Anatomy and Physiology II: Chapter 25
The conversion of ammonia into a less toxic substance produces - water. - acetyl-CoA. - ketone bodies. - urea. - nitrate.
urea.
The element that is necessary for the proper function of the enzyme carbonic anhydrase is - selenium. - zinc. - iodine. - iron. - cobalt.
zinc.
The trace element needed as a cofactor for hemoglobin synthesis is - copper. - iodine. - silicon. - zinc. - cobalt.
copper.
The condition when excessive fluid loss from sweating disrupts thermoregulatory mechanisms is known as - hypothermia. - hydrosis. - thermoneogenesis. - heat stroke. - heat exhaustion.
heat exhaustion.
Nitrogen compounds of the body include all of the following except - creatine. - amino acids. - oxaloacetate. - porphyrin. - purines.
oxaloacetate.
The citric acid cycle is an aerobic process because - citric acid molecules have oxygen atoms. - FADH2 is produced. - oxygen is needed to remove carbon atoms as carbon dioxide. - NAH+ is converted into NADH. - ADP is phosphorylated.
oxygen is needed to remove carbon atoms as carbon dioxide.
Factors that influence an individual's BMR (basal metabolic rate) include all of the following except - physical exertion. - age. - genetics. - gender. - body weight.
physical exertion.
A vitamin obtained that is a coenzyme in amino acid and lipid metabolism is - niacin. - pyridoxine (B6) - riboflavin. - folic acid (folate). - thiamine.
pyridoxine (B6)
When NAD+ is ________ it becomes NADH. When NADH is ________ it becomes NAD+. - made; recycled - phosphorylated; deaminated - reduced; oxidized - phosphorylated; dephosphorylated - oxidized; reduced
reduced; oxidized
The main purpose of the citric acid cycle is to - supply hydrogen atoms to the Electron Transport System. - produce proteins for energy storage. - produce citric acid to make vitamin C in the mitochondria. - produce Acetyl CoA so that the citric acid cycle can continue. - phosphorylate glucose molecules.
supply hydrogen atoms to the Electron Transport System.
The carbon dioxide of respiration is formed during - the formation of water. - glycolysis. - electron transport. - the citric acid cycle. - the formation of pyruvic acid.
the citric acid cycle.
Reactions within ________ provide most of the energy needed by a typical cell. - cytoplasm - the endoplasmic reticulum - the mitochondria - the plasma membrane - nucleus
the mitochondria
The vitamin whose deficiency causes beriberi is - thiamine. - riboflavin. - niacin. - folic acid (folate). - cobalamin.
thiamine.
In order to determine the LDL level in a patient's blood, it is necessary to measure - triglyceride level. - HDL level. - triglyceride and monoglyceride levels. - total cholesterol level. - total cholesterol level, HDL level, and triglyceride level.
total cholesterol level, HDL level, and triglyceride level.
The vitamin that plays a role in maintaining epithelia and is required for the synthesis of visual pigments is vitamin - A. - B. - C. - D. - E.
A.
The end products of glycolysis are - ADP and ATP. - ATP, water, and carbon dioxide. - pyruvic acid and citric acid. - ATP, NADH, and pyruvic acid. - NADH and FADH2.
ATP, NADH, and pyruvic acid.
An element that is a component of hemoglobin, myoglobin, and cytochromes is - calcium. - iron. - magnesium. - cobalt. - zinc.
iron.
All of the following occur during the postabsorptive state except that - gluconeogenesis occurs in the liver. - ketone bodies may be formed. - levels of blood glucose are elevated. - fat mobilization occurs. - glycogenolysis occurs in the liver.
levels of blood glucose are elevated.
The essential fatty acids are - HDLs and LDLs. - linoleic acid and linolenic acid. - leucine and lysine. - cholesterol and glycerol. - glycerol and pyruvic acid.
linoleic acid and linolenic acid.
All of the following are true of beta-oxidation except that - it yields large amounts of ATP. - it requires coenzyme A, NAD, and FAD. - lipids are converted into glycogen molecules. - fatty acids break down into two-carbon fragments. - it occurs in the mitochondria.
lipids are converted into glycogen molecules.
A cation that often acts as a cofactor for enzymes is - sodium. - calcium. - potassium. - zinc. - magnesium.
magnesium.
The sum of all of the biochemical processes going on within the human body at any given time is called - oxidative phosphorylation. - glycolysis. - catabolism. - anabolism. - metabolism.
metabolism.
The citric acid cycle occurs in the - mitochondrial matrix. - cytosol. - golgi apparatus. - mitochondrial intermembrane space. - ribosome.
mitochondrial matrix.
The function of the citric acid cycle is to - produce carbon dioxide to balance the oxygen requirement for cellular respiration. - hydrolyze glucose in the presence of oxygen to obtain two pyruvate molecules. - produce water. - remove hydrogen atoms from organic molecules and transfer them to coenzymes. - transfer the acetyl group gained from glycolysis to molecules of pyruvate.
remove hydrogen atoms from organic molecules and transfer them to coenzymes.
The vitamin that is part of the coenzymes FAD is - thiamine. - riboflavin. - niacin. - folic acid (folate). - cobalamin.
riboflavin.
When the temperature of the preoptic area of the hypothalamus exceeds its thermostat setting, - rate and depth of respiration decreases. - skin blood flow increases. - sweat glands are inhibited. - peripheral vasoconstriction occurs. - blood is shunted to deep veins.
skin blood flow increases.
The major cation in extracellular fluid is - calcium. - magnesium. - potassium. - sodium. - iron
sodium.
In transamination, the amino group of an amino acid is - converted to urea. - transferred to acetyl-CoA. - transferred to a keto acid. - converted to ammonia. - absorbed by water.
transferred to a keto acid.
What is the role of NADH in metabolism? - produce bicarbonate ions for a pH buffer - transport hydrogen atoms to coenzymes - produce carbon dioxide - convert pyruvic acid into acetyl-coA - phosphorylate ADP into ATP
transport hydrogen atoms to coenzymes
Most of the ATP from metabolism is produced in the - glycolysis. - electron transport system. - mitochondrial matrix. - cytosol. - citric acid cycle.
electron transport system.
Linoleic acid and linolenic acid are examples of - vitamins. - lipoproteins. - transport proteins. - essential amino acids. - essential fatty acids.
essential fatty acids.
The vitamin that is part of the coenzyme NAD is - thiamine. - riboflavin. - niacin. - folic acid (folate). - cobalamin.
niacin.
The vitamin that is essential for the production of several clotting factors is vitamin - A. - B. - C. - E. - K.
K.
In the ETS, ________ accepts electrons from one molecule and transfers them to another. - a coenzyme - NAD - the acetyl group - ADP - a hydrogen ion
a coenzyme
Which of the following individuals would lose heat the fastest in a cold room? - a newborn infant - an adult man - a child - an adolescent male - an adult woman
a newborn infant
In order for glycolysis to proceed, which of the following need not be present? - glucose - NAD - ADP - ATP - acetyl-CoA
acetyl-CoA
Lipogenesis generally begins with - fatty acids. - amino acids. - glucose. - succinyl-CoA. - acetyl-CoA.
acetyl-CoA.
The end products of aerobic respiration are - carbon dioxide, water, and ATP. - NADH and FADH2. - carbon dioxide and alcohol. - oxygen and water. - pyruvic acid and carbon dioxide.
carbon dioxide, water, and ATP.
The major anion in body fluids is - sulfate. - bicarbonate. - iodide. - chloride.
chloride.
The nutrients that yield the most energy per gram when metabolized are - nucleic acids. - proteins. - vitamins. - fats. - carbohydrates.
fats.
Although other nutrients can feed into the citric acid cycle, ________ yields energy the quickest. - glycogen - protein - glucose - an amino acid - fat
glucose
In glycolysis, each molecule of glucose that is catabolized gives a net yield of how many molecules of ATP? - 2 - 4 - 30 - 36 - 38
2
Hydrogen atoms from one FADH2 from the citric acid cycle produce how much ATP in the electron transport system? - 4 ATP - 32 ATP - 3 ATP - 1 ATP - 2 ATP
2 ATP
Obesity is defined as a body weight more than ________ percent above the ideal body weight for an individual. - 10 - 30 - 5 - 15 - 20
20
How many net ATP molecules are produced by the complete metabolism (all pathways) of one glucose molecule? - 32 ATP - 63 ATP - 36 ATP - 500 ATP - 2 ATP
36 ATP
A balanced diet should - provide essential amino acids and fatty acids. - include adequate substrates for the production of energy. - contain adequate amounts of vitamins and minerals. - contain adequate amounts of water. - All of the answers are correct.
All of the answers are correct.
Cells synthesize new organic components for which of the following reasons? - growth and repair - produce secretions - structural maintenance - store nutrients - All of the answers are correct.
All of the answers are correct.
During glycolysis, - a molecule of glucose is converted into two molecules of pyruvic acid. - hydrogen atoms are removed from organic molecules. - four molecules of ATP are produced. - two molecules of ATP are consumed. - All of the answers are correct.
All of the answers are correct.
In the electron transport chain, - oxidative phosphorylation leads to ATP formation. - NADH and FADH2 donate hydrogen atoms. - generates a concentration gradient by pumping hydrogen ions. - reduced molecules transfer energy to ATP formation. - All of the answers are correct.
All of the answers are correct.
In the human body, cholesterol is important because it - is the precursor of several steroid hormones and vitamin D3. - is a key constituent of bile. - helps waterproof the epidermis. - is a lipid component of all cell membranes. - All of the answers are correct.
All of the answers are correct.
The heat-gain center for thermoregulation - resides in the pre-optic hypothalamus. - activates skin vasoconstriction. - activates nonshivering thermogenesis. - activates shivering thermogenesis. - All of the answers are correct.
All of the answers are correct.
Removal of the amino group from amino acids in the first step of their catabolism requires a coenzyme derived from vitamin - A. - B6. - B9. - B12. - C.
B6.
Which of the following statements regarding brown fat is false? - Brown fat is innervated by the sympathetic nervous system. - Brown fat functions in nonshivering thermogenesis. - Brown fat is found in infants. - Brown fat contains a rich vascular supply. - Brown fat is concentrated around visceral organs in the adult.
Brown fat is concentrated around visceral organs in the adult.
The vitamin that is required for proper bone growth and for calcium absorption and retention is vitamin - A. - B. - C. - D. - E.
D.
The vitamin that prevents breakdown of vitamin A and fatty acids is vitamin - A. - B. - C. - D. - E.
E.
All of the following occur when the temperature of the preoptic area of the hypothalamus drops below its thermostat setting except - blood flow to the skin increases. - shivering thermogenesis occurs. - epinephrine levels rise. - blood returning from limbs is shunted to deep veins. - nonshivering thermogenesis occurs.
blood flow to the skin increases.
A cation that is essential for muscle contraction, nerve function, and blood clotting is - magnesium. - selenium. - calcium. - sodium. - potassium.
calcium.
The strategy of eating starchy foods for several days before an athletic event is known as - carbohydrate loading. - overeating. - carbohydrate craving. - glycolysis reaction. - the Atkins diet.
carbohydrate loading.
In oxidative phosphorylation, energy for the synthesis of ATP is directly obtained from the - breaking of the covalent bonds in glucose. - splitting of oxygen molecules. - oxidation of acetyl-CoA. - combination of two atoms of hydrogen and one atom of oxygen to form water. - movement of hydrogen ions through channels in the inner mitochondrial membrane.
movement of hydrogen ions through channels in the inner mitochondrial membrane.
During starvation, - gluconeogenesis ceases. - carbohydrate utilization increases. - there is a decline in circulating ketone bodies. - muscle proteins are used as an energy source. - carbohydrate reserves maintained by metabolizing inorganic compounds.
muscle proteins are used as an energy source.
The ________ of the mitochondrion contains large-diameter pores that are permeable to ions and small organic molecules such as pyruvic acid. - matrix - outer membrane - plasma membrane - inner membrane - cristae
outer membrane
An ion that is a necessary component of high-energy compounds and nucleic acids and a structural component of bone is the ________ ion. - bicarbonate - phosphate - sulfate - chloride - iodide
phosphate
The major cation in cytoplasm is - sodium. - calcium. - potassium. - magnesium. - iron.
potassium.
