Anatomy & Physiology terminology9/14, lab 9/22

4. Superior-Cranial/Inferior-Caudal

Above-Toward head/Below-Toward tail

Osomisis

Diffusion of water across cell membrane -osmotic pressure -osmolality (solutes- milliosmoles/ volume) -Tonicity: ISOTONIC, HYPOTONIC, HYPERTONIC

Na+/K+ pump

E.G. Na/K pump. 3 Na out for every 2 K in - REQUIRES ATP

Endocytosis

Endocytosis is a form of active transport in which a cell transports molecules (such as proteins) into the cell (endo- + cytosis) by engulfing them in an energy-using process. Endocytosis and its counterpart, exocytosis, are used by all cells because most chemical substances important to them are large polar molecules that cannot pass through the hydrophobic plasma or cell membrane by passive means. Endocytosis includes pinocytosis (cell drinking) and phagocytosis (cell eating).

Describe the 4 types of body tissue

Epithelial Connective Muscular Nervous

3. Anterior-Ventral/Posterior-Dorsal

Front-Belly side/Back-Back side

Diffusion

High concentration to low concentration

5. Active transport

Movement against concentration gradient requiring metabolic energy Na/K Pump (3 Na out/2 K in)

Milliosmole

One thousandth of an osmole; the osmotic pressure equal to one thousandth of the molecular weight of a substance divided by the number of ions that the substance forms in a liter of solution.

Osmotic pressure

Osmotic pressure is the minimum pressure which needs to be applied to a solution to prevent the inward flow of water across a semipermeable membrane.[1] It is also defined as the measure of the tendency of a solution to take in water by osmosis. Potential osmotic pressure is the maximum osmotic pressure that could develop in a solution if it were separated from distilled water by a selectively permeable membrane. The phenomenon of osmosis arises from the propensity of a pure solvent to move through a semi-permeable membrane and into a solution containing a solute to which the membrane is impermeable. This process is of vital importance in biology as the cell's membrane is semipermeable.

6. Palmer/Plantar

Palm side/Sole side

Phagocytosis

Phagocytosis is involved in the acquisition of nutrients for some cells. The process is homologous to eating at the level of single-celled organisms; in multicellular animals, the process has been adapted to eliminate debris and pathogens, as opposed to taking in fuel for cellular processes

Membrane Structure?

Phospholipid bilayer Protein "islands" Selectively permeable

6. Endocytosis, Phagocytosis, Exocytosis

Processes taking in or discharging particles while maintaining the integrity of the cell membrane

Reference from book

Right and left are used as directional terms in anatomical terminology. Up is replaced by superior, down by inferior, front by anterior, and back by posterior. Right Toward the right side of the body Right ear Left Toward the left side of the body Left eye Superior L. higher A structure above another The chin is superior to the navel. Inferior L. lower A structure below another The navel is inferior to the chin. Cephalic G. kephale, head Closer to the head than another structure (usually synonymous with superior) The chin is cephalic to the navel. Caudal L. cauda, a tail Closer to the tail than another structure (usually synonymous with inferior) The navel is caudal to the chin. Anterior L. before The front of the body The navel is anterior to the spine. Posterior L. posterus, following The back of the body The spine is posterior to the breastbone. Ventral L. ventr-, belly Toward the belly (synonymous with anterior) The navel is ventral to the spine. Dorsal L. dorsum, back Toward the back (synonymous with posterior) The spine is dorsal to the breastbone. Proximal L. proximus, nearest Closer to the point of attachment to the body than another structure The elbow is proximal to the wrist. Distal L. di- plus sto, to stand apart or be distant Farther from the point of attachment to the body than another structure The wrist is distal to the elbow. Lateral L. latus, side Away from the midline of the body The nipple is lateral to the breastbone. Medial L. medialis, middle Toward the midline of the body The nose is medial to the eye. Superficial L. superficialis, toward the surface Toward or on the surface (not shown in figure 1.10) The skin is superficial to muscle. Deep O.E. deop, deep Away from the surface, internal (not shown in figure 1.10) The lungs are deep to the ribs. In humans, the term superior is interchangeable with the term cephalic (se-fal′ik). They are both used for "toward the head," because, when we are in the anatomical position, the head is the highest point. Similarly, in humans, the term inferior is interchangeable with the term caudal (kaw′dăl). These two terms are used for "toward the tail," the area located at the end of the Page 15vertebral column where a tail would be. In other animals, such as a cat, the terms cephalic and caudal can be used to describe directional movements on the trunk, but they are not used to describe directional movements on the limbs. The word anterior means "that which goes before," and ventral means "belly." The anterior surface of the human body is therefore the ventral surface, or belly, because the belly "goes first" when we are walking. The word posterior means "that which follows," and dorsal means "back." The posterior surface of the body is the dorsal surface, or back, which follows as we are walking.

Planes and sections (3)

Sagittal, Midsagittal Transverse (cross) Frontal

7. Ipsilateral, Contralateral, Bilateral

Same side, Opposite side, Both sides

Homeostasis

Sensors=Receptors Control Center Effectors Negative feedback loops Positive feedback loops

4. Filtration

Solutions move across membrane by hydrostatic pressure; influenced by molecule size

Anatomical position

Standard position of the body for the purpose of study ( all facing up) Standard for illustrations and descriptions, standing erect with arms down by sides and palms facing forward refers to a person standing erect with the face directed forward, the upper limbs hanging to the sides, and the palms of the hands facing forward (figure 1.9). A person is supine when lying face upward and prone when lying face downward.

What would happen to RBC if placed in an isotonic, hypertonic, or hypotonic solution

Stay the same, shrivel, swell explode

facilitated diffusion

The diffusion of molecules across a membrane through transport protein Facilitated diffusion is the process of spontaneous passive transport of molecules or ions across a cell's membrane via specific transmembrane integral proteins. Being passive, facilitated transport does not directly require chemical energy from ATP hydrolysis in the transport step itself; rather, molecules and ions move down their concentration gradient.

Cytology

The study of cells

Tonicity

Tonicity is a measure of the effective osmotic pressure gradient, as defined by the water potential of two solutions separated by a semipermeable membrane. In other words, tonicity is the relative concentration of solutes dissolved in solution which determine the direction and extent of diffusion. It is commonly used when describing the response of cells immersed in an external solution.

2. Proximal/Distal

Toward point of origin/Away from point of origin

foramen magnum

foramen is a Latin word for "hole," and magnum means "large." The foramen magnum is therefore a large hole in the skull through which the spinal cord attaches to the brain.

Exocytosis

is a form of active transport in which a cell transports molecules (such as proteins) out of the cell (exo- + cytosis) by expelling them in an energy-using process. Exocytosis and its counterpart, endocytosis, are used by all cells because most chemical substances important to them are large polar molecules that cannot pass through the hydrophobic portion of the cell membrane by passive means.

Filitration

passage through a filter or other material that prevents passage of certain molecules, particles, or substances.

Gross anatomy

the study of body structures visible to the naked eye

Histiogy

the study of the microscopic anatomy (microanatomy) of cells and tissues of plants and animals

Levels of organization (6)

1. Chemical/Molecular Examples - water, proteins 2. Cellular; Cytology Smallest living units, example - muscle cell 3. Tissue; Histology Cells combining for a common function, example - muscle tissue 4. Organ Tissues combining for a common function, example - heart 5. System Organs combining for a common function, example - Cardiovascular System 6. Organism Combination of Systems - Human Being

Movement across membrane

1. Diffusion [concentration gradient] High concentration to low concentration 2. Osmosis Diffusion of water across cell membrane a. Osmotic pressure Tendency of water to move by osmosis b. Osmolality {solutes - milliosmoles/volume} c. Tonicity [solution, solvent] -Isotonic -Hypotonic -Hypertonic 3. Facilitated diffusion = Passive transport Diffusion along membrane protein carriers 4. Filtration Solutions move across membrane by hydrostatic pressure; influenced by molecule size 5. Active transport Movement against concentration gradient requiring metabolic energy Na/K Pump (3 Na out/2 K in) 6. Endocytosis, Phagocytosis, Exocytosis Processes taking in or discharging particles while maintaining the integrity of the cell membrane

Cavities (2 types)

1. Dorsal -Cranial Cavity containing brain -Spinal Cavity containing spinal cord 2. Ventral [viscera] -Thoracic Cavity containing heart and lungs, diaphragm inferior boundary -Abdominal Cavity containing liver, stomach, diaphragm superior boundary -Pelvic Cavity containing urinary and reproductive organs surrounded by pelvic bones

Directional terms

1. Lateral/Medial Away from body axis/Towards body axis 2. Proximal/Distal Toward point of origin/Away from point of origin 3. Anterior-Ventral/Posterior-Dorsal Front-Belly side/Back-Back side 4. Superior-Cranial/Inferior-Caudal Above-Toward head/Below-Toward tail 5. Superficial-External/Deep-Internal 6. Palmer/Plantar Palm side/Sole side 7. Ipsilateral, Contralateral, Bilateral Same side, Opposite side, Both sides

Planes & Sections (3)

1. Sagittal, Midsagittal Separates right and left portions, Equal right & left 2. Transverse(cross) Separates superior and inferior portions 3. Frontal(coronal) Separates anterior and posterior portions

Solution

A homogeneous mixture formed by one or more substances getting dissolved

Solvent

A liquid substance capable of dissolving other substances

Solute

A substance that is dissolved in a solution.

Active transport

Active transport is the movement of molecules across a cell membrane from a region of their lower concentration to a region of their higher concentration—in the direction against some gradient or other obstructing factor (often a concentration gradient). Unlike passive transport, which uses the kinetic energy and natural entropy of molecules moving down a gradient, active transport uses cellular energy to move them against a gradient, polar repulsion, or other resistance. Active transport is usually associated with accumulating high concentrations of molecules that the cell needs, such as ions, glucose and amino acids. If the process uses chemical energy, such as from adenosine triphosphate (ATP), it is termed primary active transport. Secondary active transport involves the use of an electrochemical gradient. Examples of active transport include the uptake of glucose in the intestines in humans and the uptake of mineral ions into root hair cells of plants.[1]

Anatomy

Anatomy is the scientific discipline that investigates the body's structures—for example, the shape and size of bones. In addition, anatomy examines the relationship between the structure of a body part and its function. Thus, the fact that bone cells are surrounded by a hard, mineralized substance enables the bones to provide strength and support. Understanding the relationship between structure and function makes it easier to understand and appreciate anatomy.

1. Lateral/Medial

Away from body axis/Towards body axis

3. Facilitated diffusion = Passive transport

Diffusion along membrane protein carriers

2. Osmosis

Diffusion of water across cell membrane a. Osmotic pressure Tendency of water to move by osmosis b. Osmolality {solutes - milliosmoles/volume} c. Tonicity [solution, solvent] -Isotonic -Hypotonic -Hypertonic