Anatomy and Physiology Module 7 - Respiratory System
If your vital capacity is 3500ml, and your inspiratory reserve volume is 1000ml and your expiratory reserve volume 1500ml what would your tidal volume be?
1,000ml
Arrange the following structures in the correct order as air passes through them traveling from the pharynx: 1. trachea 2. alveolus 3. bronchi 4. bronchioles
1,3,4,2
Arrange the following structures in the correct order as air passes through them traveling from the bronchi: 1. alveolar duct 2. alveolus 3. respiratory bronchiole 4. terminal bronchiole
3,4,1,2
Arrange the following events in the correct order as they occur during inspiration and expiration: 1. air flows into the lungs 2. thoracic volume decreases 3. thoracic volume increases 4. pleural cavity pressure decreases 5. pleural cavity pressure increases 6. air is forced out of lungs
3,4,1,2,5,6
If a person's vital capacity is 4000mL, her expiratory reserve volume is 1000mL, and her inspiratory reserve volume is 2500mL, and her tidal volume is
500 mL
If your vital capacity is 1500ml, and your inspiratory reserve volume is 500ml and your expiratory reserve volume 500ml what would your tidal volume be? _______ml
500 mL
What is hemoglobin?
A protein located in red blood cells
What controls your breathing? A) all answers are correct B) the pons and medulla C) the amount of CO2 in your blood D) ow blood pH levels
A) all answers are correct
What causes oxygen in the alveoli to move into the capillaries?
Diffusion
How efficient are fish gills for obtaining oxygen?
Gills are extremely efficient when it comes to obtaining oxygen, and they obtain about 80% of their oxygen in water. They use countercurrent gas exchange.
What does surfactant do?
Lubricate alveoli so they dont close up
What kinds of cells are found in the alveoli?
Simple squamous
What is the purpose of the pleural membranes?
These membranes have a fluid between them that decreases friction in the thoracic cavity as the lungs inflate and deflate
Why is a larger surface area important?
To help absorb as much oxygen as possible
Describe the formula for calculating tidal volume.
Vital capacity= tidal volume + inspiratory reserve volume + expiratory reserve volume
How is carbon dioxide released from the body?
When it goes back into the alveoli its then breathed out.
Describe in detail the physiology of the process of inspiration, being sure to include the skeletal and muscular parts involved and what inevitably stops the process.
When we're in the process of inspiration our diaphragm muscle, which is a dome-shaped muscle located below the lungs and is partly protected by our rib cage. When we inhale our diaphragm muscle contracts and moves downwards. Our chest increases in size as the external intercostals muscles pull up on the rib cage. The pleural cavity volume increases because air is being pulled into the body causing the atmospheric pressure to be greater than the pressure in the lungs. This process is stopped when the pressure in the lungs is equal to the atmospheric pressure.
Where do you find capillaries in the lungs?
Wrapped around alveoli
The volume of air that is available for gas exchange each minute is the
alveolar ventilation
Oxygen from the air enters the blood stream at what location?
alveoli
The ___ are the air sacs located at the end of the bronchioles that are responsible for gas exchange in the Respiratory System.
alveoli
Which of these structures are once cell thick?
alveoli and capillaries
A molecule of carbon dioxide is being exhaled. What is the correct path it will take on its way out of the body?
alveoli, bronchioles, bronchi, trachea, larynx, pharynx, mouth
The trachea leads to the ________.
bronchii
The trachea leads to the:
bronchii
Which respiratory structure is the next in the pathway of an oxygen molecule moving through the system?
bronchioles -> alveoli
List the steps of inspiration A. Diaphragm____and moves____. B. Chest____in size as____muscles pull up on rib cage C. Pleural cavity volume____, pulling air into the body since atmospheric pressure is____than the pressure in the lungs. D. Inhaltion stops when pressur e in lungs is____to atmospheric pressure
A. contracts, inferiorly B. increases, external intercostals C. increases, greater D. equal
List the steps of expiration: A.Diaphragm____and moves____ B. Chest____in size as____muscles relax C. Pleural cavity volume____, and pressure on the gases in the lung____.
A. relaxes, superiorly into thoracic cavity B. dec increases, external intercostals C. decreases, increases
Write the correct pathway of air from when it enters the nose/mouth until it reaches the lungs.
Air enters the body through the nose/mouth, then to the back of the throat (phatnyx). It will then pass through the larynx where vocal cords are located, and continue down through the trachea, or windpipe. The trachea extends downward until it splits into two branches, the left and right bronchi. Each bronchi will subdivide several times into bronchioles, eventually turning into little sacs called alveoli in the lungs.
Where does the air go after the trachea?
Bronchus, bronchioles, then the alveoli
How is the surface area increased in the lungs?
By having the bronchi and bronchioles branching out which helps increase the surface area of lungs.
The most important factor for regulating respiratory rate is
CO2 level in the blood
What causes involuntary control of respiration?
Changes in blood pH due to levels of carbon dioxide - most important stimulus for breathing.
What are the little hairs that help to keep dust out of the lungs?
Cilia
Which of these structures prevents the movement of swallowed materials into the larynx?
epiglottis
Which of the following is a function of the respiratory system?
gas exchange
What do fish use to breathe oxygen?
gills
The true vocal cords and the opening between them are called the ________.
glottis
For inspiration to occur, barometric (atmospheric) pressure must be __________ alveolar pressure.
greater than
Besides lubricating the visceral and parietal pleura, pleural fluid also
holds the visceral and parietal pleural membranes together
Which of these factors increases respiratory rate?
increased blood CO2 levels
When the diaphragm contracts (pulled downward), _______ occurs.
inhalation
In which of these areas is the partial pressure of oxygen (PO2) normally the greatest?
inspired air
The purpose of the surfactant in the lungs is to
lubricate the alveoli in order to allow for more expansions
Where are the alveoli?
lungs. Tiny functional sacs of the lungs that allow oxygen and carbon dioxide to move between the lungs and the bloodstream.
Visceral pleura is found
on the surface of the lung
What is the space at the back of the mouth that leads either to the airway or the esophagus?
pharynx
What is the diaphragm's main function?
pump carbon dioxide out of the lungs and pull oxygen into the lungs
Surfactant ________.
reduces surface tension of the fluid lining the alveol
Which type of cells are found in the alveoli of the lungs?
simple squamous epithelium
What are some examples of when you might voluntarily control your breathing?
singing, swimming, and swallowing.
What causes hiccups?
spasms of the diaphragm muscle
What is the main function of the respiratory system?
supply the blood with oxygen
Lung recoil occurs because of elastic fibers in the alveolar walls and
surface tension of the fluid that lines the alveoli
What happens to the carbon dioxide in the lungs
transferred from the capillary to the alveoli.
The structure that separates the nasopharynx from the oropharynx is the ________.
uvula
Which of these lung volumes/capacities is the largest?
vital capacity
Pulmonary ventilation requires____changes in the chest cavity, which alters the____of the gases in the____.
volume pressure lungs
A patient comes into the ER with a punctured lung. Why does she have difficulty breathing?
Her body tissues have too much CO2
What is the relationship between waste carbon dioxide and blood pH?
If carbon dioxide levels increase, pH will decrease. This then triggers hyperventilation that expels more carbon dioxide that brings the pH back to normal
What does hemoglobin do in the blood?
Iron molecules bond to oxygen molecules found in the air.
What happens to the diaphragm when you inhale?
It contracts and pulls down
What happens to the carbon dioxide?
It converts into a bicarbonate with water
What happens to the diaphragm when you exhale?
It relaxes and returns it its dome like shape
What direction is the flow of air for humans?
Its a one way flow, one way in and one way out
In what two locations does gas exchange occur?
On the lungs between the alveoli and capillaries. Between the capillaries and body tissues
What two areas in the brain control respiratory rate?
Pons and medulla
How do insects bring in oxygen?
Spiracles, that are holes on the side of the insect that go to tubes, that go to more tubes. These tubes almost go down to the level of cells.
What is the main function of the Respiratory System?
Take in oxygen and release carbon dioxide from out bodies.
What is tidal volume?
The amount of air that's exchanged during a normal breath
What is different in the air at the top of Mt. Everest?
The higher you go the less oxygen there's going to be.
What happens if there is a puncture of the thoracic cavity?
The pressure system is disrupted and the lungs can collapse
Why are red blood cells red?
The red blood cells are basically rusting giving it its red color, by the oxygen attaching to the iron.
How do worms bring in oxygen?
The surface of worms is their respiratory system. Their skin is moist and they have to have a large surface area.
Looking at the graph, what is the difference between Total Lung Capacity and Vital capacity?
The total lung capacity is the amount of air your lungs can hold. Vital capacity is the maximum volume of air that can be expelled after the deepest breath
Hyperventilation produces which of these effects?
decreased blood CO2
Oxygen and carbon dioxide move through the respiratory membrane and into and out of cells by the process of ________.
diffusion
