Anatomy and Physiology midterm
If a hormone cannot enter a cell, it may bind to a receptor in the plasma membrane and trigger the formation of ___ within the cell.
cAMP
Which one of the following statements is an incorrect interpretation of the modern cell theory?
cellular organelles are the simplest structural and functional units of living things.
Sudoriferous glands vary in distribution over the surface of the body. Which of the following is correct?
ceruminous glands secrete cerumen
Select the correct statement regarding tissue repair.
Histamine causes capillaries to dilate and become permeable.
The sebaceous glands are simple alveolar glands that secrete a substance known as sebum. The method of secretion of sebum is:
Holocrine
Most human bones are preformed in which cartilage type:
Hyaline
What kind of tissue is the forerunner of long bones in the embryo?
Hyaline Cartilage
Forms the embryonic skeleton and covers the articular surfaces of long bones.
Hyaline cartilage
A word which describes a solution which is more dilute than cytoplasms and would cause a cell to swell with water
Hypotonic
The design of a person's epidermal ridges is determined by the manner in which the papillae rest upon the dermal ridges to produce the specific pattern known as handprints, footprints, and fingerprints. Which of the following statements is true regarding these prints or ridges?
Identical twins do not have the same pattern of ridges.
Select the correct statement concerning the location of blood-forming tissue.
In adults,the sternum (breastbone) is a good source of blood-forming tissue.
Which of these processes occurs during a cell's(G 2) phase?
In the second growth phase, the enzymes needed for cell division are produced and the cell finishes replicating its centrioles.
In addition to protection (physical and chemical barrier), the skin serves other functions. Which of the following is another very vital function of the skin?
It converts modified epidermal cholesterol to a vitamin D precursor necessary in calcium metabolism.
Select the correct statement regarding adipose tissue.
Its primary function is nutrient storage.
The protein found in the epidermis that is responsible for waterproofing and toughening the skin.
Keratan
The small spaces in bone tissue that are spaces in which osteocytes are located are called:
Lacunae
Cartilage cells
chondrocytes
Cell types likely to be seen in areolar connective tissue include all except:
chondrocytes.
Fracture in which a bone is broken into three or more fragments
comminuted fracture.
Select the correct statement concerning skin cancer.
Melanomas are rare, but the most deadly form of skin cancer.
Which of the following is specialized for the reception of touch?
Merkel Cells
Which of the following is associated with the sense of touch?
Merkel cells
Embryonic connective tissue that arises from mesoderm and produces essentially all types of connective tissues.
Mesenchyme
The stage at which chromosomes aggregate along the equator of a cell is
Metaphase
Cells of the small intestine and kidney tubule have a region composed of _________, which are cell extensions that increase cell surface area.
Microvilli
Which of the following organelles contains inner and outer membranes and plays an important role in energy production?
Mitochondrion
What are glycosaminoglycans?
Negatively charged polysaccharides.
A mole
Nevus
If you were looking at human cells in interphase with a light microscope, which of the following might be visible in their nuclei?
Nucleoli
If you were looking at human cells in interphase with a light microscope, which of the following might be visible in their nuclei?
Nucleolus
Where is RNA assembled in this picture?
Nucleolus
Where would you find the bulk of the cell's genome in this picture
Nucleus
Where would you find the bulk of the cellular DNA in this picture?
Nucleus
The cell responsible for secreting the matrix of bone is the:
Osteoblast
Cells that can dissolve the bony matrix.
Osteoclast
Bone formed is poorly mineralized and soft due to poor nourishment. Deforms on weight-bearing
Osteomalacia
Bones are porous and brittle but bone composition is quite normal.
Osteoporosis
Identify the structure indicated by the letter D. (Golgi Apparatus)
Packages Proteins
In this condition, one would see rapid bone deformation due to great osteoblast activity.
Paget disease
The skin discoloration most likely to result from anemia is
Pallor
Calcium homeostasis in adults is maintained mainly by
Parathyroid hormone
Identify the structure indicated by the letter H(protein under plasma membrane)
Peripheral protein
White blood cell engulf bacteria by means of
Phagocytosis
Process by which a cell takes in droplets if extracellular fluid
Pinocytosis
Identify the structure indicated by the letter E. (Mitochondria)
Produces most ATP molecules
Which of the following statements indicates the way in which the body's natural defenses protect the skin from the effects of UV damage
Prolonged exposure to the sun induces melanin dispersion, which in turn acts as a natural sunscreen.
Which function is associated with the rough ER
Protein synthesis
_________________________ epithelium appears to have two or three layers of cells, but actually all the cells are in contact with the basement membrane.
Pseudostratified columnar
Proteins of the plasma membrane serve all of the following functions except
Pumping water out of the cell
Which statement about RNA is false?
RNA is not involved with coding for proteins.
As a first step in DNA replication, the double helix must be "unzipped" to expose some of its bases. The protein that does this is
RNA polymerase
As a first step in transcription of DNA, the double helix must be "unzipped" to expose some of its bases. The enzyme which does this is
RNA polymerase
second degree burn
Red with Blisters
At least 50 lysosomal enzymes have been identified. The enzymes are manufactured in the __________ and transported to the _____________.
Rough ER, Golgi Complex
DNA polymerase is most active in which one of the following phases of a cell cycle?
S
Match the following characteristics to the tissues listed below: Voluntary, striations.
Skeletal Muscle
Match the following characteristics with the tissues listed below: Large multinucleate cells with striations.
Skeletal Muscle
A high density of _______________ in a cell might suggest that it plays a role in detoxifying drugs or other chemicals.
Smooth ER
Match the following characteristics to the tissues listed below: Forms the bulk of hollow organs.
Smooth Muscle
Match the following characteristics to the tissues listed below: Involuntary, fusiform cells, uninucleate cells
Smooth Muscle
To describe a membrane protein as "transmembrane" means that it
Spans the entire membrane and protrudes on both sides
If a child has their humerus twisted, what type of fracture is most likely?
Spiral
_______ _______ is always surrounded by _______ ______.
Spongy bone...compact bone
Select the correct statement regarding epithelia.
Stratified epithelia are present where protection from abrasion is important.
The epidermis consists of five layers of cells, each layer with a distinct role to play in the health, well-being, and functioning of the skin. Which of the following layers is responsible for cell division and replacement?
Stratum Basal
The glands that serve the most important function in thermoregulation.
Sudoriferous glands
The structure which is most similar to a ligament is
Tendon
Hair of the eyebrows
Terminal Hair
Despite its apparent durability, the dermis is subject to tearing. How might a person know that the dermis has been stretched and/or torn?
The appearance of visible, silvery-white scars is an indication of stretching of the dermis.
Which of these processes occurs during a cell's (G 2) phase?
The cell synthesizes the enzymes that control mitosis
All of the following statements about the glycocalyx are correct except:
The glycocalyx does not serve to transport glycogen into cells.
Select the correct statement regarding multicellular exocrine glands.
The secretory cells of holocrine glands release their product by rupturing.
In this section of the DNA helix, what substance would replace the question mark? (A)
Thymine
Which statement correctly explains why hair appears the way it does?
Tightly curly hair has flat, ribbonlike hair shafts.
Organized groups of cells (plus their intercellular substances) that have a common purpose form a(n):
Tissue
A bone fracture perpendicular to a bone's long axis is called a(n) ____________ fracture.
Transverse
A cell that suddenly stopped producing ATP could still carry out facilitated diffusion.
True
A compound gland has branched ducts.
True
A gene can be defined as a segment of a DNA molecule which carries instructions for creating one polypeptide chain.
True
After a cartilage cell becomes trapped in a lacuna, it is called a chondrocyte.
True
Although all cells synthesize phospholipids, there are no genes for phospholipids.
True
An osteon would contain osteocytes, lamellae, and a central canal, and is typically associated with compact bone.
True
Autolysis is typically carried out by a process called receptor-mediated Endocytosis.
True
Cartilage tissue tends to heal less rapidly than bone tissue.
True
Centrioles are paired organelles found in the centrosome and function in organizing microtubules.
True
DNA synthesis occurs during a cell's S phase.
True
Depending on the functional state of the bladder, transitional epithelium may resemble stratified squamous epithelium but with rounded surface cells that resemble cuboidal epithelium.
True
Endochondral ossification is the development of a bone from a cartilage model.
True
Epithelial tissues usually have an apical surface and a basal surface.
True
Hemopoietic tissue is involved in the formation of blood cells within the red marrow cavities of certain bones
True
If substance X is more concentrated within a cell than in the extracellular fluid, the only way to get more of it into the cell is through an active transport mechanism
True
In a connective tissue, the extracellular matrix occupies more space than the cells do.
True
In places, the dermis may exhibit either smooth or skeletal muscle fibers.
True
Microvilli increase the plasma membrane surface area and are most often found on the surface of absorptive cells
True
Most microtubules radiate from a small region near the nucleus called the centrosome or cell center
True
Neurons have branched cytoplasmic extensions that may extend long distances.
True
Regardless of race, all human beings have about the same number of melanocytes.
True
Some cilia are non-motile and they probe the extracellular region for recognizable molecules
True
Some protein channels in the plasma membrane remain open continually, but others can open or close in response to signals.
True
Sudoriferous (sweat) glands are especially abundant on the soles, palms, and forehead but are also scattered over the entire body, and the product of these glands contributes to temperature control in humans.
True
The dense irregular connective tissue portion of the skin is located in the reticular region of the dermis.
True
The dermis composes the major portion of the skin.
True
The dermis is highly vascularized.
True
The nail is actually a modification of the skin and corresponds to the hooves of animals.
True
The outermost sheath of a hair follicle is the connective tissue root sheath.
True
The trabeculae of spongy bone develop along the lines of stress of a bone.
True
The two major periods in the life cycle of a cell are interphase and the mitotic phase.
True
The word root oste- pertains to bone.
True
There are no functional flagella in the female body.
True
If part of a gene had the base sequence TGCCAT and it were transcribed to mRNA, what would be the base sequence of the tRNA anticodons that would bind to that region of the mRNA?
UGCCAU
Its development must be activated in the skin in order to enhance bone development and maintenance
Vitamin D
The difference between a round hair and a flattened hair is related to
a difference in the degree of curliness.
What does the nuclear envelope have in common with mitochondria?
a double membrane
What does the nuclear envelope have in common with mitochondria?
a double membrane structure
A pilus is
a hair
The process of translation produces
a polypeptide.
All newly synthesized proteins begin with methionine, because the code for methionine, AUG, is also
a start codon.
When a carrier protein moves both hydrogen and chloride ions from the inside of a cell to the extracellular fluid, while consuming ATP, this process is considered
a symport system.
The process by which long bones increase in width is known as:
appositional growth.
A protein is 100 amino acids long. What would be the minimum number of nucleotides on the functional mRNA to synthesize this protein?
303
In a normal human cell cycle, a cell leaving the M phase has ______ DNA molecules, while a cell leaving the S phase has _____ DNA molecules. (Assume that the normal chromosome number for humans is 46).
46,92
The composition of the secretions of the eccrine glands is:
99% water, sodium chloride, and trace amounts of wastes, lactic acid, and vitamin C.
If a carrier protein were to move both hydrogen and chloride ions from the inside of a cell to the extracellular fluid, and consume ATP in the process, it would be considered
A symport system
If part of a gene had the base sequence TGCCAT, what would be the base sequence of the complementary strand of DNA?
ACGGTA
If part of a gene had the base sequence TGCCAT, what would be the base sequence of the corresponding mRNA?
ACGGUA
Contains large amounts of neutral fat.
Adipose Tissue
Provides insulation for the body.
Adipose Tissue
Yellow bone marrow consists mainly of this
Adipose Tissue
The modern cell theory includes all of the following generalizations except
All cells are enclosed in a cell wall.
In transfer RNA (tRNA), one end has three nucleotides called anticodons, which attaches to the codon on the functional mRNA. At the other end there is a binding site for ____________________.
Amino Acids
___________________ is a nonvascular tissue that consists of one or more layers of cells covering the surface of an organ.
An epithelium
Mitosis occurs in human cells in about:
An hour or less
For intramembranous ossification to take place, which of the following is necessary?
An ossification center forms in the fibrous connective tissue.
The stage at which sister chromatids part company and move to opposite poles of a cell is the ________________ of mitosis.
Anaphase
The growth pattern of bone in which matrix is laid down on the surface.
Appositional growth
Transport vehicle for the cardiovascular system.
Blood
Growth of bones is controlled by a symphony of hormones. Which hormone is important for bone growth during infancy and childhood, but has little effect in adults?
Calcitonin
Small channels that radiate through the matrix of bone.
Canaliculi
Match the following characteristics to the tissues listed below: Involuntary, striations and branching cells.
Cardiac Muscle
The fundamental unit of living things
Cell
Which of the following is a nonmembranous organelle?
Centriole
The second most abundant of the lipids in the plasma membrane is/are
Cholesterol
Cells present initially before endochondral ossification.
Chondrocytes
The region of a long bone where cartilage cells are being replaced by bone is the:
Chondrocytes
Tendons and ligaments are made predominantly of the protein
Collagen
The fiber type that gives connective tissue great tensile strength is:
Collagen Fiber
The reason that intervertebral discs exhibit a large amount of tensile strength to absorb shock is because they possess:
Collagen Fiber
Which of the following statements is true of connective tissue?
Collagen fibers provide high tensile strength.
In cold weather, ____________ may result from reduced blood circulation through the skin.
Cyanosis
Supportive framework of a cell composed of microfilaments, intermediate filaments, and microtubles
Cytoskeleton
The _____________ is a semitransparent fluid in which the other cytoplasmic elements are suspended.
Cytosol
The process of semiconservative replication produces
DNA.
Tissue is stressed in many directions.
Dense irregular connective tissue
Responsible for the dermal ridges that produce whorled ridges on the epidermal surfaces.
Dermal Papillae
Structural support of the external ear and other structures that need support with flexibility is provided by
Elastic Cartilage
Glands, such as the thyroid, whose cells secrete their products into their surrounding interstitial fluid and which products then enter the blood rather than being transported through ducts are classified as:
Endocrine
The region where long bones actually grow in length is the:
Epiphyseal plate
A man cannot inherit pattern baldness from his father or pass it down to his son, but he can pass it down to his daughter.
False
About sixty-five percent of the mass of bone is an organic compound called hydroxyapatite.
False
All bones formed by intramembranous ossification are long bones.
False
All of a cell's ribosomes are found on the surface of the rough endoplasmic reticulum.
False
All substances can pass freely between the intracellular and extracellular fluids through a selectively permeable membrane.
False
Apocrine sweat glands are some of the first to become active as babies begin to grow and develop.
False
Apoptosis is tissue growth through cell multiplication
False
Because body hair seems to serve no important function, there are no nerve endings associated with it and therefore no sensation from any stimulation is felt.
False
DNA replication occurs during the last subphase of interphase.
False
Destruction of the matrix of the hair bulb would result in its inability to produce oil.
False
Endocrine glands are often called ducted glands.
False
Endothelium covers and lines internal cavities such as the pleural and peritoneal cavities.
False
In an epithelium, there is no extracellular matrix.
False
In newborn infants, the medullary cavity and all areas of spongy bone contain yellow bone marrow.
False
In osteoporosis, compact bone is converted to spongy bone.
False
In response to chilling, the vasculature of the skin will dilate so that blood and heat will warm the distal appendages.
False
Intercalated discs and striations suggest the presence of skeletal muscle.
False
Joe just burned himself on a hot pot. A blister forms and the burn in painful. Joe's burn would best be described as a third-degree burn.
False
Keratinocytes produce melanin, the polymer responsible for protecting the skin from damaging UV light.
False
Langerhans (star-shaped cells) arise from the dermis and work together with melanocytes to protect the skin from UV rays.
False
Living things can arise by spontaneous generation.
False
Lysosomes are produced by the smooth endoplasmic reticulum.
False
Merocrine glands produce their secretions by accumulating their secretions internally and then rupturing the cell.
False
Only one ribosome at a time can translate a mRNA molecule
False
Only one ribosome at a time can translate a mRNA molecule.
False
Osteoporosis is a group of diseases in which bone deposition outpaces bone resorption.
False
RNA polymerase is an enzyme in the ribosomes that polymerizes amino acids into proteins.
False
RNA polymerase is an enzyme in the ribosomes which polymerizes amino acids into proteins.
False
Second-degree burns are painless because the sensory nerve endings are destroyed.
False
Short, irregular, and flat bones have large marrow cavities in order to keep the weight of the bones light.
False
Since the dermis is deeper than the epidermis, it is rarely subject to damage because the cornified layers of the epidermis protect it.
False
Skin surface markings that reflect points of tight dermal attachment to underlying tissues are called epidermal ridges.
False
The basic difference between dense irregular and dense regular connective tissues is in the amount of elastic fibers and adipose cells present.
False
The cytoskeleton refers to small calcium-containing macromolecular bones that are attached to muscle proteins
False
The epidermis is composed of a columnar epithelium.
False
The formation of bone is the body's only use of phosphorus.
False
The glycocalyx is a coating of glycoproteins inside the cell membrane and guides organelles to their proper place in the cell.
False
The hyponychium is commonly called the cuticle.
False
The periosteum is a tissue that serves only to protect the bone because it is not supplied with nerves or blood vessels.
False
The protein found in large amounts in the outermost layer of epidermal cells is collagen.
False
The reason that the nail bed appears pink is the presence of a large number of melanocytes in the underlying dermis
False
The resting membrane potential is largely determined by Na+ because at rest, the membrane is much kore permeable to Na+ than K+
False
nervous tissue consists mainly of neurons and collagen fibers.
False
Yellow bone marrow contains a large percentage of:
Fat
_____________ is common in the skeleton in adults, but not in childhood.
Fatty Marrow
Which of the following statements best describes what fingernails actually are
Fingernails are a modification of the epidermis.
Morse code consists of only two symbols, "." and "-". A binary computer code consists of only two symbols, 1 and 0. The number of symbols in the genetic code, however, is considered to be
Four
In the cell cycle, RNA polymerase is probably most active in which of the following phases?
G 1 phase
________________________ are single mucus-secreting cells found in the epithelia of many mucous membranes.
Goblet cells
Which of the following would be of most importance to goblet cells and other glandular epithelium?
Golgi Complex
Organelle that modifies, concentrates, and packages the proteins and lipids made at the rough ER and destined for export from the cell
Golgi apparatus
Organelle that produces secretory vesicles destined for exocytosis
Golgi apparatus
0.5 points _________________________ is/are needed in the production of proteins that are going to be secreted from a cell, but not necessarily in the production of proteins destined for intracellular uses.
Golgi compex
A partial fracture that extends part of the way across a bone without the actual separation of the parts.
Greenstick
Pulls the hair follicle into an upright position
arrector pili muscle
The canal that runs through the core of each osteon (the Haversian canal) is the site of:
blood vessels and nerve fibers.
An epithelial cell with its 46 chromosomes divides to form two new epithelial cells, each with 46 chromosomes. You would expect, that in the new epithelial cells
both cells to have 46 chromosomes, each of which have half new DNA and half old DNA.
What does the motor protein dynein have in common with the sodium-potassium pump?
both of them acquire energy using ATPase enzymes
Which of the following would be the most likely type of genetic material to come into functional contact with the structure indicated by the letter E? ( Rough ER)
both tRNA and mRNA
A spliceosome is able to:
convert pre-mRNA to mRNA by removing introns.
Spliceosomes are able to
convert pre-mRNA to mRNA by removing introns.
A needle would pierce the epidermal layers of the forearm in which order?
corneum, granulosum, spinosum, basale
Division of the cytoplasm following mitotic division of the nucleus
cytokinesis
The organelles and cytoskeleton of a cell are embedded in a semitransparent fluid called the _______________, while the fluid outside the cell is called _______________.
cytosol, extracellular fluid
Blood vessels are lacking in
epithelial tissue and cartilage
The tissue type found as coverings, linings, and glands is:
epithelial tissue.
The main reason osteoporosis is most common in elderly women is their lack of
estrogen.
Many gland cells release their secretions by means of _____________, a process somewhat like reverse pinocytosis.
exocytosis
Molecules such as glucose are polar and have larger diameters than membrane pores. However, cells continually utilize glucose and transport glucose across their plasma membranes by a process known as
facilitated diffusion.
Autolysis indicates that something has gone wrong with a cells homeostasis and has caused it to die prematurely
false
Tissue matrix is made up of :
fibers and ground substance.
The dermis is a strong, flexible connective tissue layer. Which of the following cell types are likely to be found in the dermis?
fibroblasts, macrophages, and mast cells
The only type of cell seen in a tendon is
fibroblasts.
The fact that there are 64 possible codons and only about 20 amino acids is an example of:
genetic redundancy.
The apocrine type of sweat gland is found
groin
The three main components of connective tissue are:
ground substance, fibers, and cells.
Wolff's law is concerned with:
he thickness and shape of a bone being dependent on stresses placed upon it.
A birthmark
hemangioma.
Which is true concerning muscle tissue?
highly cellular and well vascularized
In a nucleosome, the DNA is wrapped around
histone proteins
DNA is wrapped around clusters of eight proteins. These proteins are called ______________, and the clusters of DNA plus the eight proteins form granules called ________________.
histones, nucleosomes
In a nucleosome, the DNA is wrapped around
histones.
In a/an _______________ gland, entire cells break down to form the secretion
holocrine
The viscous substance which is an effective joint lubricant and forms much of the vitreous humor of the eyeball is
hyaluronic acid
Integral, or transmembrane proteins that make up channels in the plasma membrane are made up of hydrophilic and hydrophobic regions. You would expect the amino acids facing the pore of the channel to be more ___________, while the amino acids facing the plasma membrane to be more ______________.
hydrophilic; hydrophobic
The arrangement of the phospholipids in the cell membrane is that the:
hydrophobic, or nonpolar tails join at the interior with their hydrophilic, or polar heads directed outward facing the adjacent water.
A normal red blood cell is placed into a solution that causes the cell to swell and burst. The solution was ?
hypotonic
Apocrine glands, which begin to function at puberty under hormonal influence, seem not to be useful in thermoregulation. Where would we find these glands in the human body?
in the axillary and anogenital area
G 1, S, and G 2 are collectively called
interphase
Lengthwise bone growth during infancy and youth is exclusively through:
interstitial growth of the epiphyseal plates.
In the transcription of DNA to mRNA, there are non-coding portions on the mRNA that are cut out before translation can occur. These non-coding portions of mRNA are called
introns
Ossification of the ends of long bones
involves secondary ossification and secondary marrow cavity formation.
Epithelial tissue:
is associated with a basement membrane.
The Red Blood cell pictured here was placed in what type of solution ( regular solution)
isotonic
A patient was severely dehydrated as a result of losing a tremendous amount of fluid. The patient was given intravenous fluids of normal saline. Normal saline is ___________ to your blood cells and is about a __________ solution of NaCl.
isotonic; 0.9%
Principal protein of the fingernails
keratin
Cells responsible for fading suntan.
keratinocytes
The most abundant cells of the epidermis.
keratinocytes
Layers of calcification that are found in bone.
lamellae
The most serious life-threatening effect of severe low blood calcium is likely to be
laryngospasm and suffocation.
What organelle is most active in bringing about programmed cell death?
lysosome
The integumentary system is protected by our immune system through the action of cells that arise from bone marrow and migrate to the epidermis. Which of the following cells serve this immune function?
macrophages called Langerhans cells
The simple squamous epithelium that lines the body cavities and covers the outer surfaces of the viscera is called
mesothelium.
The stage at which chromosomes aggregate along the "equator" of a cell is
metaphase
An adolescent grows in height mainly because of events that occur in the ______________ of the skeleton.
metaphyses
Which one of the following organelles may appear to violate the cell theory's statement that the cell is the smallest structural and functional unit of life?
mitochondria
Made of microtubules
mitotic spindle
Since insulin begins as a polypeptide of 86 amino acids, we can estimate the minimum number of DNA bases in the insulin gene as
more than 261 bases.
Which one of the following is not a signaling mechanism in cells?
nucleolar signaling
Transcription occurs in the _____________, while most translation occurs in the ______________
nucleus; cytoplasm
Thick skin is found
on the fingertips.
The movement of water through a selectively permeable membrane is called _____________, and water molecules move through plasma membranes by way of channel proteins called ________________.
osmosis; aquaporins
The presence of lacunae, calcium salts, and blood vessels would indicate:
osseous tissue.
Cells that can build bony matrix.
osteoblasts
Bones are covered by a protective tissue called periosteum. The inner (osteogenic) layer consists primarily of:
osteoblasts and osteoclasts.
The cells primarily responsible for the breakdown of bone are
osteoclasts
Abnormal softening of bone in adults
osteomalacia.
Osteoblasts deposit more bone matrix in response to all of the following factors except
parathymus hormone.
Which hormone increases osteoclastic activity to release more calcium ions into the bloodstream?
parathyroid hormone
To describe a membrane protein as transmembrane means that the protein
pass through the phospholipid bilayer.
Once two adjacent tRNAs bind to codons on the mRNA, an enzyme in the large ribosomal subunit leads to formation of _________ bonds between the adjacent amino acids.
peptide
All of the following processes can move substances out of a cell except:
phagocytosis
DNA can code for the synthesis of all of the following substances except
phospholipid
The process of transcription produces
pre-mRNA.
DNA replication is described as semiconservative because it
preserves one of the parental nucleotide chains in each new DNA molecule.
What function would immediately cease if the ribosomes of a cell were destroyed?
protein synthesis
The gel of the extracellular matrix is composed mostly of water and
proteoglycans.
Functional mRNA generally leaves the nucleus and binds to
rRNA in the small ribosomal subunit.
Which of the following is (are) not the function(s) of the skeletal system?
regulation of body temperature
All of the following processes require or are associated with a barrier such as a plasma membrane except
simple diffusion
In prophase, the chromatin supercoils into short, dense rods which each consist of two
sister chromatids.
The only type of muscle with multinucleated fibers is
skeletal muscle. skeletal muscle.
Changes in the color of skin are often an indication of a homeostatic imbalance. Which of the following changes would suggest that a patient is suffering from Addison's disease?
skin takes on a bronze or metallic appearance.
The ultimate fate of an epidermal keratinocyte is best described by the term
sloughing off the skin
A receptor protein in the plasma membrane will not bind to just any chemical in the extracellular fluid, but only to certain ones. That is to say, the receptor exhibits
specificity
Osteogenic cells are:
stem cells.
In thin skin, the _______________________________________ is absent.
stratum lucidum of the epidermis
Sodium and glucose are transported from the intestinal lumen into an intestinal cell. The carrier-transport system is a(n) _____________ and the process is called _____________________.
symport, cotransport
The Na +/K + ATPase of the plasma membrane serves all of the following purposes except:
synthesis of ATP
Protein synthesis involves an anticodon, a base triplet, and a codon. These are parts of the ______, ______, and _____ molecules, respectively.
tRNA, DNA, and mRNA
Protein synthesis involves an anticodon, a base triplet, and a codon. These are parts of the ______, ________, and________ molecules, respectively.
tRNA, DNA, and mRNA
Of the following, the only item that directly binds to an amino acid being added to a protein during protein synthesis is
tRNA.
Of the following, the only substance that directly binds to an amino acid during protein synthesis is
tRNA.
The final steps of cytokinesis follow which phase of mitosis?
telophase
The parts of a hair from deepest in the skin to the part above the surface, respectively, are
the bulb, root, and shaft.
The term diploe refers to:
the internal layer of spongy bone in flat bones.
In all mucous membranes, an epithelium rests on a connective tissue layer called
the lamina propria
The reason the hypodermis acts as a shock absorber is that:
the major part of its makeup is adipose tissue which serves as an effective shock absorber.
The functional unit of compact bone is:
the osteon.
Hemopoiesis typically occurs in
the red bone marrow.
The dermis has two major layers; which of the following constitutes 80% of the dermis and is responsible for the tension lines in the skin?
the reticular layer
Cartilage grows in two ways, appositional and interstitial. Appositional growth involves:
the secretion of new matrix on an existing surface
The Red Blood cell pictured here was placed in a hypertonic solution which means that?
the solution was more concentrated than the contents of the cell
Debridement is a treatment for
third degree burns
Which of the following glands or organs produces a hormone that tends to decrease blood calcium levels?
thyroid gland
A ___________________________ is a relatively impenetrable attachment between two epithelial cells formed by membrane proteins that interlock somewhat like a zipper.
tight junction
A/an _____________ is a small sac of gland cells arranged around a space into which they secrete their product.
acinus
The process of _____ would stop if a poison blocked ATP synthesis
active transport
The process of ___________ would stop if a poison blocked ATP synthesis.
active transport
Responsible for shock absorption and located in the hypodermis.
adipose tissue
What is the name of the enzyme which is essential for mineralization when bone is being deposited?
alkaline phosphatase
simple columnar epithelium of the digestive tract is characterized by:
dense microvilli.
The papillary layer of the dermis is connective tissue heavily invested with blood vessels. The superior surface has structures called:
dermal papillae.
Nutrients reach the surface of the skin (epidermis) through the process of:
diffusing through the tissue fluid from blood vessels in the dermis.
If a plasma membrane existed in a medium of vegetable oil instead of water, you would expect the phospholipids to form a
double layer with their hydrophilic (water-loving) heads pointing toward the center of the membrane and their hydrophobic (water-fearing) tails pointing toward the vegetable oil.
Insulin is taken up by cells lining capillaries (endothelial cells) and transported across to the other side where it is released to the tissues. This transport, which captures on one side of a cell and releases on the other side of the cell, is called
transcytosis
Blood is considered a type of connective tissue.
true
Ribosomes are made of one type of RNA and use other types of RNA in the process of making proteins.
true
Which statement best describes connective tissue?
usually contains a large amount of matrix
Cranial bones develop
within fibrous membranes
Chondroblasts
within the cartilage divide and secrete new matrix.