Anatomy and Physiology: Exam (part two)

what are the two important monomers of carbohydrates

pentose sugars-5 carbons involved hexose sugars- 6 carbons involved

what are atoms?

Building blocks of matter

what is a base

proton acceptor they pick up hydrogen ions

what is an acid

proton donor, they release hydrogen ions

decomposition reaction (catabolism)

reactions involve breakdown of a molecule into smaller molecules or its constituent atoms (reverse of synthesis reactions)

endergonic reaction

reactions result in a net absorption of energy (use up energy) ((anabolic reactions))

exergonic reaction

reactions result in a net release of energy (gives off energy) ((catabollic and oxidative)

The husband of a patient who is critically ill asks, "Why do they keep checking my wife's pH? Isn't knowing her oxygen level enough?" What is the best response?

"Many of her body's systems only work properly when her pH is within a narrow range, so we monitor it carefully."

solute

A substance that is dissolved in a solvent

Which of the following is a chemical that has an amine group and an organic acid group, but does not contain a peptide bond? A. amino acid B. fat C. protein D. monosaccharide

A. amino acid

The presence of what group differentiates most amino acids from each other? A. bonding of amine group to acid group B. bonding of acid group to acid group C. bonding of amine group to amine group D. bonding of amine group to R group

A. bonding of amine group to acid group

which of the following is NOT a fundamental subatomic particle that forms elements? A. nucleus B. protons C. electrons D. neutrons

A. nucleus

Which of the following combinations of atoms are most likely to be joined by ionic bonds? A. one potassium atom and one fluorine atom B. four hydrogen atoms and one carbon atom C. two oxygen atoms D. two nitrogen atoms

A. one potassium atom and one fluorine atom

which of the following is NOT a compound? A. oxygen gas B. methane (natural gas) C. carbon dioxide D. water

A. oxygen gas

Which organic molecules form the major structural materials of the body? A. proteins B. carbohydrates C. calcium salts in bones D. lipids

A. proteins

Which of these terms would best classify the enzyme represented in the figure? A. synthase B. isomerase C. oxidase D. hydrolase

A. synthase, This figure shows a dehydration synthesis reaction between two monomers forming, resulting in a larger molecule. Such reactions are synthesis reactions.

Which of the following is a FALSE statement about carbohydrates? Which of the following is a FALSE statement about carbohydrates? A. The chemical composition of carbohydrates includes two oxygens and one hydrogen for every carbon present. B. Carbohydrates consist of monomers called simple sugars. C. Dietary glucose is primarily used to drive our metabolic pathways that produce energy. D. Glycogen is a complex carbohydrate formed by dehydration synthesis of glucose molecules.

A. the chemical composition of carbohydrates includes two oxygen's and one hydrogen for every carbon present

Which of the following statements regarding atoms is true? Which of the following statements regarding atoms is true? A. The reactivity of an atom is based on the number of electrons in its outer valance shell. B. The chemical reactivity of an atom is based on the overall number of electrons in the atom. C. Atomic weight is determined by the number of electrons in an atom of a given element. D. Atomic weight is determined by the number of protons in an atom of a given element.

A. the reactivity of an atom is based on the number of electrons in its outer valance shell

A patient voices concern that her normal cholesterol level is dangerous. "I eat no cholesterol at all. That stuff is toxic!" she declares. What is your best response? A. "Make sure that you read food labels carefully. Even frozen vegetables can be loaded with cholesterol." B. "A normal cholesterol level is a good thing. Your cells depend on cholesterol to stay healthy, and you can't make vital hormones without it." C. "If you remove all fat from your diet, you may be able to lower your cholesterol even further." D. "Be glad that your levels are normal. Most of our patients have levels that are much too high."

B. "A normal cholesterol level is a good thing. Your cells depend on cholesterol to stay healthy, and you can't make vital hormones without it."

Except for elements 1 and 2, all other elements are stable with how many electrons in their outermost (valence) energy level? A. 2 B. 8 C. 18 D. 32

B. 8

which of the following is an example of a decomposition reaction? A. 2Na + Cl2 → 2NaCl B. MgO2 → Mg + O2 C. MgSO4 + 2NaCl → MgCl2 + Na2SO4 D. H2 + O2 → H2O

B. MgO2 → Mg + O2

Which of the following is true of protein structure? A. Peptide bonds join the amine group on one amino acid with the R group of another amino acid. B. Secondary protein structures involve hydrogen bonding between amine and carboxyl groups. C. Tertiary protein structure emerges when there is more than one peptide chain in a protein. D. Peptide bonds are formed by hydrolysis.

B. Secondary protein structures involve hydrogen bonding between amine and carboxyl groups.

Which of the following is true about lipids? A. Lipids that serve as hormones are derived from glycolipids. B. Triglycerides are composed of three fatty acids and one glycerol and are stable because they do not dissolve in water. C. Lipids used as energy reserves in the body are stored as molecules of phospholipids. D. Lipids found in the cell membrane are composed of one glycerol and three fatty acid chains and are called phospholipids.

B. Triglycerides are composed of three fatty acids and one glycerol and are stable because they do not dissolve in water.

Which of the following is formed once the ions in the salt crystal have completely dissociated from one another? A. a suspension B. a solution C. a colloid D. a buffer

B. a solution

What is the classification of a solution of NaOH with a pH of 8.3? A. neutral solution B. alkaline solution C. buffered solution D. acidic solution

B. alkaline solution

Which four elements comprise approximately 96% of our body weight? A. carbon, oxygen, hydrogen, and potassium B. carbon, oxygen, hydrogen, and nitrogen C. carbon, oxygen, iron, and potassium D. carbon, oxygen, potassium, and sodium

B. carbon, oxygen, hydrogen, and nitrogen

Which of the following statements regarding energy is true? A. Energy cannot be converted from one form to another, it can only be created or destroyed B. Energy "lost" during an energy conversion refers to the energy that cannot be used to do work C. All of the chemical energy released from the hydrolysis of ATP can be used by the cell to do work D. The conversion of potential energy into kinetic energy is an example of work

B. energy "lost" during an energy conversion refers to the energy that cannot be used to do work

Sodium has one valence electron, while chlorine has seven. What type of chemical bond is most likely to occur between sodium and chlorine? A. hydrogen B. ionic C. polar covalent D. non polar covalent

B. ionic

What is the difference between kinetic and potential energy? A. kinetic energy is stored energy and has the capacity to do work; potential energy is expressed through motion B. kinetic energy is energy in action, while potential energy is stored energy C. kinetic energy and potential energy are synonymous, they are defined as the capacity to do work, actively putting matter into motion D. kinetic energy may eventually become potential energy, but potential energy cannot become kinetic energy

B. kinetic energy is energy in action, while potential energy is stored energy

Which response provides the best explanation as to why ionic compounds easily dissociate in water? A. Nonpolar organic molecules such as fats and waxes dissolve well in water. B. The polarity of water easily breaks the charges between the oppositely charged ions in the compound. C. The polarity of water allows it to easily dissociate most covalently bound compounds. D. As a polar molecule, water cannot easily dissociate inorganic compounds

B. the polarity of water easily breaks the charges between the oppositely charged ions in the compound

which of the following statements regarding matter is FALSE? A. the mass of matter remains constant wherever it is located B. the weight of matter remains constant wherever it is located C. with some exceptions, matter can be seen, smelled, and felt D. matter exists in solid, liquid, and gaseous states

B. the weight of matter remains constant wherever it is located

What additional molecule is produced when fatty acids are bonded to glycerol to make a triglyceride? A. carbon dioxide B. water C. hydrogen D. oxygen

B. water, the reaction is called dehydration synthesis

Which of the following is NOT one of the three basic steps involved in enzyme activity? A. The enzyme-substrate complex undergoes internal rearrangements that form the product(s). B. The enzyme's active site binds to the substrate(s) on which it acts, temporarily forming an enzyme-substrate complex. C. The substrate absorbs chemical energy from the enzyme after binding to its active site. D. The enzyme releases the product(s) of the reaction.

C. The substrate absorbs chemical energy from the enzyme after binding to its active site.

The chloride ion (Cl−) indicated by the arrow is interacting most closely with which of the following? A. a sodium ion B. another chloride ion C. a hydrogen atom within a water molecule D. an oxygen atom within a water molecule

C. a hydrogen atom within a water molecule

If the molecules indicated by (A) are amino acids, then the line in the figure indicated by (D) is __________. A.an R group B. a hydrogen bond C. a peptide bond D. an active site

C. a peptide bond

Which of the following is NOT one of the three major types of chemical reactions? A. synthesis B. decomposition C. hyperbolic D. exchange

C. hyperbolic

which of the following is NOT a subatomic particle? A. proton B. electron C. molecule D. neutron

C. molecule

Which of the following statements about the polarity of covalent bonds is correct? Which of the following statements about the polarity of covalent bonds is correct? A. The atoms of a polar molecule share electrons equally. B. Polar covalent bonds involve the transfer of electrons from electropositive atoms to electronegative atoms. C. Small atoms with 6 or 7 valence shell electrons tend to be electronegative. D. Nonpolar molecules have partial charges which can lead to hydrogen bonding.

C. small atoms with 6 or 7 valence shell electrons tend to be electronegative

Globular (functional) proteins

Compact, spherical, water-soluble, and sensitive to environmental changes Tertiary or quaternary structure (3-D) Specific functional regions (active sites) Examples: antibodies, hormones, molecular chaperones, and enzymes

What is the primary energy-transferring molecule in cells? A. RNA B. DNA C. carbohydrates D. ATP

D. ATP, when broken (hydrolyzed). the high- energy phosphate bonds in the ATP molecule release the energy used to do cellular work

which of the following is NOT considered a form of matter? A. bone B. oxygen gas C. blood D. X-rays

D. X-rays

which of the following best describes an isotope? A. a structural variation in which different atoms of the same element have different numbers of electrons B. an atom with an unequal number of protons and electrons C. a structural variation in which different atoms of the same element have different numbers of protons D. a structural variation in which different atoms of the same element have different numbers of neutrons

D. a structural variation in which different atoms of the same element have different numbers of neutrons

which of the following statements is true concerning the characteristics of either compounds or mixtures? A. mixtures consist of chemical bonds between the components B. mixtures are all heterogeneous C. compounds can be separated by physical means D. compounds are formed by chemical bonds between different kinds of atoms

D. compounds are formed by chemical bonds between different kinds of atoms

which of the following is NOT a difference between a compound and a mixture? A. no chemical bonding between the components of a mixture. the properties of atoms and molecules are not changed when they become part of a mixture B. mixtures can be separated by physical means, such as straining, filtering, or evaporation. compounds can only be separated into their constituent atom by breaking chemical bonds C. some mixtures are homogeneous, while others are heterogeneous. all compounds are homogeneous D. mixtures are homogeneous while compounds are heterogeneous

D. mixture are homogeneous while compounds are heterogeneous

Which of the following statements regarding energy is FALSE? A. Energy is defined as the capacity to do work, or to put matter into motion B. Exchange reactions allow chemical energy from one molecule to be transferred to another C. Increasing the temperature of atoms and molecules increases their kinetic energy D. The products of exergonic reactions contain more potential energy than the reactants that form them

D. the products of exergonic reactions contain more potential energy than the reactants that form them

True or False? Atomic weight is equal to the number of protons and neutrons in the nucleus?

False

True or False? Nonpolar molecules are the result of unequal electron pair sharing.

False

True or False? in a solution is the substance present in the greatest amount

False

True or False? when an acid is added to a solution containing a weak base, the week base will buffer the drop in pH by completely dissociating and accepting all of the hydrogen ions released from the acid.

False, buffers resist abrupt and large swings in the pH of body fluids.

What are saturated fatty acids?

Fats with the maximum number of hydrogens. look for single bond

Rank the chemical bonds from relatively weakest to strongest. I. Ionic II. Covalent III. Hydrogen

III < I < II

Fibrous (structural) proteins

Strandlike, water-insoluble, and stable Most have tertiary or quaternary structure (3-D) Provide mechanical support and tensile strength Examples: keratin, elastin, collagen (single most abundant protein in body), and certain contractile fibers

what are the three basic steps involved in enzyme activity?

The enzyme-substrate complex undergoes internal rearrangements that form the product(s), The enzyme's active site binds to the substrate(s) on which it acts, temporarily forming an enzyme-substrate complex, The enzyme releases the product(s) of the reaction.

True or False? ATP is an unstable, high-energy molecule that provides body cells with a form of energy that is immediately usable.

True

True or False? All salts are ionic compounds, but not all ionic compounds are salts.

True

True or False? the major function of DNA is to provide genetic instructions for protein synthesis

True

redox reactions (oxidation-reduction reactions)

atoms are reduced when they gain electrons and oxidized when they lose electrons

What is the octet rule?

atoms desire 8 electrons in their valence shell

What is a neutralization reaction?

acids and bases are mixed together and forms water and salt

what is ATP?

adenosine triphosphate, preferred energy currency for the body

what is matter?

anything that has mass and occupies space. can be seen, smelled, and/or felt

hydrogen bonds

attractive force between electropositive hydrogen of one molecule and an electronegative atom of another molecule (more weak magnetic attraction)

what are the to branches of chemistry?

basic chemistry and biochemistry

Water is an important molecule because it __________.

can from hydrogen bonds

what are the four forms of energy?

chemical, electrical, mechanical, radiant

Synthesis Reaction (Anabolism)

combination reactions involve atoms or molecules combining to form larger, more complex molecule

Biological macromolecules are synthesized by ___________ reactions and are broken down by ___________ reactions.

dehydration synthesis; hydrolysis

1st law of thermodynamics

energy cannot be created nor destroyed, only transformed

2nd law of thermodynamics

energy is always lost when coverted

What are triglycerides?

fats and oils, main functions- energy storage, insulation, protection

Denaturation

globular proteins unfold and lose their functional 3-D shape

what is DNA

holds the genetic blueprint for the synthesis of all proteins (A always pairs with T, C always pairs with G)

Kidneys play a major role in helping to maintain proper levels of Na+ and K+ ions in the blood. If the kidneys fail to function properly, one of the direct consequences would be_________.

impaired nerve impulse transmissions

why is sulfur so important?

important in proteins and protecting the shape of proteins

What are carbohydrates?

include sugars and starches, only one of the big 4 that you don't need to survive, contains hydrgogen and carbon

what are the 3 things to remember when talking about energy?

is the capacity to do work or put matter into motion, does not have mass, nor does it take up space, the greater the work done, the more energy it uses up

What are radioisotopes?

isotopes that decompose to more stable forms

What are steroids?

lipids characterized by a carbon skeleton consisting of four fused rings, all steroids come from cholesterol

what is the equation to find the number of neutrons in an element?

mass#-atomic#=#N

homogeneous mixtures (solution)

meaning particles are evenly distributed throughout

what is entrophy?

measurement of heat lost in transfered

what are the three classes of carbohydrates?

monosaccharides, disaccharides, polysaccharides

what are proteins

most important! comprise 20-30% of cell mass

what is the difference between organic and inorganic molecules?

organic molecules contain carbon inorganic does not

What is a valance shell?

outermost shell

What are unsaturated fatty acids?

room to add more hydrogen, look for double or triple bonds

colloid

solute particles are larger than in a solution and scatter light; do not settle out (jell-o)

suspension

solute particles are very large, settle out, and may scatter light (blood)

solution

solute particles are very tiny, do not settle out or scatter light (mineral water)

what is the purpose of an enzyme?

speeds up reaction time, always considered a protein, lower activated energy, highly reusable

what is an isotope?

structural variations of same element

solvent

substance present in greatest amount (water-universal solvent) ((dissolving))

Suppose the following compounds were all dissolved in separate beakers of water in the same manner as the salt in the figure. Which of the resulting solutions would NOT conduct electricity?

table sugar, or sucrose (C₁₂H₂₂O₁₁)

The pH scale __________.

the pH scale, which ranges from 0-14, is a logarithmic scale based on the concentration of hydrogen ions in a solution

Compared to the freshwater lake, the swimmer's body is a better conductor of an electrical current and is therefore at risk for electrical shock during an electrical storm because __________.

the swimmer's body contains a higher concentration of electrolytes (salts) compared to the freshwater lake

what is the mass number of an element?

total number of protons and neutrons

nitrogen

very important, shows up in areas where their is no carbon involved (plays a key role in nucliac acids)