymph? Select one: A. lacteals B. tonsils C. lymph nodes D. spleen
C. lymph nodes
Which type of leukocyte may produce antibodies? Select one: A. monocyte B. eosinophil C. lymphocyte D. neutrophil
C. lymphocyte
The internal innate defenses (when an invader has entered the body) do NOT include Select one: A. natural killer cells B. complement C. lymphocytes D. macrophages E. phagocytes F. cytokines G. fever H. neutrophils I. inflammation J. chemotaxis
C. lymphocytes
An inflammatory response is triggered when Select one: A. T cells release interferon. B. red blood cells release pyrogens. C. mast cells release histamine D. blood flow to an area increases. E. neutrophils phagocytize bacteria.
C. mast cells release histamine
The complement system consists of several proteins that form a(n) ________ that forms a pore in the membrane of bacteria during the nonspecific immune response. Select one: A. endogenous pyrogen B. acute phase complex C. membrane attack complex D. perforin E. cell-mediated antigen
C. membrane attack complex
While some of the daughter helper T cells are secreting the appropriate interleukins, others form into ________ cells. Select one: A. suppressor T B. plasma C. memory T D. cytotoxic T E. memory B
C. memory T
What is occurring when an antibody renders bacterial toxins, viral proteins, or animal venom inactive? Select one: A. opsonization B. complement activation C. neutralization D. agglutination
C. neutralization
Inflammation is an example of a ________ defense. Select one: A. active B. internalization C. nonspecific D. specific E. passive
C. nonspecific
A secondary (or memory) response Select one: A. occurs after the first exposure B. is an example of innate defenses C. occurs after you have already been exposed before
C. occurs after you have already been exposed before AND A. occurs after the first exposure
Where would you be most likely to find the molecules known as pathogen-associated molecular patterns (PAMPs) Select one: A. on body cell membranes B. on the cell membranes of body cells infected with viruses C. on the outer surface of bacteria and other microbes D. in the cytoplasm of bacteria and other microbes E. on viruses
C. on the outer surface of bacteria and other microbes
Proteins that bind to foreign matter making it easier for phagocytosis are called Select one: A. selectins. B. leukotins. C. opsonins. D. heparin. E. integrins.
C. opsonins.
Phagocyte attachment to a pathogen is enhanced by a process known as Select one: A. margination. B. chemotaxis. C. opsonization. D. diapedesis. E. leukocytosis.
C. opsonization.
Physical and chemical barriers are Select one: A. part of the body's adaptive defenses B. work primarily by lysing cell membranes of bacteria C. part of the body's innate defenses D. respond to only a specific antigen
C. part of the body's innate defenses
Which of the following secrete antibodies? Select one: A. memory B cells B. dendritic cells C. plasma cells D. antigen-presenting cells
C. plasma cells
Activated B cells differentiate into: Select one: A. antibodies and memory B cells. B. plasma cells and effector cells. C. plasma cells and memory B cells. D. effector cells and memory T cells.
C. plasma cells and memory B cells.
The increase in blood flow to a site of infection acts to Select one: A. increase oxygen in the region to kill the invading bacteria. B. wash the invading bacteria from the region of the infection. C. recruit more leukocytes to the site of infection. D. facilitate the migration of the leukocytes into the interstitial space. E. bring more mast cells to the site of infection.
C. recruit more leukocytes to the site of infection.
Which immune response has a shorter lag phase in which more antibody levels peak more rapidly? Select one: A. inflammation response B. passive immunity C. secondary immune response D. primary immune response
C. secondary immune response
What step of inflammation is enhanced by the presence of opsonins? Select one: A. when foreign matter is contained B. when additional leukocytes are recruited to the region C. the clearance of the infection by phagocytosis D. when macrophages engulf debris and foreign matter E. when capillaries dilate and become more permeable
C. the clearance of the infection by phagocytosis
Where do T cells become immunocompetent? Select one: A. thyroid gland B. bone marrow C. thymus D. tonsils
C. thymus
Which organ generates a population of T cells capable of protecting the body from pathogens? Select one: A. spleen B. lymph nodes C. thymus D. tonsils
C. thymus
Which of these cell types would most likely respond to pathogen-associated molecular patterns (PAMP1) found on bacteria?1)neutrophils 2) macrophages 3) dendritic cells 4) lymphocytes 5) complement 6) red blood cells Select one: A. 1, 2, 3 and 5 B. 1, 2, 4 and 5 C. 2, 3, 5 and 6 D. 1, 2, and 3 E. all of the above
D. 1, 2, and 3
Which statement best describes the difference between passive immunity and active immunity? Select one: A. Active immunity refers to T lymphocytes actively destroying pathogens through phagocytosis and passive immunity describes the indirect attack by B lymphocytes through secretion of antibodies. B. Active immunity fight viruses such as rabies by injecting antibodies collected from that animal whereas passive immunity is injecting antibodies from a safe form of the pathogen. C. Active immunity is only active for a short time frame in the body whereas passive immunity has long-lasting immunity in the body. D. Active immunity depends on the ability of a person's immune system to mount a response to a pathogen and induces immunological memory, whereas in passive immunity only antibodies are introduced to the body allowing only for short-term protection. E. Active immunity depends on injecting antibodies into the body whereas passive immunity includes vaccination or immunization of a safe form of a pathogen.
D. Active immunity depends on the ability of a person's immune system to mount a response to a pathogen and induces immunological memory, whereas in passive immunity only antibodies are introduced to the body allowing only for short-term protection.
Which statement best describes why an individual's antibodies and T cells do not attack their own cells? Select one: A. Opsonins keep leukocytes from binding to the B and T cells B. B and T cells have about 100,000 antigen receptors and so they can match anything in the human body. C. B and T cells develop into plasma cells which dissolve automatically into the plasma, thus they are not recognized as foreign. D. B and T cells mature in the bone marrow and thymus; their antigen receptors are, in effect, tested for their potential to recognize and react against self. E. Interferons interfere with antibodies trying to attach to the B and T cells
D. B and T cells mature in the bone marrow and thymus; their antigen receptors are, in effect, tested for their potential to recognize and react against self.
What cell type develops into plasma cells? Select one: A. T cells B. mast cells C. helper T cells D. B cells E. macrophages
D. B cells
Clonal selection occurs when: Select one: A. plasma cells secrete antibodies. B. B cells undergo rapid mitosis. C. B cells differentiate into plasma cells and memory B cells. D. B cells are activated.
D. B cells are activated.
Which of the following is NOT a function of macrophages? Select one: A. Macrophages kill ingested pathogens with chemicals. B. Macrophages serve as antigen-presenting cells. C. Macrophages secrete substances onto pathogens that are too large to ingest. D. Macrophages activate T lymphocytes (T cells).
D. Macrophages activate T lymphocytes (T cells).
________ cells enable the immune system to respond quickly and robustly if the same antigen is encountered a second time. Select one: A. Transponder B. Responder C. Secondary D. Memory E. Primary
D. Memory
`The cells directly responsible for cellular immunity are the ________ cells. Select one: A. macrophages B. mast cells C. B lymphocytes D. T lymphocytes E. monocytes
D. T lymphocytes
________ exists when the immune system does not respond to a particular antigen. Select one: A. Memory B. Adaptation C. Immunity D. Tolerance E. Versatility
D. Tolerance
Which is true of the acquired or adaptive immune response Select one: A. it involves lymphocytes B. it is slower than the innate response C. it responds to specific antigens D. all of these are true E. none of these are true
D. all of these are true
What cells display portions of the pathogens (antigens) they ingest on their plasma membranes? Select one: A. eosinophils B. basophils C. natural killer (NK) cells D. antigen-presenting cells
D. antigen-presenting cells
What type of immunity develops after receiving a vaccine? (Figure 22-17) Select one: A. artificially acquired passive immunity B. naturally acquired passive immunity C. innate immunity D. artificially acquired active immunity E. naturally acquired active immunity
D. artificially acquired active immunity
B cells develop and mature in the: Select one: A. lymph nodes. B. thymus. C. liver. D. bone marrow.
D. bone marrow.
Recruited leukocytes that have invaded the vessel wall are directed to the pathogen by the process of Select one: A. attachment. B. opsonization. C. migration. D. chemotaxis. E. diapedesis.
D. chemotaxis.
The process of antigen-induced lymphocyte proliferation is called Select one: A. specificity. B. the membrane attack complex. C. diversity. D. clonal selection. E. clearing.
D. clonal selection.
The complement cascade can be activated by binding to Select one: A. carbohydrates present on bacterial cells only. B. antibodies attached to bacterial cells only. C. natural killer cells only. D. either carbohydrates or antibodies on bacterial cells. E. either natural killer cells or carbohydrates on bacterial cells.
D. either carbohydrates or antibodies on bacterial cells.
Functions of the spleen include all of those below except ________. Select one: A. removal of old or defective blood cells from the blood B. storage of iron C. storage of blood platelets D. forming crypts that trap bacteria
D. forming crypts that trap bacteria
___ is the initial signal for inflammation which then causes ____ to further increase inflammation. Select one: A. cytokines: negative feedback B. phagocytosis: positive feedback C. mast cell degranulation : negative feedback D. histamine: positive feedback E. swelling: : negative feedback
D. histamine: positive feedback
If bacteria are exposed to a B cell in the spleen, they will initiate a(n) Select one: A. response from the complement system. B. cell-mediated immune response. C. nonspecific immune response. D. humoral immune response. E. inflammatory response.
D. humoral immune response.
Pyrogens.... Select one: A. Are enzymes that cause exothermic reactions and produce more body heat B. Are part of the adaptive immune system C. Help to killl pathogens by making preforations in the cell membrane D. increase the temperature set point of the hypothalamus
D. increase the temperature set point of the hypothalamus
An advantage to adaptive immunity is ________. Select one: A. it is much faster than innate defenses B. the use of antibodies that cause cell lysis and kill invading cells C. its need for several cells to be activated over several days on first exposure D. it can respond to pathogens that are not easilty detected by phagocytes
D. it can respond to pathogens that are not easilty detected by phagocytes
What organ is responsible for producing most of the plasma proteins known as the complement system? Select one: A. spleen B. kidney C. heart D. liver
D. liver
What are the primary cells of adaptive (specific) immunity? Select one: A. dendritic cells B. natural killer (NK) cells C. cytokines D. lymphocytes
D. lymphocytes
What type of cell found in the skin and mucosal linings secretes histamine? Select one: A. monocyte B. dendritic cell C. basophil D. mast cell E. macrophage
D. mast cell
What cells are responsible for cell-mediated immunological memory in which the immune response is expedited upon subsequent exposure to an antigen? Select one: A. MHC molecules B. effector cells C. B cells D. memory T cells
D. memory T cells
What type of cell of the innate immune system is important in fighting the early stages of viral infections? Select one: A. plasma cells B. effector cells C. dendritic cells D. natural killer cells (NK cells) E. mast cells
D. natural killer cells (NK cells)
When a B cell contacts a foreign or abnormal antigen, it develops into a ________ that releases ________. Select one: A. macrophage : antibodies B. natural killer cell : antibodies C. macrophage : histamine D. plasma cell : antibodies E. plasma cell : histamine
D. plasma cell : antibodies
What of the following should NOT elicit an immune response in your own body? Select one: A. epitopes B. antigens C. major histocompatibility complex (MHC) molecules bound to antigens D. self antigens / MHC complexes
D. self antigens / MHC complexes
Lymph transport involves all of the following except ________. Select one: A. milking action of active muscle fibers B. thorax pressure changes during breathing C. lymph capillary minivalve action D. smooth muscle contraction in the lymph capillary walls
D. smooth muscle contraction in the lymph capillary walls
T cells and B cells destroy one antigen without affecting other antigens or normal tissues, this is termed Select one: A. antigen processing. B. versatility. C. tolerance. D. specificity. E. memory.
D. specificity.
Mucus secreted by mucous membranes provides protection against infections by Select one: A. forcing the pathogen to die in the struggle to free itself (like a fly strip). B. drowning the pathogen. C. phagocytosing pathogens by macrophages. D. trapping and removing pathogens. E. destroying pathogens by the complement system.
D. trapping and removing pathogens.
What should your immune system NOT respond to 1) self MHC complexes 2) antibodies 3) antigens 4) receptors on foreign cells 5) toxins Select one: A. your immune system should respond to 2, 3, 4 and 5 B. your immune system should respond to 1,3, 4 and 5 only C. your immune system should respond to none of these D. your immune system should respond to 3, 4 and 5 only E. your immune system should respond to all of these
D. your immune system should respond to 3, 4 and 5 only
What step of inflammation is caused by histamine released from mast cells? Select one: A. Macrophages engulf debris and foreign matter. B. Additional leukocytes are recruited to the region. C. Foreign matter is contained. D. Infection is cleared by phagocytosis. E. Capillaries dilate and become more permeable.
E. Capillaries dilate and become more permeable.
Which of the following steps initiates an inflammatory response? Select one: A. Arterioles dilate. B. Capillary permeability increases. C. Leukocytes migrate to the infection. D. Macrophages secrete cytokines. E. Macrophages engulf the debris or foreign material.
E. Macrophages engulf the debris or foreign material.
In the process of agglutination, IgD antibodies Select one: A. activate the complement system. B. block access to the antigenic site. C. remove the antigen from the pathogen. D. stimulate the release of histamine from mast cells. E. bind to antigens on two different cells.
E. bind to antigens on two different cells.
Which of the following is NOT considered a peripheral lymphoid tissue? Select one: A. spleen B. appendix C. tonsils D. adenoids E. bone marrow
E. bone marrow
Lymphocytes that destroy foreign cells or virus-infected cells are ________ cells. Select one: A. helper T B. suppressor T C. plasma D. B E. cytotoxic T
E. cytotoxic T
What cell type kills cells infected by a virus as part of the adaptive (specific) immune response? Select one: A. helper T cells B. macrophages C. mast cells D. natural killer cells E. cytotoxic T cells
E. cytotoxic T cells
Which is a part of innate immunity? Select one: A. B lymphocytes B. Memory T cells C. IgG D. Plasma cells E. none of these F. Helper T Cells
E. none of these
The first cellular defense against pathogens in the innate system are the Select one: A. inflammation B. B lymphocytes. C. plasma cells. D. T lymphocytes. E. phagocytes.
E. phagocytes.
Compared to humoral immunity, cell-mediated immunity is more likely to defend against which of the following? Select one: A. virally infected cells only B. transplanted tissue only C. cancer cells only D. both virally-infected cells and cancer cells E. virally-infected cells, cancer cells, and transplanted tissue
E. virally-infected cells, cancer cells, and transplanted tissue
An intracellular pathogen Select one: A. can be a virus B. is mostly present inside an infected cell C. can be a bacteria D. is mostly present in the blood or tissues E. will evoke the same immune response as an extracellular pathogen F. A and B are ture G. C and D are true H. E is true I. A, B and E are true
I. A, B and E are true
MODULE 3 a. Forms antibody producing cells. b. Kills cancer cells and virus infected body cells. c. Enables quick and efficient response to secondary exposure to antigen. d. Absence results in no adaptive immune response. Memory cell Cytotoxic T Cell B cell Helper T cell
a. B cell b. Cytotoxic T cell c. Memory Cell d. Helper T cell
a. First to peak during a primary immune response. b. Along with IgM, this is a B cell receptor. c. Main antibody of both primary and secondary immune response. d. Involved in allergies. e. Protects mucosal barriers. lgE lgM lgG lgD lgA
a. IgM b. IgD c. IgG d. IgE e. IgA
a. antibodies b. inflammatory response c. fever d. natural killer cells e. phagocytes f. intact skin and mucous membranes g. interferons h. cytotoxic T cells i. lymphocytes innate immunity adaptive immunity
a. adaptive immunity b. innate immunity c. innate immunity d. innate immunity e. innate immunity f. innate immunity g. innate immunity h. adaptive immunity i. adaptive immunity
Which of the following is NOT a surface barrier serving as the first line of defense? Select one: A. antibody B. oil C. mucus D. keratin
a. antibody
Surface barriers, such as cutaneous and mucous membranes, serve the immune system as the: Select one: A. first line of defense. B. second line of defense. C. third line of defense. D. fourth line of defense.
a. first line of defense
a. Lymphocytes are capable of recognizing specific antigens b. White blood cells divide to produce more white blood cells c. White blood cells mature d. Chemical attraction of white blood cells make them move toward microbes or injury differentiation chemotaxis proliferation immunocompetence
a. immunocompetence b. proliferation c. differentiation d.chemotaxis
a. Cytokines that make a cell and its neighbors resistant to virus infection are called b. Enhances antibody action c. A series of proteins, activated in a cascade, that can make a membrane attack complex d. Cytotoxic chemicals released from T cells and NK cells e. Dilates blood vessels, increases vascular permeability and blood flow f. Immunoglobulins (Ig) g. Chemical messengers of the immune system h. Secreted by plasma cells and part of humoral immunity i. Self marker. Also important in antigen presentation j. Forms a pore in the membrane of bacteria during the nonspecific immune response, made of complement proteins k. The specific piece of the antigen to which an antibody binds. complement interferons histamine perforin cytokines antibodies MHC complex epitope membrane attack complex
a. interferon b. complement c. complement d. perforin e. histamine f. antibody g. cytokines h. antibody i. MHC complex j. membrane attack complex k. epitope
a.Involved in allergies. b. Protects mucosal barriers. c. First to peak during a primary immune response. d. Main antibody of secondary immune response. e. Along with IgM, this is a B cell receptor. lgG lgD lgA lgM LGE
a. lgE b. lgA c. lgM d. IgG e. IgD
MODULE 1 a. Protein-containing fluid within lymphatic vessels b Small organs intimately associated with lymphatic vessels. c. Largest lymphatic organ. d. Stores blood platelets. e. Receives lymph from most of the body. lymph nodes lymph spleen thoracic duct
a. lymph b. lymph nodes c. spleen d. spleen e. thoracic duct
What are the primary cells of adaptive (specific) immunity? Select one: A. lymphocytes B. dendritic cells C. natural killer (NK) cells D. cytokines
a. lymphocytes
The lymphatic capillaries are ________. Select one: A. more permeable than blood capillaries B. as permeable as blood capillaries C. less permeable than blood capillaries D. completely impermeable
a. more permeable than blood capillaries
a. antibodies bind to antigenic sites on viruses or toxins, rendering them incapable of binding to other cells b. antibodies bind to the antigen on the surface of cells, forming large immune complexes, c. The clumping of cells that are cross-linked by their attachments to antibodies d. soluble antigens combine with antibodies to form insoluble immune complexes e. surface of a microorganism is covered with antibodies and complement, rendering it more likely to be phagocytize agglutination opsonization precipitation neutralization
a. neutralization b. agglutination c. agglutination d. precipitation e. opsonization
Which of the following is not a function of lymph nodes? Select one: A. produce lymph fluid and cerebrospinal fluid B. produce lymphoid cells and house granular WBCs C. act as lymph filters and activate the immune system D. serve as antigen surveillance areas
a. produce lymph fluid and cerebrospinal fluid
HW 12 a. Slows or stops the immune response. b. Kills cancer cells and virus infected body cells. c. Forms antibody producing cells d. Enables quick and efficient response to secondary exposure to antigen. e. Absence results in no immune response memory cell helper T cell B cell regulatory T cell cytotoxic T cell
a. regularity T cells b. cytotoxic T cell c. B cell d. memory cell e. helper T cell
a. Tissue becomes filled with fluid b. Swollen tissue activates nerves c. Vasodilation d. Increased blood flow e. increased vascular permeability redness swollen/edema pain
a. swelling/edema b. pain c. redness d. redness e. swelling/edema
What are the two primary lymphoid tissues? Select one: A. lymph nodes and tonsils B. bone marrow and thymus C. lymph nodes and bone marrow D. spleen and lymph nodes E. bone marrow and spleen
b. bone marrow and thymus
Which of the following would not be classified as a lymphoid organ? Select one: A. tonsils B. pancreas C. spleen D. Peyer's patches of the intestine
b. pancreas
Area where T cells become immunocompetent. b. thymus c. bone marrow d. spleen
b. thymus
Area where T cells become immunocompetent. b. thymus c. bone marrow d. spleen
b. thymus
Area where B cells become immunocompetent. b. thymus c. bone marrow d. spleen
c. bone marrow
Area where B cells become immunocompetent. b. thymus c. bone marrow d. spleen
c. bone marrow
What type of immunity exists even in the absence of a specific antigen? Select one: A. specific immunity B. adaptive immunity C. innate immunity D. cell-mediated immunity
c. innate immunity
What cells display portions of the pathogens (antigens) they ingest on their plasma membranes? Select one: A. natural killer (NK) cells B. eosinophils C. basophils D. antigen-presenting cells
d. antigen-presenting cells
Which of the following is not a part of the lymphatic system? Select one: A. lymphatic vessels B. lymph nodes C. lymph D. erythrocytes
d. erythrocytes
Small secondary lymphoid organs, which cluster along lymphatic vessels, are termed ________. Select one: A. lacteals B. lymph follicles C. lymphatics D. lymph nodes
d. lymph nodes
What of the following should NOT elicit an immune response in your own body? Select one: A. immunogens B. haptens bound with a protein carrier C. major histocompatibility complex (MHC) molecules bound to antigens D. self antigens
d. self antigens
What of the following should NOT elicit an immune response in your own body? Select one: A. immunogens B. major histocompatibility complex (MHC) molecules bound to antigens C. haptens bound with a protein carrier D. self antigens
d. self antigens
Area where antigen challenge and clonal selection are most likely to occur. b. thymus c. bone marrow d. spleen
d. spleen
Which of the following is not a function of the lymphatic system? Select one: A. draining excess interstitial fluid B. carrying out immune responses C. transporting dietary fats D. transporting respiratory gases
d. transporting respiratory gases
