Anatomy and physiology two Del Río - the Blood
Extra cellular
Connective tissues always have what matrix in them?
- Granulocytes are larger and shorter lived than RBC's - Contain Lobed, rather than circular nuclei - Cytoplasmic granules stain specifically with wrights stain - All are phagocytic to some degree
Difference between granulocytes and RBC's?
Transport Regulation Protection
General functions of the Cardiovascular system?
Four polypeptide chains 2 alpha & 2 beta chains
Globin is composed of.....?
Bone marrow Blood cells do not divide after they leave the bone marrow
Most blood cells originate where?
Nuclei or other organelles ( The red blood cells send them out before they themselves enter the bloodstream)
Red blood cells do not have what?
Maintaining body temp by absorbing and distributing heat Maintaining normal PH using buffers, alkaline reserve of bio carbonate ions Maintaining adequate fluid volume in circulatory system
Regulation Functions of the blood?
What is the primary source for red blood cells?
The bone marrow (and specifically located in the epiphysis not the diaphysis)
Dark red blood
What Color is veins?
do not contain visible cytoplasmic granules (lymphocytes, monocytes)
What are agranulocytes?
White blood cells
What are the only complete cells in the body?
Oxygen transport
Which body activity would be most affected if a patient lacked adequate number of erythrocytes (anemia) ?
percentage of erythrocytes/red blood cells in the whole blood
what is the hematocrit?
It develops from mesenchyme (which is a type of tissue comprised of loose cells embedded in a mesh of proteins and fluid called The extracellular Matrix) and secretes a matrix.
why is blood considered a connective tissue?
Plasma
55% of our blood is made out of what?
Globin chain Gives Blood red color and each Heme's central iron atom binds one O2
A heme pigment is bonded to each.....? And what does this do?
Anaerobic O2
ATP production for RBC's are ___________________ , so they do not consume ________ , they transport
3 Plasma layer (Top layer) Buffy coat layer Formed elements layer (bottom layer)
Blood can be broken down into how many layers and what are those layers?
connective tissue
Blood is what type of tissue?
-Rarest WBC's accounting for only 0.5-1% of leukocytes - Nucleus deep purple with 1 to 2 constrictions - Large, purplish black (basophilic) granules contain histamine (histamine: inflammatory chemical that acts as a vasodilator and attracts WBC's to inflamed sites) - Are functionally similar to mast cells
Description of Basophils
- very Phagocytic: referred to as bacteria slayers - kill microbes by process called respiratory burst - Cell synthesizes potent oxidizing substances (bleach or hydrogen peroxide) - - Most Numerous WBC's (account for 50-70% of WBC's) - About twie the size of RBC's - Granules stain with bod acid and basic dyes - Granules contain either hydrolytic enzymes or antimicrobial proteins, defensins -Defensins granules merge with phagosome: from spears that pierce holes in membrane of ingested microbe - Also called polymorphonuclear leukocytes (PMN's or polys) because nucleus is lobular -Cell has anywhere from 3 to 6 lobes
Description of Neutrophils?
- Account for 2-4% of all leukocytes - Nucleus has two lobes connected by a broad band, resembles ear muffs - Red-staining granules contain digestive enzymes (release enzymes on large parasitic worms, digesting their surface) - Also play a role in allergies and asthma and immune response to modulators
Description of eosinophils?
-Second most numerous WBC, accounts for 25% -Large, dark purple, circular nuclei with thin rim of blue cytoplasm -Mostly found in lymphoid tissue (example: lymph nodes, spleen) but a few circulate in the blood. - Crucial to immunity - Lymphocytes live from a few hours to decades
Description of lymphocytes?
- Largest of all leukocytes; 3-8% of all WBCs - Abundant pale blue cytoplasm - Dark purple-staining, U- or kidney-shaped nuclei - Leave circulation, enter tissues, and differentiate into macrophages - Actively phagocytic cells; crucial against viruses, intracellular bacterial parasites, and chronic infections - Activate lymphocytes to mount an immune response
Description of monocytes?
- platelet fragments of megakaryocyte's - purple staining granules - function: form temporary platelet plug that helps heal breaks in blood vessels - circulating platelets are kept in active & mobile by nitric oxide and prostacyclin from endothelial cells lining blood vessels - Formed in myeloid line from megakaryoblast (stage I megakaryocyte) ( Mitosis occurs but no cytokinesis, resulting in large stage IV cell with multilobed nucleus ) - Stage IV megakaryocyte sends cytoplasmic projections into lumen of capillary ( Projections break off into platelet fragments ) - age quickly & degenerate in about 10 days - Normal = 150,000- 400,000 platelets/ml of blood
Description of platelets?
4
Each HB molecule can transport how many oxygen?
250 million
Each red blood cell contains how many HB molecules?
- Biconcave shape offers huge surface area relative to volume for gas exchange - hemoglobin makes up 97% of cell volume ( not counting water) - RBC's have no mitochondria
Examples of complementarity of structure and function On erythrocytes/RBC's guess transportation?
Binds O2
Hemoglobin ___________ reversibly with _________
Red heme pigment bound to the protein globin
Hemoglobin consist of what?
Happens down at the capillary level - they do it by diapedesis - which means they squeeze through the little openings in the capillaries.
How do WBC's / leukocytes leave the bloodstream?
By amoeboid motion and positive chemotaxis
How do WBC's/ leukocytes move through tissue spaces?
Metabolized into amino acids because it is made up of proteins (it will be put back into the bloodstream)
How is globin broken down?
1. Degraded to bilirubin ( yellow pigment ) 2. Liver secrets this bilirubin (in bile) into intestines 3. Intestines degrade pigment urobilinogen 4. Urobilinogen is transformed into stercobilin (brown pigment) that leaves body in feces.
How is heme broken down?
Binds to ferridin or hemosiderin (proteins) and is then stored in the liver for reuse. The stored iron will go to the bone marrow when more RBC's are needing to be made so that iron can be put in them.
How is the iron from RBC's broken down?
Only a few days 100-120 days
How long do our blood cells survive?
4800 to 10,800
How many WBC's are there per microliter?
4-5
How many liters of blood do females typically have?
5-6 liters (Males typically have more blood because they have more muscle mass and more muscle mass means more oxygen is needed to make ATP's for muscle contractions)
How many liters of blood do males typically have?
Made by liver most are transport proteins that bind to lipids, metal ions, and fat soluble vitamins.
Info on Alpha & Beta Globulins?
immunogobulins- our antibodies antibodies are released by plasma cells during immune response. Are made from our plasma cells- which are the B lymphocytes
Info on Gamma Globulins?
By-products of cellular metabolism (aka nitrogenous products from the breakdown of proteins), such as urea, uric acid, creatinine, and ammonium salts.
Info on Nonprotein Nitrogenous substances?
is a plasma is a plasma protein 4% of plasma proteins Produced by the liver Forms fibrin threads of blood clot
Info on fibrinogen?
Steroid and thyroid hormones carried by plasma proteins.
Info on hormones?
Materials we have absorbed from our digestive tract and transported for use throughout the body, including - glucose and other simple carbohydrates, amino acids, (protein digestion products),fatty acids, glycerol and triglycerides (fat digestion products) cholesterol, and vitamins.
Info on nutrients?
They come from megakaryocytes that are blood cells found in the bone marrow and they rupture. Once they rupture all those little pieces are platelets that now Block holes in our blood vessels when we get a cut. So basically platelets are cell fragments
Info on platelets?
O2 & CO2 O2 mostly bound to hemoglobin inside RBC's CO2 transported, dissolved as bicarbonate ion aka CO2 or like oxygen can be bound to hemoglobin in RBC's
Info on respiratory gases?
The frequent hypoxia (low oxygen in blood) resulting from inhalation of oxygen poor smoke is causing secondary polycythemia (# of RBC's are increased as a result of an underlying condition) (The inhaled cigarette smoke contains less oxygen than clean air, which reduces oxygenation of the blood. As oxygen delivery to the kidneys decreases, the kidneys respond by secreting more erythropoietin EPO, which targets the red bone marrow and stimulates erythropoiesis. This resulting increase in RBC count is known as secondary polycythemia. )
Jenny, a healthy young woman, had a battery of tests during a physical for a new job. Her RBC count was at the higher end of the normal range at that time, but four weeks later it was substantially elevated beyond that. When asked if any circumstances have changed in her life, she admitted to taking up smoking. How might her new habit explain her higher RBC count?
90 percent of water
Most of plasma is made out of?
Over 100
Over how many dissolved solutes are in plasma?
thrombopoietin
Platelet formation is regulated by what?
Preventing Blood loss - (Plasma proteins and platelets in blood initiate clot formation) Prevent Infection - ( - Agents of immunity are carried in blood - Antibodies - Complement proteins - White blood cells )
Protection functions of the blood?
Deliver O2 & nutrients to body cells. Transporting metabolic waste to lungs and kidneys for elimination Transporting hormones from endocrine organs to target organs
Transportation functions of the blood?
Albumin Globulin (alpha, beta, gamma) Fibrinogen
What are all the plasma proteins we need to know for this class?
Living blood cells - which include erythrocytes, leukocytes, platelets
What are formed elements?
contain visible cytoplasmic granules (neutrophils, eosinophils, basophils)
What are granulocytes?
Nutrients, gases, hormones, waste, proteins, inorganic ions.
What are some other products you find in plasma?
Granulocytes & Agranulocytes
What are the 2 groups of WBC's?
- T lymphocytes (T cells) act against virus-infected cells and tumor cells - B lymphocytes (B cells) give rise to plasma cells, which produce antibodies
What are the 2 types of lymphocytes?
sticky, opaque fluid with metallic taste Little thick
What are the characteristics of blood?
Functions as a carrier of other molecules, as a blood buffer, & contributes to plasma osmotic pressure.
What are the functions of plasma proteins?
Male - 13-18g/ 100ml Females - 12-16 g/100ml
What are the normal hemoglobin values for male and female?
Erythrocytes are small- diameter (7.5 um) cells that contribute to gas transport Bioncave disc shape, is anucleate , essentially no organelles Filled with hemoglobin (hp) for gas transport RBC diameters are larger than some capillaries Contain plasma membrane proteins spectrin and other proteins ( Spectrin provides flexibility to change shape)
What are the structural characteristics of erythrocytes?
megakaryocytes
What cells do platelets come from?
Bright red blood
What color is arteries?
Become macrophages
What happens to monocytes when they leave the bloodstream and go into the tissues?
20% of CO2 will bind to Hb, making carbaminohemoglobin ( a lot of CO 2 will remain in the plasma)
What happens when CO2 loads into tissues?
They will eventually get trapped in smaller circulatory channels - ESPECIALLY the SPLEEN. And then there are macrophages here who will eat/take out old RBC's
What happens when RBC's become old/fragile?
Plasma (Non-living fluid)
What is a matrix?
A plasma protein It's part of certain proteins that are MADE IN OUR LIVER and stay in our blood. (they are not taken up by the cells.) Help maintain blood volume (helps to maintain osmotic balance - which ensures that optimal concentrations of electrolytes and non-electrolytes are maintained.) It has a - charge and will attract water into the blood vessels
What is albumin? info on it?
Plasma that has cells in it BUT It is composed of a lot of stuff that is not cells
What is an extracellular matrix?
A protein in red blood cells that carries oxygen.
What is hemoglobin?
When WBC's count is over 11,000 per microliter This is a normal response to infection
What is leukocytosis?
Formed elements layer heaviest layers makes up 45% of blood Most of that 45% will be erythrocytes
What is the bottom layer of the blood called? And information on this layer?
It varies. Brighter red blood and darker red blood are the two different kinds
What is the color of our blood?
Mostly erythrocytes And then a little bit of the Buffy white layer which has the platelets and leukocytes (Buffy white layer makes up less than 1% of the formed elements)
What is the formed elements consist of
Defense against disease
What is the function of WBC's?
Dedicated to respiratory gas transport
What is the function of a erythrocytes?
Buffy coat layer Made up of the leukocytes mostly and platelets
What is the middle layer of the blood called? And information on this layer?
Never Let Monkeys Eat Bananas Neutrophils, Lymphocytes, Monocytes, Eosinophils, Basophils (Neutrophils are the most common WBC's in our bloodstream)
What is the mnemonic to remember decreasing abundance of WBC's in blood?
Proteins
What is the most abundant solute/take up the biggest volume in Plasma?
WBC's
What is the only whole complete blood cell that is in the blood?
7.35-7.45
What is the pH of blood?
Plasma Plasma makes up 55% of the blood Plasma is 90% water 10% of plasma is made out of solutes - things that dissolve in water (electrolytes, proteins,) Electrolytes are the most numerous in the solute of plasma but proteins is what gives it the most weight
What is the top layer of the blood called? And any information on this layer?
When oxygen attaches to the iron it oxidizes it and that makes the bright color (Oxygen loading)
What makes blood a bright red color?
Once blood has dumped off the iron into our cells (Oxygen unloading)
What makes blood a dark red color?
leukocytes/ WBC's
What makes up 1% of total blood volume?
Albumin
What makes up 60% of our plasma proteins?
hematopoietic stem cell (hemocytoblast) ( this is the stem cell for all blood formed elements)
What part of the pathway to produce platelets is shared with other formed elements?
8
What percentage of blood makes up our body weight?
Neutrophil Most numerous WBC (60 - 70% of WBC's) Multi-lobed nucleus, Granules stain lilac Phagocytizes pathogen - after each pathogen, cell dies
Which leukocyte is this and info on it?
Basophil Least numerous of WBCs ( 0.5 % -1% of WBC's) Bilobed nucleus, purplish- black Release histamine
Which leukocyte is this? and info on it?
Eosinophil 2-4% of WBC's Granule stain red- orange Bilobed nucleus, Attack parasites
Which leukocyte is this? and info on it?
Lymphocyte (small) 20-25% of WBC's Large spherical nucleus, thin rim of pale blue cytoplasm Made directly target pathogens or produce antibodies - is involved in specific immune response
Which leukocyte is this? and info on it?
Monocyte 3-8% of WBC's Largest of the WBCs Kidney-shaped or horseshoe shaped nucleus, When leave blood vessel, mature into macrophages. Phagocytize many pathogens
Which leukocyte is this? and info on it?
Erythropoiesis - this refers to the production of RBC's (erythrocytes) and is not a function of leukocytes
Which of the following is not a functional characteristic of leukocytes?
eosinophil (The most important role of the eosinophils is to lead the counter attack against parasitic worms, such as flat worms and round worms that are too large to be phagocytized )
Which type of leukocyte provides protection against parasitic worms?
Lacks visible cytoplasmic granules - 2 types lymphocytes & Monocytes - Both have spherical or kidney-shaped nuclei -Critical to recognizes intruder by memory
description of Agranulocytes?
5 million
how many erythrocytes are there per microliter ?
White
which cells ,red or white, are fewer in number?
