Anatomy ch 5
During track and field practice one of the runners trips over a hurdle and falls forward. Fortunately, they are able to break their fall with their hands. However, they stand up holding their wrist in pain. What type of fracture might they have sustained?
Colles' fracture
A great example of a pneumatized bone is the
Ethmoid bone
T/F A displaced fracture retains the normal alignment of the bone elements or fragments.
False
T/F A transverse fracture is produced by twisting stresses and spreads along the length of the bone.
False
T/F Every bone contains relatively large a medullary cavity.
False
T/F Periosteum lines the marrow cavity
False
T/F The lacuna contains osteoblasts and osteoclasts.
False
T/F The metaphysis is the tubular shaft of a long bone.
False
T/F The diaphysis is the region at each end of a long bone.
Flase
Which of the following is (are) true of the growth of the skeleton?
It begins to ossify at six weeks of gestational age.
What is the fate of the chondrocytes that are present where bone is forming?
They die and are replaced by bone cells.
Bone remodeling occurs in
all bone types based on need
Increased levels of calcium in the blood in a pregnant woman would stimulate the secretion of
calcitonin
The active form of vitamin D, which is synthesized in the kidney and plays an important role in normal calcium metabolism, is ________.
calcitriol
Layers of bone that go all the way around a bone are referred to as
circumferential lamellae
Because they resist stretch, the ________ fibers provide the tensile strength of bone.
collagen
The force of tension applied to a bone is counteracted by the presence of many ________ fibers.
collagen
Organic components of the matrix of bone include
collagen fibers
The outer surfaces and walls of bones are composed of ________ bone.
compact
Because they are strong and relatively inflexible, calcium phosphate crystals enable bone to withstand the stress of ________.
compression
A ________ is a smooth rounded articular process
condyle
Osseous tissue is classified as which of the following?
connective tissue
The periosteum
covers the outside of bones.
A prominent ridge on a bone is called a(n) _______
crest
Which of the following type of fracture produces new and abnormal bone arrangements?
displaced fracture
The connective tissue covering the inner surface of a bone is (the)
endosteum
Blood vessels that supply the ends of long bones are called ________ vessels.
epiphyseal
A toughened layer of connective tissue that encircles and stabilizes a bone at a fracture site is called a(n) ________
external callus
The yellow marrow that fills the medullary cavities of many bones stores ________.
fat
An elongated cleft is a(n) _______
fissure
The scapula is an example of what type of bone?
flat
A rounded passageway through a bone that permits blood vessels and/or nerves to pass is a(n) ________
foramen
Which of the following is most likely to have a nerve pass through it?
foramen
Because bones are adaptable, their shapes reflect the ________ applied to them.
forces or stresses
A depression or concavity on the surface of a bone is called a
fossa
The expanded articular end of an epiphysis, separated from the shaft by a narrower neck, is a(n) ________
head
A(n) ________ is a bridgework of trabecular bone that unites the broken ends of a bone on the marrow side of a fracture.
internal callus
Ossification of flat bones is called
intramembranous
Which of the following is a classification of bone?
long
The skeletal system participates in
maintaining blood calcium levels
The vessels supplying blood to the inner (diaphyseal) surface of each epiphyseal plate, where bone is replacing cartilage, are called ________ vessels
metaphyseal
The degenerative effects of osteoporosis are most likely to affect
older women
The production of new bone is called ________
osteogenesis
Which type of cell divides readily after a bone is damaged?
osteoprogenitor cell
In addition to osseous tissue, a typical bone contains
other connective tissues, smooth muscle tissues, neural tissues
Which of the following works with calcitrol to maintain bone homeostasis?
parathyroid hormone
Which of the following is an example of a sesamoid bone?
patella
As a long bone develops, the point where osteoblasts first replace calcified cartilage with spongy bone becomes the ________ center, from which further development proceeds.
primary ossification
The first location of long bone formation begins in an area called (the)
primary ossification center
An extension of a bone that is set at an angle to the rest of the bone is usually called a(n) ________.
ramus
The constant recycling of bone is called bone ______
remodeling
Treating a compound fracture differs from other fractures most significantly due to
risk of infection
Differences in body size and proportions between males and females result from the different effects of male and female ________, which affect the growth of the bones.
sex hormones
A chamber within a bone, normally filled with air, is a(n) _______
sinus
A fracture of a bone that is the result of a twisting of the bone is called a(n)
spiral fracture
The two types of osseous tissue are
spongy and compact bone
Trabeculae are struts or plates within ________ that assist in withstanding stresses in a specific direction.
spongy bone
Which is a major function of the skeletal system?
support the body
Extra bones that develop between the usual bones of the skull are called
sutural bones
A long bone increases in length until
the epiphyseal cartilage becomes ossified
If a long bone found at an archeological dig contained functional epiphyseal plates, what inference is most accurate?
the person was prepubertal
Which of the following is a solid structure?
trabecula
Spongy bone is made up of a network of bony spines called
trabeculae
Perforating canals (canals of Volkmann)
transmit blood vessels to osteons deep inside the bone
In general, a large rough projection is called a(n) _______
trochanter
Processes that form where tendons or ligaments attach to a bone include
trochanters, tuberosities, and tubercles
A smooth, grooved articular process, shaped like a pulley, is a(n) _______
trochlea
Bones have a vascular supply that is
very extensive, including many arteries and veins branching throughout the bone
Which of the following statements characterizes bones and bone tissue?
A) It can undergo remodeling during life. B) It may have both compact and spongy regions. C) It can be changed by hormonal stimuli. D) It contains openings for nutrient blood vessels. All of the answers are correct.
The endosteum is best described as
A) a tissue that is active during the growth or repair of bone B) the lining of the central canals and perforating canals C) a layer that covers the trabeculae of spongy bone D) an incomplete layer that sometimes leaves matrix exposed All of the answers are correct.
Which of the following describes a central canal?
A) contains an artery B) contains a vein C) runs parallel to osteons D) also called Haversian canal All of the answers are correct.
Bone structure is determined by which of the following?
A) hormones B) mechanical stress C) muscle attachments D) diet All of the answers are correct.
During endochondral bone formation,
A) the matrix of the cartilage model becomes calcified B) cells of the perichondrium differentiate into osteoblasts C) capillaries and osteoblasts migrate into the heart of the cartilage D) osteoclasts erode the center of the new bone to form a marrow cavity All of the answers are correct.
A break in a bone is called
A fracture
The addition of ________ to a tissue causing it to harden is referred to as calcification.
Calcium
The epiphyseal cartilage connects to the diaphysis by a narrow zone called the
metaphysis
In osseous tissue, which of the following is able to break down bone?
osteoclasts
In the skeletal system, compact bone is located
where bones are most heavily stressed
T/F Articular cartilage covers opposing bone surfaces at joints.
True
The period of time when bone remodeling is most likely is
after injury
A bone cell that produces new bone matrix is
an osteoblast
Which of the following is produced within red bone marrow?
blood cells
An individual with otherwise normal features, but having very short limbs, may have a condition known as ________, in which epiphyseal cartilage does not grow.
Achondroplasia
The function of an osteoprogenitor cell in osseous tissue is
Produce new osteoblasts
Which of the following occurs during endochondral ossification?
The bone grows in length and in diameter.
Which of the following describes how bones are innervated?
The periosteum, endosteum, medullary cavity, and epiphyses are innervated by sensory nerves.
How do hormones regulate the pattern of bone growth?
They change the rates of osteoblast and osteoclast activity.
T/F The perforating canals run perpendicular to osteons.
True
Which of the following is required to produce calcitrol in the kidneys?
Vitamin D
The deposition of ________ salts around the protein fibers of the matrix makes a bone both solid and sturdy.
Calcium
T/F The central canals connect the lacunae to one another.
Flase
How does an epiphysis contribute to the growth and function of a long bone?
It allows growth at the metaphysis while retaining the shape of the articular surface
The deposit of calcium salts within a tissue is
calcification
Endochondral ossification begins with
hyaline cartilage
Mature bone cells that monitor the matrix are
osteocytes
Which of the following is best for viewing bones?
x-rays
The best way to delay skeletal aging is to
exercise
What is the mechanism of marrow cavity enlargement in a long bone?
As bone matrix is added to the external surface, osteoclasts remove matrix in the center of the bone to enlarge the cavity.
T/F A Pott fracture occurs at the ankle and affects both bones of the lower leg.
True
T/F A comminuted fracture shatters the area into a multitude of bony fragments.
True
T/F A compression fracture occurs particularly in vertebrae subjected to extreme stress, such as when landing on the gluteal region after a fall.
True
T/F Periosteum covers the outer surface of a bone.
True
T/F The central canal runs parallel to osteons.
True
