Anatomy & Physiology: Skin and Membranes

What is the cutaneous membrane composed of?

Keratinizing stratified squamous epithelium. The underlying dermis is mostly dense (fibrous) connective tissue.

What type of cell is most abundant in the epidermis?

Keratinocytes are the most abundant cells type in the epidermis.

What are examples of mucus membrane?

Lining of GI Tract or Urinary Tract

What are the three pigments that contribute to skin color?

Melanin, Carotene, Hemoglobin

What body system controls heat loss or heat retention within the body?

Nervous System

What purpose does serous fluid serve?

Serous fluid allows the organs to slide easily across the cavity walls and one another without friction as they carry out their routine functions.

What are Synovial membranes composed of?

Soft areolar connective tissue and they contain no epithelial cells at all

Which layer of the epidermis produces new epidermal cells?

Stratum basale.

Excess shedding of scales from the superficial layer of the skin of the scalp causes dandruff. What is the name of the skin layer?

Stratum corneum

In what layers is carotene deposited?

Stratum corneum and subcutaneous tissue.

What is cutaneous membrane?

The skin.

What is the function of Synovial membranes?

They cushion organs moving against each other during muscle activity. They also line small sacs of bursae and tendon sheaths.

What purpose do phagocytes serve?

They prevent bacterial from penetrating any deeper into the body..

Nails are hornlike derivatives of the epidermis. True or False

True

_____________ glands are found primarily in the genital and axillary areas? a. Eccrine b. Apocrine

b. Apocrine

The outermost layer of the skin is composed of which type of tissues? a. Simple columnar epithelium. b. Stratified squamous epithelium. c. Areolar tissue. d. Dense fibrous tissue.

b. Stratified squamous epithelium (Epidermis).

Mitosis occurs in which layer of the epidermis? a. Stratum corneum. b. Stratum basale. c. Stratum granulosum. d. Stratum lucidum. e. Reticular layer.

b. Stratum basale.

Which of the following vitamins is synthesized in the skin? a. Vitamin A. b. Vitamin D. c. Vitamin E. d. Vitamin B12 (cyanocobalamin). e. Vitamin K.

b. Vitamin D.

The type of tissue making up the bulk of the dermis is: a. adipose connective tissue. b. dense (irregular) connective tissue. c. stratified squamous epithelium. d. visceral muscle. e. transitional epithelium.

b. dense (irregular) connective tissue.

The _______ is the avascular, keratinized layer of skin. a. dermis b. epidermis c. subdermis d. None of these answers is correct.

b. epidermis

Medications and stress can affect hair graying and loss; however, _______ factors play more of a key role. a. aesthetic b. genetic c. mental d. synthetic

b. genetic

Which of the following factors do NOT affect the aging and appearance of our skin as an adult? a. Chemicals. b. Wind and sun. c. Smoking. d. All of the above affect the appearance and aging of our skin.

d. All of the above affect the appearance and aging of our skin

Which of the following is a function of the skin? a. Control of body temperature. b. Production of vitamin D. c. Protection from mechanical damage d. All of the above are correct.

d. All of the above are correct.

Hair, nails, and the outer layer of the skin are made mostly of a tough waterproof protein called: a. Elastin. b. Collagen. c. Cerumen. d. Keratin

d. Keratin

Which of the following structures are not derivatives of the skin? a. Sebaceous glands. b. Hair follicles. c. Nails. d. Nerve receptors.

d. Nerve receptors.

Which one of the following structures is NOT a serous membrane: a. Peritoneum b. Pleura c. Pericardium d. Perineum

d. Perineum

Which of the following is NOT an effect of aging on the skin? a. The skin becomes drier due to decreased oil production. b. The skin thins, making it susceptible to bruising and other injuries. c. The subcutaneous layer (hypodermis) thins, causing an intolerance of cold. d. The hypodermis thickens, causing an intolerance of heat.

d. The hypodermis thickens, causing an intolerance of heat.

Which of the following statements best describes melanocytes? a. They produce keratin. b. They protect DNA from ultraviolet radiation damage. c. They produce a wide range of pigment colors. d. They protect DNA from ultraviolet radiation damage and produce a wide range of pigment colors.

d. They protect DNA from ultraviolet radiation damage and produce a wide range of pigment colors.

In the skin, arrector pili muscles are found mainly in the: a. stratum basale. b. stratum corneum. c. stratum granulosum. d. dermis. e. stratum spinosum.

d. dermis.

The epidermis is composed of _______ tissue. Pick one: a. muscular b. nervous c. connective d. epithelial

d. epithelial

The terms sheath, bulb, and follicle all relate to which of the following? a. sweat b. hormones c. homeostasis d. hair

d. hair

Exposure to ultraviolet (UV) light causes the skin to darken by stimulating the production of: a. carotene. b. keratin. c. haemocyanin. d. melanin. e. sebum.

d. melanin.

The portion of a hair that you see that projects from the scalp surface is known as the ________. a. bulb b. matrix c. root d. shaft

d. shaft

All of the following are functions of the skin except? a. excretion of body wastes b. insulation c. protection from mechanical damage d. site of vitamin A & D synthesis

d. site of vitamin A & D synthesis

Two types of glands found in the skin are the _______ and _______ glands. a. pilous; sudoriferous b. sebaceous; lunula c. thymus; sebaceous d. sudoriferous; sebaceous e. sweat; basale

d. sudoriferous; sebaceous

As humans age, the skin's elasticity declines and skin gets _______. a. hairier b. thicker c. darker d. thinner

d. thinner

The dermis is made up of _____________ tissue.

dense connective tissue.

A needle would pierce the skin of the forearm in which order? (1) stratum basale; (2) stratum granulosum; (3) stratum spinosum; (4) stratum corneum; (5) stratum lucidum a. 1, 3, 2, 5, 4. b. 4, 5, 2, 3, 1. c. 1, 3, 2, 4. d. 5, 4, 2, 3, 1. e. 4, 2, 3, 1.

e. 4, 2, 3, 1.

The structure that contracts to cause "goose bumps" is the: a. dermal papilla. b. hair bulb. c. skeletal muscle. d. hair follicle. e. arrector pili muscle

e. arrector pili muscle

The papillary layer attaches to the: a. nail bed. b. stratum corneum. c. hypodermis. d. hair cells. e. stratum basale and reticular layer.

e. stratum basale and reticular layer. (The papillary layer anchors the epidermis to the dermis.)

Most of the cells of the epidermis are ____________, which produce _____________, the fibrous protein that makes the epidermis a tough protective layer.

keratinocytes, kerotin.

Sebaceous glands produce oils whereas the _______ glands produce sweat. Pick one: a. melanine b. basal c. sudoriferous d. None of these answers is correct.

sudoriferous

What is the serous membrane made up of?

A layer of simple squamous epithelium resting on a thin layer of areolar connective tissue.

What are the functions of mucous membranes?

Absorption and secretion.

Where are Synovial membranes located?

Around Joints

Where is the hypodermis located?

Below dermis (primarily adipose tissue).

How are serous membranes named?

By their locations.

Where are serous membranes located?

Closed Cavities

What is another name for Epithelial membranes?

Covering and lining membranes.

What do epithelial membranes consist of?

Cutaneous, mucous, and serous membranes.

What are the two distinct regions of the skin?

Epidermis and Dermis

The skin has two distinct regions. The superficial layer is the ________________, and the underlying connective tissue is the ___________.

Epidermis, Dermis

What are the two major groups of body membranes?

Epithelial membranes and Connective Tissue membranes.

Where are mucus membrane located?

Open Cavities

How is carotene supplied to the body?

Orange, deep yellow, or leafy green vegetables.

What layer of the dermis consists of the dermal papillae that forms looped and whorled ridges?

Papillary layer

What are the functions of skin?

Protection, insulation, and water and heat loss.

What layer of the dermis contains connective tissue, blood vessels, sweat and oil glands and lamellar corpuscles?

Reticular layer

The ducts of ___________ glands usually empty into a hair follicle but may also open directly on the skin surface. a. sebaceous b. sweat

a. Sebaceous

Which of the following statements is NOT a characteristic of the serous membranes? a. They are continuous with the external environment . b. They are always a paired membrane. c. They are filled with fluid to decrease friction. d. One layer of the membrane will adhere to an organ.

a. They are continuous with the external environment .

Most minor skin afflictions are attributed to infection or _______. a. allergy b. sunlight c. vitamin D d. sleeplessness

a. allergy

Glands usually associated with the skin of the genitals and the axillary region, and which secrete fatty acids and proteins, are called: a. apocrine glands. b. arrector pili glands. c. sebaceous glands. d. eccrine glands. e. apocrine and eccrine glands.

a. apocrine glands.

The toughened outer portion of the hair is termed the: a. cuticle. b. hair bulb. c. hair cortex. d hair follicle. e. hair medulla.

a. cuticle.

A mucous membrane: a. lines the digestive and respiratory tracts. b. lines all closed body cavities. c. lacks epithelial cells. d. covers the muscles. e. lines the heart.

a. lines the digestive and respiratory tracts. The mucous membrane consists of an epithelium resting on an areolar connective tissue membrane called the lamina propria.

Sebaceous glands secrete: a. oil. b. salty sweat. c. wax. d. melanin. e. cerumen.

a. oil.

The major layers of the skin are: a. the dermis and epidermis. b. the dermis and hypodermis. c. the strata corneum, lucidum, and granulosum. d. the epidermis and hypodermis.

a. the dermis and epidermis.

You can cut your hair without feeling pain because: a. the shaft of the hair consists of dead cells. b. there are no nerves found within one centimeter of each hair. c. hair follicles develop from epidermal cells and the epidermis has no nerve endings. d. hair follicles have no source of nourishment and thus cannot react to being cut. e. a chemical in the hair papilla anaesthetizes the hair

a. the shaft of the hair consists of dead cells.

The cutaneous membrane is ___________. a. the skin. b. the mucosa. c. the peritoneum. d. the pericardium.

a. the skin.

Which of the following statements regarding the significance of alterations in skin color is FALSE? a. Jaundice usually signifies a liver disorder in which excess bile pigments are deposited in body tissues. b. Bruises reveal sites where blood has escaped from the circulation and become hematomas. c. Blanching (or pallor) may signify anemia, low blood pressure, allergy, or impaired blood flow into an area. d. Erythema may indicate embarrassment, fever, inflammation, or hypertension. e. None of the above statements is false.

c. Blanching (or pallor) may signify anemia, low blood pressure, allergy, or impaired blood flow into an area. (An allergic reaction would result in erythema, rather than pallor.)

Which of the following is NOT a characteristic of mucous membranes? a. Epithelia modified for absorption and/or secretion. b. Occasional secretion of mucus. c. Cushioning of organs. d. Moistness.

c. Cushioning of organs.

Where would you find a synovial membrane? a. Lining the mouth. b. Lining the lungs. c. Lining the capsule surrounding a joint. d. Covering the bladder

c. Lining the capsule surrounding a joint.

The two major categories of body membranes are? a. cutaneous and serous. b. mucous and cutaneous. c. epithelial and connective. d. serosa and parietal.

c. epithelial and connective.

The protein that provides a water repellent and toughening quality to the skin is/are: a. collagen. b. melanin. c. keratin. d. fibroblasts.

c. keratin.

This type of membrane lines body cavities that are open to the exterior. Pick one: a. serous b. meningeal c. mucous d. visceral

c. mucous

As cells progress from the deeper portion of the epidermis towards the surface: a. they divide continually by mitosis. b. their supply of nutrients improves. c. they tend to die. d. they divide continually by meiosis. e. they become dermal cells.

c. they tend to die.