Anatomy - Ch 1
Spirit system - housed in the brain, sensory perception and movement
Animal Spirit
Levels of organizations of the body
Chemical Cellular (shape and size - organelles) Tissue Organs Organ System Organismal
(Anatomist) "Prince of Physicians" considered second to hippocrates; proved arteries are full of blood; spirit system
Galen
(Anatomist) "father of scientific anatomy" used live specimens to compare humans and animals
Herophilus
Category of anatomy - examines structures that cannot be observed by the unaided eye
Microscopic
Spirit system - liver, nutrients
Natural Spirit
3 cavities that contain a serous membrane
Pleura (lungs) Pericardium (heart) Peritoneum (GI tract)
Galen's spirit system -(3 spirits)
Pneuma - natural, vital, animal
What are the tools of the trade? 3
Relys on precise observation, thorough description and correct use of terminology
True growth: ________ > _______
anabolic > catabolic
Adaptation alters what 2 things
anatomic structure, physiologic process or behavioral trait
Body cavities are named according to (2 ways)
bones that surround them of the organs they contain
Maintain physical integrity and internal organization as well as keep internal environment within tolerable limits; allows us to segregate and optimize organs
boundaries
metabolism is - ___________: ________(breaking down), __________ building up energy productions using nutrients and oxygen
cellular chemical reactions; catabolism - breaking down anabolism - building up
Reproduction can occur in what 2 ways
cellular or organismal
Tissue type - bind and support, hold organs together, protective layer, interconnect the parts
connective
study of a cell and its internal structures (ex: hair cell)
cytology
Approach to anatomy - changes in structure from time of conception through maturity
developmental
4 approaches to gross anatomy
developmental regional surface systemic
to become specialized
differentiation
Basis of every disease is a result of ________
dysfunction at the cellular level
Tissue type - surfaces and cavities
epithelial
4 tissue types
epithelial connective nervous muscular
Galen was the first to introduce the notion of what (what was the study)
experimentation to medicine - dog bladder study
Anatomy is the study of ______ and ______ structures; as well ________ relationship among body parts; it is an applied science
external and internal structures; physical relationship
A cell's shape and size can reflect _____
function
category of anatomy - address structure and relationships of large body parts; visible
gross anatomy
study of tissues - examines groups of specialized cells and their products function for a common purpose (ex: spiral organ of corti)
histology
Growth can occur in what 2 ways
increase in size or number
What limits microscopic anatomy
instrumentation and magnification
ability to sense/respond to changes in an environment
irritability (responsiveness)
What is the major problem with early information in the field
lack of anatomical data
Herophilus discovered what organ system; and distinguished what within the system
nervous sytem; distinguished sensory and motor nerves
For routine, life sustaining metabolism, ____ (3) must be exchanged with the environment
nutrients gases wastes
Herophilus made all his discoveries based on what
observation
Life can neither be defined not exemplified by
one characteristic only
7 properties to living organisms
organization metabolism growth and development responsiveness adaptation regulation reproduction
the outer layer in the serous membrane; attached to the body wall
parietal
branches of anatomy - anatomic changes due to disease
patholgoic
3 specialized branches of anatomy that focus on diagnosis of medical conditions/research
pathologic radiographic surgical
branches of anatomy - relationships among internal structures visualized by specific imaging procedures
radiographic (x-ray)
Approach to anatomy - examines structure in particular region of body as a complete unit
regional
the thoracic and abdominopelvic cavities are lined with what type of membrane
serous
the serous cavity is between the two layers and contains a lubricating film of
serous fluid
Organelles permit ______ function; can decide what a cell can do by looking at its organelles
shared
All specific functions are performed by specific ______
structures
Approach to anatomy - examines both superficial anatomical marking and internal structures as they relate to skin covering them
surface
branches of anatomy - anatomic landmarks used for surgical procedures
surgical
Approach to anatomy - examines macroscopic anatomy of each organ system
systemic
Galen claimed blood moves like
the oceans tide
Group of similar cells that work together to perform one or more functions
tissue
inner layer in the serous membrane
visceral
Spirit system - heart, body temperature regulation and flow of blood
vital
Organs - structure composed of at least ___ cell types, perform specific, complex function (_______ ____ ______)
2 cell types complex physiological processes